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4. Chemistry and Physics
Average audio length:
62 seconds
English
United States
42 episodes
since July 13, 2011
episodic
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Transcript: Thermal equilibrium is an important physical principle. When two substances have unequal temperatures, thermal equilibrium means that they will tend to evolve to a situation of equal temperature. At a microscopic level we know that temperature denotes the instantaneous random speed of …
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Transcript: Thermodynamics is the name for the scientific study of the way heat flows. When materials of unequal temperatures come into contact heat will flow from the hotter to the cooler material. Isaac Newton was the first person to show that the rate of flow of thermal energy from a hotter su…
Transcript: As the temperature of a gas is raised, the microscopic motions of the atoms and molecules increase. As the velocities of the atoms and molecules increase, they collide harder and harder. At a temperature of several thousand Kelvin, the atoms or molecules collide with sufficient energy…
Transcript: Gases are typically at higher temperature and much lower density than liquids or solids. The process by which a liquid becomes a gas is called vaporization. In a gas the chains between atoms and molecules are broken. The atoms and molecules move freely in straight lines with occasion…
Transcript: At a slightly higher temperature than most solids we find liquids. Liquids are still high density, only slightly larger density, than the solid form of the substance. The atoms in a liquid are still in close proximity, but they have broken loose from the rigid structure or lattice and…
Transcript: The lowest temperature materials in the universe are solids, such as are found for the rocky material of our solar system or other solar systems. Solids have a rigid structure with shared electrons and the atoms enclosed in close proximity. This is true whether the solid is made of in…
Transcript: There are four basic states of matter in the universe. The temperatures of transition between them depend a little bit on the chemical substance or compound involved, but in general we can say that solids correspond to temperatures of up to one or two hundred Kelvin. The microscopic m…
Transcript: One of the most important principles in physics is the law of conservation of energy. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. In any closed physical system the total amount of energy is constant, although the energy may change forms multiple times. What do we mean by a closed sy…
Transcript: It’s a fundamental principle of physics that energy can be easily and readily transformed from one form to another. Everyday life surrounds us with examples of this. For instance, in a battery the chemical energy in a stored chemical bond is converted into an electrical signal or elec…
Transcript: There are many situations in physics and astronomy where there is a mixture of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, or the energy of motion. An object in orbit around another object has both. In a circular orbit, there is one-half the amount of kinetic energy as the amou…
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