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Deep Dive into The Moody Handbook of Theology, Revised and Expanded by Paul Enns - Introduction to New Testament Theology
New Testament theology is a relatively recent academic development, arising over the past two centuries as a departure from traditional church dogmatics and philosophical speculation. J. Gabler initiated this transition in 1787 by criticizing the methodology of dogmatic theology and promoting a rationalistic approach that treated the Bible as a human record of individual writers' emphases. This led to various critical interpretations. F. C. Baur utilized Hegelian philosophy to argue that the New Testament contains conflicting theologies, specifically between the perspectives of Peter and Paul. Wilhelm Wrede furthered this by suggesting the term "religion" was more appropriate than "theology," as the texts reflected the lived faith of the authors rather than abstract reflections. Rudolf Bultmann's form-critical approach introduced "demythologization," aiming to separate the historical Jesus from the theological reinterpretations provided by the writers.
Conversely, Oscar Cullmann emphasized "salvation history," or Heilsgeschichte, focusing on God’s redemptive acts throughout history. While many critical scholars see the New Testament as a collection of conflicting views, conservative theologians build their study on the presupposition of biblical inspiration and the inherent unity of the text. Because the New Testament was written within a short fifty-year window, its theology focuses on progressive revelation across different writers rather than distinct historical periods. Methodologically, scholars may use systematic theology outlines, but many prefer an analytical approach to highlight the unique contributions of individual authors like Paul, Peter, and John. This approach asserts that the teachings of Jesus and the apostles are complementary and harmonious. Central to this discipline is the focus on Christ’s death, resurrection, and return, acknowledging that the text's diversity points to its divine origin rather than contradiction.
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