Dopamine - The Reason We Do Things

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Eric:
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Friday
,
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October
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six
,
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Episode
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four
.
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How
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are
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you
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doing
?
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Dr. Stout:
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Good
,
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good
.
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Hi
,
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this
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is
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Dr.
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Stout
.
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Continuing
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where
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we
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left
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off
,
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but
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I'm
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taking
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a
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bit
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of
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a
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tangent
,
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so
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we
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were
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talking
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about
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the
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growth
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of
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the
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brain
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and
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imagination
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and
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abstract
46
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thought
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and
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language
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and
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art
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and
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all
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of
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that
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sort
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of
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interconnected
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aspects
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of
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human
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evolution
.
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And
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I
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wanted
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to
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go
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into
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a
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little
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bit
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of
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my
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own
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research
,
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which
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is
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on
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dopamine
,
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and
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I
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thought
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this
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would
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be
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interesting
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because
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dopamine
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is
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sort
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of
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the
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reason
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we
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do
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things
.
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It
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it's
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the
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goal
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in
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our
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life
.
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It's
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it's
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the
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it's
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the
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reward
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for
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what
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we
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do
.
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And
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I
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want
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to
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talk
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a
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little
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bit
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my
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own
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theories
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on
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dopamine
,
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which
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are
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different
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from
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what
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a
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lot
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of
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the
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established
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work
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on
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dopamine
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would
140
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claim
.
141
00:00:56,988 --> 00:00:57,438
So
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I
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have
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I
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have
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some
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different
148
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different
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thoughts
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on
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on
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the
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subject
.
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So
155
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I
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was
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interested
158
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in
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looking
160
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at
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dopamine
,
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mostly
163
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because
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I
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have
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very
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little
168
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funding
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and
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I
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wanted
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to
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have
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something
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that
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I
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could
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just
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try
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out
.
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And
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dopamine
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is
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relatively
185
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inexpensive
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and
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I
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had
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a
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bunch
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of
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crayfish
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in
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my
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lab
,
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so
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I
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wanted
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to
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see
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what
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would
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happen
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if
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I
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gave
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dopamine
208
00:01:22,668 --> 00:01:22,758
to
209
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crayfish
.
210
00:01:23,148 --> 00:01:23,298
This
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00:01:23,298 --> 00:01:23,538
isn't
212
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something
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that
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00:01:24,468 --> 00:01:24,628
I
215
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was
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a
,
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00:01:25,098 --> 00:01:25,188
you
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know
,
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major
,
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major
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00:01:26,418 --> 00:01:26,778
grant
222
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or
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anything
.
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It
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was
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00:01:27,258 --> 00:01:27,378
just
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sort
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of
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a
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fishing
231
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expedition
232
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in
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that
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I
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was
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just
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trying
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something
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out
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00:01:29,988 --> 00:01:30,078
to
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see
242
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what
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would
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happen
.
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And
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all
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the
248
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literature
249
00:01:32,868 --> 00:01:33,528
agreed
.
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It
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all
252
00:01:33,978 --> 00:01:34,218
said
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the
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00:01:34,308 --> 00:01:34,608
same
255
00:01:34,608 --> 00:01:34,938
thing
,
256
00:01:34,938 --> 00:01:35,058
that
257
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dopamine
258
00:01:35,448 --> 00:01:35,568
is
259
00:01:35,568 --> 00:01:35,628
a
260
00:01:35,628 --> 00:01:36,168
stimulant
.
261
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Dopamine
262
00:01:37,338 --> 00:01:37,488
is
263
00:01:37,488 --> 00:01:37,818
the
264
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sort
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00:01:38,148 --> 00:01:38,238
of
266
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active
267
00:01:38,568 --> 00:01:39,028
ingredient
268
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in
269
00:01:39,138 --> 00:01:39,348
things
270
00:01:39,348 --> 00:01:39,498
like
271
00:01:39,498 --> 00:01:40,158
cocaine
272
00:01:40,158 --> 00:01:40,338
or
273
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nicotine
274
00:01:40,938 --> 00:01:41,058
or
275
00:01:41,058 --> 00:01:41,748
caffeine
276
00:01:41,748 --> 00:01:41,988
or
277
00:01:43,188 --> 00:01:43,608
basically
278
00:01:43,608 --> 00:01:43,788
all
279
00:01:43,938 --> 00:01:44,718
methamphetamine
.
280
00:01:44,718 --> 00:01:44,898
All
281
00:01:44,898 --> 00:01:45,048
all
282
00:01:45,048 --> 00:01:45,138
the
283
00:01:45,138 --> 00:01:45,618
stimulants
284
00:01:45,658 --> 00:01:46,368
are
,
285
00:01:46,638 --> 00:01:46,878
in
286
00:01:46,878 --> 00:01:47,328
everyone's
287
00:01:47,328 --> 00:01:47,778
opinion
,
288
00:01:47,778 --> 00:01:48,348
dopamine
.
289
00:01:48,678 --> 00:01:48,978
And
290
00:01:48,978 --> 00:01:49,368
so
291
00:01:49,608 --> 00:01:49,968
they
292
00:01:49,968 --> 00:01:50,358
are
293
00:01:50,358 --> 00:01:50,838
dopamine
.
294
00:01:50,898 --> 00:01:51,168
Well
,
295
00:01:52,428 --> 00:01:52,638
so
296
00:01:52,638 --> 00:01:52,908
here's
297
00:01:52,908 --> 00:01:52,998
the
298
00:01:52,998 --> 00:01:53,298
thing
.
299
00:01:54,168 --> 00:01:54,768
Dopamine
300
00:01:54,768 --> 00:01:55,308
cannot
301
00:01:55,308 --> 00:01:55,518
be
302
00:01:55,518 --> 00:01:55,848
given
303
00:01:55,848 --> 00:01:56,418
directly
304
00:01:56,418 --> 00:01:56,568
to
305
00:01:56,568 --> 00:01:56,628
a
306
00:01:56,628 --> 00:01:57,018
mammal
307
00:01:57,018 --> 00:01:57,288
because
308
00:01:57,288 --> 00:01:57,378
we
309
00:01:57,378 --> 00:01:57,468
have
310
00:01:57,468 --> 00:01:57,528
a
311
00:01:57,528 --> 00:01:57,858
brain
312
00:01:57,858 --> 00:01:58,098
blood
313
00:01:58,098 --> 00:01:58,578
barrier
.
314
00:01:58,578 --> 00:01:58,758
If
315
00:01:58,758 --> 00:01:58,878
you
316
00:01:58,878 --> 00:01:59,118
take
317
00:01:59,118 --> 00:01:59,688
dopamine
,
318
00:01:59,688 --> 00:01:59,838
it
319
00:01:59,838 --> 00:02:00,138
doesn't
320
00:02:00,138 --> 00:02:00,318
get
321
00:02:00,318 --> 00:02:00,408
to
322
00:02:00,408 --> 00:02:00,528
your
323
00:02:00,528 --> 00:02:00,888
brain
.
324
00:02:01,308 --> 00:02:01,488
And
325
00:02:01,488 --> 00:02:01,668
so
326
00:02:01,668 --> 00:02:01,818
what
327
00:02:01,818 --> 00:02:01,968
we
328
00:02:01,968 --> 00:02:02,418
do
329
00:02:02,418 --> 00:02:02,568
to
330
00:02:02,568 --> 00:02:02,838
get
331
00:02:02,838 --> 00:02:03,018
that
332
00:02:03,018 --> 00:02:03,318
good
333
00:02:03,318 --> 00:02:03,798
feeling
334
00:02:03,798 --> 00:02:04,008
from
335
00:02:04,008 --> 00:02:04,488
dopamine
,
336
00:02:04,488 --> 00:02:04,578
the
337
00:02:04,578 --> 00:02:05,208
reward
338
00:02:05,418 --> 00:02:05,628
is
339
00:02:05,628 --> 00:02:06,018
we
340
00:02:06,198 --> 00:02:06,768
take
341
00:02:06,768 --> 00:02:08,088
dopaminergic
342
00:02:08,088 --> 00:02:08,658
drugs
,
343
00:02:08,868 --> 00:02:09,288
drugs
344
00:02:09,288 --> 00:02:09,498
that
345
00:02:09,978 --> 00:02:10,698
generate
346
00:02:10,698 --> 00:02:11,238
dopamine
347
00:02:11,238 --> 00:02:11,478
in
348
00:02:11,478 --> 00:02:11,538
the
349
00:02:11,538 --> 00:02:11,958
brain
.
350
00:02:12,288 --> 00:02:12,558
And
351
00:02:12,558 --> 00:02:12,708
so
352
00:02:12,708 --> 00:02:12,828
it's
353
00:02:12,828 --> 00:02:13,278
already
354
00:02:13,278 --> 00:02:13,398
in
355
00:02:13,398 --> 00:02:13,488
the
356
00:02:13,488 --> 00:02:13,758
brain
357
00:02:13,758 --> 00:02:13,878
when
358
00:02:13,878 --> 00:02:13,998
it's
359
00:02:13,998 --> 00:02:14,508
generating
360
00:02:14,508 --> 00:02:14,598
the
361
00:02:14,598 --> 00:02:15,168
dopamine
.
362
00:02:15,168 --> 00:02:15,378
And
363
00:02:15,378 --> 00:02:15,558
that
364
00:02:15,558 --> 00:02:15,828
makes
365
00:02:15,828 --> 00:02:15,918
us
366
00:02:15,918 --> 00:02:16,128
feel
367
00:02:16,128 --> 00:02:16,308
good
.
368
00:02:16,308 --> 00:02:16,398
And
369
00:02:16,398 --> 00:02:16,518
those
370
00:02:16,578 --> 00:02:16,818
that's
371
00:02:16,818 --> 00:02:17,028
what
372
00:02:17,208 --> 00:02:17,628
makes
373
00:02:17,628 --> 00:02:17,748
us
374
00:02:17,748 --> 00:02:18,108
addicted
375
00:02:18,108 --> 00:02:18,198
to
376
00:02:18,198 --> 00:02:18,348
these
377
00:02:18,348 --> 00:02:18,558
drugs
.
378
00:02:18,558 --> 00:02:18,698
So
379
00:02:18,708 --> 00:02:18,948
all
.
380
00:02:18,948 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
381
00:02:18,948 --> 00:02:19,008
Of
382
00:02:19,008 --> 00:02:19,218
those
383
00:02:19,218 --> 00:02:19,608
drugs
384
00:02:19,608 --> 00:02:19,758
that
385
00:02:19,758 --> 00:02:19,878
you
386
00:02:19,878 --> 00:02:20,538
mentioned
387
00:02:21,438 --> 00:02:21,978
caused
388
00:02:21,978 --> 00:02:22,188
us
389
00:02:22,188 --> 00:02:22,638
to
390
00:02:23,478 --> 00:02:23,718
to
391
00:02:23,718 --> 00:02:24,318
generate
392
00:02:24,318 --> 00:02:24,408
the
393
00:02:24,408 --> 00:02:24,948
dopamine
.
394
00:02:24,948 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
395
00:02:24,948 --> 00:02:25,128
In
396
00:02:25,128 --> 00:02:25,398
some
397
00:02:25,398 --> 00:02:25,698
way
398
00:00:00,-01 --> 00:02:25,998
.
In
399
00:00:00,-01 --> 00:00:00,-01
400
00:02:25,998 --> 00:02:26,208
some
401
00:02:26,208 --> 00:02:26,358
way
.
402
00:02:26,358 --> 00:02:26,528
They
403
00:02:26,718 --> 00:02:27,078
sometimes
404
00:02:27,078 --> 00:02:27,168
they
405
00:02:27,168 --> 00:02:27,288
do
406
00:02:27,288 --> 00:02:27,348
it
407
00:02:27,348 --> 00:02:27,408
in
408
00:02:27,408 --> 00:02:27,678
different
409
00:02:27,678 --> 00:02:27,918
ways
.
410
00:02:27,918 --> 00:02:28,038
But
411
00:02:28,038 --> 00:02:28,218
yes
,
412
00:02:28,218 --> 00:02:28,608
we
413
00:02:28,608 --> 00:02:28,908
we
414
00:02:28,908 --> 00:02:29,058
end
415
00:02:29,058 --> 00:02:29,178
up
416
00:02:29,178 --> 00:02:29,298
with
417
00:02:29,298 --> 00:02:29,538
more
418
00:02:29,538 --> 00:02:29,988
dopamine
419
00:02:29,988 --> 00:02:30,108
in
420
00:02:30,108 --> 00:02:30,168
the
421
00:02:30,168 --> 00:02:30,468
brain
422
00:02:30,468 --> 00:02:30,588
and
423
00:02:30,588 --> 00:02:30,708
we
424
00:02:30,708 --> 00:02:30,888
feel
425
00:02:30,888 --> 00:02:31,188
great
.
426
00:02:32,328 --> 00:02:32,688
An
427
00:02:32,688 --> 00:02:33,198
so
428
00:02:33,528 --> 00:02:33,798
I
429
00:02:33,798 --> 00:02:34,098
thought
430
00:02:34,098 --> 00:02:34,248
that
431
00:02:34,248 --> 00:02:34,368
I
432
00:02:34,368 --> 00:02:34,518
would
433
00:02:34,518 --> 00:02:34,638
be
434
00:02:34,638 --> 00:02:35,058
giving
435
00:02:35,058 --> 00:02:35,628
dopamine
436
00:02:35,628 --> 00:02:35,778
to
437
00:02:35,778 --> 00:02:35,898
my
438
00:02:35,898 --> 00:02:36,528
crayfish
.
439
00:02:36,918 --> 00:02:37,098
And
440
00:02:37,098 --> 00:02:37,188
it'll
441
00:02:37,188 --> 00:02:37,308
be
442
00:02:37,308 --> 00:02:37,848
interesting
443
00:02:37,848 --> 00:02:38,148
because
444
00:02:38,198 --> 00:02:38,358
as
445
00:02:38,358 --> 00:02:38,538
far
446
00:02:38,538 --> 00:02:38,658
as
447
00:02:38,658 --> 00:02:38,748
I
448
00:02:38,748 --> 00:02:38,898
could
449
00:02:38,898 --> 00:02:39,108
tell
,
450
00:02:39,108 --> 00:02:39,258
no
451
00:02:39,258 --> 00:02:39,378
one
452
00:02:39,378 --> 00:02:39,468
had
453
00:02:39,468 --> 00:02:39,648
ever
454
00:02:39,648 --> 00:02:39,858
done
455
00:02:39,858 --> 00:02:40,038
this
.
456
00:02:40,038 --> 00:02:40,158
They
457
00:02:40,158 --> 00:02:40,308
done
458
00:02:40,308 --> 00:02:40,398
it
459
00:02:40,398 --> 00:02:40,518
with
460
00:02:40,518 --> 00:02:40,908
rats
,
461
00:02:40,908 --> 00:02:40,998
they
462
00:02:41,008 --> 00:02:41,118
done
463
00:02:41,118 --> 00:02:41,238
with
464
00:02:41,238 --> 00:02:41,268
a
465
00:02:41,268 --> 00:02:41,418
bunch
466
00:02:41,418 --> 00:02:41,478
of
467
00:02:41,478 --> 00:02:41,688
different
468
00:02:41,688 --> 00:02:41,868
things
,
469
00:02:41,868 --> 00:02:41,958
but
470
00:02:41,958 --> 00:02:42,048
they
471
00:02:42,048 --> 00:02:42,258
hadn't
472
00:02:42,258 --> 00:02:42,498
tried
473
00:02:42,498 --> 00:02:43,098
crayfish
.
474
00:02:43,458 --> 00:02:43,638
And
475
00:02:43,638 --> 00:02:43,708
so
476
00:02:43,708 --> 00:02:43,748
it
477
00:02:43,748 --> 00:02:43,848
was
478
00:02:43,848 --> 00:02:43,968
just
479
00:02:43,968 --> 00:02:44,088
sort
480
00:02:44,088 --> 00:02:44,178
of
481
00:02:44,178 --> 00:02:44,208
a
482
00:02:44,208 --> 00:02:44,538
fishing
483
00:02:44,538 --> 00:02:44,988
expedition
,
484
00:02:44,988 --> 00:02:45,048
you
485
00:02:45,048 --> 00:02:45,228
know
,
486
00:02:45,228 --> 00:02:45,498
low
487
00:02:45,498 --> 00:02:45,768
level
488
00:02:45,768 --> 00:02:46,158
science
.
489
00:02:46,158 --> 00:02:46,308
Let's
490
00:02:46,308 --> 00:02:46,518
try
491
00:02:46,518 --> 00:02:46,938
something
.
492
00:02:47,478 --> 00:02:47,628
And
493
00:02:47,628 --> 00:02:47,748
so
494
00:02:47,748 --> 00:02:47,838
I
495
00:02:47,838 --> 00:02:48,108
gave
496
00:02:48,108 --> 00:02:48,198
the
497
00:02:48,198 --> 00:02:48,828
dopamine
498
00:02:48,828 --> 00:02:49,188
to
499
00:02:49,188 --> 00:02:49,248
the
500
00:02:49,248 --> 00:02:49,878
crayfish
,
501
00:02:50,178 --> 00:02:50,688
and
502
00:02:50,688 --> 00:02:50,748
the
503
00:02:50,748 --> 00:02:51,168
crayfish
504
00:02:51,168 --> 00:02:51,558
slowed
505
00:02:51,558 --> 00:02:51,918
down
506
00:02:52,308 --> 00:02:52,878
everything
,
507
00:02:52,878 --> 00:02:53,088
said
508
00:02:53,088 --> 00:02:53,178
they
509
00:02:53,178 --> 00:02:53,328
should
510
00:02:53,328 --> 00:02:53,568
speed
511
00:02:53,568 --> 00:02:53,808
up
,
512
00:02:54,108 --> 00:02:54,318
but
513
00:02:54,318 --> 00:02:54,408
the
514
00:02:54,408 --> 00:02:54,858
crayfish
515
00:02:54,858 --> 00:02:55,158
slowed
516
00:02:55,158 --> 00:02:55,458
down
.
517
00:02:56,088 --> 00:02:56,508
So
518
00:02:56,508 --> 00:02:56,628
I
519
00:02:56,628 --> 00:02:56,868
said
,
520
00:02:56,868 --> 00:02:57,348
okay
,
521
00:02:58,248 --> 00:02:58,518
let's
522
00:02:58,518 --> 00:02:58,758
try
523
00:02:58,758 --> 00:02:58,908
that
524
00:02:58,908 --> 00:02:59,178
again
.
525
00:02:59,178 --> 00:02:59,568
Clearly
,
526
00:02:59,568 --> 00:02:59,688
I'm
527
00:02:59,688 --> 00:02:59,868
not
528
00:02:59,868 --> 00:03:00,138
doing
529
00:03:00,138 --> 00:03:00,318
this
530
00:03:00,318 --> 00:03:00,618
right
.
531
00:03:01,128 --> 00:03:01,308
And
532
00:03:01,308 --> 00:03:01,398
I
533
00:03:01,398 --> 00:03:01,698
tried
534
00:03:01,698 --> 00:03:01,788
it
535
00:03:01,788 --> 00:03:02,298
again
536
00:03:02,628 --> 00:03:02,838
and
537
00:03:02,838 --> 00:03:02,928
I
538
00:03:02,928 --> 00:03:03,198
tried
539
00:03:03,198 --> 00:03:03,288
it
540
00:03:03,288 --> 00:03:03,768
again
.
541
00:03:03,768 --> 00:03:03,918
I
542
00:03:03,918 --> 00:03:04,098
tried
543
00:03:04,098 --> 00:03:04,188
a
544
00:03:04,188 --> 00:03:04,548
different
545
00:03:04,548 --> 00:03:04,968
species
546
00:03:04,968 --> 00:03:05,058
of
547
00:03:05,058 --> 00:03:05,718
crayfish
,
548
00:03:06,078 --> 00:03:06,798
and
549
00:03:07,578 --> 00:03:08,178
still
,
550
00:03:08,178 --> 00:03:08,568
every
551
00:03:08,568 --> 00:03:08,808
time
552
00:03:08,808 --> 00:03:08,898
I
553
00:03:08,898 --> 00:03:09,078
gave
554
00:03:09,078 --> 00:03:09,138
it
555
00:03:09,138 --> 00:03:09,228
to
556
00:03:09,228 --> 00:03:09,438
them
,
557
00:03:09,438 --> 00:03:09,618
they
,
558
00:03:09,618 --> 00:03:09,948
they
,
559
00:03:09,948 --> 00:03:10,338
they
560
00:03:10,398 --> 00:03:10,758
moved
561
00:03:10,758 --> 00:03:10,968
more
562
00:03:10,968 --> 00:03:11,298
slowly
.
563
00:03:11,298 --> 00:03:11,388
So
564
00:03:11,388 --> 00:03:11,418
I
565
00:03:11,418 --> 00:03:11,538
was
566
00:03:11,538 --> 00:03:11,648
just
567
00:03:11,658 --> 00:03:11,748
I
568
00:03:11,748 --> 00:03:11,838
was
569
00:03:11,838 --> 00:03:11,988
just
570
00:03:11,988 --> 00:03:12,228
looking
571
00:03:12,228 --> 00:03:12,318
at
572
00:03:12,318 --> 00:03:12,468
them
573
00:03:12,468 --> 00:03:12,858
walking
574
00:03:12,858 --> 00:03:13,098
over
575
00:03:13,098 --> 00:03:13,158
a
576
00:03:13,158 --> 00:03:13,608
grid
577
00:03:14,298 --> 00:03:14,628
after
578
00:03:14,628 --> 00:03:14,718
I'd
579
00:03:14,718 --> 00:03:14,928
done
580
00:03:14,928 --> 00:03:15,108
some
581
00:03:15,108 --> 00:03:15,378
things
582
00:03:15,378 --> 00:03:15,468
to
583
00:03:15,468 --> 00:03:15,618
get
584
00:03:15,618 --> 00:03:15,768
them
585
00:03:15,768 --> 00:03:15,858
to
586
00:03:15,858 --> 00:03:16,068
walk
587
00:03:16,068 --> 00:03:16,278
over
588
00:03:16,278 --> 00:03:16,338
a
589
00:03:16,338 --> 00:03:16,488
grade
.
590
00:03:16,488 --> 00:03:16,608
It's
591
00:03:16,608 --> 00:03:16,878
really
592
00:03:16,878 --> 00:03:17,268
actually
593
00:03:17,268 --> 00:03:17,628
hard
594
00:03:17,628 --> 00:03:17,748
to
595
00:03:17,748 --> 00:03:17,988
get
596
00:03:17,988 --> 00:03:18,438
crayfish
597
00:03:18,438 --> 00:03:18,558
to
598
00:03:18,558 --> 00:03:18,768
walk
599
00:03:18,768 --> 00:03:19,158
around
.
600
00:03:19,308 --> 00:03:19,458
They
601
00:03:19,458 --> 00:03:19,668
either
602
00:03:19,668 --> 00:03:19,818
want
603
00:03:19,818 --> 00:03:19,878
to
604
00:03:19,878 --> 00:03:20,268
hide
605
00:03:20,268 --> 00:03:20,328
or
606
00:03:20,328 --> 00:03:20,448
they
607
00:03:20,448 --> 00:03:20,568
want
608
00:03:20,568 --> 00:03:20,628
to
609
00:03:20,628 --> 00:03:20,838
run
610
00:03:20,838 --> 00:03:20,928
the
611
00:03:20,928 --> 00:03:21,108
whole
612
00:03:21,108 --> 00:03:21,408
time
613
00:03:21,408 --> 00:03:21,528
with
614
00:03:21,528 --> 00:03:21,798
no
,
615
00:03:21,798 --> 00:03:22,038
no
616
00:03:22,038 --> 00:03:22,638
differences
.
617
00:03:22,848 --> 00:03:22,968
So
618
00:03:22,968 --> 00:03:23,028
I
619
00:03:23,028 --> 00:03:23,148
had
620
00:03:23,148 --> 00:03:23,208
to
621
00:03:23,208 --> 00:03:23,328
get
622
00:03:23,328 --> 00:03:23,448
them
623
00:03:23,448 --> 00:03:23,868
calm
,
624
00:03:23,868 --> 00:03:23,988
but
625
00:03:23,988 --> 00:03:24,138
not
626
00:03:24,138 --> 00:03:24,318
too
627
00:03:24,318 --> 00:03:24,708
calm
.
628
00:03:24,798 --> 00:03:24,948
But
629
00:03:24,948 --> 00:03:25,128
anyway
,
630
00:03:25,128 --> 00:03:25,368
I
631
00:03:25,368 --> 00:03:25,608
figured
632
00:03:25,608 --> 00:03:25,728
out
633
00:03:25,728 --> 00:03:25,788
how
634
00:03:25,788 --> 00:03:25,848
to
635
00:03:25,848 --> 00:03:26,058
do
636
00:03:26,058 --> 00:03:26,178
all
637
00:03:26,178 --> 00:03:26,508
that
.
638
00:03:26,688 --> 00:03:26,898
Then
639
00:03:26,898 --> 00:03:26,958
I
640
00:03:26,958 --> 00:03:27,138
gave
641
00:03:27,138 --> 00:03:27,258
them
642
00:03:27,258 --> 00:03:27,318
the
643
00:03:27,318 --> 00:03:27,888
dopamine
644
00:03:27,888 --> 00:03:28,068
and
645
00:03:28,068 --> 00:03:28,188
they
646
00:03:28,188 --> 00:03:28,458
slowed
647
00:03:28,458 --> 00:03:28,648
down
648
00:03:28,648 --> 00:03:28,728
and
649
00:03:28,728 --> 00:03:28,758
I
650
00:03:28,758 --> 00:03:28,878
could
651
00:03:28,878 --> 00:03:29,208
compare
652
00:03:29,208 --> 00:03:29,298
it
653
00:03:29,298 --> 00:03:29,538
without
654
00:03:29,538 --> 00:03:29,598
the
655
00:03:29,598 --> 00:03:29,958
dopamine
.
656
00:03:29,958 --> 00:03:30,048
They
657
00:03:30,048 --> 00:03:30,138
were
658
00:03:30,138 --> 00:03:30,678
faster
659
00:03:31,728 --> 00:03:31,998
and
660
00:03:31,998 --> 00:03:32,388
so
,
661
00:03:32,628 --> 00:03:32,748
you
662
00:03:32,748 --> 00:03:32,898
know
,
663
00:03:32,898 --> 00:03:32,988
the
664
00:03:32,988 --> 00:03:33,228
first
665
00:03:33,228 --> 00:03:33,468
stuff
666
00:03:33,468 --> 00:03:33,618
I
667
00:03:33,618 --> 00:03:33,948
started
668
00:03:33,948 --> 00:03:34,158
doing
669
00:03:34,158 --> 00:03:34,338
was
,
670
00:03:34,338 --> 00:03:34,428
you
671
00:03:34,428 --> 00:03:34,518
know
672
00:03:34,518 --> 00:03:34,728
what
?
673
00:03:34,728 --> 00:03:35,058
What
674
00:03:35,058 --> 00:03:35,418
make
675
00:03:35,418 --> 00:03:35,598
them
676
00:03:35,598 --> 00:03:35,838
move
677
00:03:35,838 --> 00:03:36,138
around
678
00:03:36,138 --> 00:03:36,678
faster
.
679
00:03:36,888 --> 00:03:37,008
So
680
00:03:37,008 --> 00:03:37,098
I
681
00:03:37,098 --> 00:03:37,248
just
682
00:03:37,248 --> 00:03:37,488
tried
683
00:03:37,488 --> 00:03:37,668
some
684
00:03:37,668 --> 00:03:38,058
very
685
00:03:38,058 --> 00:03:38,328
simple
686
00:03:38,328 --> 00:03:38,628
things
.
687
00:03:38,628 --> 00:03:38,778
I
688
00:03:38,778 --> 00:03:39,258
know
689
00:03:39,258 --> 00:03:39,738
crayfish
690
00:03:39,738 --> 00:03:39,918
like
691
00:03:39,918 --> 00:03:40,308
food
.
692
00:03:40,578 --> 00:03:40,788
So
693
00:03:40,788 --> 00:03:40,848
I
694
00:03:40,848 --> 00:03:41,148
took
695
00:03:41,958 --> 00:03:42,138
the
696
00:03:42,138 --> 00:03:42,468
water
697
00:03:42,468 --> 00:03:42,588
that
698
00:03:42,588 --> 00:03:42,948
filtered
699
00:03:42,948 --> 00:03:43,158
through
700
00:03:43,158 --> 00:03:43,308
some
701
00:03:43,308 --> 00:03:43,548
food
702
00:03:43,548 --> 00:03:43,638
and
703
00:03:43,638 --> 00:03:43,728
I
704
00:03:43,728 --> 00:03:43,878
gave
705
00:03:43,878 --> 00:03:43,938
it
706
00:03:43,938 --> 00:03:43,998
to
707
00:03:43,998 --> 00:03:44,088
the
708
00:03:44,088 --> 00:03:44,418
crayfish
,
709
00:03:44,418 --> 00:03:44,508
and
710
00:03:44,508 --> 00:03:44,718
that
711
00:03:44,718 --> 00:03:45,108
definitely
712
00:03:45,108 --> 00:03:45,258
made
713
00:03:45,258 --> 00:03:45,348
them
714
00:03:45,348 --> 00:03:45,528
move
715
00:03:45,528 --> 00:03:45,738
around
716
00:03:45,738 --> 00:03:46,218
faster
.
717
00:03:46,458 --> 00:03:46,698
But
718
00:03:46,698 --> 00:03:47,028
again
,
719
00:03:47,328 --> 00:03:47,658
even
720
00:03:47,658 --> 00:03:47,748
in
721
00:03:47,748 --> 00:03:47,808
the
722
00:03:47,808 --> 00:03:48,028
present
723
00:03:48,078 --> 00:03:48,498
when
724
00:03:48,498 --> 00:03:48,618
I
725
00:03:48,618 --> 00:03:48,888
added
726
00:03:48,888 --> 00:03:49,248
dopamine
,
727
00:03:49,248 --> 00:03:49,428
even
728
00:03:49,428 --> 00:03:49,518
the
729
00:03:49,518 --> 00:03:49,828
present
730
00:03:49,848 --> 00:03:50,298
presence
731
00:03:50,298 --> 00:03:50,388
of
732
00:03:50,388 --> 00:03:50,598
food
733
00:03:50,598 --> 00:03:51,018
filtrate
,
734
00:03:51,198 --> 00:03:51,378
they'd
735
00:03:51,378 --> 00:03:51,618
slow
736
00:03:51,618 --> 00:03:51,828
down
737
00:03:51,828 --> 00:03:52,098
again
.
738
00:03:52,608 --> 00:03:52,758
So
739
00:03:52,758 --> 00:03:52,878
then
740
00:03:52,878 --> 00:03:52,968
I
741
00:03:52,968 --> 00:03:53,268
wanted
742
00:03:53,268 --> 00:03:53,328
a
743
00:03:53,328 --> 00:03:53,538
lot
744
00:03:53,538 --> 00:03:53,778
more
745
00:03:53,778 --> 00:03:54,228
data
746
00:03:54,668 --> 00:03:54,818
on
747
00:03:55,188 --> 00:03:55,338
the
748
00:03:55,338 --> 00:03:55,908
crayfish
.
749
00:03:56,148 --> 00:03:56,208
I
750
00:03:56,208 --> 00:03:56,388
just
751
00:03:56,388 --> 00:03:56,628
couldn't
752
00:03:56,628 --> 00:03:57,048
get
753
00:03:57,048 --> 00:03:57,468
enough
754
00:03:57,468 --> 00:03:58,038
crayfish
755
00:03:58,038 --> 00:03:58,158
to
756
00:03:58,158 --> 00:03:58,368
get
757
00:03:58,368 --> 00:03:58,848
really
758
00:03:58,848 --> 00:03:59,208
good
759
00:03:59,208 --> 00:03:59,958
statistics
.
760
00:04:00,348 --> 00:04:00,498
So
761
00:04:00,498 --> 00:04:00,558
I
762
00:04:00,558 --> 00:04:00,858
started
763
00:04:00,858 --> 00:04:01,188
working
764
00:04:01,188 --> 00:04:01,368
with
765
00:04:01,518 --> 00:04:01,728
much
766
00:04:01,728 --> 00:04:02,178
smaller
767
00:04:02,178 --> 00:04:02,538
shrimp
768
00:04:02,538 --> 00:04:02,688
that
769
00:04:02,688 --> 00:04:02,988
breed
770
00:04:03,048 --> 00:04:03,288
much
771
00:04:03,288 --> 00:04:03,678
faster
772
00:04:03,678 --> 00:04:03,858
called
773
00:04:03,858 --> 00:04:04,188
cherry
774
00:04:04,188 --> 00:04:04,578
shrimp
,
775
00:04:04,878 --> 00:04:05,208
and
776
00:04:05,208 --> 00:04:05,328
I
777
00:04:05,328 --> 00:04:05,508
was
778
00:04:05,508 --> 00:04:05,688
able
779
00:04:05,688 --> 00:04:05,808
to
780
00:04:05,808 --> 00:04:05,958
get
781
00:04:05,958 --> 00:04:06,108
a
782
00:04:06,108 --> 00:04:06,378
ton
783
00:04:06,378 --> 00:04:06,468
of
784
00:04:06,468 --> 00:04:06,738
data
.
785
00:04:06,888 --> 00:04:07,368
Same
786
00:04:07,368 --> 00:04:07,908
results
787
00:04:08,478 --> 00:04:08,838
every
788
00:04:08,838 --> 00:04:09,048
time
789
00:04:09,048 --> 00:04:09,138
I
790
00:04:09,138 --> 00:04:09,318
gave
791
00:04:09,318 --> 00:04:09,408
it
792
00:04:09,408 --> 00:04:09,528
to
793
00:04:09,528 --> 00:04:09,828
them
,
794
00:04:09,828 --> 00:04:10,068
they
795
00:04:10,068 --> 00:04:10,488
slowed
796
00:04:10,488 --> 00:04:10,818
down
.
797
00:04:11,058 --> 00:04:11,268
So
798
00:04:11,268 --> 00:04:11,598
why
799
00:04:11,598 --> 00:04:11,748
would
800
00:04:11,748 --> 00:04:11,958
this
801
00:04:11,958 --> 00:04:12,258
be
?
802
00:04:13,428 --> 00:04:13,578
I
803
00:04:13,578 --> 00:04:13,668
had
804
00:04:13,668 --> 00:04:13,728
to
805
00:04:13,728 --> 00:04:13,878
come
806
00:04:13,878 --> 00:04:13,998
up
807
00:04:13,998 --> 00:04:14,178
with
808
00:04:14,538 --> 00:04:14,608
a
809
00:04:14,628 --> 00:04:14,808
sort
810
00:04:14,808 --> 00:04:14,898
of
811
00:04:14,898 --> 00:04:15,138
new
812
00:04:15,138 --> 00:04:15,828
hypothesis
.
813
00:04:15,828 --> 00:04:15,978
I
814
00:04:15,978 --> 00:04:16,218
thought
815
00:04:16,218 --> 00:04:16,278
I
816
00:04:16,278 --> 00:04:16,428
was
817
00:04:16,608 --> 00:04:16,878
dealing
818
00:04:16,878 --> 00:04:16,968
with
819
00:04:16,968 --> 00:04:17,028
a
820
00:04:17,028 --> 00:04:17,508
stimulant
821
00:04:17,508 --> 00:04:17,628
and
822
00:04:17,628 --> 00:04:17,688
I
823
00:04:17,688 --> 00:04:17,808
was
824
00:04:17,808 --> 00:04:18,138
clearly
825
00:04:18,138 --> 00:04:18,438
not
826
00:04:18,438 --> 00:04:18,708
dealing
827
00:04:18,708 --> 00:04:18,818
with
828
00:04:18,828 --> 00:04:18,858
a
829
00:04:18,858 --> 00:04:19,308
stimulant
.
830
00:04:19,998 --> 00:04:20,268
It's
831
00:04:20,718 --> 00:04:21,618
possible
832
00:04:21,978 --> 00:04:22,158
that
833
00:04:22,158 --> 00:04:22,608
crayfish
834
00:04:22,608 --> 00:04:22,698
are
835
00:04:22,698 --> 00:04:22,968
just
836
00:04:23,418 --> 00:04:24,048
unlike
837
00:04:24,048 --> 00:04:24,408
all
838
00:04:24,408 --> 00:04:24,618
other
839
00:04:24,618 --> 00:04:25,158
organisms
,
840
00:04:25,158 --> 00:04:25,278
but
841
00:04:25,278 --> 00:04:25,428
that
842
00:04:25,428 --> 00:04:25,638
didn't
843
00:04:25,638 --> 00:04:25,968
seem
844
00:04:26,568 --> 00:04:27,078
true
.
845
00:04:27,128 --> 00:04:27,528
Or
846
00:04:27,678 --> 00:04:27,918
all
847
00:04:27,918 --> 00:04:28,578
crustaceans
848
00:04:28,578 --> 00:04:28,698
are
849
00:04:28,698 --> 00:04:29,148
unlike
850
00:04:29,148 --> 00:04:29,298
all
851
00:04:29,298 --> 00:04:29,448
other
852
00:04:29,448 --> 00:04:29,898
organisms
853
00:04:30,168 --> 00:04:30,348
that
854
00:04:30,348 --> 00:04:30,558
didn't
855
00:04:30,558 --> 00:04:30,798
seem
856
00:04:30,798 --> 00:04:31,218
likely
.
857
00:04:31,488 --> 00:04:31,788
So
858
00:04:31,788 --> 00:04:32,148
I
859
00:04:32,148 --> 00:04:32,418
wanted
860
00:04:32,418 --> 00:04:32,538
to
861
00:04:32,538 --> 00:04:32,718
just
862
00:04:32,718 --> 00:04:32,868
sort
863
00:04:32,868 --> 00:04:33,048
of
864
00:04:33,288 --> 00:04:33,588
think
865
00:04:33,588 --> 00:04:33,828
about
866
00:04:33,828 --> 00:04:34,008
this
867
00:04:34,008 --> 00:04:34,128
for
868
00:04:34,128 --> 00:04:34,158
a
869
00:04:34,158 --> 00:04:34,368
little
870
00:04:34,368 --> 00:04:34,728
bit
.
871
00:04:34,728 --> 00:04:35,328
And
872
00:04:35,568 --> 00:04:35,778
I
873
00:04:35,778 --> 00:04:36,318
realized
874
00:04:36,318 --> 00:04:36,588
that
875
00:04:37,728 --> 00:04:38,478
because
876
00:04:38,478 --> 00:04:38,598
there
877
00:04:38,598 --> 00:04:38,778
was
878
00:04:38,778 --> 00:04:38,988
no
879
00:04:38,988 --> 00:04:39,288
brain
880
00:04:39,288 --> 00:04:39,528
blood
881
00:04:39,528 --> 00:04:40,098
barrier
,
882
00:04:41,268 --> 00:04:41,628
all
883
00:04:41,628 --> 00:04:41,748
of
884
00:04:41,748 --> 00:04:41,958
these
885
00:04:41,958 --> 00:04:42,708
stimulants
886
00:04:42,708 --> 00:04:42,858
were
887
00:04:42,858 --> 00:04:43,218
being
888
00:04:43,218 --> 00:04:43,758
given
889
00:04:43,758 --> 00:04:43,968
to
890
00:04:43,968 --> 00:04:44,928
organisms
891
00:04:45,228 --> 00:04:45,528
as
892
00:04:45,528 --> 00:04:45,588
a
893
00:04:45,588 --> 00:04:46,518
collection
894
00:04:46,908 --> 00:04:47,388
of
895
00:04:47,388 --> 00:04:48,288
different
896
00:04:48,708 --> 00:04:49,458
I
897
00:04:50,238 --> 00:04:50,688
different
898
00:04:50,688 --> 00:04:51,078
drugs
899
00:04:51,078 --> 00:04:51,678
essentially
900
00:04:51,918 --> 00:04:52,128
that
901
00:04:52,128 --> 00:04:52,248
could
902
00:04:52,248 --> 00:04:52,428
have
903
00:04:52,428 --> 00:04:52,698
different
904
00:04:52,698 --> 00:04:53,148
effects
.
905
00:04:53,358 --> 00:04:53,658
And
906
00:04:53,658 --> 00:04:54,048
one
907
00:04:54,048 --> 00:04:54,168
of
908
00:04:54,168 --> 00:04:54,258
the
909
00:04:54,258 --> 00:04:54,588
things
910
00:04:54,588 --> 00:04:54,708
that
911
00:04:54,708 --> 00:04:54,948
all
912
00:04:54,948 --> 00:04:55,038
of
913
00:04:55,038 --> 00:04:55,188
these
914
00:04:55,188 --> 00:04:55,638
stimulants
915
00:04:55,638 --> 00:04:56,028
also
916
00:04:56,028 --> 00:04:56,208
have
917
00:04:56,208 --> 00:04:56,298
in
918
00:04:56,298 --> 00:04:56,778
common
919
00:04:57,018 --> 00:04:57,288
is
920
00:04:57,288 --> 00:04:57,978
epinephrine
.
921
00:04:58,788 --> 00:04:59,088
S
922
00:04:59,088 --> 00:04:59,568
basically
923
00:04:59,568 --> 00:05:00,198
adrenaline
.
924
00:05:00,198 --> 00:05:00,588
And
925
00:05:00,588 --> 00:05:00,948
I
926
00:05:00,948 --> 00:05:01,128
do
927
00:05:01,128 --> 00:05:01,488
not
928
00:05:01,488 --> 00:05:01,878
claim
929
00:05:01,878 --> 00:05:01,998
that
930
00:05:01,998 --> 00:05:02,388
adrenaline
931
00:05:02,388 --> 00:05:02,478
is
932
00:05:02,478 --> 00:05:02,658
not
933
00:05:02,658 --> 00:05:02,718
a
934
00:05:02,718 --> 00:05:03,108
stimulant
.
935
00:05:03,108 --> 00:05:03,288
It's
936
00:05:03,288 --> 00:05:03,588
something
937
00:05:03,588 --> 00:05:03,678
I'm
938
00:05:03,678 --> 00:05:03,798
going
939
00:05:03,798 --> 00:05:03,858
to
940
00:05:03,858 --> 00:05:03,978
be
941
00:05:03,978 --> 00:05:04,248
working
942
00:05:04,248 --> 00:05:04,368
with
943
00:05:04,368 --> 00:05:04,728
soon
.
944
00:05:04,728 --> 00:05:04,818
So
945
00:05:04,818 --> 00:05:05,028
that's
946
00:05:05,028 --> 00:05:05,208
sort
947
00:05:05,208 --> 00:05:05,298
of
948
00:05:05,298 --> 00:05:05,328
a
949
00:05:05,328 --> 00:05:05,778
direction
950
00:05:05,778 --> 00:05:05,898
I'm
951
00:05:05,898 --> 00:05:06,258
going
.
952
00:05:06,588 --> 00:05:06,738
But
953
00:05:06,738 --> 00:05:06,798
I
954
00:05:06,798 --> 00:05:06,918
had
955
00:05:06,918 --> 00:05:06,978
to
956
00:05:06,978 --> 00:05:07,278
figure
957
00:05:07,278 --> 00:05:07,398
out
958
00:05:07,398 --> 00:05:07,608
what
959
00:05:07,608 --> 00:05:07,818
was
960
00:05:07,818 --> 00:05:08,208
happening
.
961
00:05:08,208 --> 00:05:08,508
Why
962
00:05:08,508 --> 00:05:08,658
would
963
00:05:08,658 --> 00:05:09,168
people
964
00:05:09,858 --> 00:05:10,188
think
965
00:05:10,188 --> 00:05:10,308
of
966
00:05:10,308 --> 00:05:10,638
something
967
00:05:10,638 --> 00:05:10,728
as
968
00:05:10,728 --> 00:05:10,788
a
969
00:05:10,788 --> 00:05:11,208
stimulant
970
00:05:11,208 --> 00:05:11,328
that
971
00:05:11,328 --> 00:05:11,478
was
972
00:05:11,478 --> 00:05:12,138
really
973
00:05:12,768 --> 00:05:13,278
not
974
00:05:13,278 --> 00:05:13,398
a
975
00:05:13,398 --> 00:05:13,818
stimulant
?
976
00:05:13,818 --> 00:05:14,258
Was
977
00:05:14,258 --> 00:05:14,478
was
978
00:05:14,508 --> 00:05:14,628
the
979
00:05:14,628 --> 00:05:15,048
opposite
980
00:05:15,048 --> 00:05:15,138
of
981
00:05:15,138 --> 00:05:15,378
that
982
00:05:15,378 --> 00:05:15,618
was
983
00:05:15,618 --> 00:05:15,768
is
984
00:05:15,828 --> 00:05:15,948
in
985
00:05:15,948 --> 00:05:16,158
some
986
00:05:16,158 --> 00:05:16,278
way
987
00:05:16,278 --> 00:05:16,968
inhibitory
.
988
00:05:17,358 --> 00:05:17,538
And
989
00:05:17,538 --> 00:05:17,598
I
990
00:05:17,598 --> 00:05:17,988
realized
991
00:05:17,988 --> 00:05:18,198
that
992
00:05:18,498 --> 00:05:18,648
what
993
00:05:18,648 --> 00:05:18,918
people
994
00:05:18,918 --> 00:05:19,038
had
995
00:05:19,038 --> 00:05:19,338
done
996
00:05:19,338 --> 00:05:19,608
is
997
00:05:19,608 --> 00:05:19,758
they
998
00:05:19,758 --> 00:05:19,938
had
999
00:05:19,938 --> 00:05:20,688
mistook
1000
00:05:20,688 --> 00:05:20,868
the
1001
00:05:20,868 --> 00:05:21,588
nature
1002
00:05:21,768 --> 00:05:22,038
of
1003
00:05:22,038 --> 00:05:22,068
a
1004
00:05:22,068 --> 00:05:22,788
reward
1005
00:05:23,328 --> 00:05:23,508
and
1006
00:05:23,508 --> 00:05:23,658
we
1007
00:05:23,658 --> 00:05:23,958
think
1008
00:05:23,958 --> 00:05:24,048
of
1009
00:05:24,048 --> 00:05:24,108
a
1010
00:05:24,108 --> 00:05:24,708
reward
1011
00:05:24,708 --> 00:05:25,068
as
1012
00:05:25,068 --> 00:05:25,128
a
1013
00:05:25,128 --> 00:05:25,578
stimulant
.
1014
00:05:25,578 --> 00:05:25,698
A
1015
00:05:25,698 --> 00:05:26,058
reward
1016
00:05:26,058 --> 00:05:26,148
is
1017
00:05:26,148 --> 00:05:26,298
what
1018
00:05:26,298 --> 00:05:26,478
makes
1019
00:05:26,478 --> 00:05:26,568
you
1020
00:05:26,568 --> 00:05:26,748
want
1021
00:05:26,748 --> 00:05:26,838
to
1022
00:05:26,838 --> 00:05:27,048
do
1023
00:05:27,048 --> 00:05:27,498
something
.
1024
00:05:27,798 --> 00:05:27,978
But
1025
00:05:27,978 --> 00:05:28,038
if
1026
00:05:28,038 --> 00:05:28,128
you
1027
00:05:28,128 --> 00:05:28,338
think
1028
00:05:28,338 --> 00:05:28,548
about
1029
00:05:28,548 --> 00:05:28,668
the
1030
00:05:28,668 --> 00:05:29,358
donkey
1031
00:05:29,358 --> 00:05:29,778
chasing
1032
00:05:29,778 --> 00:05:29,868
a
1033
00:05:29,868 --> 00:05:30,288
carrot
1034
00:05:30,288 --> 00:05:30,558
tied
1035
00:05:30,558 --> 00:05:30,678
to
1036
00:05:30,678 --> 00:05:30,738
a
1037
00:05:30,738 --> 00:05:31,218
stick
,
1038
00:05:31,788 --> 00:05:31,938
if
1039
00:05:31,938 --> 00:05:32,058
you
1040
00:05:32,058 --> 00:05:32,358
actually
1041
00:05:32,358 --> 00:05:32,808
give
1042
00:05:32,808 --> 00:05:32,928
the
1043
00:05:32,928 --> 00:05:33,348
carrot
1044
00:05:33,348 --> 00:05:33,498
to
1045
00:05:33,498 --> 00:05:33,588
the
1046
00:05:33,588 --> 00:05:34,008
donkey
1047
00:05:34,008 --> 00:05:34,128
that
1048
00:05:34,518 --> 00:05:34,638
the
1049
00:05:34,638 --> 00:05:34,968
donkey
1050
00:05:34,968 --> 00:05:35,418
stops
1051
00:05:35,418 --> 00:05:35,808
chasing
1052
00:05:35,808 --> 00:05:35,958
that
1053
00:05:35,958 --> 00:05:36,348
carrot
,
1054
00:05:36,768 --> 00:05:36,978
it's
1055
00:05:36,978 --> 00:05:37,158
sort
1056
00:05:37,158 --> 00:05:37,308
of
1057
00:05:37,308 --> 00:05:37,638
I
1058
00:05:37,638 --> 00:05:37,788
told
1059
00:05:37,788 --> 00:05:37,908
my
1060
00:05:37,908 --> 00:05:38,268
students
,
1061
00:05:38,268 --> 00:05:38,828
it's
1062
00:05:38,838 --> 00:05:39,048
like
1063
00:05:39,048 --> 00:05:39,108
a
1064
00:05:39,108 --> 00:05:39,558
grade
.
1065
00:05:39,798 --> 00:05:40,008
You're
1066
00:05:40,008 --> 00:05:40,548
trying
1067
00:05:40,548 --> 00:05:40,728
for
1068
00:05:40,728 --> 00:05:40,818
the
1069
00:05:40,818 --> 00:05:41,268
grade
.
1070
00:05:41,418 --> 00:05:41,628
The
1071
00:05:41,628 --> 00:05:42,078
A
1072
00:05:42,078 --> 00:05:42,258
is
1073
00:05:42,258 --> 00:05:42,408
your
1074
00:05:42,408 --> 00:05:42,918
reward
.
1075
00:05:42,918 --> 00:05:43,038
But
1076
00:05:43,038 --> 00:05:43,128
if
1077
00:05:43,128 --> 00:05:43,188
I
1078
00:05:43,188 --> 00:05:43,338
give
1079
00:05:43,338 --> 00:05:43,398
you
1080
00:05:43,398 --> 00:05:43,548
the
1081
00:05:43,548 --> 00:05:43,758
A
1082
00:05:43,758 --> 00:05:43,818
at
1083
00:05:43,818 --> 00:05:43,908
the
1084
00:05:43,908 --> 00:05:44,478
beginning
1085
00:05:44,478 --> 00:05:44,598
of
1086
00:05:44,598 --> 00:05:44,688
the
1087
00:05:44,688 --> 00:05:45,138
class
,
1088
00:05:45,138 --> 00:05:45,288
you
1089
00:05:45,288 --> 00:05:45,498
all
1090
00:05:45,498 --> 00:05:45,738
slow
1091
00:05:45,738 --> 00:05:46,128
down
.
1092
00:05:46,758 --> 00:05:46,998
And
1093
00:05:46,998 --> 00:05:47,418
so
1094
00:05:47,868 --> 00:05:48,228
people
1095
00:05:48,228 --> 00:05:48,318
have
1096
00:05:48,318 --> 00:05:48,438
been
1097
00:05:48,438 --> 00:05:48,828
thinking
1098
00:05:48,828 --> 00:05:49,158
about
1099
00:05:49,158 --> 00:05:49,698
rewards
1100
00:05:49,698 --> 00:05:49,788
in
1101
00:05:49,788 --> 00:05:49,878
the
1102
00:05:49,878 --> 00:05:50,298
wrong
1103
00:05:50,298 --> 00:05:50,628
way
.
1104
00:05:50,628 --> 00:05:50,808
They've
1105
00:05:50,808 --> 00:05:50,958
been
1106
00:05:50,958 --> 00:05:51,258
thinking
1107
00:05:51,258 --> 00:05:51,528
about
1108
00:05:51,528 --> 00:05:52,248
rewards
1109
00:05:52,548 --> 00:05:53,058
as
1110
00:05:53,238 --> 00:05:53,598
something
1111
00:05:53,598 --> 00:05:53,688
that
1112
00:05:53,688 --> 00:05:54,288
causes
1113
00:05:54,288 --> 00:05:54,408
you
1114
00:05:54,408 --> 00:05:54,528
to
1115
00:05:54,528 --> 00:05:54,738
do
1116
00:05:54,738 --> 00:05:55,218
something
.
1117
00:05:56,148 --> 00:05:56,418
And
1118
00:05:56,418 --> 00:05:56,688
then
1119
00:05:56,688 --> 00:05:56,808
a
1120
00:05:56,808 --> 00:05:57,018
lot
1121
00:05:57,018 --> 00:05:57,078
of
1122
00:05:57,078 --> 00:05:57,168
the
1123
00:05:57,168 --> 00:05:57,708
research
1124
00:05:57,708 --> 00:05:57,918
out
1125
00:05:57,918 --> 00:05:58,368
there
,
1126
00:05:58,398 --> 00:05:58,578
I'm
1127
00:05:58,578 --> 00:05:58,728
not
1128
00:05:58,728 --> 00:05:58,968
saying
1129
00:05:58,968 --> 00:05:59,148
any
1130
00:05:59,148 --> 00:05:59,238
of
1131
00:05:59,238 --> 00:05:59,298
the
1132
00:05:59,298 --> 00:05:59,808
researchers
1133
00:05:59,808 --> 00:05:59,898
had
1134
00:05:59,898 --> 00:06:00,168
done
1135
00:06:00,168 --> 00:06:00,648
anything
1136
00:06:00,648 --> 00:06:00,948
wrong
.
1137
00:06:00,948 --> 00:06:01,168
All
1138
00:06:01,168 --> 00:06:01,218
of
1139
00:06:01,218 --> 00:06:01,368
their
1140
00:06:01,368 --> 00:06:01,728
research
1141
00:06:01,728 --> 00:06:01,878
was
1142
00:06:01,878 --> 00:06:02,388
correct
,
1143
00:06:02,658 --> 00:06:02,868
but
1144
00:06:02,868 --> 00:06:02,928
I
1145
00:06:02,928 --> 00:06:03,138
think
1146
00:06:03,138 --> 00:06:03,258
they've
1147
00:06:03,258 --> 00:06:03,438
been
1148
00:06:03,438 --> 00:06:04,338
misinterpreting
1149
00:06:04,338 --> 00:06:04,488
it
.
1150
00:06:04,848 --> 00:06:05,148
So
1151
00:06:05,148 --> 00:06:05,238
the
1152
00:06:05,238 --> 00:06:05,778
classic
1153
00:06:05,838 --> 00:06:06,168
stuff
1154
00:06:06,168 --> 00:06:06,378
that's
1155
00:06:06,378 --> 00:06:06,798
done
1156
00:06:06,798 --> 00:06:07,308
on
,
1157
00:06:08,238 --> 00:06:08,688
on
1158
00:06:08,688 --> 00:06:09,108
on
1159
00:06:09,288 --> 00:06:09,888
rats
,
1160
00:06:10,278 --> 00:06:10,428
they
1161
00:06:10,428 --> 00:06:10,548
would
1162
00:06:10,548 --> 00:06:10,758
give
1163
00:06:10,758 --> 00:06:11,418
dopaminergic
1164
00:06:11,418 --> 00:06:11,868
drugs
.
1165
00:06:11,868 --> 00:06:12,048
They
1166
00:06:12,048 --> 00:06:12,228
would
1167
00:06:12,228 --> 00:06:12,468
see
1168
00:06:12,468 --> 00:06:12,738
them
1169
00:06:12,738 --> 00:06:13,098
become
1170
00:06:13,098 --> 00:06:13,788
stimulated
1171
00:06:14,278 --> 00:06:14,328
and
1172
00:06:14,378 --> 00:06:14,478
then
1173
00:06:14,478 --> 00:06:14,598
they
1174
00:06:14,598 --> 00:06:14,718
would
1175
00:06:14,718 --> 00:06:15,078
block
1176
00:06:15,078 --> 00:06:15,228
that
.
1177
00:06:15,228 --> 00:06:15,348
They
1178
00:06:15,348 --> 00:06:15,498
would
1179
00:06:15,498 --> 00:06:15,858
use
1180
00:06:16,188 --> 00:06:17,088
Haloperidol
,
1181
00:06:17,088 --> 00:06:17,718
Haldol
,
1182
00:06:17,718 --> 00:06:18,018
the
1183
00:06:18,198 --> 00:06:19,038
antipsychotic
1184
00:06:19,038 --> 00:06:19,338
drug
.
1185
00:06:19,338 --> 00:06:19,428
It
1186
00:06:19,428 --> 00:06:19,758
blocks
1187
00:06:19,758 --> 00:06:20,088
all
1188
00:06:20,088 --> 00:06:20,508
dopamine
1189
00:06:20,508 --> 00:06:21,078
receptors
1190
00:06:21,978 --> 00:06:22,128
and
1191
00:06:22,128 --> 00:06:22,248
they
1192
00:06:22,248 --> 00:06:22,368
would
1193
00:06:22,368 --> 00:06:22,698
watch
1194
00:06:22,698 --> 00:06:23,028
the
1195
00:06:23,208 --> 00:06:23,508
rats
1196
00:06:23,508 --> 00:06:23,778
become
1197
00:06:23,778 --> 00:06:24,528
catatonic
1198
00:06:24,888 --> 00:06:25,038
and
1199
00:06:25,038 --> 00:06:25,128
the
1200
00:06:25,128 --> 00:06:25,368
rats
1201
00:06:25,368 --> 00:06:25,488
would
1202
00:06:25,488 --> 00:06:25,698
just
1203
00:06:25,698 --> 00:06:26,058
lie
1204
00:06:26,058 --> 00:06:26,268
there
1205
00:06:26,268 --> 00:06:26,718
flat
.
1206
00:06:27,228 --> 00:06:27,468
And
1207
00:06:27,468 --> 00:06:27,858
so
1208
00:06:27,858 --> 00:06:28,098
in
1209
00:06:28,098 --> 00:06:28,398
my
1210
00:06:28,398 --> 00:06:28,938
model
,
1211
00:06:28,938 --> 00:06:29,268
this
1212
00:06:29,268 --> 00:06:29,448
was
1213
00:06:29,448 --> 00:06:30,078
because
1214
00:06:30,258 --> 00:06:30,438
they
1215
00:06:30,438 --> 00:06:30,618
no
1216
00:06:30,618 --> 00:06:30,918
longer
1217
00:06:30,918 --> 00:06:31,128
had
1218
00:06:31,128 --> 00:06:31,548
anything
1219
00:06:31,548 --> 00:06:31,668
to
1220
00:06:31,668 --> 00:06:32,088
strive
1221
00:06:32,088 --> 00:06:32,328
for
,
1222
00:06:32,328 --> 00:06:32,538
right
?
1223
00:06:32,538 --> 00:06:32,658
Ther
1224
00:06:32,658 --> 00:06:32,778
was
1225
00:06:32,778 --> 00:06:33,258
nothing
1226
00:06:33,258 --> 00:06:33,378
in
1227
00:06:33,378 --> 00:06:33,498
their
1228
00:06:33,498 --> 00:06:33,858
life
1229
00:06:33,858 --> 00:06:34,308
worth
1230
00:06:34,308 --> 00:06:34,608
doing
,
1231
00:06:34,608 --> 00:06:35,058
anything
1232
00:06:35,058 --> 00:06:35,208
not
1233
00:06:35,208 --> 00:06:35,388
even
1234
00:06:35,388 --> 00:06:35,898
standing
1235
00:06:35,898 --> 00:06:36,108
up
1236
00:06:36,618 --> 00:06:36,888
because
1237
00:06:36,888 --> 00:06:37,008
they
1238
00:06:37,008 --> 00:06:37,218
no
1239
00:06:37,218 --> 00:06:37,518
longer
1240
00:06:37,518 --> 00:06:37,728
had
1241
00:06:37,728 --> 00:06:37,968
the
1242
00:06:37,968 --> 00:06:38,478
option
1243
00:06:38,478 --> 00:06:38,568
of
1244
00:06:38,568 --> 00:06:38,868
getting
1245
00:06:38,868 --> 00:06:39,048
an
1246
00:06:39,048 --> 00:06:39,348
A
1247
00:06:39,378 --> 00:06:39,738
right
.
1248
00:06:39,858 --> 00:06:40,188
So
1249
00:06:40,188 --> 00:06:40,458
you
1250
00:06:40,488 --> 00:06:40,668
tell
1251
00:06:40,668 --> 00:06:40,758
the
1252
00:06:40,758 --> 00:06:41,058
kids
,
1253
00:06:41,268 --> 00:06:41,568
none
1254
00:06:41,568 --> 00:06:41,658
of
1255
00:06:41,658 --> 00:06:41,778
you
1256
00:06:41,778 --> 00:06:41,868
are
1257
00:06:41,868 --> 00:06:41,988
going
1258
00:06:41,988 --> 00:06:42,048
to
1259
00:06:42,048 --> 00:06:42,318
pass
1260
00:06:42,318 --> 00:06:42,468
this
1261
00:06:42,468 --> 00:06:42,768
class
1262
00:06:42,768 --> 00:06:42,888
no
1263
00:06:42,888 --> 00:06:43,128
matter
1264
00:06:43,128 --> 00:06:43,308
what
1265
00:06:43,308 --> 00:06:43,428
you
1266
00:06:43,428 --> 00:06:43,668
do
.
1267
00:06:43,788 --> 00:06:43,968
They're
1268
00:06:43,968 --> 00:06:44,298
also
1269
00:06:44,298 --> 00:06:44,478
not
1270
00:06:44,478 --> 00:06:44,598
going
1271
00:06:44,598 --> 00:06:44,658
to
1272
00:06:44,658 --> 00:06:44,778
do
1273
00:06:44,778 --> 00:06:44,928
any
1274
00:06:44,928 --> 00:06:45,258
work
1275
00:06:45,528 --> 00:06:45,858
right
.
1276
00:06:46,338 --> 00:06:46,728
So
1277
00:06:47,028 --> 00:06:47,328
what
1278
00:06:47,328 --> 00:06:47,778
happens
1279
00:06:47,778 --> 00:06:47,868
if
1280
00:06:47,868 --> 00:06:47,988
I
1281
00:06:47,988 --> 00:06:48,198
then
1282
00:06:48,198 --> 00:06:48,378
give
1283
00:06:48,378 --> 00:06:48,528
them
1284
00:06:48,528 --> 00:06:48,648
a
1285
00:06:48,648 --> 00:06:49,098
little
1286
00:06:49,098 --> 00:06:49,278
bit
1287
00:06:49,278 --> 00:06:49,398
of
1288
00:06:49,398 --> 00:06:49,608
that
1289
00:06:49,608 --> 00:06:49,908
thing
?
1290
00:06:49,908 --> 00:06:50,058
They
1291
00:06:50,058 --> 00:06:50,478
want
1292
00:06:50,628 --> 00:06:50,838
just
1293
00:06:50,838 --> 00:06:50,928
a
1294
00:06:50,928 --> 00:06:51,438
tiny
,
1295
00:06:51,438 --> 00:06:51,768
tiny
1296
00:06:51,768 --> 00:06:52,068
bit
.
1297
00:06:52,458 --> 00:06:52,638
The
1298
00:06:52,638 --> 00:06:52,968
rat's
1299
00:06:52,968 --> 00:06:53,118
going
1300
00:06:53,118 --> 00:06:53,178
to
1301
00:06:53,178 --> 00:06:53,418
get
1302
00:06:53,418 --> 00:06:53,568
up
1303
00:06:53,568 --> 00:06:53,688
or
1304
00:06:53,688 --> 00:06:53,778
at
1305
00:06:53,778 --> 00:06:54,078
least
1306
00:06:54,198 --> 00:06:54,528
do
1307
00:06:54,528 --> 00:06:54,948
something
.
1308
00:06:55,128 --> 00:06:55,458
So
1309
00:06:55,458 --> 00:06:55,668
what
1310
00:06:55,668 --> 00:06:55,848
these
1311
00:06:55,848 --> 00:06:56,388
researchers
1312
00:06:56,388 --> 00:06:56,598
did
1313
00:06:56,598 --> 00:06:56,868
back
1314
00:06:56,868 --> 00:06:56,958
in
1315
00:06:56,958 --> 00:06:57,018
the
1316
00:06:57,018 --> 00:06:57,228
late
1317
00:06:57,228 --> 00:06:57,738
eighties
1318
00:06:57,888 --> 00:06:58,158
was
1319
00:06:58,158 --> 00:06:58,308
they
1320
00:06:58,308 --> 00:06:58,548
put
1321
00:06:58,548 --> 00:06:58,638
a
1322
00:06:58,638 --> 00:06:58,848
little
1323
00:06:58,848 --> 00:06:58,968
bit
1324
00:06:58,968 --> 00:06:59,058
of
1325
00:06:59,058 --> 00:06:59,568
cocaine
1326
00:06:59,568 --> 00:06:59,688
in
1327
00:06:59,688 --> 00:06:59,868
some
1328
00:06:59,868 --> 00:07:00,318
water
1329
00:07:00,528 --> 00:07:00,888
or
1330
00:07:00,888 --> 00:07:00,948
a
1331
00:07:00,948 --> 00:07:01,128
little
1332
00:07:01,128 --> 00:07:01,218
bit
1333
00:07:01,218 --> 00:07:01,308
of
1334
00:07:01,308 --> 00:07:01,668
sugar
1335
00:07:01,668 --> 00:07:01,788
in
1336
00:07:01,788 --> 00:07:01,998
some
1337
00:07:01,998 --> 00:07:02,358
water
,
1338
00:07:02,508 --> 00:07:02,748
put
1339
00:07:02,748 --> 00:07:02,808
it
1340
00:07:02,808 --> 00:07:03,438
directly
1341
00:07:03,438 --> 00:07:03,648
into
1342
00:07:03,648 --> 00:07:03,738
the
1343
00:07:03,738 --> 00:07:04,068
rat's
1344
00:07:04,068 --> 00:07:04,518
mouth
1345
00:07:04,668 --> 00:07:04,878
and
1346
00:07:04,878 --> 00:07:05,178
watched
1347
00:07:05,178 --> 00:07:05,298
the
1348
00:07:05,298 --> 00:07:05,568
rat
1349
00:07:05,568 --> 00:07:05,958
bother
1350
00:07:05,958 --> 00:07:06,078
to
1351
00:07:06,078 --> 00:07:06,348
suck
1352
00:07:06,348 --> 00:07:06,438
it
1353
00:07:06,438 --> 00:07:06,768
down
.
1354
00:07:07,308 --> 00:07:07,518
So
1355
00:07:07,518 --> 00:07:07,608
there
1356
00:07:07,608 --> 00:07:07,758
was
1357
00:07:07,758 --> 00:07:07,818
a
1358
00:07:07,818 --> 00:07:08,328
tiny
,
1359
00:07:08,328 --> 00:07:08,748
tiny
1360
00:07:08,748 --> 00:07:08,928
bit
1361
00:07:08,928 --> 00:07:09,048
of
1362
00:07:09,048 --> 00:07:09,078
a
1363
00:07:09,078 --> 00:07:09,618
reward
.
1364
00:07:09,918 --> 00:07:10,158
And
1365
00:07:10,158 --> 00:07:10,338
they
1366
00:07:10,338 --> 00:07:10,668
said
1367
00:07:10,668 --> 00:07:10,938
this
1368
00:07:10,938 --> 00:07:11,358
means
1369
00:07:11,358 --> 00:07:11,538
that
1370
00:07:11,538 --> 00:07:11,598
the
1371
00:07:11,598 --> 00:07:12,258
reward
1372
00:07:12,258 --> 00:07:12,438
is
1373
00:07:12,438 --> 00:07:12,738
not
1374
00:07:12,738 --> 00:07:12,858
the
1375
00:07:12,858 --> 00:07:13,308
same
1376
00:07:13,308 --> 00:07:13,458
as
1377
00:07:13,458 --> 00:07:13,578
the
1378
00:07:13,578 --> 00:07:13,818
thing
1379
00:07:13,818 --> 00:07:13,938
that
1380
00:07:13,938 --> 00:07:14,178
makes
1381
00:07:14,178 --> 00:07:14,328
them
1382
00:07:14,328 --> 00:07:14,478
want
1383
00:07:14,478 --> 00:07:14,598
to
1384
00:07:14,598 --> 00:07:14,988
suck
.
1385
00:07:15,648 --> 00:07:16,008
The
1386
00:07:16,008 --> 00:07:16,668
reward
1387
00:07:16,728 --> 00:07:16,908
is
1388
00:07:16,908 --> 00:07:17,538
actually
1389
00:07:18,138 --> 00:07:18,288
a
1390
00:07:18,288 --> 00:07:19,038
stimulus
,
1391
00:07:19,788 --> 00:07:20,268
and
1392
00:07:20,268 --> 00:07:20,478
it's
1393
00:07:20,478 --> 00:07:20,568
a
1394
00:07:20,568 --> 00:07:21,138
measure
1395
00:07:21,138 --> 00:07:21,678
of
1396
00:07:22,548 --> 00:07:22,788
so
1397
00:07:22,788 --> 00:07:22,908
the
1398
00:07:22,918 --> 00:07:23,388
dopamine
1399
00:07:23,388 --> 00:07:23,478
is
1400
00:07:23,478 --> 00:07:23,538
a
1401
00:07:23,538 --> 00:07:24,258
stimulus
1402
00:07:24,498 --> 00:07:24,708
and
1403
00:07:24,708 --> 00:07:24,828
it's
1404
00:07:24,828 --> 00:07:24,948
what
1405
00:07:24,948 --> 00:07:25,038
they
1406
00:07:25,038 --> 00:07:25,338
call
1407
00:07:25,338 --> 00:07:25,488
a
1408
00:07:25,488 --> 00:07:26,418
salience
1409
00:07:26,718 --> 00:07:27,258
measure
.
1410
00:07:27,438 --> 00:07:27,618
It's
1411
00:07:27,618 --> 00:07:27,708
a
1412
00:07:27,708 --> 00:07:28,158
measure
1413
00:07:28,158 --> 00:07:28,398
of
1414
00:07:28,398 --> 00:07:28,488
the
1415
00:07:28,488 --> 00:07:29,298
value
1416
00:07:29,298 --> 00:07:29,448
of
1417
00:07:29,448 --> 00:07:29,538
the
1418
00:07:29,538 --> 00:07:29,838
thing
1419
00:07:29,838 --> 00:07:29,988
you're
1420
00:07:29,988 --> 00:07:30,258
going
1421
00:07:30,258 --> 00:07:30,408
to
1422
00:07:30,408 --> 00:07:30,678
get
1423
00:07:30,678 --> 00:07:30,828
at
1424
00:07:30,828 --> 00:07:31,098
some
1425
00:07:31,098 --> 00:07:31,458
later
1426
00:07:31,458 --> 00:07:31,788
date
.
1427
00:07:31,788 --> 00:07:31,938
And
1428
00:07:31,938 --> 00:07:32,088
so
1429
00:07:32,088 --> 00:07:32,688
dopamine
1430
00:07:33,018 --> 00:07:33,408
is
1431
00:07:33,408 --> 00:07:33,768
is
1432
00:07:34,068 --> 00:07:34,218
the
1433
00:07:34,218 --> 00:07:34,458
thing
1434
00:07:34,458 --> 00:07:34,548
that
1435
00:07:34,548 --> 00:07:34,878
tells
1436
00:07:34,878 --> 00:07:35,028
you
1437
00:07:35,028 --> 00:07:35,208
you
1438
00:07:35,208 --> 00:07:35,448
have
1439
00:07:35,448 --> 00:07:35,508
a
1440
00:07:35,508 --> 00:07:35,868
carrot
1441
00:07:35,868 --> 00:07:35,958
in
1442
00:07:35,958 --> 00:07:36,168
front
1443
00:07:36,168 --> 00:07:36,258
of
1444
00:07:36,258 --> 00:07:36,378
you
,
1445
00:07:36,378 --> 00:07:36,498
but
1446
00:07:36,508 --> 00:07:36,618
is
1447
00:07:36,618 --> 00:07:36,798
not
1448
00:07:36,798 --> 00:07:37,248
itself
1449
00:07:37,248 --> 00:07:37,338
the
1450
00:07:37,338 --> 00:07:37,758
carrot
.
1451
00:07:38,058 --> 00:07:38,238
And
1452
00:07:38,238 --> 00:07:38,358
to
1453
00:07:38,358 --> 00:07:38,538
me
,
1454
00:07:38,538 --> 00:07:38,748
this
1455
00:07:38,748 --> 00:07:39,138
seemed
1456
00:07:39,138 --> 00:07:39,318
a
1457
00:07:39,318 --> 00:07:39,888
rather
1458
00:07:40,398 --> 00:07:41,028
magical
.
1459
00:07:41,598 --> 00:07:41,808
Yeah
1460
00:07:41,828 --> 00:07:42,108
it's
1461
00:07:42,188 --> 00:07:42,858
it
1462
00:07:42,888 --> 00:07:43,368
reminded
1463
00:07:43,368 --> 00:07:43,518
me
1464
00:07:43,518 --> 00:07:43,728
of
1465
00:07:43,728 --> 00:07:43,938
of
1466
00:07:43,938 --> 00:07:44,118
sort
1467
00:07:44,118 --> 00:07:44,178
of
1468
00:07:44,178 --> 00:07:44,268
the
1469
00:07:44,268 --> 00:07:44,838
Ptolemaic
1470
00:07:44,868 --> 00:07:45,318
universe
1471
00:07:45,318 --> 00:07:45,408
where
1472
00:07:45,408 --> 00:07:45,528
they
1473
00:07:45,528 --> 00:07:45,768
start
1474
00:07:45,768 --> 00:07:46,068
adding
1475
00:07:46,068 --> 00:07:46,698
epicycles
1476
00:07:46,698 --> 00:07:46,788
to
1477
00:07:46,788 --> 00:07:47,148
things
1478
00:07:47,148 --> 00:07:47,268
and
1479
00:07:47,268 --> 00:07:47,358
they're
1480
00:07:47,358 --> 00:07:47,658
coming
1481
00:07:47,658 --> 00:07:47,808
up
1482
00:07:47,808 --> 00:07:48,348
with
,
1483
00:07:48,708 --> 00:07:48,798
you
1484
00:07:48,798 --> 00:07:49,008
know
,
1485
00:07:49,248 --> 00:07:49,728
William
1486
00:07:49,728 --> 00:07:49,848
of
1487
00:07:49,848 --> 00:07:50,268
Ockham
,
1488
00:07:50,268 --> 00:07:50,598
Occam's
1489
00:07:50,598 --> 00:07:51,018
Razor
.
1490
00:07:51,018 --> 00:07:51,138
He
1491
00:07:51,168 --> 00:07:51,348
said
1492
00:07:51,348 --> 00:07:51,468
that
1493
00:07:51,468 --> 00:07:51,588
you
1494
00:07:51,588 --> 00:07:52,038
shouldn't
1495
00:07:52,308 --> 00:07:52,878
multiply
1496
00:07:52,878 --> 00:07:53,358
entities
.
1497
00:07:53,358 --> 00:07:53,478
What
1498
00:07:53,478 --> 00:07:53,568
he
1499
00:07:53,568 --> 00:07:53,718
was
1500
00:07:53,718 --> 00:07:53,988
talking
1501
00:07:53,988 --> 00:07:54,138
about
1502
00:07:54,138 --> 00:07:54,288
was
1503
00:07:54,288 --> 00:07:54,768
angels
.
1504
00:07:54,918 --> 00:07:55,068
How
1505
00:07:55,068 --> 00:07:55,248
many
1506
00:07:55,248 --> 00:07:55,608
angels
1507
00:07:55,608 --> 00:07:55,668
do
1508
00:07:55,668 --> 00:07:55,788
you
1509
00:07:55,788 --> 00:07:55,968
need
1510
00:07:55,968 --> 00:07:56,328
between
1511
00:07:56,328 --> 00:07:56,538
you
1512
00:07:56,538 --> 00:07:56,658
and
1513
00:07:56,658 --> 00:07:57,038
God
?
1514
00:07:57,058 --> 00:07:57,118
You
1515
00:07:57,118 --> 00:07:57,258
need
1516
00:07:57,258 --> 00:07:57,348
to
1517
00:07:57,348 --> 00:07:57,498
keep
1518
00:07:57,498 --> 00:07:58,008
multiplying
1519
00:07:58,038 --> 00:07:58,368
angels
1520
00:07:58,368 --> 00:07:58,488
so
1521
00:07:58,488 --> 00:07:58,548
you
1522
00:07:58,548 --> 00:07:58,698
can
1523
00:07:58,698 --> 00:07:58,878
talk
1524
00:07:58,878 --> 00:07:58,968
to
1525
00:07:58,968 --> 00:07:59,298
God
.
1526
00:07:59,508 --> 00:08:00,018
Probably
1527
00:08:00,018 --> 00:08:00,228
not
.
1528
00:08:00,228 --> 00:08:00,408
So
1529
00:08:00,408 --> 00:08:00,498
we
1530
00:08:00,498 --> 00:08:00,768
shouldn't
1531
00:08:00,768 --> 00:08:01,218
multiply
1532
00:08:01,218 --> 00:08:01,728
entities
.
1533
00:08:01,938 --> 00:08:02,148
This
1534
00:08:02,148 --> 00:08:02,388
seemed
1535
00:08:02,388 --> 00:08:02,568
like
1536
00:08:02,568 --> 00:08:02,688
they
1537
00:08:02,688 --> 00:08:02,778
were
1538
00:08:02,778 --> 00:08:03,438
multiplying
1539
00:08:03,438 --> 00:08:03,948
entities
1540
00:08:03,948 --> 00:08:04,098
that
1541
00:08:04,098 --> 00:08:04,248
they
1542
00:08:04,248 --> 00:08:04,458
were
1543
00:08:04,938 --> 00:08:05,268
going
1544
00:08:05,268 --> 00:08:05,688
against
1545
00:08:05,688 --> 00:08:06,018
Occam's
1546
00:08:06,018 --> 00:08:06,408
Razor
.
1547
00:08:06,468 --> 00:08:06,618
Now
1548
00:08:06,618 --> 00:08:06,978
sometimes
1549
00:08:06,978 --> 00:08:07,308
outcomes
1550
00:08:07,308 --> 00:08:07,338
are
1551
00:08:07,338 --> 00:08:07,518
wrong
.
1552
00:08:07,548 --> 00:08:07,968
Sometimes
1553
00:08:07,968 --> 00:08:08,058
the
1554
00:08:08,058 --> 00:08:08,658
complex
1555
00:08:08,658 --> 00:08:09,288
explanation
1556
00:08:09,288 --> 00:08:09,438
is
1557
00:08:09,438 --> 00:08:09,768
true
,
1558
00:08:09,978 --> 00:08:10,608
especially
1559
00:08:10,608 --> 00:08:10,728
in
1560
00:08:10,728 --> 00:08:11,058
things
1561
00:08:11,058 --> 00:08:11,358
like
,
1562
00:08:11,358 --> 00:08:11,478
you
1563
00:08:11,478 --> 00:08:11,628
know
,
1564
00:08:11,628 --> 00:08:12,378
neuroscience
,
1565
00:08:12,378 --> 00:08:12,498
where
1566
00:08:12,498 --> 00:08:12,768
things
1567
00:08:12,768 --> 00:08:13,128
are
1568
00:08:13,278 --> 00:08:13,788
very
,
1569
00:08:13,788 --> 00:08:14,088
very
1570
00:08:14,088 --> 00:08:14,658
complicated
.
1571
00:08:14,658 --> 00:08:15,078
Already
1572
00:08:15,258 --> 00:08:15,438
the
1573
00:08:15,438 --> 00:08:15,738
brain
1574
00:08:15,738 --> 00:08:15,888
has
1575
00:08:15,888 --> 00:08:16,248
many
,
1576
00:08:16,248 --> 00:08:16,488
many
1577
00:08:16,488 --> 00:08:16,938
feedback
1578
00:08:16,938 --> 00:08:17,178
loops
1579
00:08:17,178 --> 00:08:17,448
all
1580
00:08:17,448 --> 00:08:17,778
acting
1581
00:08:17,778 --> 00:08:17,898
on
1582
00:08:17,898 --> 00:08:18,048
each
1583
00:08:18,048 --> 00:08:18,288
other
.
1584
00:08:18,408 --> 00:08:18,528
It's
1585
00:08:18,528 --> 00:08:18,918
very
1586
00:08:18,918 --> 00:08:19,308
difficult
1587
00:08:19,308 --> 00:08:19,368
to
1588
00:08:19,368 --> 00:08:19,698
tease
1589
00:08:19,698 --> 00:08:20,058
apart
1590
00:08:20,058 --> 00:08:20,358
cause
1591
00:08:20,358 --> 00:08:20,448
and
1592
00:08:20,448 --> 00:08:20,838
effect
.
1593
00:08:21,168 --> 00:08:21,528
One
1594
00:08:21,528 --> 00:08:21,828
reason
1595
00:08:21,828 --> 00:08:21,918
I
1596
00:08:21,918 --> 00:08:22,248
really
1597
00:08:22,248 --> 00:08:22,518
like
1598
00:08:22,518 --> 00:08:22,788
working
1599
00:08:22,788 --> 00:08:23,028
with
1600
00:08:23,028 --> 00:08:23,838
crustaceans
,
1601
00:08:23,838 --> 00:08:24,408
crayfish
,
1602
00:08:24,528 --> 00:08:24,888
everything
1603
00:08:24,888 --> 00:08:25,008
is
1604
00:08:25,008 --> 00:08:25,458
very
1605
00:08:25,458 --> 00:08:25,968
direct
,
1606
00:08:26,148 --> 00:08:26,598
no
1607
00:08:26,598 --> 00:08:26,958
brain
1608
00:08:26,958 --> 00:08:27,168
blood
1609
00:08:27,168 --> 00:08:27,558
barrier
.
1610
00:08:27,558 --> 00:08:27,678
I
1611
00:08:27,678 --> 00:08:27,828
can
1612
00:08:27,828 --> 00:08:27,978
put
1613
00:08:27,978 --> 00:08:28,068
the
1614
00:08:28,068 --> 00:08:28,608
dopamine
1615
00:08:28,608 --> 00:08:28,938
in
1616
00:08:29,088 --> 00:08:29,268
and
1617
00:08:29,268 --> 00:08:29,388
they
1618
00:08:29,388 --> 00:08:29,958
respond
1619
00:08:29,958 --> 00:08:30,138
to
1620
00:08:30,138 --> 00:08:30,258
it
1621
00:08:30,468 --> 00:08:31,068
instantly
.
1622
00:08:32,388 --> 00:08:32,778
So
1623
00:08:33,168 --> 00:08:33,548
the
1624
00:08:33,558 --> 00:08:33,878
the
1625
00:08:33,888 --> 00:08:34,358
the
1626
00:08:34,398 --> 00:08:34,818
model
1627
00:08:34,818 --> 00:08:34,968
out
1628
00:08:34,968 --> 00:08:35,238
there
1629
00:08:35,238 --> 00:08:35,418
was
1630
00:08:35,418 --> 00:08:35,538
that
1631
00:08:35,538 --> 00:08:36,168
dopamine
1632
00:08:36,168 --> 00:08:36,408
was
1633
00:08:36,408 --> 00:08:36,498
a
1634
00:08:36,498 --> 00:08:36,828
measure
1635
00:08:36,828 --> 00:08:36,918
of
1636
00:08:36,918 --> 00:08:37,608
salience
.
1637
00:08:38,148 --> 00:08:38,298
It
1638
00:08:38,298 --> 00:08:38,598
was
1639
00:08:38,868 --> 00:08:39,918
stimulatory
.
1640
00:08:39,918 --> 00:08:40,068
The
1641
00:08:40,068 --> 00:08:40,578
more
1642
00:08:40,758 --> 00:08:41,268
salience
1643
00:08:41,268 --> 00:08:41,628
something
1644
00:08:41,628 --> 00:08:41,898
had
,
1645
00:08:41,898 --> 00:08:41,988
the
1646
00:08:41,988 --> 00:08:42,198
more
1647
00:08:42,198 --> 00:08:42,288
you
1648
00:08:42,288 --> 00:08:42,408
would
1649
00:08:42,408 --> 00:08:42,768
want
1650
00:08:42,768 --> 00:08:42,978
it
.
1651
00:08:43,218 --> 00:08:43,428
So
1652
00:08:43,428 --> 00:08:43,518
the
1653
00:08:43,518 --> 00:08:43,758
more
1654
00:08:43,758 --> 00:08:44,208
dopamine
1655
00:08:44,208 --> 00:08:44,298
you
1656
00:08:44,298 --> 00:08:44,898
encountered
1657
00:08:44,898 --> 00:08:45,078
in
1658
00:08:45,078 --> 00:08:45,558
relation
1659
00:08:45,558 --> 00:08:45,738
to
1660
00:08:45,738 --> 00:08:45,828
it
,
1661
00:08:45,828 --> 00:08:45,918
the
1662
00:08:45,918 --> 00:08:46,128
more
1663
00:08:46,128 --> 00:08:46,218
you
1664
00:08:46,218 --> 00:08:46,338
would
1665
00:08:46,338 --> 00:08:46,578
want
1666
00:08:46,578 --> 00:08:46,758
that
1667
00:08:46,758 --> 00:08:47,028
thing
.
1668
00:08:47,028 --> 00:08:47,238
But
1669
00:08:47,238 --> 00:08:47,358
the
1670
00:08:47,358 --> 00:08:47,838
thing
.
1671
00:08:47,838 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
1672
00:08:47,838 --> 00:08:48,198
Was
1673
00:08:48,198 --> 00:08:48,618
always
1674
00:08:48,618 --> 00:08:48,858
going
1675
00:08:48,858 --> 00:08:48,948
to
1676
00:08:48,948 --> 00:08:49,068
be
1677
00:08:49,088 --> 00:08:49,278
a
1678
00:08:49,278 --> 00:08:49,728
future
1679
00:08:49,728 --> 00:08:49,998
thing
.
1680
00:08:49,998 --> 00:08:50,088
It
1681
00:08:50,088 --> 00:08:50,268
was
1682
00:08:50,268 --> 00:08:50,628
not
.
1683
00:08:51,408 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
1684
00:08:51,408 --> 00:08:51,898
Or
1685
00:08:51,948 --> 00:08:52,038
it
1686
00:08:52,038 --> 00:08:52,188
was
1687
00:08:52,188 --> 00:08:52,518
something
1688
00:08:52,518 --> 00:08:52,758
else
.
1689
00:08:52,758 --> 00:08:52,848
It
1690
00:08:52,848 --> 00:08:53,148
wasn't
1691
00:08:53,148 --> 00:08:53,658
dopamine
,
1692
00:08:53,658 --> 00:08:53,778
and
1693
00:08:53,778 --> 00:08:53,868
I
1694
00:08:53,868 --> 00:08:54,108
haven't
1695
00:08:54,108 --> 00:08:54,318
quite
1696
00:08:54,318 --> 00:08:54,588
figured
1697
00:08:54,588 --> 00:08:54,678
out
1698
00:08:54,678 --> 00:08:54,798
what
1699
00:08:54,798 --> 00:08:54,888
they're
1700
00:08:54,888 --> 00:08:55,098
trying
1701
00:08:55,098 --> 00:08:55,158
to
1702
00:08:55,158 --> 00:08:55,488
say
.
1703
00:08:55,488 --> 00:08:55,608
It
1704
00:08:55,608 --> 00:08:55,818
was
.
1705
00:08:55,818 --> 00:08:55,968
It
1706
00:08:55,968 --> 00:08:56,118
was
1707
00:08:56,118 --> 00:08:56,238
the
1708
00:08:56,238 --> 00:08:56,838
cocaine
1709
00:08:56,838 --> 00:08:56,958
or
1710
00:08:56,958 --> 00:08:57,048
the
1711
00:08:57,048 --> 00:08:57,498
sugar
1712
00:08:57,498 --> 00:08:57,648
or
1713
00:08:57,648 --> 00:08:57,768
the
1714
00:08:57,778 --> 00:08:58,038
thing
1715
00:08:58,038 --> 00:08:58,128
they
1716
00:08:58,128 --> 00:08:58,278
put
1717
00:08:58,278 --> 00:08:58,368
in
1718
00:08:58,368 --> 00:08:58,428
the
1719
00:08:58,428 --> 00:08:58,698
mouth
1720
00:08:58,698 --> 00:08:58,848
that
1721
00:08:58,848 --> 00:08:59,058
made
1722
00:08:59,218 --> 00:08:59,998
the
1723
00:09:00,018 --> 00:09:00,288
rat
1724
00:09:00,288 --> 00:09:00,768
happy
.
1725
00:09:01,758 --> 00:09:02,028
But
1726
00:09:02,028 --> 00:09:02,088
it
1727
00:09:02,088 --> 00:09:02,358
wasn't
1728
00:09:02,358 --> 00:09:02,448
the
1729
00:09:02,448 --> 00:09:02,898
dopamine
1730
00:09:02,898 --> 00:09:03,468
itself
,
1731
00:09:04,128 --> 00:09:04,608
because
1732
00:09:04,608 --> 00:09:04,908
their
1733
00:09:04,908 --> 00:09:05,478
reasoning
1734
00:09:05,478 --> 00:09:05,778
was
1735
00:09:05,778 --> 00:09:05,898
if
1736
00:09:05,898 --> 00:09:06,048
you
1737
00:09:06,048 --> 00:09:06,468
blocked
1738
00:09:06,468 --> 00:09:06,618
all
1739
00:09:06,618 --> 00:09:07,038
dopamine
1740
00:09:07,038 --> 00:09:07,158
with
1741
00:09:07,158 --> 00:09:07,908
Haloperidol
1742
00:09:07,908 --> 00:09:08,028
and
1743
00:09:08,028 --> 00:09:08,118
the
1744
00:09:08,358 --> 00:09:08,598
rat
1745
00:09:08,598 --> 00:09:08,718
is
1746
00:09:08,718 --> 00:09:09,048
lying
1747
00:09:09,048 --> 00:09:09,198
there
1748
00:09:09,198 --> 00:09:09,588
flat
1749
00:09:09,588 --> 00:09:09,768
on
1750
00:09:09,768 --> 00:09:09,828
the
1751
00:09:09,828 --> 00:09:10,398
ground
,
1752
00:09:10,608 --> 00:09:10,818
it
1753
00:09:10,818 --> 00:09:11,118
wouldn't
1754
00:09:11,118 --> 00:09:11,388
look
1755
00:09:11,388 --> 00:09:11,778
happy
1756
00:09:11,778 --> 00:09:11,898
when
1757
00:09:11,898 --> 00:09:12,018
you
1758
00:09:12,018 --> 00:09:12,168
put
1759
00:09:12,168 --> 00:09:12,678
cocaine
1760
00:09:12,678 --> 00:09:12,768
in
1761
00:09:12,768 --> 00:09:12,918
its
1762
00:09:12,918 --> 00:09:13,308
mouth
.
1763
00:09:13,848 --> 00:09:14,238
I'm
1764
00:09:14,238 --> 00:09:14,718
reasoning
1765
00:09:14,718 --> 00:09:14,838
that
1766
00:09:14,838 --> 00:09:14,958
it
1767
00:09:14,958 --> 00:09:15,258
would
1768
00:09:15,258 --> 00:09:15,498
look
1769
00:09:15,498 --> 00:09:15,768
happy
1770
00:09:15,768 --> 00:09:15,888
when
1771
00:09:15,888 --> 00:09:15,978
it
1772
00:09:15,978 --> 00:09:16,128
put
1773
00:09:16,128 --> 00:09:16,518
cocaine
.
1774
00:09:16,518 --> 00:09:16,638
It's
1775
00:09:16,638 --> 00:09:16,848
not
1776
00:09:16,848 --> 00:09:17,088
because
1777
00:09:17,088 --> 00:09:17,448
suddenly
1778
00:09:17,448 --> 00:09:17,568
it's
1779
00:09:17,568 --> 00:09:17,808
getting
1780
00:09:17,808 --> 00:09:17,868
a
1781
00:09:17,868 --> 00:09:18,078
little
1782
00:09:18,078 --> 00:09:18,228
bit
1783
00:09:18,228 --> 00:09:18,288
of
1784
00:09:18,288 --> 00:09:18,438
that
1785
00:09:18,438 --> 00:09:18,888
dopamine
1786
00:09:18,888 --> 00:09:18,978
it
1787
00:09:18,978 --> 00:09:19,338
wanted
.
1788
00:09:19,668 --> 00:09:19,878
And
1789
00:09:19,878 --> 00:09:20,238
under
1790
00:09:20,238 --> 00:09:20,448
those
1791
00:09:20,448 --> 00:09:21,378
circumstances
,
1792
00:09:21,588 --> 00:09:22,248
dopamine
1793
00:09:22,248 --> 00:09:22,458
will
1794
00:09:22,458 --> 00:09:22,608
be
1795
00:09:22,608 --> 00:09:22,968
slightly
1796
00:09:22,968 --> 00:09:23,718
stimulatory
1797
00:09:23,718 --> 00:09:23,928
in
1798
00:09:23,928 --> 00:09:24,168
that
1799
00:09:24,168 --> 00:09:24,318
you're
1800
00:09:24,318 --> 00:09:24,858
finally
1801
00:09:24,858 --> 00:09:25,188
getting
1802
00:09:25,188 --> 00:09:25,338
that
1803
00:09:25,338 --> 00:09:25,578
thing
1804
00:09:25,578 --> 00:09:25,698
you
1805
00:09:25,698 --> 00:09:25,998
thought
1806
00:09:25,998 --> 00:09:26,118
you
1807
00:09:26,118 --> 00:09:26,418
couldn't
1808
00:09:26,418 --> 00:09:26,628
get
1809
00:09:26,628 --> 00:09:27,068
before
.
1810
00:09:27,528 --> 00:09:28,038
Similar
1811
00:09:28,038 --> 00:09:28,668
experiment
1812
00:09:28,668 --> 00:09:28,848
in
1813
00:09:28,848 --> 00:09:29,148
fruit
1814
00:09:29,148 --> 00:09:29,478
flies
.
1815
00:09:29,478 --> 00:09:29,658
So
1816
00:09:29,658 --> 00:09:30,018
something
1817
00:09:30,018 --> 00:09:30,168
that
1818
00:09:30,168 --> 00:09:30,558
actually
1819
00:09:30,558 --> 00:09:30,888
doesn't
1820
00:09:30,888 --> 00:09:31,008
have
1821
00:09:31,008 --> 00:09:31,068
a
1822
00:09:31,068 --> 00:09:31,308
brain
1823
00:09:31,308 --> 00:09:31,488
blood
1824
00:09:31,488 --> 00:09:31,908
barrier
1825
00:09:32,538 --> 00:09:32,958
is
1826
00:09:32,958 --> 00:09:33,468
a
1827
00:09:34,188 --> 00:09:34,398
an
1828
00:09:34,398 --> 00:09:35,088
invertebrate
,
1829
00:09:35,388 --> 00:09:35,478
you
1830
00:09:35,478 --> 00:09:35,628
know
,
1831
00:09:35,628 --> 00:09:35,838
not
1832
00:09:35,838 --> 00:09:36,198
exactly
1833
00:09:36,198 --> 00:09:36,258
a
1834
00:09:36,258 --> 00:09:36,738
crustacean
,
1835
00:09:36,738 --> 00:09:36,858
but
1836
00:09:36,858 --> 00:09:37,038
very
1837
00:09:37,038 --> 00:09:37,458
closely
1838
00:09:37,458 --> 00:09:37,668
another
1839
00:09:37,668 --> 00:09:38,298
arthropod
,
1840
00:09:38,478 --> 00:09:38,778
something
1841
00:09:38,778 --> 00:09:38,928
with
1842
00:09:38,928 --> 00:09:38,988
a
1843
00:09:38,988 --> 00:09:39,378
jointed
1844
00:09:39,378 --> 00:09:40,218
exoskeleton
.
1845
00:09:40,908 --> 00:09:41,058
And
1846
00:09:41,058 --> 00:09:41,178
what
1847
00:09:41,178 --> 00:09:41,298
they
1848
00:09:41,298 --> 00:09:41,538
did
1849
00:09:41,538 --> 00:09:41,718
is
1850
00:09:41,718 --> 00:09:41,868
they
1851
00:09:41,868 --> 00:09:42,198
made
1852
00:09:42,198 --> 00:09:42,468
fruit
1853
00:09:42,468 --> 00:09:42,888
flies
1854
00:09:42,888 --> 00:09:43,038
that
1855
00:09:43,038 --> 00:09:43,368
didn't
1856
00:09:43,368 --> 00:09:44,208
express
1857
00:09:44,208 --> 00:09:44,778
dopamine
.
1858
00:09:45,018 --> 00:09:45,228
Now
,
1859
00:09:45,228 --> 00:09:45,288
if
1860
00:09:45,288 --> 00:09:45,498
you
1861
00:09:45,498 --> 00:09:45,948
remove
1862
00:09:45,948 --> 00:09:46,128
all
1863
00:09:46,128 --> 00:09:46,848
dopamine
,
1864
00:09:46,848 --> 00:09:47,028
the
1865
00:09:47,028 --> 00:09:47,298
thing's
1866
00:09:47,298 --> 00:09:47,508
dead
.
1867
00:09:47,508 --> 00:09:47,628
So
1868
00:09:47,628 --> 00:09:47,718
it
1869
00:09:47,718 --> 00:09:47,838
had
1870
00:09:47,838 --> 00:09:47,898
a
1871
00:09:47,898 --> 00:09:48,228
tiny
1872
00:09:48,228 --> 00:09:48,438
bit
,
1873
00:09:48,618 --> 00:09:48,798
but
1874
00:09:48,798 --> 00:09:49,038
it
1875
00:09:49,038 --> 00:09:49,218
was
1876
00:09:49,218 --> 00:09:49,368
a
1877
00:09:49,518 --> 00:09:49,668
what
1878
00:09:49,668 --> 00:09:49,758
they
1879
00:09:49,758 --> 00:09:49,998
called
1880
00:09:49,998 --> 00:09:50,058
a
1881
00:09:50,058 --> 00:09:50,568
dopamine
1882
00:09:50,568 --> 00:09:51,078
knockout
1883
00:09:51,078 --> 00:09:51,318
fruit
1884
00:09:51,318 --> 00:09:51,588
fly
.
1885
00:09:51,588 --> 00:09:51,738
So
1886
00:09:51,738 --> 00:09:51,798
it
1887
00:09:51,948 --> 00:09:52,188
wasn't
1888
00:09:52,188 --> 00:09:52,638
expressing
1889
00:09:52,638 --> 00:09:52,788
any
1890
00:09:52,788 --> 00:09:53,238
dopamine
.
1891
00:09:53,478 --> 00:09:53,658
And
1892
00:09:53,658 --> 00:09:53,898
these
1893
00:09:53,898 --> 00:09:54,108
these
1894
00:09:54,108 --> 00:09:54,318
fruit
1895
00:09:54,318 --> 00:09:54,708
flies
1896
00:09:54,708 --> 00:09:55,018
weren't
1897
00:09:55,038 --> 00:09:55,368
flying
1898
00:09:55,368 --> 00:09:55,668
around
1899
00:09:55,668 --> 00:09:55,938
doing
1900
00:09:55,938 --> 00:09:56,298
nothing
1901
00:09:56,298 --> 00:09:56,478
like
1902
00:09:56,478 --> 00:09:56,568
the
1903
00:09:56,568 --> 00:09:56,868
rats
1904
00:09:56,868 --> 00:09:57,168
were
.
1905
00:09:57,738 --> 00:09:57,948
They
1906
00:09:57,948 --> 00:09:58,128
put
1907
00:09:58,128 --> 00:09:58,188
a
1908
00:09:58,188 --> 00:09:58,638
tiny
1909
00:09:58,638 --> 00:09:58,818
bit
1910
00:09:58,818 --> 00:09:58,908
of
1911
00:09:58,908 --> 00:09:59,268
sugar
1912
00:09:59,268 --> 00:09:59,748
water
1913
00:10:00,948 --> 00:10:01,248
with
1914
00:10:01,248 --> 00:10:01,428
some
1915
00:10:01,428 --> 00:10:02,148
dopamine
1916
00:10:03,318 --> 00:10:03,858
under
1917
00:10:03,858 --> 00:10:03,978
the
1918
00:10:03,978 --> 00:10:04,248
fruit
1919
00:10:04,248 --> 00:10:04,908
flies
1920
00:10:04,908 --> 00:10:05,148
and
1921
00:10:05,148 --> 00:10:05,208
the
1922
00:10:05,208 --> 00:10:05,418
fruit
1923
00:10:05,418 --> 00:10:05,658
flies
1924
00:10:05,658 --> 00:10:05,988
started
1925
00:10:05,988 --> 00:10:06,318
drinking
1926
00:10:06,318 --> 00:10:06,378
the
1927
00:10:06,378 --> 00:10:06,648
sugar
1928
00:10:06,648 --> 00:10:06,918
water
1929
00:10:06,918 --> 00:10:07,038
with
1930
00:10:07,038 --> 00:10:07,098
the
1931
00:10:07,098 --> 00:10:07,548
dopamine
1932
00:10:07,548 --> 00:10:07,608
in
1933
00:10:07,608 --> 00:10:07,728
it
.
1934
00:10:07,968 --> 00:10:08,148
And
1935
00:10:08,148 --> 00:10:08,268
so
1936
00:10:08,268 --> 00:10:08,418
they
1937
00:10:08,418 --> 00:10:08,658
said
1938
00:10:08,658 --> 00:10:08,808
this
1939
00:10:08,808 --> 00:10:09,378
confirmed
1940
00:10:09,378 --> 00:10:09,528
what
1941
00:10:09,528 --> 00:10:09,678
they'd
1942
00:10:09,678 --> 00:10:09,918
seen
1943
00:10:09,918 --> 00:10:10,008
in
1944
00:10:10,008 --> 00:10:10,068
the
1945
00:10:10,068 --> 00:10:10,368
rats
1946
00:10:10,368 --> 00:10:10,458
that
1947
00:10:10,458 --> 00:10:10,548
they
1948
00:10:10,548 --> 00:10:10,698
were
1949
00:10:11,028 --> 00:10:11,358
the
1950
00:10:11,358 --> 00:10:11,568
fruit
1951
00:10:11,568 --> 00:10:12,048
flies
1952
00:10:12,168 --> 00:10:12,348
were
1953
00:10:12,348 --> 00:10:12,648
acting
1954
00:10:12,648 --> 00:10:13,158
exactly
1955
00:10:13,158 --> 00:10:13,308
as
1956
00:10:13,308 --> 00:10:13,398
the
1957
00:10:13,398 --> 00:10:13,698
rats
1958
00:10:13,698 --> 00:10:14,058
were
.
1959
00:10:14,268 --> 00:10:14,898
Dopamine
1960
00:10:14,898 --> 00:10:15,078
was
1961
00:10:15,078 --> 00:10:15,318
not
1962
00:10:15,318 --> 00:10:15,378
a
1963
00:10:15,378 --> 00:10:16,008
reward
.
1964
00:10:16,158 --> 00:10:16,788
Dopamine
1965
00:10:16,788 --> 00:10:16,908
was
1966
00:10:16,908 --> 00:10:17,238
something
1967
00:10:17,238 --> 00:10:17,358
that
1968
00:10:17,358 --> 00:10:17,898
measured
.
1969
00:10:18,078 --> 00:10:19,008
The
1970
00:10:19,038 --> 00:10:19,428
reason
1971
00:10:19,428 --> 00:10:19,548
you
1972
00:10:19,548 --> 00:10:19,668
would
1973
00:10:19,668 --> 00:10:20,028
bother
1974
00:10:20,028 --> 00:10:20,508
sucking
1975
00:10:21,078 --> 00:10:21,408
was
1976
00:10:21,408 --> 00:10:21,918
because
1977
00:10:22,068 --> 00:10:22,188
you
1978
00:10:22,188 --> 00:10:22,338
were
1979
00:10:22,338 --> 00:10:22,578
now
1980
00:10:22,578 --> 00:10:22,938
getting
1981
00:10:22,938 --> 00:10:23,118
some
1982
00:10:23,118 --> 00:10:23,568
dopamine
.
1983
00:10:23,568 --> 00:10:23,658
And
1984
00:10:23,658 --> 00:10:23,808
so
1985
00:10:23,808 --> 00:10:24,228
dopamine
1986
00:10:24,228 --> 00:10:24,348
was
1987
00:10:24,348 --> 00:10:24,408
a
1988
00:10:24,408 --> 00:10:24,948
stimulant
1989
00:10:25,128 --> 00:10:25,308
and
1990
00:10:25,308 --> 00:10:25,368
it
1991
00:10:25,368 --> 00:10:25,488
was
1992
00:10:25,488 --> 00:10:25,608
all
1993
00:10:25,608 --> 00:10:25,788
just
1994
00:10:25,788 --> 00:10:25,848
a
1995
00:10:25,848 --> 00:10:26,178
measure
1996
00:10:26,178 --> 00:10:26,268
of
1997
00:10:26,268 --> 00:10:26,628
reward
.
1998
00:10:26,628 --> 00:10:26,808
I
1999
00:10:26,808 --> 00:10:27,048
find
2000
00:10:27,078 --> 00:10:27,288
all
2001
00:10:27,288 --> 00:10:27,378
of
2002
00:10:27,378 --> 00:10:27,528
this
2003
00:10:27,528 --> 00:10:28,218
confusing
2004
00:10:28,218 --> 00:10:28,458
and
2005
00:10:28,458 --> 00:10:28,908
too
2006
00:10:28,908 --> 00:10:29,418
much
.
2007
00:10:29,748 --> 00:10:30,128
Okay
.
2008
00:10:30,348 --> 00:10:30,498
A
2009
00:10:30,498 --> 00:10:31,188
reward
2010
00:10:31,188 --> 00:10:31,398
is
2011
00:10:31,398 --> 00:10:31,488
the
2012
00:10:31,488 --> 00:10:31,818
measure
2013
00:10:31,818 --> 00:10:31,938
of
2014
00:10:31,948 --> 00:10:32,418
reward
.
2015
00:10:32,418 --> 00:10:32,568
If
2016
00:10:32,568 --> 00:10:32,688
I
2017
00:10:32,688 --> 00:10:32,838
want
2018
00:10:32,838 --> 00:10:32,898
to
2019
00:10:32,898 --> 00:10:33,018
know
2020
00:10:33,018 --> 00:10:33,108
how
2021
00:10:33,108 --> 00:10:33,318
much
2022
00:10:33,318 --> 00:10:33,648
money
2023
00:10:33,648 --> 00:10:33,768
I'm
2024
00:10:33,768 --> 00:10:33,888
going
2025
00:10:33,888 --> 00:10:33,948
to
2026
00:10:33,948 --> 00:10:34,158
get
,
2027
00:10:34,158 --> 00:10:34,368
it's
2028
00:10:34,368 --> 00:10:34,488
the
2029
00:10:34,488 --> 00:10:34,848
pile
2030
00:10:34,848 --> 00:10:34,968
of
2031
00:10:34,968 --> 00:10:35,358
money
,
2032
00:10:35,358 --> 00:10:35,718
right
?
2033
00:10:36,288 --> 00:10:36,768
The
2034
00:10:36,768 --> 00:10:37,308
A
2035
00:10:37,308 --> 00:10:37,608
is
2036
00:10:37,608 --> 00:10:37,728
the
2037
00:10:37,728 --> 00:10:38,118
measure
2038
00:10:38,118 --> 00:10:38,298
of
2039
00:10:38,298 --> 00:10:38,388
the
2040
00:10:38,388 --> 00:10:38,868
reward
,
2041
00:10:38,868 --> 00:10:39,048
but
2042
00:10:39,048 --> 00:10:39,198
it
2043
00:10:39,218 --> 00:10:39,348
is
2044
00:10:39,348 --> 00:10:39,528
not
2045
00:10:39,528 --> 00:10:40,008
separate
2046
00:10:40,008 --> 00:10:40,188
from
2047
00:10:40,188 --> 00:10:40,278
the
2048
00:10:40,278 --> 00:10:40,488
thing
2049
00:10:40,488 --> 00:10:40,608
you're
2050
00:10:40,608 --> 00:10:40,938
trying
2051
00:10:40,938 --> 00:10:41,298
for
.
2052
00:10:41,598 --> 00:10:41,808
The
2053
00:10:41,808 --> 00:10:42,408
actual
2054
00:10:42,408 --> 00:10:42,918
grade
2055
00:10:42,918 --> 00:10:43,098
is
2056
00:10:43,098 --> 00:10:43,218
the
2057
00:10:43,218 --> 00:10:43,488
thing
2058
00:10:43,488 --> 00:10:43,638
you're
2059
00:10:43,638 --> 00:10:43,998
trying
2060
00:10:43,998 --> 00:10:44,148
to
2061
00:10:44,148 --> 00:10:44,418
get
.
2062
00:10:44,628 --> 00:10:45,348
Dopamine
2063
00:10:45,348 --> 00:10:45,618
is
2064
00:10:45,618 --> 00:10:45,768
the
2065
00:10:45,768 --> 00:10:46,248
actual
2066
00:10:46,248 --> 00:10:46,728
reward
.
2067
00:10:46,878 --> 00:10:47,088
You
2068
00:10:47,088 --> 00:10:47,418
measure
2069
00:10:47,418 --> 00:10:47,508
the
2070
00:10:47,508 --> 00:10:47,868
reward
2071
00:10:47,868 --> 00:10:48,048
by
2072
00:10:48,048 --> 00:10:48,288
how
2073
00:10:48,288 --> 00:10:48,528
much
2074
00:10:48,528 --> 00:10:49,098
dopamine
2075
00:10:49,098 --> 00:10:49,248
you
2076
00:10:49,248 --> 00:10:49,518
get
.
2077
00:10:49,908 --> 00:10:50,118
Now
,
2078
00:10:50,118 --> 00:10:50,268
there's
2079
00:10:50,268 --> 00:10:50,388
some
2080
00:10:50,388 --> 00:10:50,868
interesting
2081
00:10:50,868 --> 00:10:51,198
things
.
2082
00:10:51,198 --> 00:10:51,348
You
2083
00:10:51,348 --> 00:10:51,498
can
2084
00:10:51,498 --> 00:10:51,648
get
2085
00:10:51,648 --> 00:10:51,918
more
2086
00:10:51,918 --> 00:10:52,578
dopamine
2087
00:10:52,698 --> 00:10:53,208
when
2088
00:10:54,048 --> 00:10:54,258
you
2089
00:10:54,258 --> 00:10:54,468
get
2090
00:10:54,468 --> 00:10:54,618
an
2091
00:10:54,618 --> 00:10:55,608
unexpected
2092
00:10:55,608 --> 00:10:55,938
thing
2093
00:10:55,938 --> 00:10:56,208
that's
2094
00:10:56,208 --> 00:10:56,568
happening
2095
00:10:56,598 --> 00:10:56,688
to
2096
00:10:56,688 --> 00:10:56,928
you
.
2097
00:10:57,078 --> 00:10:57,288
So
2098
00:10:57,288 --> 00:10:57,378
if
2099
00:10:57,378 --> 00:10:57,498
you
2100
00:10:57,498 --> 00:10:57,738
meet
2101
00:10:57,738 --> 00:10:58,338
someone
2102
00:10:58,518 --> 00:10:59,298
beautiful
2103
00:10:59,448 --> 00:10:59,658
who
2104
00:10:59,658 --> 00:10:59,778
you
2105
00:10:59,778 --> 00:11:00,078
really
,
2106
00:11:00,078 --> 00:11:00,288
really
2107
00:11:00,288 --> 00:11:00,528
like
2108
00:11:00,528 --> 00:11:00,648
for
2109
00:11:00,648 --> 00:11:00,738
the
2110
00:11:00,738 --> 00:11:01,038
first
2111
00:11:01,038 --> 00:11:01,548
time
,
2112
00:11:01,758 --> 00:11:02,028
your
2113
00:11:02,028 --> 00:11:02,358
brain
2114
00:11:02,358 --> 00:11:02,478
is
2115
00:11:02,478 --> 00:11:02,598
going
2116
00:11:02,598 --> 00:11:02,658
to
2117
00:11:02,658 --> 00:11:02,928
release
2118
00:11:02,928 --> 00:11:02,988
a
2119
00:11:02,988 --> 00:11:03,198
bunch
2120
00:11:03,198 --> 00:11:03,258
of
2121
00:11:03,258 --> 00:11:03,768
dopamine
.
2122
00:11:03,858 --> 00:11:04,038
You
2123
00:11:04,038 --> 00:11:04,218
meet
2124
00:11:04,218 --> 00:11:04,458
them
2125
00:11:04,458 --> 00:11:04,548
a
2126
00:11:04,548 --> 00:11:04,968
second
2127
00:11:04,968 --> 00:11:05,448
time
,
2128
00:11:05,898 --> 00:11:06,108
your
2129
00:11:06,108 --> 00:11:06,348
brain's
2130
00:11:06,348 --> 00:11:06,468
going
2131
00:11:06,468 --> 00:11:06,528
to
2132
00:11:06,528 --> 00:11:06,798
release
2133
00:11:06,798 --> 00:11:06,858
a
2134
00:11:06,858 --> 00:11:07,188
slightly
2135
00:11:07,188 --> 00:11:07,518
less
2136
00:11:07,518 --> 00:11:08,058
dopamine
,
2137
00:11:08,208 --> 00:11:08,388
but
2138
00:11:08,388 --> 00:11:08,538
you're
2139
00:11:08,538 --> 00:11:08,658
going
2140
00:11:08,658 --> 00:11:08,718
to
2141
00:11:08,718 --> 00:11:08,988
want
2142
00:11:08,988 --> 00:11:09,108
to
2143
00:11:09,108 --> 00:11:09,288
meet
2144
00:11:09,288 --> 00:11:09,408
them
2145
00:11:09,408 --> 00:11:09,558
that
2146
00:11:09,558 --> 00:11:09,828
second
2147
00:11:09,828 --> 00:11:10,068
time
2148
00:11:10,068 --> 00:11:10,338
because
2149
00:11:10,338 --> 00:11:10,398
of
2150
00:11:10,398 --> 00:11:10,548
that
2151
00:11:10,548 --> 00:11:10,878
first
2152
00:11:10,878 --> 00:11:11,148
time
2153
00:11:11,148 --> 00:11:11,268
when
2154
00:11:11,268 --> 00:11:11,358
you
2155
00:11:11,358 --> 00:11:11,568
got
2156
00:11:11,568 --> 00:11:11,748
that
2157
00:11:11,748 --> 00:11:12,288
reward
.
2158
00:11:12,588 --> 00:11:12,918
So
2159
00:11:13,008 --> 00:11:13,548
dopamine
2160
00:11:13,548 --> 00:11:13,878
tells
2161
00:11:13,878 --> 00:11:13,968
you
2162
00:11:13,968 --> 00:11:14,118
what
2163
00:11:14,118 --> 00:11:14,238
to
2164
00:11:14,238 --> 00:11:14,628
do
.
2165
00:11:14,718 --> 00:11:14,838
It
2166
00:11:14,838 --> 00:11:15,018
gives
2167
00:11:15,018 --> 00:11:15,108
you
2168
00:11:15,108 --> 00:11:15,138
a
2169
00:11:15,138 --> 00:11:15,438
little
2170
00:11:15,438 --> 00:11:15,558
bit
2171
00:11:15,558 --> 00:11:15,618
of
2172
00:11:15,618 --> 00:11:15,738
an
2173
00:11:15,738 --> 00:11:16,158
extra
2174
00:11:16,218 --> 00:11:16,428
sort
2175
00:11:16,428 --> 00:11:16,548
of
2176
00:11:16,548 --> 00:11:16,878
extra
2177
00:11:16,878 --> 00:11:17,268
credit
2178
00:11:17,268 --> 00:11:17,388
if
2179
00:11:17,388 --> 00:11:17,478
you
2180
00:11:17,478 --> 00:11:17,628
get
2181
00:11:17,628 --> 00:11:17,928
something
2182
00:11:17,928 --> 00:11:18,708
unexpected
2183
00:11:18,708 --> 00:11:19,278
happening
2184
00:00:00,-01 --> 00:11:19,908
.
But
2185
00:00:00,-01 --> 00:00:00,-01
2186
00:11:19,908 --> 00:11:20,028
it's
2187
00:11:20,028 --> 00:11:20,118
the
2188
00:11:20,118 --> 00:11:20,568
measure
2189
00:11:20,568 --> 00:11:20,748
of
2190
00:11:20,748 --> 00:11:20,838
the
2191
00:11:20,838 --> 00:11:21,258
things
2192
00:11:21,258 --> 00:11:21,408
you
2193
00:11:21,408 --> 00:11:21,708
want
2194
00:11:21,708 --> 00:11:21,858
to
2195
00:11:21,858 --> 00:11:22,188
do
2196
00:11:22,728 --> 00:11:23,118
and
2197
00:11:23,118 --> 00:11:23,298
our
2198
00:11:23,298 --> 00:11:23,538
brain
2199
00:11:23,538 --> 00:11:23,748
can't
2200
00:11:23,748 --> 00:11:23,898
tell
2201
00:11:23,898 --> 00:11:23,958
the
2202
00:11:23,958 --> 00:11:24,288
difference
.
2203
00:11:24,288 --> 00:11:24,558
So
2204
00:11:25,158 --> 00:11:25,788
it'll
2205
00:11:25,788 --> 00:11:25,938
give
2206
00:11:25,938 --> 00:11:26,058
us
2207
00:11:26,058 --> 00:11:26,418
dopamine
2208
00:11:26,418 --> 00:11:26,538
for
2209
00:11:26,538 --> 00:11:26,808
almost
2210
00:11:26,808 --> 00:11:27,138
anything
.
2211
00:11:27,138 --> 00:11:27,228
Our
2212
00:11:27,228 --> 00:11:27,618
primate
2213
00:11:27,618 --> 00:11:28,278
ancestors
2214
00:11:28,278 --> 00:11:28,398
would
2215
00:11:28,398 --> 00:11:28,488
have
2216
00:11:28,488 --> 00:11:28,728
seen
2217
00:11:28,728 --> 00:11:29,298
fruit
2218
00:11:30,048 --> 00:11:30,588
ripening
2219
00:11:30,588 --> 00:11:30,708
on
2220
00:11:30,708 --> 00:11:30,738
a
2221
00:11:30,738 --> 00:11:31,308
tree
.
2222
00:11:31,308 --> 00:11:31,518
That
2223
00:11:31,518 --> 00:11:31,758
fruit
2224
00:11:31,758 --> 00:11:31,878
would
2225
00:11:31,878 --> 00:11:31,968
have
2226
00:11:31,968 --> 00:11:32,208
turned
2227
00:11:32,208 --> 00:11:32,748
orange
2228
00:11:32,748 --> 00:11:32,928
or
2229
00:11:32,928 --> 00:11:33,438
red
2230
00:11:33,558 --> 00:11:34,128
signaling
.
2231
00:11:34,128 --> 00:11:34,308
Let's
2232
00:11:34,308 --> 00:11:34,488
go
2233
00:11:34,488 --> 00:11:34,668
get
2234
00:11:34,668 --> 00:11:34,848
that
2235
00:11:34,848 --> 00:11:35,238
fruit
2236
00:11:35,508 --> 00:11:35,868
that
2237
00:11:35,868 --> 00:11:36,138
those
2238
00:11:36,138 --> 00:11:36,288
are
2239
00:11:36,288 --> 00:11:36,528
those
2240
00:11:36,528 --> 00:11:36,618
are
2241
00:11:36,618 --> 00:11:37,068
colors
2242
00:11:37,068 --> 00:11:37,158
that
2243
00:11:37,158 --> 00:11:37,308
will
2244
00:11:37,308 --> 00:11:37,788
stimulate
2245
00:11:37,788 --> 00:11:37,968
some
2246
00:11:37,968 --> 00:11:38,388
dopamine
.
2247
00:11:38,388 --> 00:11:38,628
So
2248
00:11:38,748 --> 00:11:38,928
we're
2249
00:11:38,928 --> 00:11:39,228
often
2250
00:11:39,228 --> 00:11:39,708
stimulated
2251
00:11:39,708 --> 00:11:39,798
by
2252
00:11:39,798 --> 00:11:40,308
flashing
2253
00:11:40,308 --> 00:11:40,608
lights
2254
00:11:40,608 --> 00:11:40,698
and
2255
00:11:40,698 --> 00:11:40,968
bright
2256
00:11:40,968 --> 00:11:41,298
colors
.
2257
00:11:41,298 --> 00:11:41,388
This
2258
00:11:41,388 --> 00:11:41,448
is
2259
00:11:41,448 --> 00:11:41,568
what
2260
00:11:41,568 --> 00:11:41,658
all
2261
00:11:41,658 --> 00:11:41,748
the
2262
00:11:41,748 --> 00:11:42,078
video
2263
00:11:42,078 --> 00:11:42,408
games
2264
00:11:42,408 --> 00:11:42,678
do
2265
00:11:42,828 --> 00:11:42,978
to
2266
00:11:42,978 --> 00:11:43,248
give
2267
00:11:43,248 --> 00:11:43,428
us
2268
00:11:43,428 --> 00:11:43,978
rewards
2269
00:11:43,978 --> 00:11:44,058
and
2270
00:11:44,058 --> 00:11:44,238
make
2271
00:11:44,238 --> 00:11:44,358
us
2272
00:11:44,358 --> 00:11:44,538
want
2273
00:11:44,538 --> 00:11:44,628
to
2274
00:11:44,628 --> 00:11:44,808
come
2275
00:11:44,808 --> 00:11:45,078
back
2276
00:11:45,078 --> 00:11:45,198
and
2277
00:11:45,198 --> 00:11:45,408
do
2278
00:11:45,408 --> 00:11:45,558
it
.
2279
00:11:45,738 --> 00:11:45,888
This
2280
00:11:45,888 --> 00:11:45,978
is
2281
00:11:45,978 --> 00:11:46,158
why
2282
00:11:46,158 --> 00:11:46,398
we
2283
00:11:46,468 --> 00:11:46,518
do
2284
00:11:47,178 --> 00:11:47,508
things
2285
00:11:47,508 --> 00:11:47,628
that
2286
00:11:47,628 --> 00:11:47,718
are
2287
00:11:47,718 --> 00:11:48,318
addictive
.
2288
00:11:48,318 --> 00:11:48,558
Give
2289
00:11:48,558 --> 00:11:48,708
us
2290
00:11:48,708 --> 00:11:49,248
dopamine
.
2291
00:11:49,398 --> 00:11:49,608
And
2292
00:11:49,608 --> 00:11:49,878
part
2293
00:11:49,878 --> 00:11:49,968
of
2294
00:11:49,968 --> 00:11:50,058
the
2295
00:11:50,058 --> 00:11:50,568
reason
2296
00:11:50,568 --> 00:11:51,138
why
2297
00:11:51,288 --> 00:11:51,888
many
2298
00:11:52,128 --> 00:11:52,398
things
2299
00:11:52,398 --> 00:11:52,848
online
2300
00:11:52,848 --> 00:11:52,998
can
2301
00:11:52,998 --> 00:11:53,118
be
2302
00:11:53,118 --> 00:11:53,628
addictive
2303
00:11:53,628 --> 00:11:53,868
is
2304
00:11:53,868 --> 00:11:54,108
the
2305
00:11:54,108 --> 00:11:54,198
the
2306
00:11:54,198 --> 00:11:54,558
fast
2307
00:11:54,558 --> 00:11:54,948
editing
,
2308
00:11:54,948 --> 00:11:55,008
the
2309
00:11:55,008 --> 00:11:55,428
flashing
2310
00:11:55,428 --> 00:11:55,758
lights
,
2311
00:11:55,758 --> 00:11:55,848
the
2312
00:11:55,848 --> 00:11:56,088
bright
2313
00:11:56,088 --> 00:11:56,478
colors
.
2314
00:11:56,688 --> 00:11:56,928
All
2315
00:11:56,928 --> 00:11:57,048
of
2316
00:11:57,048 --> 00:11:57,258
these
2317
00:11:57,258 --> 00:11:57,558
things
2318
00:11:57,558 --> 00:11:58,128
stimulate
2319
00:11:58,128 --> 00:11:58,218
our
2320
00:11:58,218 --> 00:11:58,548
brain
,
2321
00:11:58,548 --> 00:11:58,728
give
2322
00:11:58,728 --> 00:11:58,878
us
2323
00:11:58,878 --> 00:11:59,298
rewards
2324
00:11:59,298 --> 00:11:59,418
and
2325
00:11:59,418 --> 00:11:59,598
make
2326
00:11:59,598 --> 00:11:59,718
us
2327
00:11:59,718 --> 00:11:59,898
want
2328
00:11:59,898 --> 00:11:59,958
to
2329
00:11:59,958 --> 00:12:00,138
come
2330
00:12:00,138 --> 00:12:00,408
back
.
2331
00:12:00,558 --> 00:12:00,768
I'm
2332
00:12:00,768 --> 00:12:00,948
not
2333
00:12:00,948 --> 00:12:01,308
arguing
2334
00:12:01,308 --> 00:12:01,488
with
2335
00:12:01,488 --> 00:12:01,938
any
2336
00:12:01,938 --> 00:12:02,388
part
2337
00:12:02,388 --> 00:12:02,898
of
2338
00:12:03,168 --> 00:12:03,768
that
2339
00:12:03,768 --> 00:12:04,668
particular
2340
00:12:05,208 --> 00:12:05,748
model
.
2341
00:12:06,018 --> 00:12:06,258
I'm
2342
00:12:06,258 --> 00:12:06,468
just
2343
00:12:06,468 --> 00:12:06,978
saying
2344
00:12:06,978 --> 00:12:07,368
that
2345
00:12:07,998 --> 00:12:08,598
I
2346
00:12:08,598 --> 00:12:08,868
think
2347
00:12:08,868 --> 00:12:09,078
they're
2348
00:12:09,078 --> 00:12:09,408
thinking
2349
00:12:09,408 --> 00:12:09,678
about
2350
00:12:09,678 --> 00:12:09,918
these
2351
00:12:09,918 --> 00:12:10,188
things
2352
00:12:10,188 --> 00:12:10,518
wrong
,
2353
00:12:10,518 --> 00:12:10,638
that
2354
00:12:10,638 --> 00:12:11,178
dopamine
2355
00:12:11,178 --> 00:12:11,538
is
2356
00:12:11,538 --> 00:12:12,078
exactly
2357
00:12:12,078 --> 00:12:12,198
what
2358
00:12:12,198 --> 00:12:12,348
we've
2359
00:12:12,348 --> 00:12:12,558
always
2360
00:12:12,558 --> 00:12:12,738
thought
2361
00:12:12,738 --> 00:12:12,828
it
2362
00:12:12,828 --> 00:12:13,068
was
.
2363
00:12:13,068 --> 00:12:13,248
It's
2364
00:12:13,248 --> 00:12:13,278
a
2365
00:12:13,278 --> 00:12:13,818
reward
2366
00:12:14,238 --> 00:12:15,078
and
2367
00:12:15,078 --> 00:12:15,258
you
2368
00:12:15,258 --> 00:12:15,468
give
2369
00:12:15,468 --> 00:12:15,768
something
2370
00:12:15,768 --> 00:12:15,828
the
2371
00:12:15,828 --> 00:12:16,188
reward
,
2372
00:12:16,188 --> 00:12:16,308
they
2373
00:12:16,308 --> 00:12:16,548
slow
2374
00:12:16,548 --> 00:12:16,938
down
,
2375
00:12:17,118 --> 00:12:17,298
but
2376
00:12:17,298 --> 00:12:17,388
you
2377
00:12:17,388 --> 00:12:17,778
prevent
2378
00:12:17,778 --> 00:12:18,138
all
2379
00:12:18,138 --> 00:12:18,948
rewards
2380
00:12:19,428 --> 00:12:19,668
and
2381
00:12:19,668 --> 00:12:19,848
they
2382
00:12:19,848 --> 00:12:20,388
also
2383
00:12:20,388 --> 00:12:20,688
slow
2384
00:12:20,688 --> 00:12:21,108
down
2385
00:12:21,978 --> 00:12:22,188
and
2386
00:12:22,188 --> 00:12:22,278
you
2387
00:12:22,278 --> 00:12:22,458
give
2388
00:12:22,458 --> 00:12:22,518
a
2389
00:12:22,518 --> 00:12:22,848
little
2390
00:12:22,848 --> 00:12:22,998
bit
2391
00:12:22,998 --> 00:12:23,118
of
2392
00:12:23,118 --> 00:12:23,148
a
2393
00:12:23,148 --> 00:12:23,508
reward
2394
00:12:23,508 --> 00:12:23,778
back
2395
00:12:23,778 --> 00:12:24,138
again
2396
00:12:24,138 --> 00:12:24,348
and
2397
00:12:24,348 --> 00:12:24,678
things
2398
00:12:24,678 --> 00:12:24,918
might
2399
00:12:24,918 --> 00:12:25,158
start
2400
00:12:25,158 --> 00:12:25,518
moving
2401
00:12:25,518 --> 00:12:25,908
again
2402
00:12:26,388 --> 00:12:26,748
because
2403
00:12:26,748 --> 00:12:27,048
now
2404
00:12:27,048 --> 00:12:27,228
they
2405
00:12:27,228 --> 00:12:27,528
have
2406
00:12:27,528 --> 00:12:27,648
an
2407
00:12:27,648 --> 00:12:28,188
incentive
.
2408
00:12:28,188 --> 00:12:28,608
They
2409
00:12:28,638 --> 00:12:28,908
know
2410
00:12:28,908 --> 00:12:29,088
what
2411
00:12:29,088 --> 00:12:29,208
they're
2412
00:12:29,208 --> 00:12:29,418
going
2413
00:12:29,418 --> 00:12:29,538
to
2414
00:12:29,538 --> 00:12:29,808
try
2415
00:12:29,808 --> 00:12:30,078
for
.
2416
00:12:30,228 --> 00:12:30,408
So
2417
00:12:30,408 --> 00:12:30,648
again
,
2418
00:12:30,648 --> 00:12:30,768
it's
2419
00:12:30,768 --> 00:12:30,858
the
2420
00:12:30,858 --> 00:12:31,278
carrot
2421
00:12:31,278 --> 00:12:31,428
on
2422
00:12:31,428 --> 00:12:31,548
the
2423
00:12:31,548 --> 00:12:31,698
end
2424
00:12:31,698 --> 00:12:31,758
of
2425
00:12:31,758 --> 00:12:31,848
the
2426
00:12:31,848 --> 00:12:32,238
stick
.
2427
00:12:33,198 --> 00:12:33,378
You
2428
00:12:33,378 --> 00:12:33,558
give
2429
00:12:33,558 --> 00:12:33,708
them
2430
00:12:33,708 --> 00:12:33,768
the
2431
00:12:33,768 --> 00:12:34,098
carrot
,
2432
00:12:34,098 --> 00:12:34,188
they
2433
00:12:34,188 --> 00:12:34,368
don't
2434
00:12:34,488 --> 00:12:34,668
they
2435
00:12:34,668 --> 00:12:34,818
don't
2436
00:12:34,818 --> 00:12:35,088
chase
2437
00:12:35,088 --> 00:12:35,148
it
2438
00:12:35,148 --> 00:12:35,598
anymore
.
2439
00:12:35,778 --> 00:12:36,018
But
2440
00:12:36,018 --> 00:12:36,138
if
2441
00:12:36,138 --> 00:12:36,348
there's
2442
00:12:36,348 --> 00:12:36,588
no
2443
00:12:36,588 --> 00:12:36,978
carrot
2444
00:12:36,978 --> 00:12:37,278
there
,
2445
00:12:37,278 --> 00:12:37,488
they
2446
00:12:37,488 --> 00:12:37,938
also
2447
00:12:37,938 --> 00:12:38,178
don't
2448
00:12:38,178 --> 00:12:38,508
chase
2449
00:12:38,508 --> 00:12:38,658
it
.
2450
00:12:39,018 --> 00:12:39,258
Right
.
2451
00:12:39,258 --> 00:12:39,438
So
2452
00:12:39,438 --> 00:12:40,038
dopamine
2453
00:12:40,038 --> 00:12:40,518
is
2454
00:12:41,018 --> 00:12:41,268
the
2455
00:12:41,368 --> 00:12:41,598
the
2456
00:12:41,598 --> 00:12:42,108
actual
2457
00:12:42,108 --> 00:12:42,648
physical
2458
00:12:42,648 --> 00:12:43,008
goal
.
2459
00:12:43,878 --> 00:12:44,418
And
2460
00:12:45,138 --> 00:12:45,408
all
2461
00:12:45,408 --> 00:12:45,498
of
2462
00:12:45,498 --> 00:12:45,648
my
2463
00:12:45,648 --> 00:12:46,098
research
2464
00:12:46,098 --> 00:12:46,368
seemed
2465
00:12:46,368 --> 00:12:46,608
to
2466
00:12:46,608 --> 00:12:46,878
to
2467
00:12:46,878 --> 00:12:47,088
to
2468
00:12:47,088 --> 00:12:47,268
to
2469
00:12:47,268 --> 00:12:47,448
go
2470
00:12:47,448 --> 00:12:47,568
with
2471
00:12:47,568 --> 00:12:47,718
that
2472
00:12:47,718 --> 00:12:47,988
really
2473
00:12:47,988 --> 00:12:48,378
well
,
2474
00:12:48,378 --> 00:12:48,468
I
2475
00:12:48,468 --> 00:12:48,618
was
2476
00:12:48,618 --> 00:12:48,858
able
2477
00:12:48,858 --> 00:12:49,248
to
2478
00:12:51,498 --> 00:12:52,038
isolate
2479
00:12:52,038 --> 00:12:52,128
at
2480
00:12:52,128 --> 00:12:52,338
least
2481
00:12:52,338 --> 00:12:52,608
one
2482
00:12:52,608 --> 00:12:52,728
of
2483
00:12:52,728 --> 00:12:52,818
the
2484
00:12:52,818 --> 00:12:53,388
causes
2485
00:12:53,388 --> 00:12:53,628
for
2486
00:12:53,628 --> 00:12:54,258
stimulation
2487
00:12:54,258 --> 00:12:54,348
and
2488
00:12:54,348 --> 00:12:54,828
crayfish
.
2489
00:12:54,828 --> 00:12:55,008
Right
.
2490
00:12:55,008 --> 00:12:55,458
I
2491
00:12:55,458 --> 00:12:55,728
started
2492
00:12:55,728 --> 00:12:55,848
off
2493
00:12:55,848 --> 00:12:55,968
with
2494
00:12:55,968 --> 00:12:56,208
looking
2495
00:12:56,208 --> 00:12:56,298
at
2496
00:12:56,298 --> 00:12:56,628
food
,
2497
00:12:56,628 --> 00:12:57,228
filtrate
.
2498
00:12:57,708 --> 00:12:57,828
I
2499
00:12:57,828 --> 00:12:58,008
then
2500
00:12:58,008 --> 00:12:58,248
found
2501
00:12:58,248 --> 00:12:58,368
out
2502
00:12:58,368 --> 00:12:58,518
it's
2503
00:12:58,518 --> 00:12:58,638
the
2504
00:12:58,638 --> 00:12:58,968
amino
2505
00:12:58,968 --> 00:12:59,358
acid
2506
00:12:59,748 --> 00:13:00,158
I
2507
00:13:00,348 --> 00:13:00,948
glutamate
2508
00:13:01,158 --> 00:13:01,338
that
2509
00:13:01,338 --> 00:13:01,638
really
2510
00:13:01,638 --> 00:13:01,878
makes
2511
00:13:01,878 --> 00:13:02,028
them
2512
00:13:02,028 --> 00:13:02,178
run
2513
00:13:02,178 --> 00:13:02,658
around
.
2514
00:13:03,318 --> 00:13:03,888
And
2515
00:13:04,818 --> 00:13:06,188
I
2516
00:13:06,198 --> 00:13:06,378
this
2517
00:13:06,378 --> 00:13:06,558
is
2518
00:13:06,888 --> 00:13:07,338
glutamate
.
2519
00:13:07,338 --> 00:13:07,458
It's
2520
00:13:07,458 --> 00:13:07,968
interesting
.
2521
00:13:07,968 --> 00:13:08,178
It's
2522
00:13:08,418 --> 00:13:08,808
almost
2523
00:13:08,808 --> 00:13:08,928
the
2524
00:13:08,928 --> 00:13:09,318
only
2525
00:13:09,318 --> 00:13:09,588
thing
2526
00:13:09,588 --> 00:13:09,708
that
2527
00:13:09,708 --> 00:13:10,038
does
2528
00:13:10,038 --> 00:13:10,218
go
2529
00:13:10,218 --> 00:13:10,428
through
2530
00:13:10,428 --> 00:13:10,458
a
2531
00:13:10,458 --> 00:13:10,728
brain
2532
00:13:10,728 --> 00:13:10,908
blood
2533
00:13:10,908 --> 00:13:11,388
barrier
2534
00:13:12,048 --> 00:13:12,318
is
2535
00:13:12,318 --> 00:13:12,468
the
2536
00:13:12,468 --> 00:13:12,828
number
2537
00:13:12,828 --> 00:13:13,158
one
2538
00:13:13,158 --> 00:13:14,298
stimulatory
2539
00:13:14,538 --> 00:13:15,318
neurotransmitter
2540
00:13:15,318 --> 00:13:15,498
in
2541
00:13:15,498 --> 00:13:15,588
the
2542
00:13:15,588 --> 00:13:16,038
brain
.
2543
00:13:16,848 --> 00:13:17,418
And
2544
00:13:17,688 --> 00:13:17,928
it's
2545
00:13:17,928 --> 00:13:18,468
definitely
2546
00:13:18,468 --> 00:13:18,588
the
2547
00:13:18,588 --> 00:13:18,948
signal
2548
00:13:18,948 --> 00:13:19,128
for
2549
00:13:19,128 --> 00:13:19,578
food
2550
00:13:19,578 --> 00:13:20,028
in
2551
00:13:20,028 --> 00:13:20,208
in
2552
00:13:20,208 --> 00:13:20,718
crayfish
.
2553
00:13:20,928 --> 00:13:21,108
And
2554
00:13:21,108 --> 00:13:21,258
it's
2555
00:13:21,258 --> 00:13:21,678
also
2556
00:13:21,678 --> 00:13:21,798
the
2557
00:13:21,798 --> 00:13:22,218
signal
2558
00:13:22,218 --> 00:13:22,728
for
2559
00:13:22,968 --> 00:13:23,538
protein
2560
00:13:23,538 --> 00:13:23,778
in
2561
00:13:23,778 --> 00:13:23,958
our
2562
00:13:23,958 --> 00:13:24,108
in
2563
00:13:24,108 --> 00:13:24,258
our
2564
00:13:24,258 --> 00:13:24,408
in
2565
00:13:24,408 --> 00:13:24,528
our
2566
00:13:24,528 --> 00:13:24,948
tastes
.
2567
00:13:24,948 --> 00:13:25,158
Right
.
2568
00:13:25,158 --> 00:13:25,278
So
2569
00:13:25,278 --> 00:13:25,368
we
2570
00:13:25,368 --> 00:13:25,548
only
2571
00:13:25,548 --> 00:13:25,698
have
2572
00:13:25,698 --> 00:13:25,758
a
2573
00:13:25,758 --> 00:13:25,938
few
2574
00:13:25,938 --> 00:13:26,408
tastes
,
2575
00:13:26,418 --> 00:13:26,538
you
2576
00:13:26,538 --> 00:13:26,718
know
,
2577
00:13:27,258 --> 00:13:27,858
salty
,
2578
00:13:27,858 --> 00:13:28,488
savory
.
2579
00:13:28,638 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
2580
00:13:28,638 --> 00:13:28,818
It
2581
00:13:28,818 --> 00:13:29,418
passes
2582
00:13:29,418 --> 00:13:29,808
through
2583
00:13:29,808 --> 00:13:30,108
the
2584
00:13:30,648 --> 00:13:30,948
blood
.
2585
00:13:31,188 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
2586
00:13:31,188 --> 00:13:31,488
Brain
2587
00:13:31,488 --> 00:13:31,698
blood
2588
00:13:31,698 --> 00:13:31,998
barrier
.
2589
00:13:31,998 --> 00:13:32,178
Yeah
.
2590
00:13:32,178 --> 00:13:32,448
So
,
2591
00:13:32,448 --> 00:13:32,628
so
2592
00:13:32,628 --> 00:13:32,748
if
2593
00:13:32,748 --> 00:13:32,928
you
2594
00:13:32,928 --> 00:13:33,078
eat
2595
00:13:33,078 --> 00:13:33,498
glutamate
,
2596
00:13:33,498 --> 00:13:33,618
it
2597
00:13:33,618 --> 00:13:33,888
will
2598
00:13:34,008 --> 00:13:34,218
go
2599
00:13:34,218 --> 00:13:34,398
into
2600
00:13:34,398 --> 00:13:34,518
your
2601
00:13:34,518 --> 00:13:34,908
brain
2602
00:13:34,908 --> 00:13:35,468
and
2603
00:13:35,568 --> 00:13:35,868
is
2604
00:13:35,868 --> 00:13:36,168
having
2605
00:13:36,168 --> 00:13:36,258
an
2606
00:13:36,258 --> 00:13:36,528
effect
2607
00:13:36,528 --> 00:13:36,648
as
2608
00:13:36,648 --> 00:13:36,678
a
2609
00:13:36,678 --> 00:13:37,368
neurotransmitter
.
2610
00:13:37,368 --> 00:13:37,458
I
2611
00:13:37,458 --> 00:13:37,548
had
2612
00:13:37,548 --> 00:13:37,728
not
2613
00:13:37,728 --> 00:13:37,968
really
2614
00:13:37,968 --> 00:13:38,478
realized
2615
00:13:38,478 --> 00:13:38,718
this
2616
00:13:38,718 --> 00:13:38,928
until
2617
00:13:38,928 --> 00:13:39,078
I
2618
00:13:39,348 --> 00:13:39,708
started
2619
00:13:39,708 --> 00:13:39,948
doing
2620
00:13:39,948 --> 00:13:40,098
this
2621
00:13:40,098 --> 00:13:40,608
research
.
2622
00:13:41,448 --> 00:13:41,778
And
2623
00:13:41,778 --> 00:13:42,258
so
2624
00:13:43,548 --> 00:13:44,118
glutamate
2625
00:13:44,748 --> 00:13:44,958
for
2626
00:13:45,078 --> 00:13:45,268
free
2627
00:13:45,378 --> 00:13:45,528
for
2628
00:13:45,528 --> 00:13:45,618
the
2629
00:13:45,618 --> 00:13:46,098
crayfish
2630
00:13:46,098 --> 00:13:46,188
or
2631
00:13:46,188 --> 00:13:46,278
the
2632
00:13:46,278 --> 00:13:46,668
shrimp
2633
00:13:46,878 --> 00:13:47,088
is
2634
00:13:47,088 --> 00:13:47,148
a
2635
00:13:47,148 --> 00:13:47,478
signal
2636
00:13:47,478 --> 00:13:47,598
that
2637
00:13:47,598 --> 00:13:47,838
they
2638
00:13:48,048 --> 00:13:48,318
there's
2639
00:13:48,558 --> 00:13:48,768
there's
2640
00:13:48,768 --> 00:13:49,008
food
2641
00:13:49,008 --> 00:13:49,368
somewhere
2642
00:13:49,368 --> 00:13:49,428
in
2643
00:13:49,428 --> 00:13:49,518
the
2644
00:13:49,518 --> 00:13:49,818
water
.
2645
00:13:49,818 --> 00:13:49,908
And
2646
00:13:49,908 --> 00:13:50,028
so
2647
00:13:50,028 --> 00:13:50,148
they
2648
00:13:50,148 --> 00:13:50,328
run
2649
00:13:50,328 --> 00:13:50,808
around
.
2650
00:13:51,018 --> 00:13:51,168
I
2651
00:13:51,168 --> 00:13:51,348
give
2652
00:13:51,348 --> 00:13:51,468
them
2653
00:13:51,468 --> 00:13:52,008
dopamine
,
2654
00:13:52,008 --> 00:13:52,158
they
2655
00:13:52,158 --> 00:13:52,428
slow
2656
00:13:52,428 --> 00:13:52,698
down
2657
00:13:52,698 --> 00:13:52,998
again
.
2658
00:13:53,268 --> 00:13:53,418
I
2659
00:13:53,418 --> 00:13:53,778
block
2660
00:13:53,778 --> 00:13:53,958
that
2661
00:13:53,958 --> 00:13:54,288
dopamine
2662
00:13:54,288 --> 00:13:54,418
with
2663
00:13:54,438 --> 00:13:55,038
haloperidol
,
2664
00:13:55,038 --> 00:13:55,158
they
2665
00:13:55,158 --> 00:13:55,458
speed
2666
00:13:55,458 --> 00:13:55,728
back
2667
00:13:55,728 --> 00:13:55,848
up
2668
00:13:55,848 --> 00:13:56,118
again
.
2669
00:13:57,138 --> 00:13:57,348
I
2670
00:13:57,348 --> 00:13:57,888
suspect
2671
00:13:57,888 --> 00:13:58,008
if
2672
00:13:58,008 --> 00:13:58,128
I
2673
00:13:58,128 --> 00:13:58,488
tried
2674
00:13:58,508 --> 00:13:59,088
longer
2675
00:13:59,088 --> 00:13:59,448
term
2676
00:13:59,448 --> 00:13:59,898
studies
,
2677
00:13:59,898 --> 00:13:59,958
if
2678
00:13:59,958 --> 00:14:00,048
I
2679
00:14:00,048 --> 00:14:00,198
gave
2680
00:14:00,198 --> 00:14:00,348
them
2681
00:14:00,348 --> 00:14:00,978
Haloperidol
2682
00:14:00,978 --> 00:14:01,128
for
2683
00:14:01,128 --> 00:14:01,218
an
2684
00:14:01,218 --> 00:14:01,698
entire
2685
00:14:01,698 --> 00:14:02,238
day
,
2686
00:14:02,988 --> 00:14:03,168
they
2687
00:14:03,168 --> 00:14:03,378
wouldn't
2688
00:14:03,388 --> 00:14:03,678
speed
2689
00:14:03,678 --> 00:14:03,918
back
2690
00:14:03,918 --> 00:14:04,068
up
2691
00:14:04,068 --> 00:14:04,248
again
,
2692
00:14:04,248 --> 00:14:04,428
right
?
2693
00:14:04,428 --> 00:14:04,548
They
2694
00:14:04,548 --> 00:14:04,638
would
2695
00:14:04,638 --> 00:14:04,818
just
2696
00:14:04,818 --> 00:14:05,298
stay
2697
00:14:05,298 --> 00:14:05,688
slowed
2698
00:14:05,688 --> 00:14:06,018
down
2699
00:14:06,018 --> 00:14:06,288
because
2700
00:14:06,288 --> 00:14:06,498
now
2701
00:14:06,498 --> 00:14:06,618
they
2702
00:14:06,618 --> 00:14:06,768
have
2703
00:14:06,768 --> 00:14:06,948
no
2704
00:14:06,948 --> 00:14:07,398
reward
.
2705
00:14:08,058 --> 00:14:08,238
I
2706
00:14:08,238 --> 00:14:08,478
think
2707
00:14:08,478 --> 00:14:08,748
that
2708
00:14:08,748 --> 00:14:09,108
part
2709
00:14:09,108 --> 00:14:09,198
of
2710
00:14:09,198 --> 00:14:09,318
what
2711
00:14:09,318 --> 00:14:09,468
I'm
2712
00:14:09,468 --> 00:14:09,738
doing
2713
00:14:09,738 --> 00:14:09,888
is
2714
00:14:09,888 --> 00:14:10,308
I'm
2715
00:14:10,308 --> 00:14:10,548
working
2716
00:14:10,548 --> 00:14:10,638
with
2717
00:14:10,638 --> 00:14:11,508
undergraduates
.
2718
00:14:11,718 --> 00:14:11,898
No
2719
00:14:11,898 --> 00:14:12,018
one
2720
00:14:12,018 --> 00:14:12,258
has
2721
00:14:12,258 --> 00:14:12,438
any
2722
00:14:12,438 --> 00:14:13,128
patients
.
2723
00:14:13,248 --> 00:14:13,458
We
2724
00:14:13,458 --> 00:14:13,608
have
2725
00:14:13,638 --> 00:14:13,848
no
2726
00:14:13,848 --> 00:14:14,418
funding
.
2727
00:14:14,568 --> 00:14:14,748
So
2728
00:14:14,748 --> 00:14:14,868
I
2729
00:14:14,868 --> 00:14:15,018
do
2730
00:14:15,018 --> 00:14:15,528
20
2731
00:14:15,528 --> 00:14:15,798
minute
2732
00:14:15,798 --> 00:14:16,608
experiments
.
2733
00:14:16,878 --> 00:14:17,148
And
2734
00:14:17,148 --> 00:14:17,508
so
2735
00:14:17,508 --> 00:14:17,748
in
2736
00:14:17,748 --> 00:14:17,988
those
2737
00:14:17,988 --> 00:14:18,388
20
2738
00:14:18,388 --> 00:14:18,798
minutes
,
2739
00:14:19,008 --> 00:14:19,308
if
2740
00:14:19,308 --> 00:14:19,578
I
2741
00:14:19,578 --> 00:14:19,998
blocked
2742
00:14:19,998 --> 00:14:20,598
dopamine
,
2743
00:14:21,078 --> 00:14:21,498
all
2744
00:14:22,428 --> 00:14:22,608
the
2745
00:14:22,608 --> 00:14:22,908
shrimp
2746
00:14:22,908 --> 00:14:23,178
don't
2747
00:14:23,178 --> 00:14:23,568
realize
2748
00:14:23,568 --> 00:14:23,718
they've
2749
00:14:23,718 --> 00:14:23,988
lost
2750
00:14:23,988 --> 00:14:24,078
the
2751
00:14:24,078 --> 00:14:24,498
carrot
.
2752
00:14:24,498 --> 00:14:24,678
They
2753
00:14:24,678 --> 00:14:24,858
just
2754
00:14:24,858 --> 00:14:25,098
think
2755
00:14:25,098 --> 00:14:25,368
that
2756
00:14:25,368 --> 00:14:25,548
the
2757
00:14:25,548 --> 00:14:25,818
carrot
2758
00:14:25,818 --> 00:14:25,938
is
2759
00:14:25,938 --> 00:14:26,238
hidden
2760
00:14:26,238 --> 00:14:26,568
somewhere
.
2761
00:14:26,568 --> 00:14:26,688
So
2762
00:14:26,688 --> 00:14:26,778
they
2763
00:14:26,778 --> 00:14:26,928
have
2764
00:14:26,928 --> 00:14:27,018
to
2765
00:14:27,018 --> 00:14:27,228
keep
2766
00:14:27,228 --> 00:14:27,468
running
2767
00:14:27,468 --> 00:14:27,738
around
2768
00:14:27,738 --> 00:14:27,978
looking
2769
00:14:27,978 --> 00:14:28,218
for
2770
00:14:28,218 --> 00:14:28,338
it
.
2771
00:14:28,638 --> 00:14:28,788
I
2772
00:14:28,788 --> 00:14:28,968
think
2773
00:14:28,968 --> 00:14:29,088
if
2774
00:14:29,088 --> 00:14:29,148
I
2775
00:14:29,148 --> 00:14:29,298
did
2776
00:14:29,298 --> 00:14:29,358
it
2777
00:14:29,358 --> 00:14:29,508
for
2778
00:14:29,508 --> 00:14:30,018
24
2779
00:14:30,018 --> 00:14:30,528
hours
,
2780
00:14:30,798 --> 00:14:31,068
they
2781
00:14:31,068 --> 00:14:31,278
would
2782
00:14:31,278 --> 00:14:31,458
they
2783
00:14:31,458 --> 00:14:31,608
would
2784
00:14:31,608 --> 00:14:31,818
run
2785
00:14:31,818 --> 00:14:31,938
out
2786
00:14:31,938 --> 00:14:32,058
of
2787
00:14:32,058 --> 00:14:32,418
energy
2788
00:14:32,418 --> 00:14:32,658
over
2789
00:14:32,658 --> 00:14:32,928
time
,
2790
00:14:32,938 --> 00:14:33,208
you
2791
00:14:33,258 --> 00:14:33,408
know
?
2792
00:14:33,708 --> 00:14:33,828
And
2793
00:14:33,828 --> 00:14:33,948
so
2794
00:14:33,948 --> 00:14:34,128
these
2795
00:14:34,128 --> 00:14:34,188
are
2796
00:14:34,188 --> 00:14:34,368
some
2797
00:14:34,368 --> 00:14:34,908
directions
2798
00:14:34,908 --> 00:14:35,028
I
2799
00:14:35,028 --> 00:14:35,208
want
2800
00:14:35,208 --> 00:14:35,268
to
2801
00:14:35,268 --> 00:14:35,478
go
2802
00:14:35,478 --> 00:14:35,628
with
2803
00:14:35,628 --> 00:14:35,778
my
2804
00:14:35,778 --> 00:14:36,108
future
2805
00:14:36,108 --> 00:14:36,678
research
.
2806
00:14:37,248 --> 00:14:37,398
I
2807
00:14:37,398 --> 00:14:37,758
particularly
2808
00:14:37,758 --> 00:14:37,908
want
2809
00:14:37,908 --> 00:14:37,968
to
2810
00:14:37,968 --> 00:14:38,178
look
2811
00:14:38,178 --> 00:14:38,388
at
2812
00:14:38,568 --> 00:14:39,138
caffeine
.
2813
00:14:39,138 --> 00:14:39,498
Caffeine
2814
00:14:39,498 --> 00:14:39,618
is
2815
00:14:39,618 --> 00:14:39,648
a
2816
00:14:39,648 --> 00:14:39,888
nice
2817
00:14:39,888 --> 00:14:40,188
legal
2818
00:14:40,188 --> 00:14:40,488
drug
2819
00:14:40,488 --> 00:14:40,608
that
2820
00:14:40,608 --> 00:14:40,698
I
2821
00:14:40,698 --> 00:14:40,848
can
2822
00:14:40,848 --> 00:14:41,088
work
2823
00:14:41,088 --> 00:14:41,418
with
.
2824
00:14:42,078 --> 00:14:42,588
And
2825
00:14:42,768 --> 00:14:42,978
I've
2826
00:14:42,978 --> 00:14:43,278
actually
2827
00:14:43,278 --> 00:14:43,548
found
2828
00:14:43,548 --> 00:14:43,998
research
2829
00:14:43,998 --> 00:14:44,148
out
2830
00:14:44,148 --> 00:14:44,328
there
2831
00:14:44,328 --> 00:14:44,448
that
2832
00:14:44,448 --> 00:14:44,778
says
2833
00:14:44,778 --> 00:14:45,318
caffeine
2834
00:14:45,318 --> 00:14:45,468
is
2835
00:14:45,468 --> 00:14:45,528
a
2836
00:14:45,528 --> 00:14:46,098
stimulant
2837
00:14:47,028 --> 00:14:47,448
in
2838
00:14:47,868 --> 00:14:48,348
shrimp
.
2839
00:14:48,888 --> 00:14:49,068
And
2840
00:14:49,068 --> 00:14:49,188
I'm
2841
00:14:49,188 --> 00:14:49,338
like
,
2842
00:14:49,338 --> 00:14:49,668
aha
!
2843
00:14:49,818 --> 00:14:49,998
And
2844
00:14:49,998 --> 00:14:50,088
they
2845
00:14:50,088 --> 00:14:50,268
said
,
2846
00:14:50,268 --> 00:14:50,388
it's
2847
00:14:50,388 --> 00:14:50,448
a
2848
00:14:50,448 --> 00:14:50,868
stimulant
2849
00:14:50,868 --> 00:14:51,018
in
2850
00:14:51,018 --> 00:14:51,318
shrimp
2851
00:14:51,318 --> 00:14:51,798
because
2852
00:14:51,798 --> 00:14:51,918
of
2853
00:14:51,918 --> 00:14:52,338
dopamine
.
2854
00:14:52,338 --> 00:14:52,398
I
2855
00:14:52,398 --> 00:14:52,578
said
,
2856
00:14:52,578 --> 00:14:52,878
You're
2857
00:14:52,878 --> 00:14:53,298
wrong
.
2858
00:14:53,988 --> 00:14:54,228
So
2859
00:14:54,228 --> 00:14:54,378
I
2860
00:14:54,378 --> 00:14:54,558
can
2861
00:14:54,558 --> 00:14:54,678
I
2862
00:14:54,678 --> 00:14:54,858
can
2863
00:14:54,858 --> 00:14:55,008
I
2864
00:14:55,008 --> 00:14:55,158
can
2865
00:14:55,158 --> 00:14:55,728
demonstrate
2866
00:14:55,728 --> 00:14:55,938
this
2867
00:14:55,938 --> 00:14:56,238
because
2868
00:14:56,238 --> 00:14:56,388
I
2869
00:14:56,388 --> 00:14:56,568
can
2870
00:14:56,568 --> 00:14:57,108
block
2871
00:14:57,738 --> 00:14:57,918
I
2872
00:14:57,918 --> 00:14:58,068
can
2873
00:14:58,068 --> 00:14:58,518
block
2874
00:14:58,908 --> 00:14:59,568
epinephrine
,
2875
00:14:59,988 --> 00:15:00,168
I
2876
00:15:00,168 --> 00:15:00,408
can
2877
00:15:00,408 --> 00:15:00,558
I
2878
00:15:00,558 --> 00:15:00,828
can
2879
00:15:01,128 --> 00:15:01,518
use
2880
00:15:01,668 --> 00:15:01,908
beta
2881
00:15:01,908 --> 00:15:02,298
blockers
2882
00:15:02,298 --> 00:15:02,388
and
2883
00:15:02,388 --> 00:15:02,598
alpha
2884
00:15:02,598 --> 00:15:03,048
blockers
2885
00:15:03,048 --> 00:15:03,138
to
2886
00:15:03,138 --> 00:15:03,468
block
2887
00:15:03,468 --> 00:15:03,678
all
2888
00:15:03,678 --> 00:15:03,768
the
2889
00:15:03,768 --> 00:15:04,368
receptors
2890
00:15:04,698 --> 00:15:04,968
for
2891
00:15:04,968 --> 00:15:05,268
the
2892
00:15:05,688 --> 00:15:06,678
adrenaline
2893
00:15:06,678 --> 00:15:07,248
related
2894
00:15:07,578 --> 00:15:07,998
drugs
,
2895
00:15:08,268 --> 00:15:08,338
the
2896
00:15:08,418 --> 00:15:08,718
neuro
2897
00:15:08,718 --> 00:15:09,168
epinephrine
,
2898
00:15:09,168 --> 00:15:09,318
all
2899
00:15:09,318 --> 00:15:09,408
of
2900
00:15:09,408 --> 00:15:09,558
these
2901
00:15:09,558 --> 00:15:09,918
things
.
2902
00:15:10,698 --> 00:15:10,878
I
2903
00:15:10,878 --> 00:15:11,028
can
2904
00:15:11,028 --> 00:15:11,568
block
2905
00:15:11,838 --> 00:15:12,408
dopamine
2906
00:15:12,618 --> 00:15:12,798
and
2907
00:15:12,798 --> 00:15:12,858
I
2908
00:15:12,858 --> 00:15:13,008
can
2909
00:15:13,008 --> 00:15:13,248
give
2910
00:15:13,248 --> 00:15:13,488
both
2911
00:15:13,488 --> 00:15:13,698
these
2912
00:15:13,698 --> 00:15:13,908
things
.
2913
00:15:13,908 --> 00:15:14,028
So
2914
00:15:14,028 --> 00:15:14,088
I
2915
00:15:14,088 --> 00:15:14,208
can
2916
00:15:14,208 --> 00:15:14,388
give
2917
00:15:14,388 --> 00:15:14,868
caffeine
2918
00:15:14,868 --> 00:15:14,958
on
2919
00:15:14,958 --> 00:15:15,108
its
2920
00:15:15,108 --> 00:15:15,408
own
.
2921
00:15:15,648 --> 00:15:15,768
I
2922
00:15:15,768 --> 00:15:15,918
can
2923
00:15:15,918 --> 00:15:16,098
give
2924
00:15:16,098 --> 00:15:16,578
caffeine
2925
00:15:16,578 --> 00:15:16,698
with
2926
00:15:16,698 --> 00:15:17,178
dopamine
2927
00:15:17,178 --> 00:15:17,538
blocked
.
2928
00:15:17,538 --> 00:15:17,658
I
2929
00:15:17,658 --> 00:15:17,808
can
2930
00:15:17,808 --> 00:15:17,958
give
2931
00:15:17,958 --> 00:15:18,558
caffeine
2932
00:15:18,738 --> 00:15:18,978
with
2933
00:15:18,978 --> 00:15:19,548
epinephrine
2934
00:15:19,548 --> 00:15:19,908
blocked
,
2935
00:15:20,088 --> 00:15:20,268
and
2936
00:15:20,268 --> 00:15:20,328
I
2937
00:15:20,328 --> 00:15:20,478
can
2938
00:15:20,478 --> 00:15:20,808
give
2939
00:15:20,808 --> 00:15:21,018
these
2940
00:15:21,018 --> 00:15:21,228
things
2941
00:15:21,228 --> 00:15:21,708
separately
2942
00:15:21,708 --> 00:15:21,828
so
2943
00:15:21,828 --> 00:15:21,888
I
2944
00:15:21,888 --> 00:15:22,038
can
2945
00:15:22,038 --> 00:15:22,248
show
2946
00:15:22,248 --> 00:15:22,368
that
2947
00:15:22,368 --> 00:15:22,968
dopamine
2948
00:15:23,358 --> 00:15:23,598
is
2949
00:15:23,598 --> 00:15:23,808
not
2950
00:15:23,808 --> 00:15:23,838
a
2951
00:15:23,838 --> 00:15:24,288
stimulant
2952
00:15:24,288 --> 00:15:24,378
on
2953
00:15:24,378 --> 00:15:24,528
its
2954
00:15:24,528 --> 00:15:24,858
own
.
2955
00:15:25,158 --> 00:15:25,788
Epinephrine
2956
00:15:25,788 --> 00:15:26,088
is
2957
00:15:26,088 --> 00:15:26,148
a
2958
00:15:26,148 --> 00:15:26,628
stimulant
2959
00:15:26,628 --> 00:15:26,748
on
2960
00:15:26,748 --> 00:15:26,898
its
2961
00:15:26,898 --> 00:15:27,168
own
.
2962
00:15:27,168 --> 00:15:27,348
And
2963
00:15:27,348 --> 00:15:27,438
then
2964
00:15:27,438 --> 00:15:27,528
I
2965
00:15:27,528 --> 00:15:27,678
can
2966
00:15:27,678 --> 00:15:27,948
show
2967
00:15:27,948 --> 00:15:28,518
caffeine
2968
00:15:28,668 --> 00:15:29,118
working
2969
00:15:29,118 --> 00:15:29,328
with
2970
00:15:29,328 --> 00:15:29,418
and
2971
00:15:29,418 --> 00:15:29,688
without
2972
00:15:29,688 --> 00:15:29,898
these
2973
00:15:29,898 --> 00:15:30,168
things
.
2974
00:15:30,168 --> 00:15:30,408
So
2975
00:15:30,408 --> 00:15:30,588
that's
2976
00:15:30,588 --> 00:15:30,708
sort
2977
00:15:30,708 --> 00:15:30,798
of
2978
00:15:30,798 --> 00:15:30,918
my
2979
00:15:30,918 --> 00:15:31,248
future
2980
00:15:31,248 --> 00:15:31,838
direction
.
2981
00:15:31,848 --> 00:15:32,178
I'm
2982
00:15:32,178 --> 00:15:32,418
planning
2983
00:15:32,418 --> 00:15:32,538
that
2984
00:15:32,538 --> 00:15:32,748
next
2985
00:15:32,748 --> 00:15:33,258
semester
.
2986
00:15:33,978 --> 00:15:34,968
I'm
2987
00:15:34,968 --> 00:15:35,448
very
2988
00:15:35,448 --> 00:15:36,288
confident
2989
00:15:36,288 --> 00:15:36,498
in
2990
00:15:36,498 --> 00:15:36,678
what
2991
00:15:36,678 --> 00:15:36,768
I
2992
00:15:36,768 --> 00:15:36,858
will
2993
00:15:36,858 --> 00:15:37,218
find
,
2994
00:15:37,218 --> 00:15:37,638
because
2995
00:15:37,848 --> 00:15:38,058
I
2996
00:15:38,058 --> 00:15:38,388
did
,
2997
00:15:38,718 --> 00:15:38,838
you
2998
00:15:38,838 --> 00:15:39,048
know
,
2999
00:15:39,848 --> 00:15:39,868
a
3000
00:15:39,888 --> 00:15:40,208
couple
3001
00:15:40,218 --> 00:15:40,818
hundred
3002
00:15:40,818 --> 00:15:41,238
shrimp
3003
00:15:41,898 --> 00:15:43,098
and
3004
00:15:43,098 --> 00:15:43,488
many
,
3005
00:15:43,488 --> 00:15:43,758
many
3006
00:15:43,758 --> 00:15:44,418
crayfish
3007
00:15:45,348 --> 00:15:45,738
looking
3008
00:15:45,738 --> 00:15:45,828
at
3009
00:15:45,828 --> 00:15:45,978
them
3010
00:15:45,978 --> 00:15:46,068
with
3011
00:15:46,068 --> 00:15:46,458
dopamine
3012
00:15:46,458 --> 00:15:46,548
and
3013
00:15:46,548 --> 00:15:47,208
haloperidol
.
3014
00:15:47,208 --> 00:15:47,298
An
3015
00:15:47,298 --> 00:15:47,928
definitely
3016
00:15:47,928 --> 00:15:48,078
it
3017
00:15:48,078 --> 00:15:48,288
is
3018
00:15:48,288 --> 00:15:48,468
it
3019
00:15:48,468 --> 00:15:48,558
is
3020
00:15:48,558 --> 00:15:49,308
inhibitory
.
3021
00:15:50,238 --> 00:15:50,628
And
3022
00:15:50,628 --> 00:15:50,868
I
3023
00:15:50,868 --> 00:15:51,138
also
3024
00:15:51,138 --> 00:15:51,288
have
3025
00:15:51,288 --> 00:15:51,438
some
3026
00:15:51,438 --> 00:15:51,708
other
3027
00:15:51,708 --> 00:15:52,098
hints
3028
00:15:52,098 --> 00:15:52,448
on
3029
00:15:52,698 --> 00:15:52,848
the
3030
00:15:52,848 --> 00:15:53,358
model
3031
00:15:53,358 --> 00:15:53,748
using
3032
00:15:53,748 --> 00:15:54,468
dopamine
3033
00:15:54,468 --> 00:15:54,738
as
3034
00:15:54,738 --> 00:15:54,858
a
3035
00:15:54,858 --> 00:15:55,278
measure
3036
00:15:55,278 --> 00:15:55,518
of
,
3037
00:15:55,518 --> 00:15:55,668
as
3038
00:15:55,668 --> 00:15:55,788
they
3039
00:15:55,788 --> 00:15:55,968
say
,
3040
00:15:55,968 --> 00:15:56,688
salience
.
3041
00:15:56,988 --> 00:15:57,498
I
3042
00:15:57,498 --> 00:15:57,708
call
3043
00:15:57,708 --> 00:15:57,768
it
3044
00:15:57,768 --> 00:15:58,008
teen
3045
00:15:58,008 --> 00:15:58,608
salience
.
3046
00:15:59,658 --> 00:15:59,988
Teen
3047
00:15:59,988 --> 00:16:00,468
Salience
3048
00:16:00,468 --> 00:16:00,828
can't
3049
00:16:00,828 --> 00:16:01,728
explain
3050
00:16:01,728 --> 00:16:02,268
all
3051
00:16:02,268 --> 00:16:02,778
of
3052
00:16:03,648 --> 00:16:04,128
the
3053
00:16:04,428 --> 00:16:05,208
available
3054
00:16:05,208 --> 00:16:06,018
observational
3055
00:16:06,018 --> 00:16:06,318
data
3056
00:16:06,318 --> 00:16:06,528
out
3057
00:16:06,528 --> 00:16:06,768
there
.
3058
00:16:07,338 --> 00:16:07,488
It
3059
00:16:07,488 --> 00:16:07,848
certainly
3060
00:16:07,848 --> 00:16:08,148
works
3061
00:16:08,148 --> 00:16:08,238
in
3062
00:16:08,238 --> 00:16:08,358
their
3063
00:16:08,358 --> 00:16:08,628
rat
3064
00:16:08,628 --> 00:16:09,048
models
3065
00:16:09,048 --> 00:16:09,378
because
3066
00:16:09,378 --> 00:16:09,588
of
3067
00:16:09,588 --> 00:16:09,828
how
3068
00:16:09,828 --> 00:16:09,918
I
3069
00:16:09,918 --> 00:16:10,308
described
3070
00:16:10,308 --> 00:16:10,398
it
.
3071
00:16:10,398 --> 00:16:10,578
Right
?
3072
00:16:10,578 --> 00:16:10,908
You
3073
00:16:10,968 --> 00:16:11,098
give
3074
00:16:11,098 --> 00:16:11,208
them
3075
00:16:11,208 --> 00:16:11,748
Haloperidol
3076
00:16:11,748 --> 00:16:11,838
the
3077
00:16:11,838 --> 00:16:12,108
flat
,
3078
00:16:12,108 --> 00:16:12,198
you
3079
00:16:12,198 --> 00:16:12,348
put
3080
00:16:12,348 --> 00:16:12,468
some
3081
00:16:12,468 --> 00:16:12,738
cocaine
3082
00:16:12,738 --> 00:16:12,798
in
3083
00:16:12,798 --> 00:16:12,888
their
3084
00:16:12,888 --> 00:16:13,078
mouth
,
3085
00:16:13,158 --> 00:16:13,258
I
3086
00:16:13,278 --> 00:16:13,698
bother
3087
00:16:13,698 --> 00:16:13,848
to
3088
00:16:14,178 --> 00:16:14,478
bother
3089
00:16:14,478 --> 00:16:14,568
to
3090
00:16:14,568 --> 00:16:14,778
suck
3091
00:16:14,778 --> 00:16:14,838
it
3092
00:16:14,838 --> 00:16:14,928
and
3093
00:16:14,928 --> 00:16:15,108
look
3094
00:16:15,108 --> 00:16:15,318
happy
3095
00:16:15,318 --> 00:16:15,558
about
3096
00:16:15,558 --> 00:16:15,648
it
.
3097
00:16:16,728 --> 00:16:16,938
That's
3098
00:16:16,938 --> 00:16:17,118
like
3099
00:16:17,238 --> 00:16:17,388
their
3100
00:16:17,388 --> 00:16:17,508
whole
3101
00:16:17,508 --> 00:16:17,778
model
3102
00:16:17,778 --> 00:16:17,898
is
3103
00:16:17,898 --> 00:16:18,138
based
3104
00:16:18,138 --> 00:16:18,378
on
.
3105
00:16:19,728 --> 00:16:19,878
If
3106
00:16:19,878 --> 00:16:19,968
you
3107
00:16:19,968 --> 00:16:20,148
think
3108
00:16:20,148 --> 00:16:20,388
about
3109
00:16:20,388 --> 00:16:21,168
ADHD
,
3110
00:16:21,618 --> 00:16:22,668
ADHD
3111
00:16:22,668 --> 00:16:23,028
is
3112
00:16:23,028 --> 00:16:24,078
classified
3113
00:16:24,078 --> 00:16:24,618
as
3114
00:16:24,618 --> 00:16:25,008
a
3115
00:16:25,068 --> 00:16:25,878
dopamine
3116
00:16:25,998 --> 00:16:26,838
deficiency
3117
00:16:27,498 --> 00:16:27,888
because
3118
00:16:27,888 --> 00:16:27,948
of
3119
00:16:27,958 --> 00:16:28,128
my
3120
00:16:28,128 --> 00:16:28,308
work
3121
00:16:28,308 --> 00:16:28,458
with
3122
00:16:28,458 --> 00:16:28,968
glutamate
,
3123
00:16:28,968 --> 00:16:29,118
I
3124
00:16:29,118 --> 00:16:29,448
wonder
3125
00:16:29,448 --> 00:16:29,688
if
3126
00:16:29,688 --> 00:16:29,988
it's
3127
00:16:30,018 --> 00:16:30,648
more
3128
00:16:30,978 --> 00:16:31,518
a
3129
00:16:32,328 --> 00:16:33,078
glutamate
3130
00:16:33,228 --> 00:16:33,918
surfeit
,
3131
00:16:33,918 --> 00:16:34,218
right
?
3132
00:16:34,218 --> 00:16:34,428
So
3133
00:16:34,528 --> 00:16:34,668
it
3134
00:16:34,668 --> 00:16:34,878
might
3135
00:16:34,878 --> 00:16:35,088
be
3136
00:16:35,088 --> 00:16:35,838
neurotransmitter
3137
00:16:35,838 --> 00:16:36,018
is
3138
00:16:36,018 --> 00:16:36,618
activating
3139
00:16:36,618 --> 00:16:36,678
the
3140
00:16:36,678 --> 00:16:36,948
brain
3141
00:16:36,948 --> 00:16:37,098
too
3142
00:16:37,098 --> 00:16:37,398
much
3143
00:16:37,398 --> 00:16:37,638
rather
3144
00:16:37,638 --> 00:16:37,938
than
3145
00:16:38,628 --> 00:16:39,108
I
3146
00:16:39,198 --> 00:16:39,588
not
3147
00:16:39,588 --> 00:16:39,858
having
3148
00:16:39,858 --> 00:16:40,038
enough
3149
00:16:40,038 --> 00:16:40,458
dopamine
.
3150
00:16:40,638 --> 00:16:41,058
But
3151
00:16:41,268 --> 00:16:41,448
the
3152
00:16:41,448 --> 00:16:41,808
model
3153
00:16:41,808 --> 00:16:42,108
works
3154
00:16:42,108 --> 00:16:42,228
for
3155
00:16:42,228 --> 00:16:42,348
me
,
3156
00:16:42,348 --> 00:16:42,588
right
?
3157
00:16:42,588 --> 00:16:42,908
If
3158
00:16:42,918 --> 00:16:43,038
you
3159
00:16:43,038 --> 00:16:43,158
have
3160
00:16:43,158 --> 00:16:43,518
more
3161
00:16:43,518 --> 00:16:44,118
dopamine
,
3162
00:16:44,628 --> 00:16:44,898
you
3163
00:16:44,898 --> 00:16:45,048
are
3164
00:16:45,048 --> 00:16:45,288
more
3165
00:16:45,288 --> 00:16:45,948
focused
3166
00:16:46,218 --> 00:16:46,728
because
3167
00:16:46,728 --> 00:16:46,848
you're
3168
00:16:46,848 --> 00:16:47,178
not
3169
00:16:47,178 --> 00:16:47,718
seeking
3170
00:16:47,718 --> 00:16:48,078
something
3171
00:16:48,078 --> 00:16:48,198
all
3172
00:16:48,198 --> 00:16:48,288
the
3173
00:16:48,288 --> 00:16:48,528
time
.
3174
00:16:48,528 --> 00:16:48,618
You're
3175
00:16:48,618 --> 00:16:48,768
not
3176
00:16:48,768 --> 00:16:49,038
looking
3177
00:16:49,038 --> 00:16:49,188
for
3178
00:16:49,188 --> 00:16:49,308
that
3179
00:16:49,308 --> 00:16:49,728
carrot
.
3180
00:16:50,088 --> 00:16:50,328
If
3181
00:16:50,328 --> 00:16:50,508
you
3182
00:16:50,508 --> 00:16:50,928
have
3183
00:16:50,928 --> 00:16:51,048
a
3184
00:16:51,048 --> 00:16:51,228
little
3185
00:16:51,228 --> 00:16:51,378
bit
3186
00:16:51,378 --> 00:16:51,498
of
3187
00:16:51,498 --> 00:16:51,678
that
3188
00:16:51,678 --> 00:16:52,128
carrot
,
3189
00:16:52,548 --> 00:16:52,848
you're
3190
00:16:52,848 --> 00:16:52,998
going
3191
00:16:52,998 --> 00:16:53,088
to
3192
00:16:53,088 --> 00:16:53,388
calm
3193
00:16:53,388 --> 00:16:53,658
down
3194
00:16:53,658 --> 00:16:53,688
a
3195
00:16:53,688 --> 00:16:53,928
little
3196
00:16:53,928 --> 00:16:54,168
bit
.
3197
00:16:54,588 --> 00:16:54,828
And
3198
00:16:54,828 --> 00:16:55,098
so
3199
00:16:55,098 --> 00:16:55,308
that
3200
00:16:55,308 --> 00:16:55,488
would
3201
00:16:55,488 --> 00:16:55,878
actually
3202
00:16:55,878 --> 00:16:56,448
align
3203
00:16:56,448 --> 00:16:56,808
with
3204
00:16:56,808 --> 00:16:57,018
the
3205
00:16:57,018 --> 00:16:57,708
ADHD
3206
00:16:57,708 --> 00:16:58,098
model
3207
00:16:58,308 --> 00:16:58,668
people
3208
00:16:58,668 --> 00:16:58,998
who
3209
00:16:59,268 --> 00:16:59,478
have
3210
00:16:59,478 --> 00:16:59,838
attention
3211
00:16:59,838 --> 00:17:00,118
deficit
3212
00:17:00,118 --> 00:17:00,348
to
3213
00:17:00,678 --> 00:17:01,068
deficit
3214
00:17:01,068 --> 00:17:01,608
disorder
3215
00:17:01,788 --> 00:17:01,998
are
3216
00:17:01,998 --> 00:17:02,448
always
3217
00:17:02,448 --> 00:17:02,868
seeking
3218
00:17:02,868 --> 00:17:03,408
rewards
.
3219
00:17:03,408 --> 00:17:03,588
They
3220
00:17:03,708 --> 00:17:03,978
have
3221
00:17:03,978 --> 00:17:04,038
a
3222
00:17:04,038 --> 00:17:04,638
tendency
3223
00:17:04,638 --> 00:17:05,088
to
3224
00:17:05,268 --> 00:17:05,718
seek
3225
00:17:06,558 --> 00:17:07,128
dopamine
3226
00:17:07,128 --> 00:17:07,578
providing
3227
00:17:07,578 --> 00:17:08,148
drugs
.
3228
00:17:08,688 --> 00:17:08,838
They
3229
00:17:08,838 --> 00:17:08,958
have
3230
00:17:08,958 --> 00:17:09,018
a
3231
00:17:09,018 --> 00:17:09,498
tendency
3232
00:17:09,498 --> 00:17:09,588
to
3233
00:17:09,588 --> 00:17:09,918
do
3234
00:17:10,068 --> 00:17:10,308
thrill
3235
00:17:10,308 --> 00:17:10,698
seeking
.
3236
00:17:10,698 --> 00:17:10,788
They
3237
00:17:10,788 --> 00:17:11,028
often
3238
00:17:11,028 --> 00:17:11,148
make
3239
00:17:11,158 --> 00:17:11,218
a
3240
00:17:11,418 --> 00:17:11,538
lot
3241
00:17:11,538 --> 00:17:11,628
of
3242
00:17:11,628 --> 00:17:11,808
bad
3243
00:17:11,808 --> 00:17:12,438
decisions
3244
00:17:12,618 --> 00:17:12,948
because
3245
00:17:12,948 --> 00:17:13,098
they're
3246
00:17:13,098 --> 00:17:13,398
always
3247
00:17:13,398 --> 00:17:13,668
looking
3248
00:17:13,668 --> 00:17:13,818
for
3249
00:17:13,818 --> 00:17:13,998
that
3250
00:17:13,998 --> 00:17:14,328
next
3251
00:17:14,328 --> 00:17:14,808
reward
.
3252
00:17:15,048 --> 00:17:15,318
And
3253
00:17:15,318 --> 00:17:15,468
so
3254
00:17:15,468 --> 00:17:15,558
the
3255
00:17:15,558 --> 00:17:16,008
model
3256
00:17:16,008 --> 00:17:16,278
is
3257
00:17:16,278 --> 00:17:16,368
that
3258
00:17:16,368 --> 00:17:16,488
they
3259
00:17:16,488 --> 00:17:16,758
don't
3260
00:17:16,758 --> 00:17:16,908
have
3261
00:17:16,908 --> 00:17:17,118
enough
3262
00:17:17,118 --> 00:17:17,598
dopamine
.
3263
00:17:17,958 --> 00:17:18,198
I'm
3264
00:17:18,198 --> 00:17:18,378
not
3265
00:17:18,378 --> 00:17:18,918
positive
3266
00:17:18,918 --> 00:17:19,098
this
3267
00:17:19,368 --> 00:17:19,608
this
3268
00:17:19,608 --> 00:17:19,908
model
3269
00:17:19,908 --> 00:17:19,998
is
3270
00:17:19,998 --> 00:17:20,418
entirely
3271
00:17:20,418 --> 00:17:20,598
right
.
3272
00:17:20,598 --> 00:17:20,658
I
3273
00:17:20,658 --> 00:17:20,838
think
3274
00:17:20,838 --> 00:17:20,898
it
3275
00:17:20,898 --> 00:17:21,048
might
3276
00:17:21,048 --> 00:17:21,138
be
3277
00:17:21,138 --> 00:17:21,258
too
3278
00:17:21,258 --> 00:17:21,408
much
3279
00:17:21,408 --> 00:17:21,888
glutamate
,
3280
00:17:22,008 --> 00:17:22,188
but
3281
00:17:22,188 --> 00:17:22,308
that's
3282
00:17:22,308 --> 00:17:22,368
a
3283
00:17:22,368 --> 00:17:22,728
separate
3284
00:17:22,728 --> 00:17:23,148
issue
.
3285
00:17:23,838 --> 00:17:24,018
But
3286
00:17:24,018 --> 00:17:24,438
certainly
3287
00:17:24,438 --> 00:17:24,648
more
3288
00:17:24,648 --> 00:17:25,218
dopamine
3289
00:17:25,218 --> 00:17:25,458
would
3290
00:17:25,458 --> 00:17:25,788
help
,
3291
00:17:25,818 --> 00:17:26,078
right
?
3292
00:17:26,088 --> 00:17:26,238
They
3293
00:17:26,238 --> 00:17:26,358
would
3294
00:17:26,358 --> 00:17:26,478
they
3295
00:17:26,478 --> 00:17:26,628
would
3296
00:17:26,628 --> 00:17:26,868
calm
3297
00:17:26,868 --> 00:17:27,108
down
.
3298
00:17:27,108 --> 00:17:27,258
So
3299
00:17:27,258 --> 00:17:27,498
how
3300
00:17:27,498 --> 00:17:27,588
do
3301
00:17:27,588 --> 00:17:27,708
we
3302
00:17:27,708 --> 00:17:28,038
treat
3303
00:17:28,038 --> 00:17:28,818
ADHD
?
3304
00:17:28,938 --> 00:17:29,178
We
3305
00:17:29,178 --> 00:17:29,448
give
3306
00:17:29,448 --> 00:17:29,898
people
3307
00:17:29,898 --> 00:17:30,588
essentially
3308
00:17:30,588 --> 00:17:31,338
amphetamines
.
3309
00:17:31,638 --> 00:17:31,818
We
3310
00:17:31,818 --> 00:17:31,998
give
3311
00:17:31,998 --> 00:17:32,688
amphetamines
3312
00:17:32,688 --> 00:17:32,838
to
3313
00:17:32,838 --> 00:17:33,198
people
3314
00:17:33,198 --> 00:17:33,318
who
3315
00:17:33,318 --> 00:17:33,438
are
3316
00:17:33,438 --> 00:17:34,278
hyperactive
3317
00:17:34,308 --> 00:17:34,488
to
3318
00:17:34,488 --> 00:17:34,788
calm
3319
00:17:34,788 --> 00:17:34,938
them
3320
00:17:34,938 --> 00:17:35,238
down
.
3321
00:17:35,388 --> 00:17:35,658
How
3322
00:17:35,658 --> 00:17:35,838
does
3323
00:17:35,838 --> 00:17:36,018
this
3324
00:17:36,018 --> 00:17:36,258
make
3325
00:17:36,258 --> 00:17:36,468
any
3326
00:17:36,468 --> 00:17:36,828
sense
?
3327
00:17:37,008 --> 00:17:37,188
It
3328
00:17:37,188 --> 00:17:37,368
makes
3329
00:17:37,368 --> 00:17:37,728
sense
3330
00:17:37,728 --> 00:17:38,028
because
3331
00:17:38,028 --> 00:17:38,148
the
3332
00:17:38,148 --> 00:17:38,928
dopamine
3333
00:17:39,108 --> 00:17:39,618
calms
3334
00:17:39,618 --> 00:17:39,768
them
3335
00:17:39,768 --> 00:17:40,088
down
.
3336
00:17:40,098 --> 00:17:40,238
If
3337
00:17:40,248 --> 00:17:40,428
they
3338
00:17:40,428 --> 00:17:40,698
now
3339
00:17:40,698 --> 00:17:40,908
had
3340
00:17:40,908 --> 00:17:40,968
a
3341
00:17:40,968 --> 00:17:41,508
reward
,
3342
00:17:41,898 --> 00:17:42,228
the
3343
00:17:42,228 --> 00:17:43,008
epinephrine
3344
00:17:43,008 --> 00:17:43,458
portion
3345
00:17:43,458 --> 00:17:43,668
is
3346
00:17:43,668 --> 00:17:44,058
still
3347
00:17:44,058 --> 00:17:44,718
stimulating
.
3348
00:17:44,928 --> 00:17:45,228
If
3349
00:17:45,228 --> 00:17:45,588
you
3350
00:17:45,588 --> 00:17:45,948
are
3351
00:17:45,978 --> 00:17:46,188
if
3352
00:17:46,188 --> 00:17:46,278
you
3353
00:17:46,488 --> 00:17:46,788
have
3354
00:17:46,788 --> 00:17:47,598
ADHD
3355
00:17:47,598 --> 00:17:47,778
and
3356
00:17:47,778 --> 00:17:47,958
you
3357
00:17:47,958 --> 00:17:48,048
are
3358
00:17:48,048 --> 00:17:48,648
taking
3359
00:17:48,978 --> 00:17:50,058
a
3360
00:17:50,238 --> 00:17:50,398
an
3361
00:17:50,418 --> 00:17:51,078
amphetamine
,
3362
00:17:51,348 --> 00:17:51,468
you
3363
00:17:51,468 --> 00:17:51,588
can
3364
00:17:51,588 --> 00:17:51,678
have
3365
00:17:51,678 --> 00:17:51,708
a
3366
00:17:51,708 --> 00:17:51,888
hard
3367
00:17:51,888 --> 00:17:52,188
time
3368
00:17:52,188 --> 00:17:52,608
eating
3369
00:17:52,608 --> 00:17:52,908
because
3370
00:17:52,908 --> 00:17:53,058
that's
3371
00:17:53,058 --> 00:17:53,178
what
3372
00:17:53,178 --> 00:17:53,628
stimulants
3373
00:17:53,628 --> 00:17:53,808
do
.
3374
00:17:53,808 --> 00:17:53,958
Your
3375
00:17:53,958 --> 00:17:54,168
heart
3376
00:17:54,168 --> 00:17:54,258
is
3377
00:17:54,258 --> 00:17:54,378
going
3378
00:17:54,378 --> 00:17:54,438
to
3379
00:17:54,438 --> 00:17:54,798
race
3380
00:17:54,798 --> 00:17:55,248
quickly
3381
00:17:55,248 --> 00:17:55,488
because
3382
00:17:55,488 --> 00:17:55,638
that's
3383
00:17:55,638 --> 00:17:55,728
what
3384
00:17:55,728 --> 00:17:56,208
stimulants
3385
00:17:56,208 --> 00:17:56,478
do
,
3386
00:17:56,628 --> 00:17:56,958
particularly
3387
00:17:56,958 --> 00:17:57,108
for
3388
00:17:57,108 --> 00:17:57,678
epinephrine
.
3389
00:17:57,888 --> 00:17:58,068
You're
3390
00:17:58,068 --> 00:17:58,188
going
3391
00:17:58,188 --> 00:17:58,248
to
3392
00:17:58,248 --> 00:17:58,638
have
3393
00:17:58,938 --> 00:17:58,998
a
3394
00:17:58,998 --> 00:17:59,148
hard
3395
00:17:59,148 --> 00:17:59,358
time
3396
00:17:59,358 --> 00:17:59,718
sleeping
3397
00:17:59,718 --> 00:17:59,928
because
3398
00:17:59,928 --> 00:18:00,078
that's
3399
00:18:00,078 --> 00:18:00,168
what
3400
00:18:00,168 --> 00:18:00,588
stimulants
3401
00:18:00,588 --> 00:18:00,798
do
.
3402
00:18:00,918 --> 00:18:01,158
It's
3403
00:18:01,158 --> 00:18:01,428
not
3404
00:18:01,428 --> 00:18:01,578
that
3405
00:18:01,578 --> 00:18:01,728
the
3406
00:18:01,728 --> 00:18:02,268
amphetamine
3407
00:18:02,268 --> 00:18:02,508
has
3408
00:18:02,508 --> 00:18:03,018
suddenly
3409
00:18:03,018 --> 00:18:03,648
magically
3410
00:18:03,648 --> 00:18:03,858
for
3411
00:18:03,858 --> 00:18:04,308
you
3412
00:18:04,488 --> 00:18:04,998
not
3413
00:18:04,998 --> 00:18:05,478
being
3414
00:18:05,478 --> 00:18:05,568
a
3415
00:18:05,568 --> 00:18:06,108
stimulant
.
3416
00:18:06,108 --> 00:18:06,378
You
3417
00:18:06,378 --> 00:18:06,588
as
3418
00:18:06,588 --> 00:18:06,768
as
3419
00:18:06,768 --> 00:18:07,098
someone
3420
00:18:07,098 --> 00:18:07,248
with
3421
00:18:07,248 --> 00:18:08,058
ADHD
3422
00:18:08,358 --> 00:18:09,288
certainly
3423
00:18:09,648 --> 00:18:09,888
are
3424
00:18:09,888 --> 00:18:10,158
being
3425
00:18:10,158 --> 00:18:10,668
stimuli
3426
00:18:10,668 --> 00:18:10,968
aided
3427
00:18:11,508 --> 00:18:11,868
by
3428
00:18:11,868 --> 00:18:12,618
amphetamines
.
3429
00:18:12,618 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
3430
00:18:12,618 --> 00:18:13,008
So
3431
00:18:13,218 --> 00:18:13,668
according
3432
00:18:13,668 --> 00:18:13,758
to
3433
00:18:13,758 --> 00:18:13,878
your
3434
00:18:13,878 --> 00:18:14,268
theory
,
3435
00:18:14,268 --> 00:18:14,448
then
3436
00:18:14,448 --> 00:18:14,658
what
3437
00:18:14,658 --> 00:18:14,778
would
3438
00:18:14,778 --> 00:18:14,898
be
3439
00:18:14,898 --> 00:18:14,988
a
3440
00:18:14,988 --> 00:18:15,318
better
3441
00:18:15,318 --> 00:18:15,798
treatment
?
3442
00:18:17,118 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
3443
00:18:17,118 --> 00:18:17,328
That
3444
00:18:17,328 --> 00:18:17,478
would
3445
00:18:17,478 --> 00:18:17,628
be
3446
00:18:17,628 --> 00:18:18,168
hard
.
3447
00:18:20,778 --> 00:18:21,318
Something
3448
00:18:21,318 --> 00:18:21,528
that
3449
00:18:21,528 --> 00:18:21,788
that
3450
00:18:22,368 --> 00:18:22,578
that
3451
00:18:22,578 --> 00:18:22,788
that
3452
00:18:22,788 --> 00:18:23,238
slows
3453
00:18:23,238 --> 00:18:23,508
down
3454
00:18:23,508 --> 00:18:23,568
the
3455
00:18:23,568 --> 00:18:23,808
amount
3456
00:18:23,808 --> 00:18:23,898
of
3457
00:18:23,898 --> 00:18:24,408
glutamate
3458
00:18:24,408 --> 00:18:24,558
in
3459
00:18:24,558 --> 00:18:24,648
the
3460
00:18:24,648 --> 00:18:25,158
brain
3461
00:18:25,578 --> 00:18:26,508
providing
3462
00:18:26,868 --> 00:18:27,378
dopamine
3463
00:18:27,378 --> 00:18:27,498
in
3464
00:18:27,498 --> 00:18:27,738
some
3465
00:18:27,738 --> 00:18:27,978
way
3466
00:18:27,978 --> 00:18:28,578
separate
3467
00:18:28,578 --> 00:18:28,848
from
3468
00:18:28,848 --> 00:18:28,938
the
3469
00:18:28,938 --> 00:18:29,628
stimulatory
3470
00:18:29,628 --> 00:18:29,988
effects
3471
00:18:29,988 --> 00:18:30,078
of
3472
00:18:30,078 --> 00:18:30,708
amphetamines
3473
00:18:30,708 --> 00:18:30,828
would
3474
00:18:30,828 --> 00:18:30,918
be
3475
00:18:30,918 --> 00:18:31,278
another
3476
00:18:31,278 --> 00:18:32,118
possibility
.
3477
00:18:32,328 --> 00:18:32,418
You
3478
00:18:32,418 --> 00:18:32,688
know
,
3479
00:18:33,588 --> 00:18:34,158
amphetamines
3480
00:18:34,158 --> 00:18:34,218
are
3481
00:18:34,218 --> 00:18:34,338
not
3482
00:18:34,338 --> 00:18:34,458
the
3483
00:18:34,458 --> 00:18:34,788
only
3484
00:18:34,788 --> 00:18:34,968
way
3485
00:18:34,968 --> 00:18:35,058
to
3486
00:18:35,058 --> 00:18:35,388
get
3487
00:18:35,718 --> 00:18:36,108
I
3488
00:18:36,108 --> 00:18:36,378
don't
3489
00:18:36,378 --> 00:18:36,558
mean
3490
00:18:36,558 --> 00:18:36,618
to
3491
00:18:36,618 --> 00:18:36,708
the
3492
00:18:36,708 --> 00:18:36,918
brain
,
3493
00:18:36,918 --> 00:18:37,008
it's
3494
00:18:37,008 --> 00:18:37,188
just
3495
00:18:37,188 --> 00:18:37,368
that
3496
00:18:37,608 --> 00:18:37,878
in
3497
00:18:37,878 --> 00:18:38,508
general
,
3498
00:18:38,778 --> 00:18:39,378
dopamine
3499
00:18:39,378 --> 00:18:39,798
is
,
3500
00:18:40,128 --> 00:18:40,278
you
3501
00:18:40,278 --> 00:18:40,458
know
,
3502
00:18:41,058 --> 00:18:41,448
found
3503
00:18:41,448 --> 00:18:41,568
in
3504
00:18:41,568 --> 00:18:42,078
stimulants
.
3505
00:18:42,078 --> 00:18:42,228
But
3506
00:18:42,228 --> 00:18:42,348
there
3507
00:18:42,348 --> 00:18:42,478
are
3508
00:18:42,478 --> 00:18:42,498
a
3509
00:18:42,498 --> 00:18:42,678
few
3510
00:18:42,678 --> 00:18:42,888
other
3511
00:18:42,888 --> 00:18:43,308
things
.
3512
00:18:43,728 --> 00:18:44,358
Marijuana
,
3513
00:18:44,358 --> 00:18:44,508
for
3514
00:18:44,508 --> 00:18:45,048
example
,
3515
00:18:45,798 --> 00:18:46,098
is
3516
00:18:46,248 --> 00:18:46,758
slightly
3517
00:18:46,758 --> 00:18:46,968
less
3518
00:18:46,968 --> 00:18:47,538
stimulatory
3519
00:18:47,538 --> 00:18:47,678
but
3520
00:18:47,688 --> 00:18:47,898
does
3521
00:18:47,898 --> 00:18:48,318
provide
3522
00:18:48,318 --> 00:18:48,768
dopamine
.
3523
00:18:48,768 --> 00:18:48,858
It
3524
00:18:48,858 --> 00:18:49,038
just
3525
00:18:49,038 --> 00:18:49,308
has
3526
00:18:49,488 --> 00:18:49,728
its
3527
00:18:49,728 --> 00:18:50,088
own
3528
00:18:50,298 --> 00:18:50,958
issues
,
3529
00:18:51,228 --> 00:18:51,678
memory
,
3530
00:18:51,678 --> 00:18:52,128
etc.
3531
00:18:53,418 --> 00:18:53,718
But
3532
00:18:54,018 --> 00:18:54,348
too
3533
00:18:54,348 --> 00:18:54,678
much
3534
00:18:54,678 --> 00:18:55,248
dopamine
3535
00:18:55,608 --> 00:18:56,088
actually
3536
00:18:56,088 --> 00:18:56,328
does
3537
00:18:56,328 --> 00:18:56,478
have
3538
00:18:56,478 --> 00:18:56,958
problems
.
3539
00:18:56,958 --> 00:18:57,238
Okay
.
3540
00:18:57,288 --> 00:18:57,648
So
3541
00:18:58,188 --> 00:18:58,368
this
3542
00:18:58,368 --> 00:18:58,488
is
3543
00:18:58,488 --> 00:18:58,758
why
,
3544
00:18:58,758 --> 00:18:58,908
for
3545
00:18:58,908 --> 00:18:59,448
example
,
3546
00:18:59,538 --> 00:19:00,198
methamphetamine
3547
00:19:00,198 --> 00:19:00,558
use
3548
00:19:00,558 --> 00:19:00,798
is
3549
00:19:00,798 --> 00:19:01,128
often
3550
00:19:01,128 --> 00:19:01,758
associated
3551
00:19:01,758 --> 00:19:01,908
with
3552
00:19:01,908 --> 00:19:02,208
various
3553
00:19:02,208 --> 00:19:02,418
kinds
3554
00:19:02,418 --> 00:19:02,508
of
3555
00:19:02,508 --> 00:19:03,108
psychosis
.
3556
00:19:03,408 --> 00:19:04,158
Dopamine
3557
00:19:04,368 --> 00:19:04,878
leads
3558
00:19:04,878 --> 00:19:05,088
to
3559
00:19:05,088 --> 00:19:05,838
schizophrenia
.
3560
00:19:06,198 --> 00:19:06,978
Schizophrenics
3561
00:19:06,978 --> 00:19:07,128
have
3562
00:19:07,128 --> 00:19:07,368
way
3563
00:19:07,368 --> 00:19:07,488
too
3564
00:19:07,488 --> 00:19:07,698
much
3565
00:19:07,698 --> 00:19:08,088
dopamine
3566
00:19:08,088 --> 00:19:08,178
in
3567
00:19:08,178 --> 00:19:08,268
their
3568
00:19:08,268 --> 00:19:08,598
brain
.
3569
00:19:09,408 --> 00:19:09,858
And
3570
00:19:09,858 --> 00:19:10,278
so
3571
00:19:10,278 --> 00:19:10,428
you
3572
00:19:10,428 --> 00:19:10,728
treat
3573
00:19:10,728 --> 00:19:11,538
schizophrenics
3574
00:19:11,658 --> 00:19:12,018
with
3575
00:19:12,018 --> 00:19:12,318
something
3576
00:19:12,318 --> 00:19:12,558
like
3577
00:19:12,828 --> 00:19:13,248
Haldol
,
3578
00:19:13,248 --> 00:19:13,938
haloperidol
,
3579
00:19:13,938 --> 00:19:14,478
classic
,
3580
00:19:14,718 --> 00:19:14,808
you
3581
00:19:14,808 --> 00:19:15,078
know
,
3582
00:19:15,828 --> 00:19:16,068
One
3583
00:19:16,068 --> 00:19:16,248
Flew
3584
00:19:16,248 --> 00:19:16,368
Over
3585
00:19:16,368 --> 00:19:16,458
the
3586
00:19:16,458 --> 00:19:16,788
Cuckoo's
3587
00:19:16,788 --> 00:19:16,998
Nest
.
3588
00:19:17,268 --> 00:19:17,568
People
3589
00:19:17,568 --> 00:19:17,748
don't
3590
00:19:17,748 --> 00:19:18,018
stand
3591
00:19:18,018 --> 00:19:18,138
there
,
3592
00:19:18,138 --> 00:19:18,288
don't
3593
00:19:18,288 --> 00:19:18,438
say
3594
00:19:18,438 --> 00:19:18,768
anything
,
3595
00:19:18,768 --> 00:19:19,008
don't
3596
00:19:19,008 --> 00:19:19,338
move
,
3597
00:19:19,338 --> 00:19:19,758
because
3598
00:19:20,028 --> 00:19:20,268
they've
3599
00:19:20,268 --> 00:19:20,418
been
3600
00:19:20,418 --> 00:19:20,658
given
3601
00:19:20,658 --> 00:19:20,808
this
3602
00:19:20,808 --> 00:19:21,228
dopamine
3603
00:19:21,228 --> 00:19:21,618
blocking
3604
00:19:21,618 --> 00:19:21,828
thing
3605
00:19:21,828 --> 00:19:21,948
and
3606
00:19:21,948 --> 00:19:22,038
they
3607
00:19:22,038 --> 00:19:22,218
have
3608
00:19:22,218 --> 00:19:22,428
no
3609
00:19:22,518 --> 00:19:22,728
no
3610
00:19:22,848 --> 00:19:23,088
joy
3611
00:19:23,088 --> 00:19:23,178
in
3612
00:19:23,178 --> 00:19:23,298
their
3613
00:19:23,298 --> 00:19:23,538
life
.
3614
00:19:23,748 --> 00:19:23,928
We've
3615
00:19:23,928 --> 00:19:24,138
gotten
3616
00:19:24,138 --> 00:19:24,168
a
3617
00:19:24,168 --> 00:19:24,468
little
3618
00:19:24,468 --> 00:19:24,618
bit
3619
00:19:24,618 --> 00:19:24,858
better
3620
00:19:24,858 --> 00:19:24,978
with
3621
00:19:24,978 --> 00:19:25,188
this
.
3622
00:19:25,188 --> 00:19:25,348
There
3623
00:19:25,348 --> 00:19:25,378
are
3624
00:19:25,378 --> 00:19:25,428
a
3625
00:19:25,428 --> 00:19:25,878
few
3626
00:19:26,298 --> 00:19:26,868
selective
3627
00:19:26,868 --> 00:19:27,768
antipsychotics
3628
00:19:27,768 --> 00:19:28,038
that
3629
00:19:28,518 --> 00:19:28,938
block
3630
00:19:28,938 --> 00:19:29,268
some
3631
00:19:29,268 --> 00:19:29,718
dopamine
3632
00:19:29,718 --> 00:19:30,198
somewhere
3633
00:19:30,198 --> 00:19:30,288
in
3634
00:19:30,288 --> 00:19:30,378
the
3635
00:19:30,378 --> 00:19:30,648
brain
,
3636
00:19:30,648 --> 00:19:30,798
but
3637
00:19:30,798 --> 00:19:31,008
not
3638
00:19:31,008 --> 00:19:31,218
other
3639
00:19:31,218 --> 00:19:31,668
places
.
3640
00:19:31,878 --> 00:19:32,028
So
3641
00:19:32,028 --> 00:19:32,148
it's
3642
00:19:32,148 --> 00:19:32,358
been
3643
00:19:32,358 --> 00:19:32,478
a
3644
00:19:32,478 --> 00:19:32,658
little
3645
00:19:32,658 --> 00:19:32,808
bit
3646
00:19:32,808 --> 00:19:33,318
adjusted
.
3647
00:19:33,588 --> 00:19:33,768
B
3648
00:19:33,768 --> 00:19:33,978
these
3649
00:19:33,978 --> 00:19:34,188
are
3650
00:19:34,428 --> 00:19:34,668
these
3651
00:19:34,668 --> 00:19:35,238
are
3652
00:19:35,478 --> 00:19:36,138
ways
3653
00:19:36,138 --> 00:19:36,318
that
3654
00:19:36,318 --> 00:19:36,528
we've
3655
00:19:36,528 --> 00:19:36,858
figured
3656
00:19:36,858 --> 00:19:37,158
out
3657
00:19:37,158 --> 00:19:37,698
to
3658
00:19:38,928 --> 00:19:39,468
lower
3659
00:19:39,468 --> 00:19:40,458
agitation
3660
00:19:40,458 --> 00:19:40,848
in
3661
00:19:40,848 --> 00:19:41,228
in
3662
00:19:41,228 --> 00:19:41,658
in
,
3663
00:19:43,908 --> 00:19:44,028
you
3664
00:19:44,028 --> 00:19:44,168
know
,
3665
00:19:44,358 --> 00:19:44,688
patient
3666
00:19:44,688 --> 00:19:45,198
patients
3667
00:19:45,198 --> 00:19:45,378
who
3668
00:19:45,378 --> 00:19:45,558
are
3669
00:19:45,558 --> 00:19:46,038
in
,
3670
00:19:46,038 --> 00:19:46,128
you
3671
00:19:46,128 --> 00:19:46,308
know
,
3672
00:19:46,308 --> 00:19:46,638
mental
3673
00:19:46,638 --> 00:19:47,178
distress
.
3674
00:19:48,048 --> 00:19:48,798
Haloperidol
3675
00:19:48,798 --> 00:19:49,008
will
3676
00:19:49,008 --> 00:19:49,248
work
3677
00:19:49,248 --> 00:19:49,428
that
3678
00:19:49,428 --> 00:19:49,608
way
3679
00:19:49,608 --> 00:19:49,848
because
3680
00:19:49,848 --> 00:19:49,998
it's
3681
00:19:49,998 --> 00:19:50,358
often
3682
00:19:50,358 --> 00:19:50,658
too
3683
00:19:50,658 --> 00:19:51,138
much
3684
00:19:51,438 --> 00:19:51,858
dopamine
.
3685
00:19:52,068 --> 00:19:52,218
So
3686
00:19:52,218 --> 00:19:52,398
these
3687
00:19:52,398 --> 00:19:52,458
are
3688
00:19:52,458 --> 00:19:52,638
what
3689
00:19:52,638 --> 00:19:52,758
we
3690
00:19:52,758 --> 00:19:53,058
see
3691
00:19:53,058 --> 00:19:53,388
often
3692
00:19:53,388 --> 00:19:53,748
with
3693
00:19:54,648 --> 00:19:54,948
things
3694
00:19:54,948 --> 00:19:55,278
like
3695
00:19:55,278 --> 00:19:55,878
amphetamines
3696
00:19:55,878 --> 00:19:56,848
and
3697
00:19:56,848 --> 00:19:57,138
and
3698
00:19:57,288 --> 00:19:57,588
with
3699
00:19:57,818 --> 00:19:58,278
with
3700
00:19:58,338 --> 00:19:58,758
cannabis
3701
00:19:58,758 --> 00:19:58,878
as
3702
00:19:58,878 --> 00:19:59,178
well
.
3703
00:19:59,658 --> 00:20:00,258
Typically
3704
00:20:00,258 --> 00:20:00,428
the
3705
00:20:00,438 --> 00:20:00,648
side
3706
00:20:00,648 --> 00:20:00,918
effects
3707
00:20:00,918 --> 00:20:01,188
include
3708
00:20:01,188 --> 00:20:01,818
paranoia
.
3709
00:20:02,058 --> 00:20:02,238
This
3710
00:20:02,238 --> 00:20:02,448
is
3711
00:20:02,598 --> 00:20:02,658
a
3712
00:20:02,658 --> 00:20:02,928
side
3713
00:20:02,928 --> 00:20:03,198
effect
3714
00:20:03,198 --> 00:20:03,288
that
3715
00:20:03,288 --> 00:20:03,408
is
3716
00:20:03,408 --> 00:20:03,648
caused
3717
00:20:03,648 --> 00:20:03,948
by
3718
00:20:03,978 --> 00:20:04,248
too
3719
00:20:04,248 --> 00:20:04,458
much
3720
00:20:04,458 --> 00:20:04,968
dopamine
.
3721
00:20:05,778 --> 00:20:06,288
So
3722
00:20:07,338 --> 00:20:07,758
these
3723
00:20:07,758 --> 00:20:07,998
these
3724
00:20:07,998 --> 00:20:08,358
drugs
3725
00:20:08,358 --> 00:20:08,838
have
3726
00:20:09,648 --> 00:20:09,978
what
3727
00:20:09,978 --> 00:20:10,068
you
3728
00:20:10,068 --> 00:20:10,158
would
3729
00:20:10,158 --> 00:20:10,728
expect
3730
00:20:10,728 --> 00:20:10,908
in
3731
00:20:10,908 --> 00:20:11,238
terms
3732
00:20:11,238 --> 00:20:11,358
of
,
3733
00:20:11,358 --> 00:20:11,448
you
3734
00:20:11,448 --> 00:20:11,568
know
,
3735
00:20:11,568 --> 00:20:12,108
classic
3736
00:20:12,108 --> 00:20:12,708
effects
,
3737
00:20:12,708 --> 00:20:13,068
as
3738
00:20:13,068 --> 00:20:13,728
predicted
,
3739
00:20:14,388 --> 00:20:14,538
They
3740
00:20:14,538 --> 00:20:14,838
work
3741
00:20:14,838 --> 00:20:15,018
as
3742
00:20:15,018 --> 00:20:15,738
rewards
.
3743
00:20:15,738 --> 00:20:16,188
They
3744
00:20:16,188 --> 00:20:16,478
they
3745
00:20:16,478 --> 00:20:16,698
they
3746
00:20:16,698 --> 00:20:16,998
make
3747
00:20:16,998 --> 00:20:17,148
us
3748
00:20:17,148 --> 00:20:17,388
want
3749
00:20:17,388 --> 00:20:17,538
them
3750
00:20:17,538 --> 00:20:17,928
more
.
3751
00:20:18,558 --> 00:20:18,708
And
3752
00:20:18,848 --> 00:20:19,038
and
3753
00:20:19,038 --> 00:20:19,128
the
3754
00:20:19,128 --> 00:20:19,488
model
3755
00:20:19,488 --> 00:20:19,968
fits
3756
00:20:20,118 --> 00:20:20,358
for
3757
00:20:20,358 --> 00:20:20,778
most
3758
00:20:20,778 --> 00:20:20,898
of
3759
00:20:20,898 --> 00:20:20,988
it
.
3760
00:20:20,988 --> 00:20:21,198
Right
.
3761
00:20:21,198 --> 00:20:21,378
So
3762
00:20:21,378 --> 00:20:21,588
that
3763
00:20:21,768 --> 00:20:22,308
dopamine
3764
00:20:22,308 --> 00:20:22,548
is
3765
00:20:22,548 --> 00:20:22,668
in
3766
00:20:22,668 --> 00:20:23,148
fact
3767
00:20:23,148 --> 00:20:23,358
a
3768
00:20:23,358 --> 00:20:23,748
measure
3769
00:20:23,748 --> 00:20:23,988
of
3770
00:20:23,988 --> 00:20:24,048
a
3771
00:20:24,048 --> 00:20:24,438
reward
.
3772
00:20:24,438 --> 00:20:24,588
But
3773
00:20:24,588 --> 00:20:24,738
that
3774
00:20:24,738 --> 00:20:25,068
reward
3775
00:20:25,068 --> 00:20:25,188
is
3776
00:20:25,188 --> 00:20:25,278
the
3777
00:20:25,278 --> 00:20:25,878
dopamine
.
3778
00:20:26,268 --> 00:20:26,658
So
3779
00:20:26,808 --> 00:20:27,048
their
3780
00:20:27,048 --> 00:20:27,468
model
3781
00:20:27,468 --> 00:20:27,918
kind
3782
00:20:27,918 --> 00:20:28,008
of
3783
00:20:28,008 --> 00:20:28,338
works
3784
00:20:28,338 --> 00:20:28,428
for
3785
00:20:28,428 --> 00:20:28,488
a
3786
00:20:28,488 --> 00:20:28,668
lot
3787
00:20:28,668 --> 00:20:28,728
of
3788
00:20:28,728 --> 00:20:29,388
situations
,
3789
00:20:29,388 --> 00:20:29,508
but
3790
00:20:29,508 --> 00:20:29,598
I
3791
00:20:29,598 --> 00:20:29,928
don't
3792
00:20:29,928 --> 00:20:30,108
think
3793
00:20:30,408 --> 00:20:30,558
it
3794
00:20:30,558 --> 00:20:31,188
explains
3795
00:20:31,398 --> 00:20:31,998
ADHD
3796
00:20:31,998 --> 00:20:32,418
people
.
3797
00:20:32,568 --> 00:20:32,708
Right
.
3798
00:20:32,748 --> 00:20:32,838
It
3799
00:20:32,838 --> 00:20:33,078
doesn't
3800
00:20:33,078 --> 00:20:33,528
explain
3801
00:20:33,528 --> 00:20:34,218
why
3802
00:20:34,218 --> 00:20:34,398
it
3803
00:20:34,398 --> 00:20:34,548
would
3804
00:20:34,548 --> 00:20:34,728
make
3805
00:20:34,728 --> 00:20:34,848
you
3806
00:20:34,848 --> 00:20:35,268
focus
3807
00:20:35,268 --> 00:20:35,658
more
3808
00:20:35,658 --> 00:20:35,808
when
3809
00:20:35,808 --> 00:20:35,898
you're
3810
00:20:35,898 --> 00:20:36,168
given
3811
00:20:36,168 --> 00:20:36,258
an
3812
00:20:36,258 --> 00:20:36,888
amphetamine
.
3813
00:20:37,488 --> 00:20:37,638
It
3814
00:20:37,638 --> 00:20:37,908
doesn't
3815
00:20:38,058 --> 00:20:38,418
it
3816
00:20:38,418 --> 00:20:38,688
doesn't
3817
00:20:38,688 --> 00:20:39,048
explain
3818
00:20:39,048 --> 00:20:39,138
the
3819
00:20:39,138 --> 00:20:39,528
entire
3820
00:20:39,528 --> 00:20:39,858
model
.
3821
00:20:39,858 --> 00:20:40,158
Right
.
3822
00:20:40,158 --> 00:20:40,548
Why
3823
00:20:40,548 --> 00:20:40,998
why
3824
00:20:40,998 --> 00:20:41,418
would
3825
00:20:41,568 --> 00:20:42,648
hyperactivity
3826
00:20:42,648 --> 00:20:42,828
be
3827
00:20:42,828 --> 00:20:43,428
defined
3828
00:20:43,428 --> 00:20:43,608
as
3829
00:20:43,608 --> 00:20:43,638
a
3830
00:20:43,638 --> 00:20:44,028
dopamine
3831
00:20:44,028 --> 00:20:44,538
deficiency
?
3832
00:20:44,538 --> 00:20:44,628
If
3833
00:20:44,628 --> 00:20:44,748
we
3834
00:20:44,748 --> 00:20:44,928
think
3835
00:20:44,928 --> 00:20:45,558
dopamine
3836
00:20:46,548 --> 00:20:46,998
causes
3837
00:20:46,998 --> 00:20:47,508
activity
?
3838
00:20:47,988 --> 00:20:48,318
Right
.
3839
00:20:48,708 --> 00:20:49,668
Hyperactivity
3840
00:20:50,238 --> 00:20:50,508
would
3841
00:20:50,508 --> 00:20:50,838
be
3842
00:20:50,928 --> 00:20:51,318
more
3843
00:20:51,318 --> 00:20:51,438
of
3844
00:20:51,438 --> 00:20:51,648
that
3845
00:20:51,648 --> 00:20:51,948
thing
.
3846
00:20:52,698 --> 00:20:52,968
What
3847
00:20:52,968 --> 00:20:53,298
happens
3848
00:20:53,298 --> 00:20:53,418
when
3849
00:20:53,418 --> 00:20:53,508
you
3850
00:20:53,508 --> 00:20:53,658
have
3851
00:20:53,658 --> 00:20:53,808
too
3852
00:20:53,808 --> 00:20:54,018
much
3853
00:20:54,018 --> 00:20:54,588
dopamine
3854
00:20:54,588 --> 00:20:55,008
is
3855
00:20:55,518 --> 00:20:55,668
you
3856
00:20:55,668 --> 00:20:55,848
end
3857
00:20:55,848 --> 00:20:56,028
up
3858
00:20:56,028 --> 00:20:56,328
with
3859
00:20:56,328 --> 00:20:56,558
with
3860
00:20:56,558 --> 00:20:57,078
with
3861
00:20:57,078 --> 00:20:57,798
psychosis
,
3862
00:20:58,008 --> 00:20:58,248
which
3863
00:20:58,248 --> 00:20:58,518
is
3864
00:20:58,518 --> 00:20:58,908
something
3865
00:20:58,908 --> 00:20:59,088
else
3866
00:20:59,088 --> 00:20:59,658
entirely
.
3867
00:20:59,928 --> 00:21:00,318
So
3868
00:21:00,858 --> 00:21:01,188
not
3869
00:21:01,188 --> 00:21:01,458
enough
3870
00:21:01,458 --> 00:21:02,088
dopamine
.
3871
00:21:02,088 --> 00:21:02,268
We
3872
00:21:02,268 --> 00:21:02,448
run
3873
00:21:02,448 --> 00:21:02,658
around
3874
00:21:02,658 --> 00:21:02,898
looking
3875
00:21:02,898 --> 00:21:03,018
for
3876
00:21:03,018 --> 00:21:03,408
things
3877
00:21:03,408 --> 00:21:03,588
too
3878
00:21:03,588 --> 00:21:03,798
much
3879
00:21:03,798 --> 00:21:04,248
dopamine
.
3880
00:21:04,248 --> 00:21:04,338
We
3881
00:21:04,338 --> 00:21:04,608
become
3882
00:21:04,608 --> 00:21:05,268
paranoid
.
3883
00:21:05,778 --> 00:21:05,958
But
3884
00:21:05,958 --> 00:21:06,018
if
3885
00:21:06,018 --> 00:21:06,108
we
3886
00:21:06,108 --> 00:21:06,408
can
3887
00:21:06,408 --> 00:21:06,768
nail
3888
00:21:06,768 --> 00:21:06,858
it
3889
00:21:06,858 --> 00:21:07,098
just
3890
00:21:07,098 --> 00:21:07,368
right
,
3891
00:21:07,368 --> 00:21:07,488
then
3892
00:21:07,488 --> 00:21:07,608
we're
3893
00:21:07,608 --> 00:21:08,028
happy
.
3894
00:21:08,238 --> 00:21:08,418
And
3895
00:21:08,418 --> 00:21:08,538
so
3896
00:21:08,538 --> 00:21:08,718
this
3897
00:21:08,718 --> 00:21:08,838
is
3898
00:21:08,838 --> 00:21:09,048
this
3899
00:21:09,048 --> 00:21:09,168
is
3900
00:21:09,168 --> 00:21:09,378
this
3901
00:21:09,378 --> 00:21:09,648
is
3902
00:21:10,818 --> 00:21:10,938
you
3903
00:21:10,938 --> 00:21:11,148
know
,
3904
00:21:11,838 --> 00:21:12,108
I'm
3905
00:21:12,108 --> 00:21:12,168
in
3906
00:21:12,168 --> 00:21:12,648
agreement
3907
00:21:12,648 --> 00:21:12,798
with
3908
00:21:12,798 --> 00:21:12,858
the
3909
00:21:12,858 --> 00:21:13,338
original
3910
00:21:13,338 --> 00:21:13,638
model
3911
00:21:13,638 --> 00:21:13,698
of
3912
00:21:13,698 --> 00:21:14,088
dopamine
.
3913
00:21:14,088 --> 00:21:14,178
The
3914
00:21:14,178 --> 00:21:14,568
dopamine
3915
00:21:14,568 --> 00:21:14,658
is
3916
00:21:14,658 --> 00:21:14,718
a
3917
00:21:14,718 --> 00:21:15,198
reward
.
3918
00:21:15,198 --> 00:21:15,408
It's
3919
00:21:15,408 --> 00:21:15,498
the
3920
00:21:15,498 --> 00:21:15,858
reason
3921
00:21:15,858 --> 00:21:16,008
we
3922
00:21:16,008 --> 00:21:16,188
want
3923
00:21:16,188 --> 00:21:16,278
to
3924
00:21:16,278 --> 00:21:16,488
do
3925
00:21:16,488 --> 00:21:16,998
things
.
3926
00:21:17,268 --> 00:21:17,598
And
3927
00:21:17,598 --> 00:21:17,688
our
3928
00:21:17,688 --> 00:21:18,018
brain
3929
00:21:18,018 --> 00:21:18,258
can't
3930
00:21:18,258 --> 00:21:18,438
tell
3931
00:21:18,438 --> 00:21:18,498
the
3932
00:21:18,498 --> 00:21:18,798
difference
3933
00:21:18,798 --> 00:21:19,038
between
3934
00:21:19,038 --> 00:21:19,248
one
3935
00:21:19,248 --> 00:21:19,428
thing
3936
00:21:19,428 --> 00:21:19,518
of
3937
00:21:19,518 --> 00:21:19,968
dopamine
3938
00:21:19,968 --> 00:21:20,148
and
3939
00:21:20,148 --> 00:21:20,448
another
.
3940
00:21:20,448 --> 00:21:20,658
Ri
?
3941
00:21:20,658 --> 00:21:20,928
So
3942
00:21:21,348 --> 00:21:21,438
if
3943
00:21:21,438 --> 00:21:21,558
we
3944
00:21:21,558 --> 00:21:21,738
meet
3945
00:21:21,738 --> 00:21:21,828
the
3946
00:21:21,828 --> 00:21:22,128
person
3947
00:21:22,128 --> 00:21:22,248
we
3948
00:21:22,248 --> 00:21:22,578
love
,
3949
00:21:22,578 --> 00:21:22,698
we
3950
00:21:22,698 --> 00:21:22,968
get
3951
00:21:22,968 --> 00:21:23,658
dopamine
.
3952
00:21:23,838 --> 00:21:24,048
But
3953
00:21:24,048 --> 00:21:24,138
if
3954
00:21:24,138 --> 00:21:24,228
we
3955
00:21:24,228 --> 00:21:24,408
want
3956
00:21:24,408 --> 00:21:24,498
to
3957
00:21:24,498 --> 00:21:24,768
invite
3958
00:21:24,768 --> 00:21:25,008
someone
3959
00:21:25,008 --> 00:21:25,098
on
3960
00:21:25,098 --> 00:21:25,218
a
3961
00:21:25,218 --> 00:21:25,448
date
,
3962
00:21:25,458 --> 00:21:25,608
on
3963
00:21:25,608 --> 00:21:25,668
a
3964
00:21:25,668 --> 00:21:26,028
date
,
3965
00:21:26,148 --> 00:21:26,298
you
3966
00:21:26,298 --> 00:21:26,508
take
3967
00:21:26,508 --> 00:21:26,658
them
3968
00:21:26,658 --> 00:21:26,778
out
3969
00:21:26,778 --> 00:21:26,868
to
3970
00:21:26,868 --> 00:21:27,258
dinner
.
3971
00:21:27,528 --> 00:21:27,768
The
3972
00:21:27,768 --> 00:21:28,308
person
3973
00:21:28,308 --> 00:21:28,578
can't
3974
00:21:28,578 --> 00:21:28,758
tell
3975
00:21:28,758 --> 00:21:28,848
the
3976
00:21:28,848 --> 00:21:29,238
difference
3977
00:21:29,238 --> 00:21:29,538
between
3978
00:21:29,538 --> 00:21:29,598
the
3979
00:21:29,598 --> 00:21:30,018
dopamine
3980
00:21:30,018 --> 00:21:30,438
provided
3981
00:21:30,438 --> 00:21:30,558
by
3982
00:21:30,558 --> 00:21:30,648
the
3983
00:21:30,648 --> 00:21:31,008
dinner
3984
00:21:31,158 --> 00:21:31,338
and
3985
00:21:31,338 --> 00:21:31,428
the
3986
00:21:31,428 --> 00:21:31,878
dopamine
3987
00:21:31,878 --> 00:21:32,268
provided
3988
00:21:32,268 --> 00:21:32,388
by
3989
00:21:32,388 --> 00:21:32,478
the
3990
00:21:32,478 --> 00:21:32,928
sparkling
3991
00:21:32,928 --> 00:21:33,618
conversation
.
3992
00:21:33,828 --> 00:21:34,098
Right
?
3993
00:21:34,098 --> 00:21:34,248
So
3994
00:21:34,248 --> 00:21:34,338
our
3995
00:21:34,338 --> 00:21:34,638
brain
3996
00:21:34,638 --> 00:21:34,878
just
3997
00:21:35,478 --> 00:21:35,778
eats
3998
00:21:35,778 --> 00:21:35,868
all
3999
00:21:35,868 --> 00:21:36,018
this
4000
00:21:36,018 --> 00:21:36,288
stuff
4001
00:21:36,288 --> 00:21:36,468
up
,
4002
00:21:36,468 --> 00:21:36,648
right
?
4003
00:21:36,648 --> 00:21:36,798
We
4004
00:21:36,798 --> 00:21:36,948
were
4005
00:21:36,948 --> 00:21:37,758
evolved
4006
00:21:38,088 --> 00:21:38,598
to
4007
00:21:38,628 --> 00:21:38,808
be
4008
00:21:38,808 --> 00:21:39,528
attracted
4009
00:21:39,528 --> 00:21:39,948
to
4010
00:21:40,638 --> 00:21:41,088
bright
4011
00:21:41,088 --> 00:21:41,718
colors
4012
00:21:41,928 --> 00:21:42,528
and
4013
00:21:43,638 --> 00:21:44,148
things
4014
00:21:44,148 --> 00:21:44,508
that
4015
00:21:44,778 --> 00:21:44,958
would
4016
00:21:44,958 --> 00:21:45,138
give
4017
00:21:45,138 --> 00:21:45,318
us
4018
00:21:45,318 --> 00:21:45,738
food
4019
00:21:45,738 --> 00:21:46,098
as
4020
00:21:46,098 --> 00:21:46,398
as
4021
00:21:46,398 --> 00:21:46,908
primates
4022
00:21:46,908 --> 00:21:47,028
and
4023
00:21:47,028 --> 00:21:47,388
monkeys
4024
00:21:47,388 --> 00:21:47,448
in
4025
00:21:47,448 --> 00:21:47,538
the
4026
00:21:47,538 --> 00:21:48,048
trees
.
4027
00:21:49,068 --> 00:21:49,578
So
4028
00:21:49,578 --> 00:21:49,848
we
4029
00:21:49,848 --> 00:21:50,118
give
4030
00:21:50,118 --> 00:21:50,328
each
4031
00:21:50,328 --> 00:21:50,688
other
4032
00:21:51,108 --> 00:21:51,228
a
4033
00:21:51,228 --> 00:21:51,438
bunch
4034
00:21:51,438 --> 00:21:51,498
of
4035
00:21:51,498 --> 00:21:52,218
flowers
4036
00:21:52,638 --> 00:21:52,788
when
4037
00:21:52,788 --> 00:21:52,908
we
4038
00:21:52,908 --> 00:21:53,028
go
4039
00:21:53,028 --> 00:21:53,148
on
4040
00:21:53,148 --> 00:21:53,208
a
4041
00:21:53,208 --> 00:21:53,388
date
.
4042
00:21:53,388 --> 00:21:53,448
The
4043
00:21:53,448 --> 00:21:53,718
bright
4044
00:21:53,718 --> 00:21:54,048
colors
4045
00:21:54,048 --> 00:21:54,108
of
4046
00:21:54,108 --> 00:21:54,168
the
4047
00:21:54,168 --> 00:21:54,738
flowers
4048
00:21:54,858 --> 00:21:55,248
provide
4049
00:21:55,248 --> 00:21:55,608
dopamine
4050
00:21:55,608 --> 00:21:55,668
to
4051
00:21:55,668 --> 00:21:55,758
the
4052
00:21:55,758 --> 00:21:56,208
brain
,
4053
00:21:56,328 --> 00:21:56,808
signal
4054
00:21:56,808 --> 00:21:57,048
those
4055
00:21:57,048 --> 00:21:57,288
things
4056
00:21:57,288 --> 00:21:57,408
that
4057
00:21:57,408 --> 00:21:57,468
are
4058
00:21:57,468 --> 00:21:57,978
attracted
4059
00:21:57,978 --> 00:21:58,098
to
4060
00:21:58,098 --> 00:21:58,308
these
4061
00:21:58,308 --> 00:21:58,788
colors
.
4062
00:21:59,568 --> 00:22:00,048
And
4063
00:22:00,498 --> 00:22:00,888
again
,
4064
00:22:00,888 --> 00:22:01,008
you
4065
00:22:01,008 --> 00:22:01,218
can't
4066
00:22:01,218 --> 00:22:01,398
tell
4067
00:22:01,398 --> 00:22:01,458
the
4068
00:22:01,458 --> 00:22:01,788
difference
,
4069
00:22:01,788 --> 00:22:01,878
but
4070
00:22:01,968 --> 00:22:02,118
so
4071
00:22:02,118 --> 00:22:02,268
you
4072
00:22:02,268 --> 00:22:02,538
now
4073
00:22:02,538 --> 00:22:02,868
like
4074
00:22:02,868 --> 00:22:03,018
the
4075
00:22:03,018 --> 00:22:03,378
person
4076
00:22:03,378 --> 00:22:03,498
who
4077
00:22:03,498 --> 00:22:03,738
gave
4078
00:22:03,738 --> 00:22:03,798
you
4079
00:22:03,798 --> 00:22:03,888
the
4080
00:22:03,888 --> 00:22:04,368
flowers
4081
00:22:04,368 --> 00:22:04,638
because
4082
00:22:04,638 --> 00:22:04,698
the
4083
00:22:04,698 --> 00:22:05,208
flowers
4084
00:22:05,208 --> 00:22:05,418
gave
4085
00:22:05,418 --> 00:22:05,508
you
4086
00:22:05,508 --> 00:22:05,538
a
4087
00:22:05,538 --> 00:22:06,168
reward
.
4088
00:22:06,828 --> 00:22:07,038
And
4089
00:22:07,038 --> 00:22:07,128
our
4090
00:22:07,128 --> 00:22:07,368
brain
4091
00:22:07,368 --> 00:22:07,608
can't
4092
00:22:07,608 --> 00:22:07,788
tell
4093
00:22:07,788 --> 00:22:07,878
the
4094
00:22:07,878 --> 00:22:08,208
difference
4095
00:22:08,208 --> 00:22:08,598
between
4096
00:22:08,628 --> 00:22:08,718
the
4097
00:22:08,718 --> 00:22:09,138
person
4098
00:22:09,138 --> 00:22:09,228
and
4099
00:22:09,228 --> 00:22:09,318
the
4100
00:22:09,318 --> 00:22:09,858
flowers
.
4101
00:22:10,398 --> 00:22:10,668
Same
4102
00:22:10,668 --> 00:22:10,818
thing
4103
00:22:10,818 --> 00:22:10,938
with
4104
00:22:10,938 --> 00:22:11,418
perfume
.
4105
00:22:11,418 --> 00:22:11,778
So
,
4106
00:22:12,498 --> 00:22:12,618
you
4107
00:22:12,618 --> 00:22:12,708
know
,
4108
00:22:12,708 --> 00:22:12,768
I
4109
00:22:12,768 --> 00:22:12,858
was
4110
00:22:12,858 --> 00:22:13,038
just
4111
00:22:13,038 --> 00:22:13,308
talking
4112
00:22:13,308 --> 00:22:13,368
to
4113
00:22:13,368 --> 00:22:13,458
my
4114
00:22:13,458 --> 00:22:13,788
students
4115
00:22:13,788 --> 00:22:14,058
about
4116
00:22:14,058 --> 00:22:14,388
this
4117
00:22:16,128 --> 00:22:16,668
flower
4118
00:22:16,668 --> 00:22:16,768
is
4119
00:22:16,788 --> 00:22:16,998
have
4120
00:22:16,998 --> 00:22:17,088
a
4121
00:22:17,088 --> 00:22:17,568
scent
4122
00:22:17,568 --> 00:22:17,808
to
4123
00:22:17,808 --> 00:22:18,188
attract
4124
00:22:18,198 --> 00:22:18,258
a
4125
00:22:18,258 --> 00:22:18,888
pollinator
.
4126
00:22:19,578 --> 00:22:19,938
Those
4127
00:22:19,938 --> 00:22:20,418
scents
4128
00:22:20,418 --> 00:22:20,598
were
4129
00:22:20,598 --> 00:22:21,258
originally
4130
00:22:21,258 --> 00:22:22,098
derived
4131
00:22:22,098 --> 00:22:22,788
from
4132
00:22:23,178 --> 00:22:23,618
I
4133
00:22:24,858 --> 00:22:25,458
insect
4134
00:22:25,458 --> 00:22:25,818
sex
4135
00:22:25,818 --> 00:22:26,508
pheromones
,
4136
00:22:27,618 --> 00:22:27,858
and
4137
00:22:27,858 --> 00:22:27,918
the
4138
00:22:27,918 --> 00:22:28,548
flowers
4139
00:22:28,548 --> 00:22:28,848
didn't
4140
00:22:28,848 --> 00:22:29,118
want
4141
00:22:29,118 --> 00:22:29,358
to
4142
00:22:29,388 --> 00:22:29,778
just
4143
00:22:29,778 --> 00:22:30,018
have
4144
00:22:30,018 --> 00:22:30,258
those
4145
00:22:30,258 --> 00:22:30,618
particular
4146
00:22:30,618 --> 00:22:30,858
sex
4147
00:22:30,858 --> 00:22:31,248
pheromones
,
4148
00:22:31,248 --> 00:22:31,338
but
4149
00:22:31,338 --> 00:22:31,428
they
4150
00:22:31,428 --> 00:22:31,638
wanted
4151
00:22:31,638 --> 00:22:31,728
to
4152
00:22:31,728 --> 00:22:32,208
attract
4153
00:22:32,358 --> 00:22:32,688
males
4154
00:22:32,688 --> 00:22:32,778
and
4155
00:22:32,778 --> 00:22:33,408
butterflies
.
4156
00:22:33,618 --> 00:22:33,798
So
4157
00:22:33,798 --> 00:22:33,918
they
4158
00:22:33,918 --> 00:22:34,578
modified
4159
00:22:34,578 --> 00:22:35,238
slightly
4160
00:22:35,238 --> 00:22:35,598
moth
4161
00:22:35,598 --> 00:22:35,688
and
4162
00:22:35,688 --> 00:22:36,228
butterfly
4163
00:22:36,228 --> 00:22:36,588
insect
4164
00:22:36,588 --> 00:22:36,888
sex
4165
00:22:36,888 --> 00:22:37,548
pheromones
4166
00:22:37,788 --> 00:22:38,028
and
4167
00:22:38,028 --> 00:22:38,268
made
4168
00:22:38,268 --> 00:22:38,328
a
4169
00:22:38,328 --> 00:22:38,838
perfume
4170
00:22:38,838 --> 00:22:38,988
out
4171
00:22:38,988 --> 00:22:39,078
of
4172
00:22:39,078 --> 00:22:39,228
it
4173
00:22:39,558 --> 00:22:39,708
to
4174
00:22:39,708 --> 00:22:40,188
attract
4175
00:22:40,188 --> 00:22:40,278
the
4176
00:22:40,278 --> 00:22:40,548
moth
4177
00:22:40,548 --> 00:22:40,638
and
4178
00:22:40,638 --> 00:22:41,118
butterflies
4179
00:22:41,118 --> 00:22:41,208
to
4180
00:22:41,208 --> 00:22:41,478
come
4181
00:22:41,478 --> 00:22:41,598
as
4182
00:22:41,598 --> 00:22:42,318
pollinators
.
4183
00:22:42,768 --> 00:22:43,188
We
4184
00:22:43,188 --> 00:22:43,428
then
4185
00:22:43,428 --> 00:22:43,758
take
4186
00:22:43,758 --> 00:22:43,968
that
4187
00:22:43,968 --> 00:22:44,328
same
4188
00:22:44,328 --> 00:22:44,808
thing
4189
00:22:45,048 --> 00:22:45,348
that's
4190
00:22:45,348 --> 00:22:45,798
been
4191
00:22:46,458 --> 00:22:47,388
evolved
4192
00:22:47,388 --> 00:22:48,138
co-evolved
4193
00:22:48,138 --> 00:22:48,468
between
4194
00:22:48,468 --> 00:22:48,858
animals
4195
00:22:48,858 --> 00:22:48,948
and
4196
00:22:48,948 --> 00:22:49,458
plants
4197
00:22:49,668 --> 00:22:49,848
to
4198
00:22:49,848 --> 00:22:50,388
attract
4199
00:22:50,388 --> 00:22:50,958
animals
.
4200
00:22:50,958 --> 00:22:51,078
And
4201
00:22:51,078 --> 00:22:51,198
we
4202
00:22:51,198 --> 00:22:51,408
put
4203
00:22:51,408 --> 00:22:51,558
that
4204
00:22:51,558 --> 00:22:51,948
perfume
4205
00:22:51,948 --> 00:22:52,098
on
4206
00:22:52,098 --> 00:22:52,698
ourselves
.
4207
00:22:52,998 --> 00:22:53,388
When
4208
00:22:53,388 --> 00:22:53,718
someone
4209
00:22:53,718 --> 00:22:53,958
comes
4210
00:22:53,958 --> 00:22:54,078
and
4211
00:22:54,078 --> 00:22:54,498
smells
4212
00:22:54,498 --> 00:22:54,678
it
,
4213
00:22:54,888 --> 00:22:55,068
they
4214
00:22:55,068 --> 00:22:55,278
get
4215
00:22:55,278 --> 00:22:55,488
a
4216
00:22:55,488 --> 00:22:55,728
little
4217
00:22:55,728 --> 00:22:56,148
dopamine
4218
00:22:56,148 --> 00:22:56,508
reward
4219
00:22:56,508 --> 00:22:56,598
and
4220
00:22:56,598 --> 00:22:56,688
they
4221
00:22:56,688 --> 00:22:56,898
say
,
4222
00:22:56,898 --> 00:22:57,048
Oh
,
4223
00:22:57,048 --> 00:22:57,138
I
4224
00:22:57,138 --> 00:22:57,438
really
4225
00:22:57,438 --> 00:22:57,798
like
4226
00:22:57,798 --> 00:22:58,038
you
.
4227
00:22:58,278 --> 00:22:58,428
And
4228
00:22:58,428 --> 00:22:58,548
what
4229
00:22:58,548 --> 00:22:58,668
they
4230
00:22:58,668 --> 00:22:58,968
really
4231
00:22:58,968 --> 00:22:59,298
like
4232
00:22:59,298 --> 00:22:59,448
is
4233
00:22:59,448 --> 00:22:59,568
the
4234
00:22:59,568 --> 00:22:59,898
scent
4235
00:22:59,898 --> 00:23:00,048
of
4236
00:23:00,108 --> 00:23:00,408
scent
4237
00:23:00,408 --> 00:23:00,498
of
4238
00:23:00,498 --> 00:23:01,008
something
4239
00:23:01,098 --> 00:23:01,638
tasty
4240
00:23:01,638 --> 00:23:02,928
or
4241
00:23:02,928 --> 00:23:03,018
the
4242
00:23:03,018 --> 00:23:03,408
floral
4243
00:23:03,408 --> 00:23:03,798
smell
4244
00:23:04,008 --> 00:23:04,188
that
4245
00:23:04,188 --> 00:23:04,308
is
4246
00:23:04,308 --> 00:23:05,028
originally
4247
00:23:05,028 --> 00:23:05,658
designed
4248
00:23:05,658 --> 00:23:05,898
as
4249
00:23:05,898 --> 00:23:06,138
a
4250
00:23:06,138 --> 00:23:06,318
as
4251
00:23:06,318 --> 00:23:06,608
a
4252
00:23:06,618 --> 00:23:06,978
plant
4253
00:23:06,978 --> 00:23:07,668
manipulation
4254
00:23:07,818 --> 00:23:07,938
to
4255
00:23:07,938 --> 00:23:08,298
cause
4256
00:23:08,298 --> 00:23:08,538
a
4257
00:23:08,538 --> 00:23:09,078
dopamine
4258
00:23:09,078 --> 00:23:09,618
response
4259
00:23:09,798 --> 00:23:10,068
in
4260
00:23:10,068 --> 00:23:10,308
a
4261
00:23:10,308 --> 00:23:10,428
in
4262
00:23:10,428 --> 00:23:10,488
a
4263
00:23:10,488 --> 00:23:10,908
moth
.
4264
00:23:11,748 --> 00:23:12,078
And
4265
00:23:12,078 --> 00:23:12,408
so
4266
00:23:13,098 --> 00:23:13,368
all
4267
00:23:13,368 --> 00:23:13,728
across
4268
00:23:13,728 --> 00:23:13,998
the
4269
00:23:13,998 --> 00:23:14,288
the
4270
00:23:14,288 --> 00:23:14,628
the
4271
00:23:14,628 --> 00:23:14,958
the
4272
00:23:14,958 --> 00:23:15,138
the
4273
00:23:15,138 --> 00:23:15,468
animal
4274
00:23:15,468 --> 00:23:15,978
kingdom
,
4275
00:23:16,548 --> 00:23:17,178
dopamine
4276
00:23:17,178 --> 00:23:17,538
is
4277
00:23:17,538 --> 00:23:17,958
is
4278
00:23:17,958 --> 00:23:18,228
is
4279
00:23:18,228 --> 00:23:18,678
used
4280
00:23:18,678 --> 00:23:19,028
as
4281
00:23:19,028 --> 00:23:19,308
as
4282
00:23:19,308 --> 00:23:19,548
as
4283
00:23:19,548 --> 00:23:20,298
incentives
,
4284
00:23:20,298 --> 00:23:20,598
as
4285
00:23:20,598 --> 00:23:20,898
ways
4286
00:23:20,898 --> 00:23:21,018
to
4287
00:23:21,018 --> 00:23:21,258
make
4288
00:23:21,258 --> 00:23:21,528
things
4289
00:23:21,528 --> 00:23:21,978
happen
.
4290
00:23:22,098 --> 00:23:22,428
Plants
4291
00:23:22,428 --> 00:23:22,518
are
4292
00:23:22,518 --> 00:23:23,118
constantly
4293
00:23:23,118 --> 00:23:23,718
manipulating
4294
00:23:23,718 --> 00:23:23,928
these
4295
00:23:23,928 --> 00:23:24,198
things
.
4296
00:23:24,198 --> 00:23:24,318
They
4297
00:23:24,318 --> 00:23:24,588
found
4298
00:23:24,588 --> 00:23:24,888
small
4299
00:23:24,888 --> 00:23:25,158
amounts
4300
00:23:25,158 --> 00:23:25,248
of
4301
00:23:25,248 --> 00:23:25,908
caffeine
4302
00:23:25,908 --> 00:23:26,148
in
4303
00:23:26,148 --> 00:23:26,658
nectar
,
4304
00:23:27,108 --> 00:23:27,678
again
,
4305
00:23:27,678 --> 00:23:28,488
rewarding
4306
00:23:28,758 --> 00:23:28,998
things
4307
00:23:28,998 --> 00:23:29,088
to
4308
00:23:29,088 --> 00:23:29,298
come
4309
00:23:29,298 --> 00:23:29,508
back
.
4310
00:23:29,508 --> 00:23:29,838
Dopamine
4311
00:23:29,838 --> 00:23:29,928
is
4312
00:23:29,928 --> 00:23:30,348
associated
4313
00:23:30,348 --> 00:23:30,498
with
4314
00:23:30,498 --> 00:23:31,068
memory
.
4315
00:23:31,248 --> 00:23:31,428
They
4316
00:23:31,428 --> 00:23:31,638
think
4317
00:23:31,638 --> 00:23:31,758
that
4318
00:23:31,758 --> 00:23:31,938
when
4319
00:23:31,938 --> 00:23:32,388
bees
4320
00:23:32,538 --> 00:23:32,838
find
4321
00:23:32,838 --> 00:23:32,898
a
4322
00:23:32,898 --> 00:23:33,078
little
4323
00:23:33,078 --> 00:23:33,198
bit
4324
00:23:33,198 --> 00:23:33,288
of
4325
00:23:33,288 --> 00:23:33,678
caffeine
4326
00:23:33,678 --> 00:23:33,738
in
4327
00:23:33,738 --> 00:23:33,828
the
4328
00:23:33,828 --> 00:23:34,158
nectar
,
4329
00:23:34,158 --> 00:23:34,308
they'll
4330
00:23:34,308 --> 00:23:34,698
remember
4331
00:23:34,698 --> 00:23:34,968
that
4332
00:23:34,968 --> 00:23:35,298
plant
4333
00:23:35,298 --> 00:23:35,598
over
4334
00:23:35,598 --> 00:23:35,868
other
4335
00:23:35,868 --> 00:23:36,378
plants
4336
00:23:36,648 --> 00:23:36,978
because
4337
00:23:36,978 --> 00:23:37,218
now
4338
00:23:37,218 --> 00:23:37,368
they've
4339
00:23:37,368 --> 00:23:37,518
been
4340
00:23:37,518 --> 00:23:37,728
given
4341
00:23:37,728 --> 00:23:37,788
a
4342
00:23:37,788 --> 00:23:38,088
little
4343
00:23:38,088 --> 00:23:38,268
bit
4344
00:23:38,268 --> 00:23:38,508
more
4345
00:23:38,508 --> 00:23:38,628
of
4346
00:23:38,628 --> 00:23:38,718
the
4347
00:23:38,718 --> 00:23:39,288
reward
.
4348
00:23:39,948 --> 00:23:40,068
I
4349
00:23:40,068 --> 00:23:40,248
think
4350
00:23:40,248 --> 00:23:40,368
there
4351
00:23:40,368 --> 00:23:40,608
may
4352
00:23:40,608 --> 00:23:40,878
well
4353
00:23:40,878 --> 00:23:41,028
be
4354
00:23:41,028 --> 00:23:41,208
some
4355
00:23:41,208 --> 00:23:41,898
interactions
4356
00:23:41,898 --> 00:23:42,168
with
4357
00:23:42,348 --> 00:23:42,828
glucose
,
4358
00:23:42,828 --> 00:23:42,948
but
4359
00:23:42,948 --> 00:23:43,158
that's
4360
00:23:43,158 --> 00:23:43,818
complicated
.
4361
00:23:44,418 --> 00:23:44,808
So
4362
00:23:45,198 --> 00:23:45,468
some
4363
00:23:45,468 --> 00:23:45,918
things
4364
00:23:46,128 --> 00:23:46,458
are
4365
00:23:46,458 --> 00:23:47,448
themselves
4366
00:23:47,448 --> 00:23:48,138
attractive
.
4367
00:23:48,138 --> 00:23:48,318
Like
4368
00:23:48,318 --> 00:23:48,458
do
4369
00:23:48,468 --> 00:23:49,008
glucose
4370
00:23:49,008 --> 00:23:49,158
is
4371
00:23:49,158 --> 00:23:49,278
the
4372
00:23:49,278 --> 00:23:49,638
number
4373
00:23:49,638 --> 00:23:50,118
one
4374
00:23:50,568 --> 00:23:51,288
energy
4375
00:23:51,288 --> 00:23:52,008
molecule
4376
00:23:52,008 --> 00:23:52,218
for
4377
00:23:52,218 --> 00:23:52,398
all
4378
00:23:52,398 --> 00:23:52,758
cells
4379
00:23:52,758 --> 00:23:52,938
in
4380
00:23:52,938 --> 00:23:53,148
all
4381
00:23:53,148 --> 00:23:53,658
things
.
4382
00:23:54,378 --> 00:23:54,798
So
4383
00:23:55,248 --> 00:23:55,398
I
4384
00:23:55,398 --> 00:23:55,638
think
4385
00:23:55,638 --> 00:23:56,148
glucose
4386
00:23:56,148 --> 00:23:56,418
maybe
4387
00:23:56,418 --> 00:23:56,718
is
4388
00:23:56,718 --> 00:23:57,048
even
4389
00:23:57,048 --> 00:23:57,498
more
4390
00:23:57,498 --> 00:23:58,458
primary
4391
00:23:58,608 --> 00:23:59,128
to
4392
00:23:59,918 --> 00:24:00,088
as
,
4393
00:24:00,158 --> 00:24:00,438
as
,
4394
00:24:00,438 --> 00:24:00,708
as
,
4395
00:24:00,708 --> 00:24:01,008
as
4396
00:24:01,008 --> 00:24:01,188
a
4397
00:24:01,188 --> 00:24:01,398
as
4398
00:24:01,398 --> 00:24:01,428
a
4399
00:24:01,428 --> 00:24:01,668
thing
4400
00:24:01,668 --> 00:24:01,788
we
4401
00:24:01,788 --> 00:24:02,118
want
4402
00:24:02,388 --> 00:24:02,598
than
4403
00:24:02,598 --> 00:24:02,838
even
4404
00:24:02,838 --> 00:24:03,288
dopamine
4405
00:24:03,288 --> 00:24:03,558
is
.
4406
00:24:03,768 --> 00:24:03,978
But
4407
00:24:03,978 --> 00:24:04,248
again
,
4408
00:24:04,248 --> 00:24:04,758
dopamine
4409
00:24:04,758 --> 00:24:04,908
would
4410
00:24:04,908 --> 00:24:05,028
be
4411
00:24:05,028 --> 00:24:05,148
the
4412
00:24:05,148 --> 00:24:05,568
measure
4413
00:24:05,568 --> 00:24:05,688
of
4414
00:24:05,688 --> 00:24:05,898
how
4415
00:24:05,898 --> 00:24:06,138
good
4416
00:24:06,138 --> 00:24:06,318
that
4417
00:24:06,318 --> 00:24:06,798
glucose
4418
00:24:06,798 --> 00:24:07,128
was
.
4419
00:24:07,418 --> 00:24:07,688
Right
.
4420
00:24:07,698 --> 00:24:07,818
So
4421
00:24:07,818 --> 00:24:07,908
if
4422
00:24:07,908 --> 00:24:07,998
you
4423
00:24:07,998 --> 00:24:08,118
get
4424
00:24:08,118 --> 00:24:08,178
a
4425
00:24:08,178 --> 00:24:08,358
piece
4426
00:24:08,358 --> 00:24:08,448
of
4427
00:24:08,448 --> 00:24:08,868
candy
4428
00:24:08,868 --> 00:24:09,468
immediately
,
4429
00:24:09,518 --> 00:24:09,878
your
4430
00:24:09,918 --> 00:24:10,278
brain
4431
00:24:10,278 --> 00:24:10,668
is
4432
00:24:10,668 --> 00:24:11,028
is
4433
00:24:11,028 --> 00:24:11,358
is
4434
00:24:11,358 --> 00:24:11,688
is
4435
00:24:11,868 --> 00:24:12,348
releasing
4436
00:24:12,348 --> 00:24:12,498
some
4437
00:24:12,498 --> 00:24:12,868
dopamine
4438
00:24:12,868 --> 00:24:12,948
and
4439
00:24:12,948 --> 00:24:13,218
saying
,
4440
00:24:13,218 --> 00:24:13,458
do
4441
00:24:13,458 --> 00:24:13,668
that
4442
00:24:13,668 --> 00:24:14,088
again
.
4443
00:24:14,388 --> 00:24:14,598
That
4444
00:24:14,598 --> 00:24:14,778
was
4445
00:24:14,778 --> 00:24:15,138
great
.
4446
00:24:15,348 --> 00:24:15,648
Right
?
4447
00:24:15,648 --> 00:24:15,858
And
4448
00:24:15,858 --> 00:24:16,008
then
4449
00:24:16,008 --> 00:24:16,158
you'll
4450
00:24:16,158 --> 00:24:16,368
want
4451
00:24:16,368 --> 00:24:16,518
that
4452
00:24:16,518 --> 00:24:16,698
even
4453
00:24:16,698 --> 00:24:16,938
more
4454
00:24:16,938 --> 00:24:17,058
if
4455
00:24:17,058 --> 00:24:17,118
the
4456
00:24:17,118 --> 00:24:17,448
candy
4457
00:24:17,448 --> 00:24:17,538
is
4458
00:24:17,538 --> 00:24:17,958
brightly
4459
00:24:17,958 --> 00:24:18,378
colored
.
4460
00:24:18,708 --> 00:24:19,038
Right
.
4461
00:24:19,368 --> 00:24:19,668
So
4462
00:24:19,668 --> 00:24:20,178
all
4463
00:24:20,178 --> 00:24:20,418
all
4464
00:24:20,418 --> 00:24:20,538
of
4465
00:24:20,538 --> 00:24:20,748
these
4466
00:24:20,748 --> 00:24:21,228
things
4467
00:24:21,228 --> 00:24:22,168
are
4468
00:24:22,188 --> 00:24:22,698
related
.
4469
00:24:23,358 --> 00:24:23,718
We
4470
00:24:23,718 --> 00:24:24,228
were
4471
00:24:24,228 --> 00:24:24,618
always
4472
00:24:24,618 --> 00:24:25,128
seeking
4473
00:24:25,128 --> 00:24:25,398
these
4474
00:24:25,398 --> 00:24:25,668
these
4475
00:24:25,668 --> 00:24:26,028
various
4476
00:24:26,028 --> 00:24:26,438
rewards
.
4477
00:24:26,448 --> 00:24:26,538
We
4478
00:24:26,658 --> 00:24:26,778
we're
4479
00:24:26,778 --> 00:24:27,138
using
4480
00:24:27,138 --> 00:24:27,258
them
4481
00:24:27,258 --> 00:24:27,348
in
4482
00:24:27,348 --> 00:24:27,438
our
4483
00:24:27,438 --> 00:24:27,708
lives
4484
00:24:27,708 --> 00:24:27,828
all
4485
00:24:27,828 --> 00:24:27,918
the
4486
00:24:27,918 --> 00:24:28,488
time
.
4487
00:24:28,608 --> 00:24:28,728
You
4488
00:24:28,728 --> 00:24:28,968
know
,
4489
00:24:28,968 --> 00:24:29,118
the
4490
00:24:29,118 --> 00:24:29,478
fashion
4491
00:24:29,478 --> 00:24:29,838
industry
4492
00:24:29,838 --> 00:24:30,108
talks
4493
00:24:30,108 --> 00:24:30,438
about
4494
00:24:30,618 --> 00:24:31,218
dopamine
4495
00:24:31,218 --> 00:24:31,608
colors
.
4496
00:24:31,608 --> 00:24:31,728
They're
4497
00:24:31,728 --> 00:24:31,968
talking
4498
00:24:31,968 --> 00:24:32,208
about
4499
00:24:32,208 --> 00:24:32,508
red
4500
00:24:32,508 --> 00:24:32,628
and
4501
00:24:32,628 --> 00:24:32,988
yellow
4502
00:24:32,988 --> 00:24:33,078
and
4503
00:24:33,078 --> 00:24:33,498
orange
,
4504
00:24:33,648 --> 00:24:33,768
the
4505
00:24:33,768 --> 00:24:34,008
things
4506
00:24:34,008 --> 00:24:34,128
that
4507
00:24:34,128 --> 00:24:34,278
would
4508
00:24:34,278 --> 00:24:34,608
signal
4509
00:24:34,608 --> 00:24:34,668
a
4510
00:24:34,668 --> 00:24:34,968
ripe
4511
00:24:34,968 --> 00:24:35,358
fruit
4512
00:24:35,358 --> 00:24:35,538
to
4513
00:24:35,538 --> 00:24:35,568
a
4514
00:24:35,568 --> 00:24:36,078
primate
.
4515
00:24:36,928 --> 00:24:37,088
There
4516
00:24:37,518 --> 00:24:37,598
are
4517
00:24:37,848 --> 00:24:38,208
these
4518
00:24:38,208 --> 00:24:38,568
these
4519
00:24:38,568 --> 00:24:38,878
are
4520
00:24:38,878 --> 00:24:39,348
our
4521
00:24:40,128 --> 00:24:41,148
co-evolved
4522
00:24:41,388 --> 00:24:42,258
heritage
4523
00:24:42,528 --> 00:24:43,038
of
4524
00:24:43,428 --> 00:24:44,328
rewards
4525
00:24:44,538 --> 00:24:44,838
that
4526
00:24:44,838 --> 00:24:45,378
plants
4527
00:24:45,378 --> 00:24:45,528
have
4528
00:24:45,528 --> 00:24:46,098
manipulated
4529
00:24:46,098 --> 00:24:46,308
into
4530
00:24:46,308 --> 00:24:46,398
our
4531
00:24:46,398 --> 00:24:46,848
brains
.
4532
00:24:46,848 --> 00:24:47,028
If
4533
00:24:47,028 --> 00:24:47,238
we
4534
00:24:47,238 --> 00:24:47,628
didn't
4535
00:24:48,318 --> 00:24:48,498
if
4536
00:24:48,498 --> 00:24:48,708
we
4537
00:24:48,708 --> 00:24:48,888
had
4538
00:24:48,888 --> 00:24:49,128
not
4539
00:24:49,128 --> 00:24:49,518
learned
4540
00:24:49,518 --> 00:24:49,818
how
4541
00:24:49,818 --> 00:24:50,298
to
4542
00:24:50,568 --> 00:24:51,258
respond
4543
00:24:51,258 --> 00:24:51,408
to
4544
00:24:51,408 --> 00:24:51,498
the
4545
00:24:51,498 --> 00:24:51,738
bright
4546
00:24:51,738 --> 00:24:52,128
colors
4547
00:24:52,128 --> 00:24:52,238
of
4548
00:24:52,248 --> 00:24:52,548
ripe
4549
00:24:52,548 --> 00:24:52,968
fruit
,
4550
00:24:53,178 --> 00:24:53,418
we
4551
00:24:53,418 --> 00:24:53,508
would
4552
00:24:53,508 --> 00:24:53,598
have
4553
00:24:53,598 --> 00:24:54,078
starved
.
4554
00:24:54,078 --> 00:24:54,438
So
4555
00:24:54,588 --> 00:24:54,978
we
4556
00:24:54,978 --> 00:24:55,428
responded
4557
00:24:55,428 --> 00:24:55,488
to
4558
00:24:55,488 --> 00:24:55,668
those
4559
00:24:55,668 --> 00:24:55,878
bright
4560
00:24:55,878 --> 00:24:56,078
fruit
4561
00:24:56,088 --> 00:24:56,508
fruits
4562
00:24:56,748 --> 00:24:57,108
The
4563
00:24:57,108 --> 00:24:57,498
plants
4564
00:24:57,498 --> 00:24:57,738
wanted
4565
00:24:57,738 --> 00:24:57,858
us
4566
00:24:57,858 --> 00:24:57,948
to
4567
00:24:57,948 --> 00:24:58,188
spread
4568
00:24:58,188 --> 00:24:58,308
their
4569
00:24:58,308 --> 00:24:58,608
seeds
,
4570
00:24:58,608 --> 00:24:58,758
right
?
4571
00:24:58,758 --> 00:24:58,878
They
4572
00:24:58,878 --> 00:24:59,088
wanted
4573
00:24:59,088 --> 00:24:59,178
us
4574
00:24:59,178 --> 00:24:59,298
to
4575
00:24:59,298 --> 00:24:59,478
eat
4576
00:24:59,478 --> 00:24:59,598
the
4577
00:24:59,598 --> 00:25:00,018
orange
4578
00:25:00,018 --> 00:25:00,138
and
4579
00:25:00,138 --> 00:25:00,378
poop
4580
00:25:00,378 --> 00:25:00,558
out
4581
00:25:00,558 --> 00:25:00,768
the
4582
00:25:00,768 --> 00:25:01,068
orange
4583
00:25:01,068 --> 00:25:01,458
seeds
4584
00:25:01,758 --> 00:25:01,968
so
4585
00:25:01,968 --> 00:25:02,058
the
4586
00:25:02,058 --> 00:25:02,568
plants
4587
00:25:02,868 --> 00:25:03,648
co-evolved
4588
00:25:03,648 --> 00:25:03,888
with
4589
00:25:03,888 --> 00:25:04,188
us
.
4590
00:25:04,218 --> 00:25:04,428
They
4591
00:25:04,428 --> 00:25:04,668
made
4592
00:25:04,668 --> 00:25:05,028
better
4593
00:25:05,028 --> 00:25:05,448
colors
4594
00:25:05,448 --> 00:25:05,628
when
4595
00:25:05,628 --> 00:25:05,778
we
4596
00:25:05,778 --> 00:25:05,958
ate
4597
00:25:05,958 --> 00:25:06,168
those
4598
00:25:06,168 --> 00:25:06,708
things
,
4599
00:25:07,938 --> 00:25:08,388
they
4600
00:25:08,388 --> 00:25:08,658
got
4601
00:25:08,658 --> 00:25:08,808
they
4602
00:25:08,808 --> 00:25:08,958
did
4603
00:25:08,958 --> 00:25:09,198
better
4604
00:25:09,198 --> 00:25:09,408
because
4605
00:25:09,408 --> 00:25:09,528
they
4606
00:25:09,528 --> 00:25:09,768
spread
4607
00:25:09,768 --> 00:25:09,918
their
4608
00:25:09,918 --> 00:25:10,458
seeds
.
4609
00:25:11,118 --> 00:25:11,268
If
4610
00:25:11,268 --> 00:25:11,388
we
4611
00:25:11,388 --> 00:25:11,628
didn't
4612
00:25:11,628 --> 00:25:11,808
see
4613
00:25:11,808 --> 00:25:12,018
those
4614
00:25:12,018 --> 00:25:12,498
colors
4615
00:25:12,498 --> 00:25:12,618
and
4616
00:25:12,618 --> 00:25:12,738
we
4617
00:25:12,738 --> 00:25:12,948
didn't
4618
00:25:12,948 --> 00:25:13,068
get
4619
00:25:13,068 --> 00:25:13,128
a
4620
00:25:13,128 --> 00:25:13,518
reward
4621
00:25:13,518 --> 00:25:13,728
from
4622
00:25:13,728 --> 00:25:13,878
it
,
4623
00:25:14,058 --> 00:25:14,358
we
4624
00:25:14,358 --> 00:25:14,568
didn't
4625
00:25:14,568 --> 00:25:14,688
eat
4626
00:25:14,688 --> 00:25:14,778
the
4627
00:25:14,778 --> 00:25:15,198
food
.
4628
00:25:15,198 --> 00:25:15,438
And
4629
00:25:15,438 --> 00:25:15,618
so
4630
00:25:15,618 --> 00:25:15,708
we
4631
00:25:15,708 --> 00:25:16,008
didn't
4632
00:25:16,008 --> 00:25:16,308
didn't
4633
00:25:16,308 --> 00:25:16,848
survive
.
4634
00:25:17,058 --> 00:25:17,208
So
4635
00:25:17,208 --> 00:25:17,358
this
4636
00:25:17,358 --> 00:25:17,478
was
4637
00:25:17,478 --> 00:25:17,538
a
4638
00:25:17,538 --> 00:25:18,498
coevolution
4639
00:25:18,708 --> 00:25:19,098
of
4640
00:25:19,098 --> 00:25:19,308
of
4641
00:25:19,308 --> 00:25:19,338
a
4642
00:25:19,338 --> 00:25:19,848
system
4643
00:25:19,848 --> 00:25:19,968
of
4644
00:25:19,968 --> 00:25:20,568
rewards
4645
00:25:20,718 --> 00:25:20,868
that
4646
00:25:20,868 --> 00:25:20,988
had
4647
00:25:20,988 --> 00:25:21,408
already
4648
00:25:21,408 --> 00:25:22,128
pre-existed
.
4649
00:25:22,128 --> 00:25:22,248
And
4650
00:25:22,248 --> 00:25:22,398
that's
4651
00:25:22,398 --> 00:25:22,458
why
4652
00:25:22,458 --> 00:25:22,608
that's
4653
00:25:22,608 --> 00:25:22,758
why
4654
00:25:22,758 --> 00:25:22,848
I
4655
00:25:22,848 --> 00:25:23,088
think
4656
00:25:23,088 --> 00:25:23,358
that
4657
00:25:23,688 --> 00:25:23,898
it
4658
00:25:23,908 --> 00:25:24,408
legitimate
4659
00:25:24,408 --> 00:25:24,468
to
4660
00:25:24,468 --> 00:25:24,618
be
4661
00:25:24,618 --> 00:25:24,978
working
4662
00:25:24,978 --> 00:25:25,158
with
4663
00:25:25,278 --> 00:25:25,818
crayfish
4664
00:25:26,058 --> 00:25:26,508
and
4665
00:25:26,598 --> 00:25:27,168
crustaceans
4666
00:25:27,168 --> 00:25:27,258
in
4667
00:25:27,258 --> 00:25:27,708
general
,
4668
00:25:28,518 --> 00:25:29,088
because
4669
00:25:29,798 --> 00:25:30,108
I
4670
00:25:30,318 --> 00:25:30,618
think
4671
00:25:30,618 --> 00:25:30,768
that
4672
00:25:30,768 --> 00:25:30,888
the
4673
00:25:30,888 --> 00:25:31,338
dopamine
4674
00:25:31,338 --> 00:25:31,458
is
4675
00:25:31,458 --> 00:25:31,968
so
4676
00:25:31,968 --> 00:25:32,538
basic
4677
00:25:32,778 --> 00:25:33,258
to
4678
00:25:33,558 --> 00:25:33,708
the
4679
00:25:33,708 --> 00:25:34,278
way
4680
00:25:35,748 --> 00:25:36,078
all
4681
00:25:36,078 --> 00:25:36,378
life
4682
00:25:36,378 --> 00:25:36,528
has
4683
00:25:36,528 --> 00:25:37,098
evolved
4684
00:25:37,758 --> 00:25:38,208
that
4685
00:25:38,268 --> 00:25:38,678
I
4686
00:25:38,988 --> 00:25:39,468
looking
4687
00:25:39,468 --> 00:25:39,678
at
4688
00:25:39,678 --> 00:25:39,858
an
4689
00:25:40,308 --> 00:25:40,788
entirely
4690
00:25:40,788 --> 00:25:41,178
nother
4691
00:25:41,178 --> 00:25:41,688
branch
4692
00:25:41,688 --> 00:25:41,868
of
4693
00:25:41,868 --> 00:25:41,958
the
4694
00:25:41,958 --> 00:25:42,228
animal
4695
00:25:42,228 --> 00:25:42,738
kingdom
4696
00:25:43,518 --> 00:25:43,788
other
4697
00:25:43,788 --> 00:25:44,058
than
4698
00:25:44,058 --> 00:25:44,298
other
4699
00:25:44,298 --> 00:25:44,478
than
4700
00:25:44,478 --> 00:25:45,018
mammals
,
4701
00:25:45,228 --> 00:25:45,888
I
4702
00:25:45,888 --> 00:25:46,098
think
4703
00:25:46,098 --> 00:25:46,218
is
4704
00:25:46,218 --> 00:25:46,668
useful
.
4705
00:25:46,668 --> 00:25:46,818
And
4706
00:25:46,818 --> 00:25:46,938
I
4707
00:25:46,938 --> 00:25:47,148
think
4708
00:25:47,148 --> 00:25:47,328
what
4709
00:25:47,328 --> 00:25:47,418
I
4710
00:25:47,418 --> 00:25:47,538
have
4711
00:25:47,538 --> 00:25:47,778
done
4712
00:25:47,778 --> 00:25:48,178
is
4713
00:25:48,198 --> 00:25:48,348
I've
4714
00:25:48,348 --> 00:25:48,498
come
4715
00:25:48,498 --> 00:25:48,618
up
4716
00:25:48,618 --> 00:25:48,798
with
4717
00:25:48,798 --> 00:25:48,918
a
4718
00:25:48,918 --> 00:25:49,488
simpler
4719
00:25:49,488 --> 00:25:49,878
model
4720
00:25:50,118 --> 00:25:50,268
that
4721
00:25:50,268 --> 00:25:50,808
explains
4722
00:25:50,928 --> 00:25:51,348
how
4723
00:25:51,348 --> 00:25:51,828
dopamine
4724
00:25:51,828 --> 00:25:52,278
works
,
4725
00:25:52,878 --> 00:25:53,148
that
4726
00:25:53,448 --> 00:25:53,768
is
4727
00:25:53,778 --> 00:25:54,068
is
4728
00:25:54,068 --> 00:25:54,348
is
4729
00:25:54,678 --> 00:25:55,158
better
4730
00:25:55,158 --> 00:25:55,338
than
4731
00:25:55,338 --> 00:25:55,428
the
4732
00:25:55,428 --> 00:25:55,848
existing
4733
00:25:55,848 --> 00:25:56,088
ones
.
4734
00:25:56,088 --> 00:25:56,408
And
4735
00:25:56,458 --> 00:25:56,548
it
4736
00:25:56,598 --> 00:25:57,078
explains
4737
00:25:57,078 --> 00:25:57,438
more
4738
00:25:57,438 --> 00:25:57,588
of
4739
00:25:57,678 --> 00:25:57,888
of
4740
00:25:57,888 --> 00:25:57,978
the
4741
00:25:57,978 --> 00:25:58,548
observed
,
4742
00:25:59,448 --> 00:25:59,568
you
4743
00:25:59,568 --> 00:25:59,698
know
,
4744
00:25:59,698 --> 00:25:59,738
the
4745
00:25:59,748 --> 00:26:00,108
universe
4746
00:26:00,108 --> 00:26:00,408
around
4747
00:26:00,408 --> 00:26:00,678
us
.
4748
00:26:01,088 --> 00:26:01,898
Fascinating
.
4749
00:26:02,438 --> 00:26:02,558
Well
,
4750
00:26:02,588 --> 00:26:02,888
thank
4751
00:26:02,888 --> 00:26:02,978
you
4752
00:26:02,978 --> 00:26:03,188
so
4753
00:26:03,188 --> 00:26:03,548
much
.
4754
00:26:03,968 --> 00:26:04,088
All
4755
00:26:04,088 --> 00:26:04,328
right
.
4756
00:26:04,328 --> 00:26:04,478
So
4757
00:26:04,628 --> 00:26:04,868
that's
4758
00:26:04,958 --> 00:26:05,138
my
4759
00:26:05,138 --> 00:26:05,738
research
.
4760
00:26:05,738 --> 00:26:06,008
I
4761
00:26:06,008 --> 00:26:06,278
will
4762
00:26:06,428 --> 00:26:06,728
talk
4763
00:26:06,728 --> 00:26:07,148
again
4764
00:26:07,388 --> 00:26:07,718
next
4765
00:26:07,718 --> 00:26:07,988
week
.
4766
00:26:08,198 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
4767
00:26:08,198 --> 00:26:08,708
One
4768
00:26:09,038 --> 00:26:09,458
bit
4769
00:26:09,698 --> 00:26:09,938
of
4770
00:26:09,938 --> 00:26:10,118
your
4771
00:26:10,118 --> 00:26:10,598
research
.
4772
00:26:10,598 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
4773
00:26:10,598 --> 00:26:10,868
Yes
.
4774
00:26:10,868 --> 00:26:11,258
Well
,
4775
00:26:11,738 --> 00:26:12,008
that's
4776
00:26:12,008 --> 00:26:12,218
that's
4777
00:26:12,218 --> 00:26:12,368
what
4778
00:26:12,368 --> 00:26:12,458
I'm
4779
00:26:12,458 --> 00:26:12,908
focusing
4780
00:26:12,908 --> 00:26:13,058
on
4781
00:26:13,058 --> 00:26:13,118
at
4782
00:26:13,118 --> 00:26:13,268
this
4783
00:26:13,268 --> 00:26:13,778
particular
4784
00:26:13,778 --> 00:26:14,018
moment
4785
00:26:14,018 --> 00:26:14,078
in
4786
00:26:14,078 --> 00:26:14,378
time
.
4787
00:26:14,498 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
4788
00:26:14,498 --> 00:26:14,648
All
4789
00:26:14,648 --> 00:26:15,008
right
.
4790
00:26:15,128 --> 00:26:15,488
Very
4791
00:26:15,488 --> 00:26:15,698
good
.
4792
00:26:15,698 --> 00:26:15,878
Well
,
4793
00:26:15,878 --> 00:26:16,178
thank
4794
00:26:16,178 --> 00:26:16,238
you
4795
00:26:16,238 --> 00:26:16,478
very
4796
00:26:16,478 --> 00:26:16,838
much
.
4797
00:26:16,838 --> 00:26:17,198
We'll
4798
00:26:18,008 --> 00:26:18,188
see
4799
00:26:18,188 --> 00:26:18,248
you
4800
00:26:18,248 --> 00:26:18,458
next
4801
00:26:18,458 --> 00:26:18,658
time
.
4802
00:26:18,698 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
4803
00:26:18,698 --> 00:26:19,118
Excellent
.
4804
00:26:19,118 --> 00:26:19,328
Thank
4805
00:26:19,328 --> 00:26:19,508
you
.