Chapter 5 Part 2, The QQuichua Hero-God Viracocha

WEBVTT
1
00:00:01.120 --> 00:00:06.639
Section seventeen, Chapter five, Part two of American Hero Myths.
2
00:00:07.559 --> 00:00:11.400
This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
3
00:00:11.480 --> 00:00:16.079
the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
4
00:00:16.160 --> 00:00:23.879
visit LibriVox dot org. Read by Linda Sonrisa Jones. American
5
00:00:23.920 --> 00:00:26.760
Hero Myths, A study in the Native religions of the
6
00:00:26.800 --> 00:00:32.200
Western Continent by Daniel Garrison Brinton, Chapter five, Part two.
7
00:00:33.439 --> 00:00:38.960
The Quechewa hero god Viracocha. In the mythology of the
8
00:00:39.039 --> 00:00:43.759
Quechewas and apparently also of the Aymairas, the leading figure
9
00:00:44.079 --> 00:00:48.439
is Viracocha. His august presence is in one cycle of
10
00:00:48.520 --> 00:00:54.000
legends that of infinite Creator, the primal Cause. In another,
11
00:00:54.159 --> 00:00:59.039
he is the beneficent teacher and wise ruler. In other words,
12
00:00:59.200 --> 00:01:02.799
he too, like Ketzukuwato and the others whom I have
13
00:01:02.920 --> 00:01:06.439
told about, is at one time God and at others
14
00:01:06.599 --> 00:01:11.560
the incarnation of God as the first cause and ground
15
00:01:11.640 --> 00:01:17.159
of all things. Viracocha's distinctive epithet was Tichi the Cause,
16
00:01:17.480 --> 00:01:23.239
the beginning, or Eatchi the ancient cause, the first beginning
17
00:01:23.760 --> 00:01:27.319
and endeavor. In words, to express the absolute priority of
18
00:01:27.400 --> 00:01:31.400
his essence and existence. He it was who had made
19
00:01:31.439 --> 00:01:34.079
and molded the Sun, and endowed it with a portion
20
00:01:34.239 --> 00:01:37.599
of his own divinity to wit the glory of its
21
00:01:37.640 --> 00:01:41.560
far shining rays. He had formed the moon and given
22
00:01:41.560 --> 00:01:44.319
her light, and set her in the heavens to rule
23
00:01:44.359 --> 00:01:47.480
over the waters and the winds, over the queens of
24
00:01:47.519 --> 00:01:51.319
the earth, and the parturition of women. And it was
25
00:01:51.359 --> 00:01:56.239
still he, the great Viracocha, who had created the beautiful Chasca,
26
00:01:56.719 --> 00:02:01.400
the Aurora, the dawn goddess of all unspotted maidens, like
27
00:02:01.439 --> 00:02:05.319
herself her, who in turn decked the fields and woods
28
00:02:05.319 --> 00:02:09.199
with flowers, whose time was the gloaming and the twilight,
29
00:02:09.560 --> 00:02:13.120
whose messengers were the fleecy clouds which sail through the sky,
30
00:02:13.800 --> 00:02:18.719
and who, when she shakes her clustering hair, drops noiselessly
31
00:02:18.840 --> 00:02:24.240
pearls of dew on the green grass fields. Invisible and
32
00:02:24.360 --> 00:02:29.439
incorporeal himself, so also were his messengers, the light rays
33
00:02:29.960 --> 00:02:35.599
called Waminka, the faithful soldiers, and high high Panti, the
34
00:02:35.680 --> 00:02:40.599
shining ones, who conveyed his decrees to every part. He
35
00:02:40.759 --> 00:02:46.599
himself was omnipresent, imparting motion and life, form an existence
36
00:02:46.879 --> 00:02:50.400
to all that is. Therefore, it was, says an old
37
00:02:50.439 --> 00:02:54.439
writer with more than usual insight into man's moral nature,
38
00:02:54.960 --> 00:02:58.560
with more than usual charity for a persecuted race. That
39
00:02:58.719 --> 00:03:02.560
when these natives worship some swift river or pellucid spring,
40
00:03:03.159 --> 00:03:06.879
some mountain or grove, it was not that they believed
41
00:03:06.879 --> 00:03:10.319
that some particular divinity was there, or that it was
42
00:03:10.360 --> 00:03:13.560
a living thing, but because they believed that the great
43
00:03:13.599 --> 00:03:18.439
God Ilatchi had created and placed it there, and impressed
44
00:03:18.479 --> 00:03:22.039
upon it some mark of distinction beyond other objects of
45
00:03:22.080 --> 00:03:25.439
its class, that it might thus be designated as an
46
00:03:25.439 --> 00:03:30.000
appropriate spot whereat to worship the maker of all things.
47
00:03:30.319 --> 00:03:33.479
And this is manifest from the prayers they uttered when
48
00:03:33.520 --> 00:03:37.680
engaged in adoration, because they are not addressed to that
49
00:03:37.919 --> 00:03:41.319
mountain or river or cave, but to the great et
50
00:03:41.719 --> 00:03:46.520
Iyatichi Viracocha, who they believed lived in the heavens and
51
00:03:46.639 --> 00:03:51.680
yet was invisibly present in that sacred object. In the
52
00:03:51.680 --> 00:03:55.759
prayers for the dead, Iyatichi was appealed to to protect
53
00:03:55.800 --> 00:03:58.680
the body, that it should not seek corruption or become
54
00:03:58.759 --> 00:04:01.400
lost in the earth, and that he should not allow
55
00:04:01.439 --> 00:04:05.599
the soul to wander aimlessly in the infinite spaces, but
56
00:04:05.680 --> 00:04:10.000
that it should be conducted to some secure haven of contentment,
57
00:04:10.479 --> 00:04:14.159
where it might receive the sacrifices and offerings which loving
58
00:04:14.240 --> 00:04:18.800
hands laid upon the tomb. Were other gods also called upon,
59
00:04:19.319 --> 00:04:22.680
It was that they might intercede with the Supreme Divinity
60
00:04:23.040 --> 00:04:28.360
in favor of these petitions of mortals to him. Likewise,
61
00:04:28.439 --> 00:04:31.279
the chief priest at certain times offered a child of
62
00:04:31.319 --> 00:04:35.040
six years with a prayer for the prosperity of the Inca.
63
00:04:35.199 --> 00:04:40.560
In such terms as these, O, Lord, we offer thee
64
00:04:40.560 --> 00:04:44.519
this child, in order that thou wilt maintain us in comfort,
65
00:04:44.800 --> 00:04:47.800
and give us victory in war, and keep to our
66
00:04:47.879 --> 00:04:51.680
lord the Inca, his greatness and his state, and grant
67
00:04:51.759 --> 00:04:56.439
him wisdom that he may govern us righteously. Or such
68
00:04:56.439 --> 00:05:02.560
a prayer as this was offered up by the assembled multitude. Oh, Viracocha,
69
00:05:02.800 --> 00:05:08.279
ever present, Viracocha, cause of all, Viracocha, the helper, the
70
00:05:08.360 --> 00:05:16.120
ceaseless worker, Viracocha, who gives the beginnings, Viracocha, who encourages Viracocha,
71
00:05:16.240 --> 00:05:21.639
the always fortunate Viracocha, ever near. Listen to this our prayer,
72
00:05:22.160 --> 00:05:29.480
Send health, send prosperity to us thy people. Thus Viracocha
73
00:05:29.680 --> 00:05:33.079
was placed above and beyond all other gods, the essential
74
00:05:33.279 --> 00:05:39.399
first cause, infinite, incorporeal, invisible above the sun, older than
75
00:05:39.439 --> 00:05:49.199
the beginning, but omnipresent, accessible, beneficent. Does this seem too abstract,
76
00:05:49.519 --> 00:05:52.319
too elevated a notion of God for a race whom
77
00:05:52.319 --> 00:05:56.360
we are accustomed to deem gross and barbaric. I cannot
78
00:05:56.439 --> 00:06:00.360
help it. The testimony of the earliest observers and the
79
00:06:00.399 --> 00:06:04.600
living proof of language are too strong to allow of doubt.
80
00:06:05.000 --> 00:06:07.680
The adjectives which were applied to this divinity by the
81
00:06:07.759 --> 00:06:11.199
native priests are still on record, and that they were
82
00:06:11.319 --> 00:06:15.680
not alone from Christian theology is conclusively shown by the
83
00:06:15.759 --> 00:06:19.560
fact that the very writers who preserved them often did
84
00:06:19.560 --> 00:06:25.199
not know their meaning and translated them incorrectly. Thus, even
85
00:06:25.240 --> 00:06:28.879
Garcilaso de la Vega, himself of the Blood of the Incas,
86
00:06:29.279 --> 00:06:32.120
tells us that neither he nor the natives of that
87
00:06:32.240 --> 00:06:38.000
day could translate Tchi. Thus, also Garcia and Acosta inform
88
00:06:38.120 --> 00:06:43.759
us that Viracocha was surnamed Usapu, which they translate admirable,
89
00:06:44.360 --> 00:06:48.199
but really it means he who accomplishes all that he undertakes,
90
00:06:48.680 --> 00:06:53.439
he who is successful in all things. Molina has preserved
91
00:06:53.439 --> 00:06:58.279
the term imamana, which means he who controls or owns
92
00:06:58.319 --> 00:07:03.360
all things. That tai Pachi yachachi, which the Spanish writers
93
00:07:03.399 --> 00:07:08.120
render creator, really means the teacher of the world. That
94
00:07:08.279 --> 00:07:13.800
of Caya signifies the ever present one. Taripaca, which has
95
00:07:13.839 --> 00:07:16.959
been guessed to be the same as tarapaca an eagle,
96
00:07:17.639 --> 00:07:21.160
is really a derivative of tarapani to sit in judgment,
97
00:07:21.759 --> 00:07:25.279
and was applied to Viracocha as the final arbiter of
98
00:07:25.319 --> 00:07:29.879
the actions and destinies of man. Another of his frequent
99
00:07:29.920 --> 00:07:34.040
appellations for which no explanation has been offered, was tokey
100
00:07:34.240 --> 00:07:39.839
or tocapo properly toukupe. It means he who finishes, who
101
00:07:39.879 --> 00:07:48.759
completes and perfects, and is antithetical to tichi, he who begins. Footnote.
102
00:07:49.079 --> 00:07:52.800
Melchior Ernandez, one of the earliest writers whose works are
103
00:07:52.839 --> 00:07:56.360
now lost, but who is quoted in the relation Anonyma,
104
00:07:56.800 --> 00:08:02.680
gives this name tocapu cristoph while de Molina Ubisup spells
105
00:08:02.720 --> 00:08:09.319
it tocapo la vega tokay Molina gives its signification the maker.
106
00:08:09.800 --> 00:08:14.600
It is from the word tukupei or toukuchani to finish, complete,
107
00:08:14.839 --> 00:08:21.560
perfect end footnote. These two terms express the eternity of divinity.
108
00:08:24.240 --> 00:08:27.560
They convey the same idea of mastery over time and
109
00:08:27.680 --> 00:08:30.600
the things of time, as to those words heard by
110
00:08:30.680 --> 00:08:34.879
the evangelist in his vision in the Isle, called Patmos
111
00:08:35.559 --> 00:08:39.399
I am Alpha and Omega I am the beginning and
112
00:08:39.440 --> 00:08:45.360
the End. Yet another epithet of Viracocha was Zappala. It
113
00:08:45.480 --> 00:08:50.799
conveys strongly and positively the monotheistic idea. It means the one,
114
00:08:51.440 --> 00:08:55.600
or more strongly, the only one. Nor must it be
115
00:08:55.679 --> 00:08:59.759
supposed that this monotheism was unconscious, that it was for
116
00:08:59.759 --> 00:09:04.480
a form of hinotheism, where the devotion of the adorer
117
00:09:04.759 --> 00:09:08.320
filled his soul merely to the forgetfulness of other deities,
118
00:09:09.120 --> 00:09:12.039
or that it was simply the logical law of unity
119
00:09:12.159 --> 00:09:15.240
asserting itself, as was the case with many of the
120
00:09:15.320 --> 00:09:20.879
apparently monotheistic utterances of the Greek and Roman writers. No,
121
00:09:21.480 --> 00:09:24.399
the evidence is such that we are obliged to acknowledge
122
00:09:24.440 --> 00:09:28.879
that the religion of Peru was a consciously monotheistic cult,
123
00:09:29.399 --> 00:09:32.399
every wit as much so as the Greek or Roman
124
00:09:32.679 --> 00:09:37.879
Catholic churches of Christendom. Those writers who have called the
125
00:09:37.879 --> 00:09:41.639
Inca religion a sun worship have been led astray by
126
00:09:41.679 --> 00:09:47.159
superficial resemblances. One of the best early authorities. Christovalde Molina
127
00:09:47.480 --> 00:09:51.919
repeats with emphasis the statement they did not recognize the
128
00:09:51.960 --> 00:09:55.919
Sun as their creator, but as created by the Creator,
129
00:09:56.600 --> 00:09:59.759
and this creator was not born of woman, but was
130
00:10:00.080 --> 00:10:05.799
unchangeable and eternal. For conclusive testimony on this point, however,
131
00:10:06.200 --> 00:10:09.960
we may turn to an informacion or inquiry as to
132
00:10:10.000 --> 00:10:14.879
the ancient belief, instituted in fifteen seventy one by order
133
00:10:14.919 --> 00:10:19.559
of the Viceroy Don Francisco de Torleedo. The oldest Indians,
134
00:10:19.679 --> 00:10:24.200
especially those of noble birth, including many descendants of the Incas,
135
00:10:24.240 --> 00:10:27.080
were assembled at different times and in different parts of
136
00:10:27.120 --> 00:10:31.720
the country, and carefully questioned through the official interpreter as
137
00:10:31.759 --> 00:10:35.440
to just what the old religion was. The questions were
138
00:10:35.440 --> 00:10:40.000
not leading ones, and the replies have great uniformity. They
139
00:10:40.039 --> 00:10:45.399
all agreed that Viracocha was worshiped as creator and as
140
00:10:45.440 --> 00:10:50.279
the ever present, active divinity. He alone answered prayers and
141
00:10:50.399 --> 00:10:54.240
aided in time of need. He was the sole efficient God.
142
00:10:55.159 --> 00:10:58.039
All prayers to the Sun, or to the deceased Incas
143
00:10:58.320 --> 00:11:02.039
or to idols were directed to them as intercessors. Only.
144
00:11:02.679 --> 00:11:10.720
On this point the statements were most positive. Footnote Aeos
145
00:11:10.799 --> 00:11:15.679
solo Viracoca Tenian poras edor de todas las cosas ike
146
00:11:15.919 --> 00:11:20.440
el solo los podia so cooreer ike de todus los
147
00:11:20.440 --> 00:11:24.919
de mas los Tenian pursus intersess ike anzi los de
148
00:11:25.039 --> 00:11:30.840
cien aeos and susoraciones antiguas anti quevus and cristianos ike
149
00:11:31.000 --> 00:11:37.840
a si lodicen. In the claren porcosa usierta verdadera Informacion
150
00:11:37.879 --> 00:11:42.320
de las Idolotras de los incas a Indios in the
151
00:11:42.519 --> 00:11:48.480
Colleccion de Documentos Ineditos del Archivo de Indias, Volume twenty one,
152
00:11:48.679 --> 00:11:53.799
page one ninety eight, other witnesses said, los dichos ingas
153
00:11:53.919 --> 00:11:59.559
is susante pasados Tenian por creator al solo viracoca ike
154
00:11:59.799 --> 00:12:04.679
soo solo los podia sokorer id page one eighty four.
155
00:12:05.240 --> 00:12:10.720
Ador raban Ariracocha porasdor de tols las cosas como a
156
00:12:10.879 --> 00:12:16.360
el sol ia hachakuna los adoraba portelos Tenian porijos de
157
00:12:16.519 --> 00:12:23.360
Viracocha iporcosa mui ayegada suya, page one thirty three, and
158
00:12:23.600 --> 00:12:28.600
footnote the son was but one of Viracocha's creations, not
159
00:12:28.840 --> 00:12:34.000
itself the creator. It is singular that historians have continued
160
00:12:34.000 --> 00:12:37.120
to repeat that the Quechuas adored the Sun as their
161
00:12:37.159 --> 00:12:41.000
principal divinity in the face of such evidence. To the contrary,
162
00:12:41.960 --> 00:12:45.080
if this inquiry and its important statements had not been
163
00:12:45.159 --> 00:12:48.279
accessible to them at any rate, they could readily have
164
00:12:48.399 --> 00:12:51.639
learned the same lesson from the well known history of
165
00:12:51.759 --> 00:12:56.519
Father Joseph Deacosta. That author says and repeats with great
166
00:12:56.559 --> 00:13:00.879
positiveness that the Son was in Peru a second day divinity,
167
00:13:01.440 --> 00:13:04.879
and that the supreme deity, the creator and ruler of
168
00:13:04.919 --> 00:13:11.039
the world, was Virakocha. Another misapprehension is that these natives
169
00:13:11.120 --> 00:13:16.519
worshiped directly their ancestors. Thus, mister Markham rites the Incas
170
00:13:16.519 --> 00:13:21.039
worshiped their ancestors, the Pakarina or forefather of the Ayu
171
00:13:21.240 --> 00:13:25.279
or lineage, being idolized as the soul or essence of
172
00:13:25.360 --> 00:13:30.360
his descendants. But in the inquiry above quoted, it is
173
00:13:30.480 --> 00:13:34.639
explained that this belief, in fact was that the soul
174
00:13:34.720 --> 00:13:37.039
of the Inca went at death to the presence of
175
00:13:37.080 --> 00:13:42.279
the deity Virakocha and its emblem. The actual body, carefully preserved,
176
00:13:42.799 --> 00:13:45.799
was paid divine honors in order that the soul might
177
00:13:45.879 --> 00:13:51.360
intercede with Viracocha for the fulfillment of the prayers. We
178
00:13:51.399 --> 00:13:54.960
are compelled, therefore, by the best evidence now attainable, to
179
00:13:55.080 --> 00:13:58.799
adopt the conclusion that the Inca religion, in its purity,
180
00:13:59.279 --> 00:14:03.600
deserved the name of monotheism. The statements of the natives
181
00:14:03.639 --> 00:14:07.360
and the terms of their religious language unite in confirming
182
00:14:07.399 --> 00:14:11.000
this opinion. It is not right to depreciate the force
183
00:14:11.080 --> 00:14:13.360
of these facts simply because we have made up our
184
00:14:13.440 --> 00:14:16.399
minds that a people in the intellectual stage of the
185
00:14:16.399 --> 00:14:19.960
Peruvians could not have mounted to such a pure air
186
00:14:20.120 --> 00:14:24.759
of religion. A prejudgment of this kind is unworthy of
187
00:14:24.799 --> 00:14:29.039
a scientific mind. The evidence is complete that the terms
188
00:14:29.080 --> 00:14:31.799
I have quoted did belong to the religious language of
189
00:14:31.840 --> 00:14:36.600
ancient Peru. They expressed the conception of divinity which the
190
00:14:36.639 --> 00:14:39.799
thinkers of that people had formed, and whether it is
191
00:14:39.840 --> 00:14:42.159
thought to be in keeping or not with the rest
192
00:14:42.200 --> 00:14:44.720
of their development, it is our bound in duty to
193
00:14:44.759 --> 00:14:48.879
accept it and explain it as best we can. Other
194
00:14:48.960 --> 00:14:51.919
instances might be quoted from the religious history of the
195
00:14:52.000 --> 00:14:55.519
Old World, where a nation's insight into the attributes of
196
00:14:55.639 --> 00:14:59.720
deity was singularly in advance of their general state of
197
00:14:59.759 --> 00:15:04.360
cour cultivation. The best thinkers of the Semitic race, for example,
198
00:15:04.799 --> 00:15:08.720
from Moses to Spinosa, have been in this respect far
199
00:15:08.759 --> 00:15:15.039
ahead of their often more generally enlightened Aryan contemporaries. The
200
00:15:15.120 --> 00:15:18.399
more interesting in view of this lofty ideal of divinity
201
00:15:18.480 --> 00:15:22.519
they had attained became the Peruvian myths of the incarnation
202
00:15:22.799 --> 00:15:27.279
of Iracocha, his life and doings as a man among men.
203
00:15:29.039 --> 00:15:32.320
These myths present themselves indifferent, but to the reader who
204
00:15:32.360 --> 00:15:37.000
has accompanied me thus far, now familiar forms. Once more
205
00:15:37.039 --> 00:15:39.360
we meet the story of the four brothers, the first
206
00:15:39.399 --> 00:15:42.320
of men. They appeared on the earth after it had
207
00:15:42.360 --> 00:15:45.720
been rescued from the primeval waters, and the face of
208
00:15:45.759 --> 00:15:50.519
the land was divided between them. Mounco Kapak took the north,
209
00:15:51.159 --> 00:15:56.080
Koya the south, Pinahua the west, and the east the
210
00:15:56.159 --> 00:15:59.159
region whence come the sun and the light was given
211
00:15:59.200 --> 00:16:03.720
to tokay O Tokapa to Viracocha under his name of
212
00:16:03.799 --> 00:16:09.720
the Finisher, he who completes and perfects. The outlines of
213
00:16:09.759 --> 00:16:13.759
this legend are identical with another, where Viracocha appears under
214
00:16:13.759 --> 00:16:17.519
the name of a Arcacci. This was, in its broad
215
00:16:17.600 --> 00:16:20.919
outlines the most general myth that which has been handed
216
00:16:20.960 --> 00:16:24.480
down by the most numerous authorities, and which they tell
217
00:16:24.559 --> 00:16:28.679
us was taken directly from the ancient songs of the Indians,
218
00:16:28.720 --> 00:16:31.559
as repeated by those who could recall the days of
219
00:16:31.639 --> 00:16:37.960
the Incas Wascar and Atawalpa it Ran. In this wise,
220
00:16:38.399 --> 00:16:40.679
in the beginning of things, there appeared on the earth
221
00:16:40.759 --> 00:16:46.039
four brothers, whose names were of the oldest Ayarcacci, which
222
00:16:46.080 --> 00:16:51.840
means he who gives being or who causes of the youngest, Iarmanco,
223
00:16:52.039 --> 00:16:56.440
and of the others aar Auka, the enemy, and Iaruchu.
224
00:16:56.919 --> 00:16:59.840
Their father was the son. And the place of their birth,
225
00:17:00.120 --> 00:17:03.440
or rather of their appearance on earth was Pakai Tampu,
226
00:17:04.000 --> 00:17:07.480
which means the house of the morning or the mansion
227
00:17:07.680 --> 00:17:11.200
of the dawn. In after days, a certain cave near
228
00:17:11.279 --> 00:17:14.480
Gusco was so called and pointed out as the scene
229
00:17:14.519 --> 00:17:17.799
of this momentous event. But we may well believe that
230
00:17:17.839 --> 00:17:20.759
a nobler sight than any the earth affords could be
231
00:17:20.839 --> 00:17:25.720
correctly designated. These brothers were clothed in long and flowing
232
00:17:25.799 --> 00:17:29.680
robes with short upper garments without sleeves or collar, and
233
00:17:29.799 --> 00:17:33.519
this raiment was worked with marvelous skill and glittered and
234
00:17:33.599 --> 00:17:37.880
shone like light. They were powerful and proud and determined
235
00:17:37.920 --> 00:17:41.160
to rule the whole earth, and for this purpose divided
236
00:17:41.200 --> 00:17:44.960
it into four parts, the north, the South, the East,
237
00:17:45.160 --> 00:17:50.039
and the west. Hence they were called by the people Tawanten, Suryu, Kapac,
238
00:17:50.920 --> 00:17:54.799
lords of all four quarters of the earth. The most
239
00:17:54.839 --> 00:17:58.559
powerful of these was Ayarkachi. He possessed a sling of
240
00:17:58.599 --> 00:18:01.160
gold and in it a stone with which he could
241
00:18:01.200 --> 00:18:04.960
demolish lofty mountains and hurl aloft to the clouds themselves.
242
00:18:05.759 --> 00:18:09.119
He gathered together the natives of the country at Pakhari Tampu,
243
00:18:09.559 --> 00:18:12.160
and accumulated at the house of the Dawn a great
244
00:18:12.240 --> 00:18:16.480
treasure of yellow gold, like the glittering horde which we
245
00:18:16.599 --> 00:18:19.759
read of in the Lay of Nebelung. The treasure brought
246
00:18:19.839 --> 00:18:23.480
with it the destruction of its owner. For his brothers,
247
00:18:23.799 --> 00:18:27.720
envious of the wondrous pile, persuaded Aarkachi to enter the
248
00:18:27.759 --> 00:18:30.359
cave where he kept his hoard, in order to bring
249
00:18:30.359 --> 00:18:33.440
out a certain vase, and also to pray to their father,
250
00:18:33.599 --> 00:18:37.880
the Son, to aid them to rule their domains. As
251
00:18:37.880 --> 00:18:40.359
soon as he had entered, they stopped the mouth of
252
00:18:40.400 --> 00:18:44.720
the cave with huge stones, and thus rid of him.
253
00:18:44.839 --> 00:18:47.799
They set about collecting the people and making a settlement
254
00:18:47.839 --> 00:18:51.480
at a certain place called Tampu Kiru, the teeth of
255
00:18:51.519 --> 00:18:55.519
the house. But they did not know the magical power
256
00:18:55.559 --> 00:18:58.519
of their brother. While they were busy with their plans,
257
00:18:58.559 --> 00:19:01.920
what was their dismay to see the Ayarcacci freed from
258
00:19:01.960 --> 00:19:06.119
the cave and with great wings of brilliantly colored feathers
259
00:19:06.640 --> 00:19:09.720
hovering like a bird in the air over their heads.
260
00:19:10.200 --> 00:19:14.880
They expected swift retribution for their intended fratricide, but instead
261
00:19:14.920 --> 00:19:19.759
of this they heard reassuring words from his lips. Have
262
00:19:19.920 --> 00:19:23.599
no fear, he said, I left you in order that
263
00:19:23.680 --> 00:19:26.759
the great Empire of the Incas might be known to men.
264
00:19:27.720 --> 00:19:32.000
Leave therefore this settlement of Tampu Kiu, and descend into
265
00:19:32.039 --> 00:19:35.839
the valley of Cusco, where you shall found a famous city,
266
00:19:36.359 --> 00:19:39.160
and in it build a sumptuous temple to the sun.
267
00:19:40.319 --> 00:19:42.720
As for me, I shall remain in the form in
268
00:19:42.759 --> 00:19:45.519
which you see me, and shall dwell in the mountain
269
00:19:45.599 --> 00:19:49.960
Peak guanacare ready to help you. And on that mountain
270
00:19:50.400 --> 00:19:53.119
you must build me an altar and make to me
271
00:19:53.480 --> 00:19:57.640
sacrifices and the sign that you shall wear, whereby you
272
00:19:57.680 --> 00:20:00.839
shall be feared and respected of your subject is that
273
00:20:00.880 --> 00:20:04.920
you shall have your ears pierced as are mine, saying
274
00:20:04.960 --> 00:20:08.119
which he showed them his ears pierced and carrying large
275
00:20:08.319 --> 00:20:14.599
round plates of gold. They promised him obedience in all things,
276
00:20:14.880 --> 00:20:18.680
and forthwith built an altar on the mountain Guanacare, which
277
00:20:18.680 --> 00:20:23.000
ever after was esteemed a most holy place. Here again
278
00:20:23.160 --> 00:20:28.279
Ayarcacci appeared to them and bestowed on Ayarmanco the scarlet filet,
279
00:20:28.519 --> 00:20:33.759
which became the perpetual insignia of the reigning Inca. The
280
00:20:33.839 --> 00:20:37.559
remaining brothers were turned into stone, and Mancho assuming the
281
00:20:37.599 --> 00:20:41.920
title of Capac King and the metaphorical surname of Perhua
282
00:20:42.440 --> 00:20:46.000
the granary or treasure house, founded the city of Cusco,
283
00:20:46.559 --> 00:20:49.680
married his four sisters, and became the first of the
284
00:20:49.759 --> 00:20:53.559
dynasty of the Incas. He lived to a great age,
285
00:20:53.799 --> 00:20:56.480
and during the whole of his life never omitted to
286
00:20:56.519 --> 00:21:01.039
pay divine honors to his brothers and especially to Ayrcachi.
287
00:21:03.359 --> 00:21:06.680
In another myth of the incarnation, the infinite creator, Tichi
288
00:21:06.759 --> 00:21:13.359
Virakocha duplicates himself in the twin incarnation of Imamana Virakocha
289
00:21:13.839 --> 00:21:18.319
and Tokapu Viracocha, names which we have already seen mean
290
00:21:18.839 --> 00:21:23.319
he who has all things, and he who perfects all things.
291
00:21:23.920 --> 00:21:26.599
The legend was that these brothers started in the distant
292
00:21:26.680 --> 00:21:29.920
east and journeyed toward the west. The one went by
293
00:21:29.960 --> 00:21:32.519
the way of the mountains, the other by the paths
294
00:21:32.559 --> 00:21:36.480
of the lowlands, And each, on his journey, like Itzamna
295
00:21:36.880 --> 00:21:40.400
in Yucatan's story, gave names to the places he passed,
296
00:21:40.920 --> 00:21:43.519
and also to all trees and herbs of the field,
297
00:21:44.000 --> 00:21:46.640
and to all fruits, and taught the people which were
298
00:21:46.640 --> 00:21:50.640
good for food, which of virtue as medicines, and which
299
00:21:50.680 --> 00:21:54.759
were poisonous and to be shunned. Thus they journeyed westward,
300
00:21:54.880 --> 00:21:58.160
imparting knowledge and doing good works, until they reached the
301
00:21:58.200 --> 00:22:02.559
western Ocean, the great Pacific, whose waves seem to stretch
302
00:22:02.559 --> 00:22:07.359
westward into infinity. There, having accomplished all they had to
303
00:22:07.400 --> 00:22:11.240
do in this world, they ascended into heaven once more,
304
00:22:11.279 --> 00:22:15.480
to form part of the infinite being. For the venerable authority,
305
00:22:15.480 --> 00:22:18.799
whom I am following is careful to add most explicitly
306
00:22:19.279 --> 00:22:23.119
that these Indians believed for a certainty that neither the
307
00:22:23.200 --> 00:22:27.400
Creator nor his sons were born of women, but that
308
00:22:27.559 --> 00:22:32.759
they all were unchangeable and eternal. Still more human does
309
00:22:32.839 --> 00:22:35.559
Viracocha become in the myth, where he appears under the
310
00:22:35.640 --> 00:22:40.400
surnames tu Napa and Taripaka. The latter I have already
311
00:22:40.440 --> 00:22:44.279
explained to mean he who judges, and the former is
312
00:22:44.319 --> 00:22:47.440
a synonym of Tokapu, as it is from the verb
313
00:22:48.599 --> 00:22:53.680
tani or tanini and means he who finishes, completes, or perfects.
314
00:22:54.200 --> 00:22:57.799
Although like several other of his names, the significance of
315
00:22:57.839 --> 00:23:00.559
this one has up to the present remained on explained
316
00:23:00.599 --> 00:23:04.119
and lost, the myth has been preserved to us by
317
00:23:04.119 --> 00:23:08.720
a native Indian writer, Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti, who
318
00:23:08.799 --> 00:23:14.359
wrote it out somewhere about the year sixteen hundred. Footnote
319
00:23:14.839 --> 00:23:19.720
Relacium the Antiqueades de ste Reno del Peru por don
320
00:23:19.799 --> 00:23:25.960
Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti yam qui Passim Pachacuti relates
321
00:23:26.000 --> 00:23:29.519
the story of Tunapa as being distinctly the hero myth
322
00:23:29.680 --> 00:23:34.200
of the quechuas he was also the hero god of Amaras,
323
00:23:34.240 --> 00:23:38.640
and about him, says father Ludovico Bertonio, they to this
324
00:23:38.759 --> 00:23:43.880
day relate many fables and follies. Vocabulario de la Lengua
325
00:23:43.920 --> 00:23:49.400
Amara s v. Another name he bore in Amara was Ecaco,
326
00:23:49.839 --> 00:23:54.160
which in that language means as a common noun, an ingenious,
327
00:23:54.400 --> 00:24:01.359
shifty man of many plans Bertonio vocabulario s v thunupa
328
00:24:01.519 --> 00:24:04.759
as Bertonio spells. It does not lend itself to any
329
00:24:04.839 --> 00:24:09.039
obvious etymology in Amara, which is further evidence that the
330
00:24:09.160 --> 00:24:12.720
name was introduced from the Quechua. This is, by no
331
00:24:12.880 --> 00:24:16.599
means a singular example of the identity of religious thought
332
00:24:16.720 --> 00:24:21.319
and terms between these nations. In comparing the two tongues
333
00:24:22.039 --> 00:24:28.079
m alciree de orbignier long since observed en retrove meme
334
00:24:28.359 --> 00:24:33.839
apupre un vinemier de mont quillonte e vedemont la meme
335
00:24:33.960 --> 00:24:42.240
ourhine ser toot se qui experiment le sides relicusis leom
336
00:24:42.279 --> 00:24:50.359
americane consideresu say rapour phisiologics e more tom i, page
337
00:24:50.359 --> 00:24:55.599
three twenty two, Paris, eighteen thirty nine. This author endeavors
338
00:24:55.640 --> 00:24:58.759
to prove that the Quechewa religion was mainly borrowed from
339
00:24:58.759 --> 00:25:02.119
the Imaras, and of the two, he regards the latter
340
00:25:02.240 --> 00:25:05.920
as the senior in civilization. But so far as I
341
00:25:06.000 --> 00:25:08.799
have been able to study the mythology of the Aymaras,
342
00:25:09.240 --> 00:25:12.400
which is but very superficially on account of a lack
343
00:25:12.440 --> 00:25:15.680
of sources, it does not seem to be entitled to
344
00:25:15.759 --> 00:25:20.720
this credit and footnote. He tells us that at a
345
00:25:20.839 --> 00:25:24.160
very remote period, shortly after the country of Peru had
346
00:25:24.160 --> 00:25:28.160
been populated, there came from Lake Titicaca to the tribes,
347
00:25:28.519 --> 00:25:32.200
an elderly man with flowing beard and abundant white hair.
348
00:25:32.720 --> 00:25:36.720
Supporting himself on a staff and dressed in wide spreading robes,
349
00:25:37.519 --> 00:25:40.559
he went among the people, calling them his sons and daughters,
350
00:25:40.920 --> 00:25:47.640
relieving their infirmities and teaching them the precepts of wisdom. Often, however,
351
00:25:47.720 --> 00:25:50.480
he met the fate of so many other wise teachers,
352
00:25:50.519 --> 00:25:55.359
and was rejected and scornfully entreated by those whom he
353
00:25:55.480 --> 00:25:59.839
was striving to instruct. Swift retribution sometimes fell upon some
354
00:26:00.279 --> 00:26:04.279
stiff necked listeners. Thus he once entered the town of
355
00:26:04.440 --> 00:26:08.359
Yama Kesupa, the principal place in the province of the south,
356
00:26:08.440 --> 00:26:12.039
and began teaching the inhabitants. But they heeded him not
357
00:26:12.559 --> 00:26:16.039
and seized him, and with insult and blows, drove him
358
00:26:16.039 --> 00:26:18.319
from the town, so that he had to sleep in
359
00:26:18.359 --> 00:26:23.359
the open fields thereupon he cursed their town, and straightway
360
00:26:23.519 --> 00:26:26.519
it sank into the earth with all its inhabitants, and
361
00:26:26.640 --> 00:26:30.200
the depression was filled with water, and all were drowned.
362
00:26:31.559 --> 00:26:34.079
To this day it is known as the Lake of
363
00:26:34.200 --> 00:26:37.880
yam Kesupa, and all the people about there well know
364
00:26:38.240 --> 00:26:40.759
that what is now a sheet of water was once
365
00:26:40.799 --> 00:26:45.559
the site of a flourishing city. At another time he
366
00:26:45.720 --> 00:26:50.119
visited Tiawuanaco, where may yet be seen the colossal ruins
367
00:26:50.160 --> 00:26:53.839
of some ancient city and massive figures in stone of
368
00:26:53.920 --> 00:26:57.799
men and women. In his time, this was a populous
369
00:26:57.920 --> 00:27:02.400
mart its people rich and proud, given to revelry, to
370
00:27:02.559 --> 00:27:06.519
drunkenness and dances. Little they cared for the words of
371
00:27:06.559 --> 00:27:10.920
the preacher, and they treated him with disdain. Then he
372
00:27:11.000 --> 00:27:14.079
turned upon them his anger, and in an instant the
373
00:27:14.160 --> 00:27:17.960
dancers were changed into stone just as they stood, and
374
00:27:18.039 --> 00:27:20.920
there they remained to this day, as any one can see,
375
00:27:21.519 --> 00:27:25.559
perpetual warnings not to scorn the words of the wise.
376
00:27:27.799 --> 00:27:30.200
On another occasion, he was seized by the people who
377
00:27:30.279 --> 00:27:33.960
dwelt by the great Lake of Carapaco and tied hands
378
00:27:33.960 --> 00:27:37.839
and feet with stout cords, it being their intention to
379
00:27:37.880 --> 00:27:41.240
put him to a cruel death. The next day, but
380
00:27:41.519 --> 00:27:44.039
very early in the morning, just at the time of
381
00:27:44.119 --> 00:27:47.759
the dawn, a beautiful youth entered and said, fear not,
382
00:27:48.319 --> 00:27:50.240
I have come to call you in the name of
383
00:27:50.279 --> 00:27:53.119
the lady who was awaiting you, that you may go
384
00:27:53.240 --> 00:27:56.519
with her to the place of joys. With that he
385
00:27:56.599 --> 00:28:01.200
touched the fetters on Tunapa's limbs, and the ropes snapped asunder,
386
00:28:01.599 --> 00:28:05.079
and they went forth, untouched by the guards who stood around.
387
00:28:05.920 --> 00:28:08.319
They descended to the lake shore, and just as the
388
00:28:08.400 --> 00:28:13.799
dawn appeared, Dunapa spread his mantle on the waves, and
389
00:28:13.880 --> 00:28:17.319
he and his companion, stepping upon it as upon a raft,
390
00:28:17.759 --> 00:28:21.559
were wafted rapidly away into the rays of the morning light.
391
00:28:23.359 --> 00:28:26.359
The causus Patchakouti does not let us into the secret
392
00:28:26.400 --> 00:28:30.559
of this mysterious assignation, either because he did not know,
393
00:28:30.799 --> 00:28:33.519
or because he would not disclose the mysteries of his
394
00:28:33.640 --> 00:28:38.039
ancestral faith. But I am not so discreet, and I
395
00:28:38.160 --> 00:28:41.640
vehemently suspect that the lady who was awaiting the virtuous
396
00:28:41.680 --> 00:28:46.480
Tunapa was Chaska, the dawn maiden, She of the beautiful
397
00:28:46.519 --> 00:28:50.200
hair which distills the dew, and that the place of
398
00:28:50.319 --> 00:28:54.079
joys whither she invited him was the mansion of the sky,
399
00:28:54.960 --> 00:28:58.160
into which daily the light God, at the hour of
400
00:28:58.200 --> 00:29:03.359
the morning twilight is ushered by the chaste maiden Aurora.
401
00:29:04.920 --> 00:29:08.480
As the anger of Tunipau was dreadful, so his favors
402
00:29:08.519 --> 00:29:11.720
were more than regal. At the close of a day,
403
00:29:11.920 --> 00:29:14.960
he once reached the town of the chief, Apo Tampo,
404
00:29:15.559 --> 00:29:20.319
otherwise Pacari Tampu, which means the house or lodgings of
405
00:29:20.400 --> 00:29:24.240
the dawn, where the festivities of a wedding were in progress.
406
00:29:25.079 --> 00:29:29.039
The guests, intent upon the pleasures of the hour, listened
407
00:29:29.160 --> 00:29:31.880
with small patience to the words of the old man,
408
00:29:32.480 --> 00:29:38.960
but the Chief himself heard them with profound attention and delight. Therefore,
409
00:29:39.359 --> 00:29:42.759
as Tunipau was leaving, he presented to the Chief, as
410
00:29:42.799 --> 00:29:46.880
a reward for his hospitality and respect, the staff which
411
00:29:46.960 --> 00:29:51.400
had assisted his feeble limbs in many a journey. It
412
00:29:51.519 --> 00:29:54.880
was of no great seemliness, but upon it were inscribed
413
00:29:55.000 --> 00:29:58.559
characters of magic power, and the Chief wisely cherished it
414
00:29:58.680 --> 00:30:02.640
among his treasures. It was well he did, for on
415
00:30:02.720 --> 00:30:05.039
the day of the birth of his next child, the
416
00:30:05.079 --> 00:30:09.319
staff turned into fine gold, and that child was none
417
00:30:09.400 --> 00:30:13.920
other than the far famed manco Capac, destined to become
418
00:30:13.960 --> 00:30:18.160
the ancestor of the illustrious line of the Incas, sons
419
00:30:18.200 --> 00:30:21.279
of the Sun, and famous in all countries that it
420
00:30:21.319 --> 00:30:25.519
shines upon. And as for the golden staff, it became
421
00:30:25.759 --> 00:30:29.559
through all after time until the Spanish conquest, the scepter
422
00:30:29.640 --> 00:30:33.279
of the Incas and the sign of their sovereignty, the
423
00:30:33.279 --> 00:30:41.119
famous and sacred Tupa Yauri, the royal wand. It became
424
00:30:41.160 --> 00:30:45.160
indeed to Mouncha Kappac, a mentor and guide. His father
425
00:30:45.240 --> 00:30:48.240
and mother having died, he started out with his brothers
426
00:30:48.240 --> 00:30:52.319
and sisters, seven brothers and seven sisters of them, to
427
00:30:52.400 --> 00:30:56.759
seek new lands, taking this staff in his hand. Like
428
00:30:56.799 --> 00:31:01.519
the seven brothers who in Mexican legend left Astlan the
429
00:31:01.599 --> 00:31:05.880
White Land to found nations and cities, so the brothers
430
00:31:05.880 --> 00:31:10.640
of Manco Kapak, leaving Pakari Tampu, the lodgings of the Dawn,
431
00:31:11.039 --> 00:31:15.480
became the sinshi or heads of various noble houses and
432
00:31:15.640 --> 00:31:19.359
chiefs of tribes in the Empire of the Incas. As
433
00:31:19.400 --> 00:31:22.799
for Monco, it is well known that with his golden wand,
434
00:31:23.160 --> 00:31:28.279
he journeyed on, overcoming demons and destroying his enemies, until
435
00:31:28.319 --> 00:31:30.960
he reached the mountain over against the spot where the
436
00:31:31.000 --> 00:31:35.440
city of Cusco now stands. Here, the sacred wand sunk
437
00:31:35.480 --> 00:31:38.680
of its own motion into the earth, and Moncho Kapak,
438
00:31:39.200 --> 00:31:45.279
recognizing the divine monition, named the mountain Juanakwaudi the place
439
00:31:45.480 --> 00:31:49.400
of repose. In the valley at the base, he founded
440
00:31:49.400 --> 00:31:54.160
the great city, which she called Cusco the Navel. Its inhabitants,
441
00:31:54.160 --> 00:32:01.359
ever afterwards, classed Juanakwaodi as one of their principal deities. Footnote.
442
00:32:01.720 --> 00:32:08.920
Don Gavino Pacheco Zegara derives Juanakaui from Huanaya to rest
443
00:32:09.000 --> 00:32:17.440
oneself and cain here say Ichi Kilfo sereposer Olantai introduction,
444
00:32:17.839 --> 00:32:22.599
page twenty five. It was distinctly the huska or sacred
445
00:32:22.640 --> 00:32:26.079
fetish of the Incas, and they were figuratively said to
446
00:32:26.119 --> 00:32:30.160
have descended from it. Its worship was very prominent in
447
00:32:30.240 --> 00:32:35.920
ancient Peru. See the information de las Idolatras de los
448
00:32:35.960 --> 00:32:44.279
incas i Indius sixteen seventy one, previously quoted and footnote.
449
00:32:44.839 --> 00:32:47.880
When Unco Kapak's work was done, he did not die
450
00:32:48.240 --> 00:32:51.440
like other mortals, but rose to heaven and became the
451
00:32:51.480 --> 00:32:56.519
planet Jupiter under the name Pirua. From this, according to
452
00:32:56.559 --> 00:33:01.920
some writers, the country of Peru derived its name. It
453
00:33:02.000 --> 00:33:05.039
may fairly be supposed that this founder of the Inca
454
00:33:05.119 --> 00:33:09.839
dynasty was an actual historical personage, but it is evident
455
00:33:09.880 --> 00:33:13.119
that much that is told about him is imagery, drawn
456
00:33:13.160 --> 00:33:17.079
from the legend of the light God and what became
457
00:33:17.119 --> 00:33:21.240
of Tunapa. We left him sailing on his outspread mantle
458
00:33:21.400 --> 00:33:25.400
into the light of the morning over Lake Carapace, But
459
00:33:25.440 --> 00:33:29.240
the legend does not stop there. Wherever he went that day,
460
00:33:29.400 --> 00:33:32.119
he returned to his toil and pursued his way down
461
00:33:32.119 --> 00:33:36.440
the river Chachamarca till he reached the sea. There his
462
00:33:36.519 --> 00:33:41.720
fate becomes obscure. But as Pachacuti, I understand that he
463
00:33:41.839 --> 00:33:45.720
passed by the Strait of Panama into the other sea,
464
00:33:45.799 --> 00:33:49.200
back toward the east. This is what is averred by
465
00:33:49.200 --> 00:33:55.160
the most ancient sages of the Inca line, Porachaeus ingas Antiquissimos.
466
00:33:56.000 --> 00:33:59.039
We may well believe he did, for the light of day,
467
00:33:59.119 --> 00:34:02.559
which is quenched in the western ocean, passes back again
468
00:34:03.000 --> 00:34:05.920
by the straits or in some other way, and appears
469
00:34:05.920 --> 00:34:09.119
again the next morning, not in the west, where we
470
00:34:09.239 --> 00:34:12.880
watched its dying rays but in the east, where again
471
00:34:12.920 --> 00:34:17.320
it is borne to pursue its daily and ever recurring journey.
472
00:34:19.119 --> 00:34:23.039
According to another and also very early account, Viracocha was
473
00:34:23.079 --> 00:34:26.840
preceded by a host of attendants who were his messengers
474
00:34:26.880 --> 00:34:30.440
and soldiers. When he reached the sea, he and these
475
00:34:30.480 --> 00:34:33.280
followers marched out upon the waves as if it had
476
00:34:33.320 --> 00:34:38.719
been dry land, and disappeared in the west. These followers were,
477
00:34:38.880 --> 00:34:43.239
like himself, white and bearded. Just as in Mexico, the
478
00:34:43.360 --> 00:34:47.159
natives attributed the erection of buildings, the history of which
479
00:34:47.199 --> 00:34:51.119
had been lost to the white Toltecs the subjects of
480
00:34:51.239 --> 00:34:57.199
ketzel Kuwato see above, Chapter three, Section three. So in Peru,
481
00:34:57.559 --> 00:35:01.320
various ancient ruins whose builders had been lost to memory
482
00:35:01.840 --> 00:35:04.519
were pointed out to the Spaniards as the work of
483
00:35:04.559 --> 00:35:07.559
a white and bearded race who held the country in
484
00:35:07.599 --> 00:35:13.800
possession long before the Incas had founded their dynasty. The
485
00:35:13.920 --> 00:35:18.519
explanation in both cases is the same. In both the
486
00:35:18.599 --> 00:35:21.679
early works of art of unknown origin were supposed to
487
00:35:21.760 --> 00:35:25.760
be the productions of the personified light rays, which are
488
00:35:25.760 --> 00:35:29.679
the source of skill, because they supplied the means indispensable
489
00:35:29.960 --> 00:35:34.519
to the acquisition of knowledge. The versions of these myths
490
00:35:34.559 --> 00:35:37.519
which have been preserved to us by Juan de Betanzos,
491
00:35:37.559 --> 00:35:41.239
and the documents on which the historian Herrera founded his
492
00:35:41.440 --> 00:35:45.239
narrative are in the main identical with that which I
493
00:35:45.280 --> 00:35:49.559
have quoted from the narrative of Pachacuti. I shall, however,
494
00:35:49.639 --> 00:35:53.360
give that of Errera, as it has some interesting features.
495
00:35:54.599 --> 00:35:57.199
He tells us that the traditions and songs which the
496
00:35:57.239 --> 00:36:01.599
Indians had received from their remote ancestry related that in
497
00:36:01.800 --> 00:36:05.000
very early times, there was a period when there was
498
00:36:05.119 --> 00:36:09.599
no sun, and men lived in darkness. At length, in
499
00:36:09.679 --> 00:36:14.000
answer to their urgent prayers, the sun emerged from Lake Titikaka,
500
00:36:14.360 --> 00:36:17.559
and soon afterwards there came a man from the south,
501
00:36:17.960 --> 00:36:22.960
of fair complexion, large in stature and of venerable presence,
502
00:36:23.440 --> 00:36:28.719
whose power was boundless. He removed mountains, filled up valleys,
503
00:36:29.039 --> 00:36:32.480
caused fountains to burst from the solid rocks, and gave
504
00:36:32.559 --> 00:36:36.480
life to men and animals. Hence the people called him
505
00:36:36.800 --> 00:36:40.920
the Beginning of all created things and Father of the Sun.
506
00:36:42.000 --> 00:36:45.760
Many good works he performed, bringing order among the people,
507
00:36:46.280 --> 00:36:51.440
giving them wise counsel, working miracles, and teaching. He went
508
00:36:51.519 --> 00:36:54.400
on his journey toward the north, but until the latest
509
00:36:54.440 --> 00:36:58.199
times they bore his deeds and person in memory, under
510
00:36:58.239 --> 00:37:05.000
the names of Tichi, Viracocha and Tuapaca, and elsewhere as Arnava.
511
00:37:05.519 --> 00:37:08.519
They erected many temples to him, in which they placed
512
00:37:08.559 --> 00:37:14.480
his figure an image as described. They also said that
513
00:37:14.559 --> 00:37:17.599
after a certain length of time there reappeared another like
514
00:37:17.679 --> 00:37:20.880
this first one, or else he was the same who
515
00:37:20.920 --> 00:37:25.280
also gave wise counsel and cured the sick. He met disfavor,
516
00:37:25.639 --> 00:37:28.480
and at one spot the people set about to slay him,
517
00:37:29.000 --> 00:37:32.679
but he called down upon them fire from heaven, which
518
00:37:32.760 --> 00:37:36.920
burned their village and scorched the mountains into cinders. Then
519
00:37:37.000 --> 00:37:39.360
they threw away their weapons and begged of him to
520
00:37:39.480 --> 00:37:45.599
deliver them from the danger, which he did. Footnote. This
521
00:37:45.760 --> 00:37:50.440
incident is also related by Pachacuti and Betanzos. All three
522
00:37:50.480 --> 00:37:54.000
locate the scene of the event at Karcha, eighteen leagues
523
00:37:54.000 --> 00:37:58.840
from Cusco, where the kanastribe lived at the conquest. Pachacuti
524
00:37:58.880 --> 00:38:02.119
states that the cause of the anger of Iracocha was
525
00:38:02.159 --> 00:38:04.960
that upon the sierra there was the statue of a
526
00:38:05.039 --> 00:38:09.960
woman to whom human victims were sacrificed. If this was
527
00:38:10.000 --> 00:38:13.079
the tradition, it would offer another point of identity with
528
00:38:13.159 --> 00:38:16.760
that of Keselcuatto, who was also said to have forbidden
529
00:38:16.960 --> 00:38:23.360
human sacrifices and footnote. He passed on toward the west
530
00:38:23.440 --> 00:38:26.239
until he reached the shore of the sea. There he
531
00:38:26.320 --> 00:38:30.280
spread out his mantle, and, seating himself upon it, sailed
532
00:38:30.280 --> 00:38:34.400
away and was never seen again. For this reason, adds
533
00:38:34.440 --> 00:38:39.199
the chronicler. The name was given to him Viracocha, which
534
00:38:39.280 --> 00:38:44.599
means foam of the sea, though afterwards it changed in signification.
535
00:38:46.440 --> 00:38:49.519
This leads me to the etymology of the name. It
536
00:38:49.639 --> 00:38:54.960
is confessedly obscure. The translation which Edrera gives is that
537
00:38:55.239 --> 00:38:58.920
generally offered by Spanish writers, but it is not literal.
538
00:39:00.079 --> 00:39:05.199
The word yura means fat and cocha lake sea or
539
00:39:05.239 --> 00:39:09.639
other large body of water. Therefore, as the genitive must
540
00:39:09.679 --> 00:39:14.159
be prefixed in the Quechewa tongue, the translation must be
541
00:39:14.639 --> 00:39:18.960
lake or sea of fat. This was shown by Garcilaso
542
00:39:19.000 --> 00:39:22.719
de la Vega in his royal commentaries, and as he
543
00:39:22.760 --> 00:39:26.599
could see no sense or propriety in implying such a
544
00:39:26.719 --> 00:39:31.079
term as lake of Greece to the supreme divinity, he
545
00:39:31.199 --> 00:39:34.800
rejected this derivation and contented himself by saying that the
546
00:39:34.840 --> 00:39:39.280
meaning of the name was totally unknown. In this Mister
547
00:39:39.360 --> 00:39:44.400
clements R. Markham, who is an authority on Peruvian matters, coincides,
548
00:39:44.960 --> 00:39:49.519
though acknowledging that no other meaning suggests itself. I shall
549
00:39:49.519 --> 00:39:52.280
not say anything about the derivations of this name from
550
00:39:52.320 --> 00:39:58.159
the Sanskrit or the ancient Egyptian. These are etymological amusements
551
00:39:58.519 --> 00:40:05.320
with which serious studies have nothing to do. Footnote. Viracocha
552
00:40:05.599 --> 00:40:09.239
is the ill or ra of the Babylonian monuments, and
553
00:40:09.320 --> 00:40:13.519
thus the raw of Egypt, et cetera. Professor John Campbell,
554
00:40:13.960 --> 00:40:21.440
Comteendudu Congre Internacional de Americanists, Volume one, page three, sixty two,
555
00:40:22.000 --> 00:40:27.719
eighteen seventy five. End Footnote. The first and accepted derivation
556
00:40:27.880 --> 00:40:31.400
has been ably and to my mind successfully defended by
557
00:40:31.480 --> 00:40:36.559
probably the most accomplished Quetchewa scholar of our age, signor
558
00:40:36.719 --> 00:40:41.280
Gavino Pacheco Zegara, who, in the introduction to his most
559
00:40:41.400 --> 00:40:47.159
excellent edition of the Drama of Olantai, maintains that Viracocha,
560
00:40:47.639 --> 00:40:51.480
literally lake of fat, was a simile applied to the
561
00:40:51.559 --> 00:40:56.000
frothing foaming sea, and adds that as a personal name
562
00:40:56.079 --> 00:41:00.639
in this signification it is in entire conformity with the
563
00:41:00.719 --> 00:41:09.199
genius of the Quechua tongue. Footnote Olantai Drama and Versquechua's Introduction,
564
00:41:10.039 --> 00:41:14.920
page thirty six, Paris, eighteen seventy eight. There was a
565
00:41:14.960 --> 00:41:18.800
class of diviners in Peru who foretold the future by
566
00:41:18.840 --> 00:41:23.159
inspecting the fat of animals. They were called Vira pirikuk
567
00:41:23.800 --> 00:41:31.760
Molina Fables and Writes, page thirteen, and footnote to quote
568
00:41:31.760 --> 00:41:35.039
his words. The tradition was that Vira Kocha's face was
569
00:41:35.119 --> 00:41:39.440
extremely white and bearded. From this his name was derived,
570
00:41:39.840 --> 00:41:44.039
which means taken literally like of fat. By extension, however,
571
00:41:44.119 --> 00:41:48.119
the word means sea foam, as in the Quechua language,
572
00:41:48.199 --> 00:41:51.280
the foam is called fat no doubt on account of
573
00:41:51.320 --> 00:41:57.079
its whiteness. It had a double appropriateness in its application
574
00:41:57.320 --> 00:42:01.159
to the hero god. Not only was supposed in one
575
00:42:01.199 --> 00:42:04.679
myth to have risen from the waves of Lake Titikaka,
576
00:42:05.159 --> 00:42:08.480
and in another to have appeared when the primeval ocean
577
00:42:08.880 --> 00:42:13.159
left the land dry, but he was universally described as
578
00:42:13.239 --> 00:42:18.800
of fair complexion, a white man. Strange, indeed, it is
579
00:42:18.840 --> 00:42:21.280
that these people, who had never seen a member of
580
00:42:21.360 --> 00:42:26.320
the white race should so persistently have represented their highest
581
00:42:26.400 --> 00:42:30.280
gods as of this hue, and what is more, with
582
00:42:30.400 --> 00:42:35.079
the flowing beard and abundant light hair, which is their characteristic.
583
00:42:37.719 --> 00:42:40.559
There is no denying, however, that such is the fact.
584
00:42:41.480 --> 00:42:45.000
Did it depend on legend alone? We might, however strong
585
00:42:45.039 --> 00:42:49.440
the consensus of testimony, harbor some doubt about it, but
586
00:42:49.519 --> 00:42:54.239
it does not. The monuments themselves attest it. There is
587
00:42:54.440 --> 00:42:59.719
indeed a singular uniformity of statement in the myths. Viracocha,
588
00:43:00.039 --> 00:43:04.039
under any and all his surnames, is always described as
589
00:43:04.079 --> 00:43:08.519
white and bearded, dressed in flowing robes, and of imposing mien.
590
00:43:09.519 --> 00:43:12.679
His robes were also white, and thus he was figured
591
00:43:12.719 --> 00:43:15.679
at the entrance of one of his most celebrated temples,
592
00:43:16.159 --> 00:43:19.719
that of Orkos. His image at that place was of
593
00:43:19.760 --> 00:43:22.199
a man with a white robe, falling to his waist
594
00:43:22.599 --> 00:43:25.960
and thence to his feet by him. Cut in stone
595
00:43:26.280 --> 00:43:30.880
were his birds, the eagle and the falcon. So also,
596
00:43:31.039 --> 00:43:33.159
on a certain occasion, when he was said to have
597
00:43:33.239 --> 00:43:36.400
appeared in a dream to one of the Incas, who
598
00:43:36.440 --> 00:43:39.800
afterwards adopted his name, he was said to have come
599
00:43:39.880 --> 00:43:43.400
with beard more than a span in length, and clothed
600
00:43:43.440 --> 00:43:46.760
in a large and loose mantle, which fell to his feet,
601
00:43:47.400 --> 00:43:50.239
while with his hand he held by a cord to
602
00:43:50.320 --> 00:43:54.960
its neck some unknown animal, and thus in after times
603
00:43:54.960 --> 00:43:58.559
he was represented in painting and statue by order of
604
00:43:58.639 --> 00:44:04.360
that Inca. An early writer tells us that the great
605
00:44:04.360 --> 00:44:08.039
temple of Cusco, which was afterwards chosen for the cathedral,
606
00:44:08.519 --> 00:44:13.159
was originally that of eat Tchi Viracocha. It contained only
607
00:44:13.239 --> 00:44:16.840
one altar, and upon it a marble statue of the god.
608
00:44:17.559 --> 00:44:23.679
This is described as being both as to the hair, complexion, features, raiment,
609
00:44:23.840 --> 00:44:29.000
and sandals, just as painters represent the apostle Saint Bartholomew.
610
00:44:31.039 --> 00:44:34.840
Misled by the statements of the historian Garcilaso de la Vega,
611
00:44:35.280 --> 00:44:38.679
some later writers, among whom I may note the eminent
612
00:44:39.079 --> 00:44:43.679
German traveler Vonchudi, have supposed that Viracocha belonged to the
613
00:44:43.840 --> 00:44:47.599
historical deities of Peru, and that his worship was of
614
00:44:47.679 --> 00:44:52.960
comparatively recent origin. La Vega, who could not understand the
615
00:44:53.039 --> 00:44:57.159
name of the divinity, and moreover either knew little about
616
00:44:57.159 --> 00:45:01.239
the ancient religion or else concealed his na knowledge, as
617
00:45:01.280 --> 00:45:05.519
is shown by his reiterated statement that human sacrifices were unknown,
618
00:45:06.400 --> 00:45:09.760
pretended that Viracocha first came to be honored through a
619
00:45:09.880 --> 00:45:13.920
dream of the Inca who assumed his name. But the
620
00:45:14.039 --> 00:45:17.400
narrative of the occurrence that he himself gives shows that
621
00:45:17.519 --> 00:45:20.599
even at that time the myth was well known and
622
00:45:20.719 --> 00:45:25.800
of great antiquity. The statements in which he makes on
623
00:45:25.880 --> 00:45:29.559
the authority of Father Blas Valera, that the Inca Tupac
624
00:45:29.679 --> 00:45:34.039
Yupanqui sought to purify the religion of his day by
625
00:45:34.159 --> 00:45:38.400
leading it toward the contemplation of an incorporeal God, is
626
00:45:38.559 --> 00:45:42.239
probably in the main correct. It is supported by a
627
00:45:42.280 --> 00:45:47.880
similar account given by Acosta of the famous Wayna Capac. Indeed,
628
00:45:48.000 --> 00:45:51.159
they read so much alike that they are probably repetitions
629
00:45:51.199 --> 00:45:56.039
of teachings familiar to the nobles and higher priests. Both
630
00:45:56.119 --> 00:45:59.320
Incas maintained that the son could not be the chief God,
631
00:45:59.599 --> 00:46:02.960
because as he ran daily his accustomed course like a
632
00:46:03.000 --> 00:46:06.960
slave or an animal that is led, He must therefore
633
00:46:07.000 --> 00:46:12.159
be the subject of a mightier power than himself. We
634
00:46:12.239 --> 00:46:15.519
may reasonably suppose that these expressions are proof of a
635
00:46:15.599 --> 00:46:20.239
growing sense of the attributes of divinity. They are indications
636
00:46:20.239 --> 00:46:23.559
of the evolution of religious thought, and go to show
637
00:46:23.800 --> 00:46:27.199
that the monotheistic ideas which I have pointed out in
638
00:46:27.280 --> 00:46:30.800
the titles and names of the highest god were clearly
639
00:46:30.880 --> 00:46:36.800
recognized and publicly announced. Viracocha was also worshiped under the
640
00:46:36.840 --> 00:46:42.719
title Kontchi Rakocha. Various explanations of the name Khan have
641
00:46:42.880 --> 00:46:46.800
been offered. It is not positively certain that it belongs
642
00:46:46.840 --> 00:46:51.320
to the Quetchawatangu. A myth preserved by Gomara treats Khan
643
00:46:51.440 --> 00:46:54.800
as a distinct deity. He is said to have come
644
00:46:54.800 --> 00:46:59.199
from the north, to have been without bones, muscles, or members,
645
00:46:59.760 --> 00:47:03.400
to the power of running with infinite swiftness, and to
646
00:47:03.440 --> 00:47:07.840
have leveled mountains, filled up valleys, and deprived the coast
647
00:47:07.880 --> 00:47:11.599
plains of rain. At the same time. He is called
648
00:47:11.719 --> 00:47:14.360
a son of the Sun and the Moon, and it
649
00:47:14.440 --> 00:47:17.679
was owing to his good will and creative power that
650
00:47:17.800 --> 00:47:21.519
men and women were formed, and maize and fruits given
651
00:47:21.559 --> 00:47:27.760
them upon which to subsist Another more powerful god, However,
652
00:47:28.000 --> 00:47:31.199
by name Pacha Kamak, also a son of the Sun
653
00:47:31.280 --> 00:47:34.800
and Moon, and hence brother to Khan, rose up against
654
00:47:34.880 --> 00:47:38.159
him and drove him from the land. The men and
655
00:47:38.199 --> 00:47:41.559
women whom Khan had formed were changed by Pacha Kamak
656
00:47:41.760 --> 00:47:45.719
into brutes and others created who were the ancestors of
657
00:47:45.800 --> 00:47:49.760
the present race. These he supplied with what was necessary
658
00:47:49.760 --> 00:47:52.599
for their support, and taught them the arts of war
659
00:47:52.719 --> 00:47:56.760
and peace. For these reasons they venerated him as a god,
660
00:47:57.000 --> 00:48:01.079
and constructed for his worship a sumptuous temple a league
661
00:48:01.119 --> 00:48:05.679
and a half from the present city of Lima. This
662
00:48:05.840 --> 00:48:08.440
myth of the conflict of the two brothers is too
663
00:48:08.480 --> 00:48:11.480
similar to others I have quoted for its significance to
664
00:48:11.519 --> 00:48:16.039
be mistaken. Unfortunately, it has been handed down in so
665
00:48:16.280 --> 00:48:20.159
fragmentary a condition that it does not seem possible to
666
00:48:20.239 --> 00:48:24.360
assign it its proper relations to the cycle of Viracocha legends.
667
00:48:25.920 --> 00:48:27.880
As I have hinted, we are not sure of the
668
00:48:27.960 --> 00:48:30.719
meaning of the name Khan, nor whether it is of
669
00:48:30.800 --> 00:48:34.719
Quechewa origin. If it is, as it is indeed likely,
670
00:48:35.079 --> 00:48:37.559
then we may suppose that it is a transcription of
671
00:48:37.599 --> 00:48:41.079
the word Kun, which in Quechua is the third person
672
00:48:41.199 --> 00:48:46.880
singular present, indicative of KUNI I give, He gives the
673
00:48:47.000 --> 00:48:50.199
giver would seem an appropriate name for the first creator
674
00:48:50.280 --> 00:48:53.719
of things, But the myth itself, and the description of
675
00:48:53.760 --> 00:48:58.199
the deity in corporeal and swift bringer at one time
676
00:48:58.320 --> 00:49:02.400
of the fertilizing reigns at another of the drought seems
677
00:49:02.440 --> 00:49:07.119
to point unmistakably to a god of the winds. Linguistic
678
00:49:07.159 --> 00:49:09.559
analogy bears this out, for the name given to a
679
00:49:09.599 --> 00:49:14.920
whirlwind or violent wind storm was con Chui, with an
680
00:49:14.920 --> 00:49:17.880
additional word to signify whether it was one of rain
681
00:49:18.480 --> 00:49:24.320
or merely a dust storm. For this reason, I think m.
682
00:49:24.360 --> 00:49:27.639
Weener's attempt to make of Khan or Kuan, as he
683
00:49:27.760 --> 00:49:31.960
prefers to spell it merely a deity of the rains
684
00:49:32.159 --> 00:49:36.559
is too narrow. The legend would seem to indicate that
685
00:49:36.639 --> 00:49:39.679
he was supposed to have been defeated and quite driven away,
686
00:49:40.440 --> 00:49:42.960
but the study of the monuments indicates that this was
687
00:49:43.000 --> 00:49:46.360
not the case. One of the most remarkable antiquities in
688
00:49:46.440 --> 00:49:50.880
Peru is at a place called Concaca, three leagues south
689
00:49:50.920 --> 00:49:55.239
of aban Cay, on the road from Cusco to Lima. M.
690
00:49:55.360 --> 00:49:59.800
Leonce Ngrande has observed that this was evidently one of
691
00:49:59.800 --> 00:50:03.320
the great religious centers of the primitive peoples of Peru.
692
00:50:04.639 --> 00:50:08.320
Here is found an enormous block of granite, very curiously
693
00:50:08.400 --> 00:50:12.320
carved to facilitate the dispersion of a liquid poured on
694
00:50:12.400 --> 00:50:17.559
its summit into varied streams and to quaint receptacles. Whether
695
00:50:17.599 --> 00:50:21.039
the liquid was the blood of the victims, the intoxicating
696
00:50:21.119 --> 00:50:24.519
beverage of the country, or pure water, all of which
697
00:50:24.559 --> 00:50:29.960
have been suggested, we do not positively know. But I
698
00:50:30.000 --> 00:50:32.920
am inclined to believe with m. Weener that it was
699
00:50:33.039 --> 00:50:36.360
the last mentioned, and that it was as the beneficent
700
00:50:36.480 --> 00:50:39.760
deity of the rains that Khan was worshiped at this
701
00:50:39.840 --> 00:50:45.239
sacred spot. Its name Koncaca, the messenger of Khan, points
702
00:50:45.280 --> 00:50:50.960
to this footnote. These remains are carefully described by Charles
703
00:50:51.039 --> 00:50:55.880
Wiener Peru et Bolivill, page two eighty two. Sequence from
704
00:50:55.920 --> 00:51:01.159
the Notes of m Angrande by Deharjin Les Peru avant
705
00:51:01.199 --> 00:51:05.039
la Conque Espanol, page one thirty two, and in a
706
00:51:05.079 --> 00:51:09.719
superficial manner by Squire Peru, page five hundred fifty five
707
00:51:10.519 --> 00:51:15.679
end footnote. The words pacha camac mean animating or giving
708
00:51:15.719 --> 00:51:19.000
life to the world. It is said by father Acosta
709
00:51:19.119 --> 00:51:21.880
to have been one of the names of Viracocha, and
710
00:51:22.000 --> 00:51:25.239
in a sacred song preserved by Garcilaso de la Vega,
711
00:51:25.639 --> 00:51:29.639
he is appealed to by this title. The identity of
712
00:51:29.679 --> 00:51:35.679
these two divinities seems therefore sufficiently established. The worship of
713
00:51:35.719 --> 00:51:39.880
Pacha co mac is asserted by competent antiquarian students to
714
00:51:39.960 --> 00:51:43.400
have been more extended in ancient Peru than the older
715
00:51:43.519 --> 00:51:47.519
historians supposed. This is indicated by the many remains of
716
00:51:47.559 --> 00:51:51.440
temples which local tradition attribute to his worship, and by
717
00:51:51.480 --> 00:51:56.760
the customs of the natives. Footnote Vonchudi, who in one
718
00:51:56.800 --> 00:51:59.480
part of his work maintains that son worship was the
719
00:51:59.559 --> 00:52:04.239
prevalent religion of Peru. Madrifis the assertion considerably in the
720
00:52:04.280 --> 00:52:09.840
following passage. Elculto de Pacha camac Saya yaba mucho mass
721
00:52:09.880 --> 00:52:16.320
extendido de lo ke supon and los historiadores isepudesen eror
722
00:52:16.559 --> 00:52:23.079
aventuradla opinon de querra, ladidad popular iacatada or las masas
723
00:52:23.119 --> 00:52:28.239
peruanas miantrasquilla reli hion del sol era, la de la corte,
724
00:52:28.679 --> 00:52:33.599
culto ke poor mas adoptado kefues and tre los indios
725
00:52:34.079 --> 00:52:38.880
nung ca diego adsa regar la fe iladevosion al numen
726
00:52:39.039 --> 00:52:43.679
primitivo an effecto and torus las raciones de la vid
727
00:52:43.800 --> 00:52:49.400
de los indios resulte la profunda veneracion que tributavan a
728
00:52:49.800 --> 00:52:56.559
Pacha camac Antiguidades Peruana's page one forty nine. Inasmuch as
729
00:52:56.599 --> 00:52:59.599
elsewhere this author takes pains to show that the Incas
730
00:52:59.639 --> 00:53:02.880
discover guarded the worship of the Sun and instituted in
731
00:53:03.000 --> 00:53:06.719
place of it that of Viracocha. The above would seem
732
00:53:06.800 --> 00:53:10.920
to diminish the sphere of sun worship very much, and footnote,
733
00:53:12.199 --> 00:53:14.800
for instance, at the birth of a child, it was
734
00:53:14.880 --> 00:53:19.320
formerly offered to him and his protections solicited. On reaching
735
00:53:19.400 --> 00:53:22.760
some arduous height, the toiling Indian would address a few
736
00:53:22.840 --> 00:53:26.519
words of thanks to Patcha Kamak, and the piles of stones,
737
00:53:26.840 --> 00:53:29.559
which were the simple signs of their gratitude, are still
738
00:53:29.639 --> 00:53:33.960
visible in all parts of the country. This variation of
739
00:53:34.039 --> 00:53:37.119
the story of Viracocha aids to an understanding of his
740
00:53:37.320 --> 00:53:43.519
mythical purport. The oft recurring epithet contize Viracocha shows a
741
00:53:43.559 --> 00:53:47.639
close relationship between his character and that of the divinity Khan,
742
00:53:48.239 --> 00:53:52.920
in fact, an identity which deserves close attention. It is explained,
743
00:53:52.960 --> 00:53:56.400
I believe by the supposition that Viracocha was the lord
744
00:53:56.480 --> 00:53:59.719
of the wind as well as of the light, like
745
00:53:59.800 --> 00:54:02.039
all all the other light gods and deities of the
746
00:54:02.119 --> 00:54:05.559
cardinal points. He was at the same time the wind
747
00:54:05.719 --> 00:54:09.800
from them. What has been saved from the ancient mythology
748
00:54:10.000 --> 00:54:12.559
is enough to show this, but not enough to allow
749
00:54:12.679 --> 00:54:17.760
us to reconcile the seeming contradictions which it suggests. Moreover,
750
00:54:18.159 --> 00:54:22.199
it must be ever remembered that all religions repose on contradictions,
751
00:54:22.760 --> 00:54:26.519
contradictions of fact, of logic, and of statement, so that
752
00:54:26.639 --> 00:54:28.760
we must not seek to force any one of them
753
00:54:28.880 --> 00:54:34.559
into consistent unity of form, even with itself. I have
754
00:54:34.760 --> 00:54:38.000
yet to add another point of similarity between the myth
755
00:54:38.119 --> 00:54:42.519
of Viracocha and those of Ketzelkuwato its Mana and the
756
00:54:42.639 --> 00:54:47.320
others which I have already narrated. As in Mexico, Yugatan
757
00:54:47.480 --> 00:54:50.679
and elsewhere, so in the realms of the Incas, the
758
00:54:50.760 --> 00:54:56.440
Spaniards found themselves not unexpected guests. Here too. Texts of
759
00:54:56.639 --> 00:55:00.199
ancient prophecies were called to mind, words of warning from
760
00:55:00.320 --> 00:55:05.360
solemn and antique songs for telling that other Viracochas, men
761
00:55:05.480 --> 00:55:08.760
of fair complexion and flowing beards, would some day come
762
00:55:08.840 --> 00:55:12.920
from the Sun, the father of existent nature, and subject
763
00:55:13.000 --> 00:55:17.480
the empire to their rule. When the great Inca Weina
764
00:55:17.559 --> 00:55:21.360
Capac was on his death bed, he recalled these prophecies
765
00:55:21.719 --> 00:55:24.760
and impressed them upon the mind of his successor, so
766
00:55:24.920 --> 00:55:28.920
that when de Soto, the Lieutenant of Pisaro, had his
767
00:55:29.039 --> 00:55:33.239
first interview with the envoy of Attawalpa, the latter humbly
768
00:55:33.320 --> 00:55:37.719
addressed him as Viracocha, the great god son of the Sun,
769
00:55:38.239 --> 00:55:41.800
and told him that it was Weina Capac's last command
770
00:55:42.280 --> 00:55:45.559
to pay homage to the white men when they should arrive.
771
00:55:48.280 --> 00:55:52.239
We need no longer entertain about such statements that suspicion
772
00:55:52.519 --> 00:55:56.239
or incredulity which so many historians have thought it necessary
773
00:55:56.360 --> 00:56:00.199
to indulge in. They are too generally paralleled in other
774
00:56:00.280 --> 00:56:03.639
American hero myths to leave the slightest doubt as to
775
00:56:03.719 --> 00:56:08.000
their reality or as to their significance. They are again
776
00:56:08.119 --> 00:56:11.039
the expression of the expected return of the Light God
777
00:56:11.639 --> 00:56:16.840
after his departure and disappearance in the Western Horizon. Modifications
778
00:56:16.880 --> 00:56:19.960
of what was originally a statement of simple occurrence of
779
00:56:20.119 --> 00:56:25.039
daily routine, they became transmitted in the limbic of mythology
780
00:56:25.519 --> 00:56:28.480
to the story of the beneficent God of the past
781
00:56:29.039 --> 00:56:32.159
and the promise of golden days when again he should
782
00:56:32.199 --> 00:56:35.760
return to the people whom erstwhile he ruled and taught
783
00:56:37.239 --> 00:56:41.079
the quechuas expected the return of Iracocha not merely as
784
00:56:41.159 --> 00:56:44.440
an earthly ruler to govern their nation, but as a
785
00:56:44.519 --> 00:56:47.960
god who, by his divine power, would call the dead
786
00:56:48.159 --> 00:56:52.440
to life. Precisely as in ancient Egypt, the literal belief
787
00:56:52.480 --> 00:56:55.000
in the resurrection of the body led to the custom
788
00:56:55.079 --> 00:56:58.920
of preserving the corpses with the most sedulous care. So
789
00:56:59.119 --> 00:57:02.639
in Peru the cadaver was mummied and deposited in the
790
00:57:02.719 --> 00:57:06.440
most secret and inaccessible spots, so that it should remain
791
00:57:06.760 --> 00:57:12.280
undisturbed to the great day of resurrection. And when was
792
00:57:12.360 --> 00:57:16.079
that to be? We are not left in doubt on
793
00:57:16.199 --> 00:57:19.960
this point. It was to be when Viracocha should return
794
00:57:20.079 --> 00:57:24.159
to earth in his bodily form, then he would restore
795
00:57:24.199 --> 00:57:26.599
the dead to life, and they should enjoy the good
796
00:57:26.679 --> 00:57:30.480
things of a land far more glorious than this workaday
797
00:57:30.559 --> 00:57:34.679
world of ours. As at the first meeting between the races,
798
00:57:34.800 --> 00:57:36.960
the name of the hero god was applied to the
799
00:57:37.039 --> 00:57:40.960
conquering strangers, so to this day the custom has continued.
800
00:57:41.840 --> 00:57:45.599
A recent traveler tells us among Los Indios del Campo,
801
00:57:46.079 --> 00:57:49.800
or Indians of the Fields, the Lama, herdsmen of the Punas,
802
00:57:50.239 --> 00:57:53.599
and the fishermen of the lakes. The common salutation to
803
00:57:53.679 --> 00:57:58.199
strangers of a fair skin and blue eyes is taetai viracocha.
804
00:57:59.400 --> 00:58:02.079
Even if this is used now as am Weener seems
805
00:58:02.119 --> 00:58:06.000
to think merely as a servile flattery, there is no
806
00:58:06.199 --> 00:58:09.199
doubt but that at the beginning it was applied because
807
00:58:09.239 --> 00:58:12.960
the white strangers were identified with the white and bearded
808
00:58:13.039 --> 00:58:16.880
hero and his followers of their culture myth, whose return
809
00:58:17.079 --> 00:58:22.280
had been foretold by their priests. Are we obliged to
810
00:58:22.360 --> 00:58:26.239
explain these similarities to the Mexican tradition by supposing some
811
00:58:26.519 --> 00:58:30.840
ancient intercourse between these peoples, the arrival, for instance, and
812
00:58:31.000 --> 00:58:36.199
settlement on the highlands around Lake Titicaca of some Toltec colony,
813
00:58:36.639 --> 00:58:40.239
as has been maintained by such able writers on Peruvian
814
00:58:40.360 --> 00:58:46.239
antiquities as Leonce Angrande and J. J. Vonchudi, I think
815
00:58:46.360 --> 00:58:50.599
not the great events of nature, day and night, storm
816
00:58:50.639 --> 00:58:54.840
and sunshine are everywhere the same, and the impressions they
817
00:58:54.920 --> 00:58:57.320
produced on the minds of this race were the same,
818
00:58:57.920 --> 00:59:00.840
whether the scene was in the forests of the north
819
00:59:00.920 --> 00:59:05.079
temperate zone amid the palms of the tropics, or on
820
00:59:05.199 --> 00:59:09.639
the lofty and barren plateaus of the Andes. These impressions
821
00:59:09.679 --> 00:59:13.480
found utterance in similar myths, and were represented in art
822
00:59:13.679 --> 00:59:18.119
under similar forms. It is therefore to the oneness of
823
00:59:18.280 --> 00:59:23.199
cause and of racial psychology, not to ancient migrations, that
824
00:59:23.360 --> 00:59:26.440
we must look to explain the identities of myth and
825
00:59:26.559 --> 00:59:33.719
representation that we find between such widely sundered nations. End
826
00:59:33.800 --> 00:59:39.320
of Chapter five, Part two. End of Chapter five read
827
00:59:39.400 --> 00:59:41.280
by lind Sonrisa Jones