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Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. Today's episode contains not just one, but two nuggets of history. These are coming from the T d I H Vault, so you'll also here to hosts. Consider it a double feature. Enjoy the show. Welcome to this Day in History Classes July. On this day in the United States invaded Puerto Rico. This happened during the Spanish American War. It was not a very long war, It only lasted for four months. Spain, when the war began, had two main possessions in the Caribbean. One was Cuba and the other was Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico had been Spanish territory for about four hundred years. Originally, the United States plan had been to take over Puerto Rico first during this war, and then to use Puerto Rico was sort of a stepping stone into an invasion of Cuba. The focus was really on Cuba. Cua was the more important target from the American point of view. Under the direction of the War Department, Lieutenant Harry F. Whitney had even investigated the island of Puerto Rico while disguised as a crewman aboard a British ship. But President William McKinley ordered the military to go directly for Cuba since that was the ultimate goal, so instead of using Puerto Rico as a step in that process. Instead, the invasion of Puerto Rico happened only after Spanish forces in Cuba surrendered, which is on July. Really, by the time the United States invaded Puerto Rico, it already seemed pretty certain that Spain was going to surrender, but invading met the United States was already going to have a presence in Puerto Rico once everyone came to negotiating table to formally end the war. The order to attack Puerto Rico came on July eighteenth, the day after Spain had surrendered in Cuba, but it took three days to get the necessary escort ships to actually start the mission. When the mostly volunteer force land did on twenty five, they were mostly unopposed, and throughout the fighting, American forces saw very few casualties, while Spanish forces saw a lot more. My August, the US military had secured the island and Spain signed an armistice on August twelve, and then the Treaty of Paris in December of eight ended the war and formally approved United States possession of Puerto Rico. However, no Puerto Ricans had a seat at the negotiating table in all of this, nor did anyone from any of the other islands that were part of this war, which included Cuba, Guam, and the Philippines. When all this happened, movements for independence and colonial reform and the abolition of slavery and other changes had been sweeping through Puerto Rico for almost forty years, but in the end, Puerto Rico became the only Spanish territory in the America's not to gain independence. Today, port Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States. Puerto Ricans were granted full United States citizenship in nineteen seventeen. Eventually it became an autonomous commonwealth, with a new constitution being adopted on the fifty fourth anniversary of this invasion. Puerto Rico has held five different referenda on the subject of becoming a United States state, with voters approving statehood in the last two, but that last one, which took place in seventeen, had a very low voter turnout, probably because of a boycott. So the subject of statehood for Puerto Rico was currently in the hands of Congress, which has not chosen to address it. Thanks to Christopher Hasciotis for his research on today's episode and Statari Harrison for her editing on all of these episodes. You can subscribe to This Day in History Class on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and wherever else you get your podcasts. Tune in tomorrow for a declaration of Independence. Hi, I'm Eves, and welcome to This Day in History Class, a show that uncovers a little bit more about history every day. The day was July PM. Luis Joy Brown became the first person to be born via in vitro fertilization. In vitro fertilization, or IVF, is an assisted reproductive technology that helps with fertilization, embryo development, and implantation so a person can get pregnant. I VF can be used as an infertility treatment or to prevent passing on genetic disorders. The term in vitro means the process takes place in a test tube, culture dish, or somewhere else outside of the body, as opposed to in vivo, which means a process takes place inside the body of a living organism. While the actual procedure of IVF was established at the end of the twentieth century, the science behind it dates back to the late nineteenth century. In eighteen seventy eight, embryologist Samuel Leopold Shank collected ova, or egg seals from rabbits and guinea pigs. When he added sperm or male reproductive cells to the ova, he noted that cell division could occur outside of a mammal's body. In eighteen ninety, scientist Walter Heap transferred a fertilized egg from an Angora rabbit to a Belgian hair rabbit, which then gave birth to Angora rabbits. It was the first successful mammalian embryo transfer, and in nineteen thirty four, Gregory Pinkus and Ernst vin zin's Ensman introduced sperm to rabbit eggs while they were outside of the body, implanted the eggs back into the rabbit, and the rabbit became pregnant. But they had implanted the eggs before they had fully matured, and fertilization had actually occurred inside the rabbit's body, not in vitro. In nineteen fifty nine, scientists mean to a chong successfully used IVF to impregnate a rabbit, but it was the collaboration between gynecologist Patrick Steptoe and professor of human reproduction Robert Edwards that would produce the first human pregnancy via IVF. Debto and Edwards began working together in nineteen sixty. In nineteen seventy six, they started working with Leslie and John Brown. The couple have been trying to have a baby for years with no success, but in November of nineteen seventy seven, Leslie successfully had an embryo and planted into her uterus from a petri dish. On July nineteen seventy eight, Luise Joy Brown was born to Leslie and John Brown via Cisterian section at Oldham and District General Hospital in Manchester, England. The procedure in the birth of the first so called test two baby we're controversial. Religious groups spoke out against IVF as an unnatural form of conception. Articles questioned the ethic cality of IVF, and the Browns got hate mail as well as letters of congratulations. Questions have arisen over who owns the embryos and whether scientists should be allowed to perform experiments for stem cell research with cryo preserve embryos that are not implanted. IVF is also associated with high rates of multiple births. Still, research into IVF continue to be funded. The first private IVF clinic opened in nineteen eighty. Luis's younger sister, Natalie, was also conceived by IVF. Natalie was the first person born via IVF to give birth. Since Luise was born, IVF technology has improved and millions of babies have been born through IVF. Today, it's the most popular assisted reproductive technology. I'm Eve Jeff Coote and hopefully you know a little more about history today than you did yesterday. We love it if you left us a comment on Twitter, Instagram or Facebook. At t d i h C podcast, thanks for showing up. We'll meet here again tomorrow. For more podcasts from I Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.
Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. Today's episode contains not just one, but two nuggets of history. These are coming from the T d I H Vault, so you'll also here to hosts. Consider it a double feature. Enjoy the show. Welcome to this Day in History Classes July. On this day in the United States invaded Puerto Rico. This happened during the Spanish American War. It was not a very long war, It only lasted for four months. Spain, when the war began, had two main possessions in the Caribbean. One was Cuba and the other was Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico had been Spanish territory for about four hundred years. Originally, the United States plan had been to take over Puerto Rico first during this war, and then to use Puerto Rico was sort of a stepping stone into an invasion of Cuba. The focus was really on Cuba. Cua was the more important target from the American point of view. Under the direction of the War Department, Lieutenant Harry F. Whitney had even investigated the island of Puerto Rico while disguised as a crewman aboard a British ship. But President William McKinley ordered the military to go directly for Cuba since that was the ultimate goal, so instead of using Puerto Rico as a step in that process. Instead, the invasion of Puerto Rico happened only after Spanish forces in Cuba surrendered, which is on July. Really, by the time the United States invaded Puerto Rico, it already seemed pretty certain that Spain was going to surrender, but invading met the United States was already going to have a presence in Puerto Rico once everyone came to negotiating table to formally end the war. The order to attack Puerto Rico came on July eighteenth, the day after Spain had surrendered in Cuba, but it took three days to get the necessary escort ships to actually start the mission. When the mostly volunteer force land did on twenty five, they were mostly unopposed, and throughout the fighting, American forces saw very few casualties, while Spanish forces saw a lot more. My August, the US military had secured the island and Spain signed an armistice on August twelve, and then the Treaty of Paris in December of eight ended the war and formally approved United States possession of Puerto Rico. However, no Puerto Ricans had a seat at the negotiating table in all of this, nor did anyone from any of the other islands that were part of this war, which included Cuba, Guam, and the Philippines. When all this happened, movements for independence and colonial reform and the abolition of slavery and other changes had been sweeping through Puerto Rico for almost forty years, but in the end, Puerto Rico became the only Spanish territory in the America's not to gain independence. Today, port Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States. Puerto Ricans were granted full United States citizenship in nineteen seventeen. Eventually it became an autonomous commonwealth, with a new constitution being adopted on the fifty fourth anniversary of this invasion. Puerto Rico has held five different referenda on the subject of becoming a United States state, with voters approving statehood in the last two, but that last one, which took place in seventeen, had a very low voter turnout, probably because of a boycott. So the subject of statehood for Puerto Rico was currently in the hands of Congress, which has not chosen to address it. Thanks to Christopher Hasciotis for his research on today's episode and Statari Harrison for her editing on all of these episodes. You can subscribe to This Day in History Class on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and wherever else you get your podcasts. Tune in tomorrow for a declaration of Independence. Hi, I'm Eves, and welcome to This Day in History Class, a show that uncovers a little bit more about history every day. The day was July PM. Luis Joy Brown became the first person to be born via in vitro fertilization. In vitro fertilization, or IVF, is an assisted reproductive technology that helps with fertilization, embryo development, and implantation so a person can get pregnant. I VF can be used as an infertility treatment or to prevent passing on genetic disorders. The term in vitro means the process takes place in a test tube, culture dish, or somewhere else outside of the body, as opposed to in vivo, which means a process takes place inside the body of a living organism. While the actual procedure of IVF was established at the end of the twentieth century, the science behind it dates back to the late nineteenth century. In eighteen seventy eight, embryologist Samuel Leopold Shank collected ova, or egg seals from rabbits and guinea pigs. When he added sperm or male reproductive cells to the ova, he noted that cell division could occur outside of a mammal's body. In eighteen ninety, scientist Walter Heap transferred a fertilized egg from an Angora rabbit to a Belgian hair rabbit, which then gave birth to Angora rabbits. It was the first successful mammalian embryo transfer, and in nineteen thirty four, Gregory Pinkus and Ernst vin zin's Ensman introduced sperm to rabbit eggs while they were outside of the body, implanted the eggs back into the rabbit, and the rabbit became pregnant. But they had implanted the eggs before they had fully matured, and fertilization had actually occurred inside the rabbit's body, not in vitro. In nineteen fifty nine, scientists mean to a chong successfully used IVF to impregnate a rabbit, but it was the collaboration between gynecologist Patrick Steptoe and professor of human reproduction Robert Edwards that would produce the first human pregnancy via IVF. Debto and Edwards began working together in nineteen sixty. In nineteen seventy six, they started working with Leslie and John Brown. The couple have been trying to have a baby for years with no success, but in November of nineteen seventy seven, Leslie successfully had an embryo and planted into her uterus from a petri dish. On July nineteen seventy eight, Luise Joy Brown was born to Leslie and John Brown via Cisterian section at Oldham and District General Hospital in Manchester, England. The procedure in the birth of the first so called test two baby we're controversial. Religious groups spoke out against IVF as an unnatural form of conception. Articles questioned the ethic cality of IVF, and the Browns got hate mail as well as letters of congratulations. Questions have arisen over who owns the embryos and whether scientists should be allowed to perform experiments for stem cell research with cryo preserve embryos that are not implanted. IVF is also associated with high rates of multiple births. Still, research into IVF continue to be funded. The first private IVF clinic opened in nineteen eighty. Luis's younger sister, Natalie, was also conceived by IVF. Natalie was the first person born via IVF to give birth. Since Luise was born, IVF technology has improved and millions of babies have been born through IVF. Today, it's the most popular assisted reproductive technology. I'm Eve Jeff Coote and hopefully you know a little more about history today than you did yesterday. We love it if you left us a comment on Twitter, Instagram or Facebook. At t d i h C podcast, thanks for showing up. We'll meet here again tomorrow. For more podcasts from I Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.
