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This is SpaceTime series 29,
episode 60 for broadcast on the
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20th of May 2026. Coming up on
SpaceTime, the solar system's
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passage through an interstellar
cloud, the RAMSI's mission to
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study the once considered
doomsday asteroid Apophis, and
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is volcanic ash reshaping the
Martian surface. All that and
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more coming up on SpaceTime.
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Welcome to space time with
Stuart Garry.
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A new study of cosmic dust found
in Antarctic ice samples has
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revealed our solar system's
journey through the local
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interstellar cloud. Now this
local interstellar cloud is a
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nearby region of highly diluted
gas and dust between the stars
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in our local neighborhood of the
Milky Way galaxy.
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As it travels on its 250 or so
million year orbit around the
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galactic center, our solar
system, including the Earth,
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continuously accumulates
material from the environments
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it's passing through. And this
includes a rare radioactive
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isotope of iron called iron 60,
which is produced in stellar
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explosions. Now scientists have
identified iron 60 in ice
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samples from Antarctica dating
back tens of thousands of years.
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A report in the journal Physical
Review Letters claims the steady
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but time-varying influx of this
isotope has allowed the authors
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to trace our solar system's
passage through the local
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interstellar cloud. Ion 60 is
formed in the interiors of
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massive stars, and it's ejected
into space when these stars go
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supernova.
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Geological archives show our
solar system was hit twice by
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iron 60 from supernovae millions
of years ago. In more recent
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times, however, there have been
no nearby stellar explosions and
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thus no direct supply of iron
60. However, the discovery a few
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years ago of iron 60 in
Antarctic surface snow less than
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20 years old, has raised
questions about its origin.
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One of the study's authors,
Dominic Coh from the Helmholm
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Centrum Dresden Rosendorf says
it's likely that the local
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interstellar cloud contains iron
60, and as the solar system
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moves through this cloud, Earth
is collecting material from it.
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Now to prove this hypothesis,
Cole and colleagues analyzed
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additional samples, including
deep sea sediments up to 30,000
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years old, where the iron 60 was
also found. But competing
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hypotheses remained, forcing the
authors to go back and collect
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new Antarctic ice samples dating
back even further to between
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40,000 and 80,000 years ago.
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And their new analysis supports
the idea that our local
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interstellar cloud is the likely
source for this iron 60. Cole
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says it means the clouds
surrounding our solar system are
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linked to a supernova explosion.
And for the first time, these
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ice core samples are giving
astronomers an opportunity to
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investigate the origin of the
clouds.
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Our solar system entered the
local interstellar clouds
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several tens of thousands of
years ago and we'll leave it in
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a few 1000 years' time. Right
now we're near its edge.
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Now for this study, the authors
analyzed an ice core from the
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period around the suspected
entry to the cloud. By comparing
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the iron 60 content with earlier
deep sea and snow samples, it
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showed that between 40,000 and
80,000 years ago, less iron 60
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reached Earth than today and in
more recent times.
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And this suggests that we must
have previously been in a medium
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with lower iron 60 content, or
alternatively, the cloud itself
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is exhibiting strong density
variations. The fact that the
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iron 60 signals changing over
just a few tens of thousands of
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years is remarkably fast on
cosmic timescales.
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With this insight, the authors
were able to rule out
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alternative explanations for the
source of the iron 60 influx,
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such as the gradual fading of
million year old stellar
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explosions.
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Now for their measurements, the
authors transported around 300
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kg of ice from AWI in
Bremenhaven to Dresden, where it
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was then chemically processed, a
lengthy procedure that
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ultimately left only a few 100
mg of dust. Step by step, they
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isolated the iron 60, taking
great care to avoid losses at
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every stage.
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For their final measurement, the
authors turned to the heavy iron
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accelerator facility at the
Australian National University
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in Canberra. That's currently
the only laboratory in the world
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capable of detecting such tiny
quantities of iron 60.
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Using electric and magnetic
filters, they separated unwanted
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atoms according to their mass
until only a handful of iron 60
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atoms remained out of an initial
10 trillion atoms. It confirms
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that as our solar system and the
Earth passed through this cloud,
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the levels of iron 60 rose
dramatically, a sure sign that
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the cloud is the result of a
supernova explosion.
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This is SpaceTime. Still to
come, the RAMSI's mission to
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study what once was considered a
doomsday asteroid, and why is
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volcanic ash reshaping the
Martian surface. All that and
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more still to come on SpaceTime.
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The European Space Agency has
confirmed that their RAMSI's
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mission to study the asteroid
Apophis will launch in about two
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years from now, April 2028, in
order to meet the half kilometer
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wide space rock prior to its
close flyby of the Earth, which
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will happen on Friday, the 13th
of April 2029.
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Now ESA and the Japanese
Aerospace Exploration Agency
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JAXSA have signed a new
memorandum of cooperation to
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deepen their collaboration in
planetary defense, including
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working together on the RAMSIS
mission.
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The Rapid ApophPIS mission for
Space Safety or RAMSIS will
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rendezvous with an explorer
POPIS studying the asteroid and
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observing how its close
encounter with Earth will affect
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both it and its orbit through
space. RAMSIS will launch aboard
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a JAXA H3 rocket. The
Tanigoshima Space Center South
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Tokyo. JAXSA will also supply
one of the spacecraft's thermal
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imaging instruments and its
solar arrays.
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RAMSI's will rideshare with
JAXSA's Destiny Plus mission,
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which is targeting the rock
comet Phaeton, the source of the
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gibbet it's meteor shower.
Unlike most meteor showers,
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which are caused by the Earth
passing through the debris
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trails left by comets, Phaeton
is thought to be an asteroid,
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which just happens to be on a
comet-like orbit around the sun.
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That suggests Phaeton may have
well started out its life as a
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comet but lost most of its icy
materials over the eons and now
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looks more like an asteroid. But
before heading towards its
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encounter with Phaeton, Destiny
Plus will fly by and image
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Apophis.
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Apophis is named after the
Egyptian god of chaos. When
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first discovered back in June
2004, initial calculations based
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on very limited orbital data
indicated the asteroid would
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pass just 31,600 kilometers
above the Earth's surface. That
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's closer than many satellites.
It would swoop over Europe, the
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Middle East, Southern Central
Asia, and Japan.
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Now it won't hit the Earth in
2029, but it will come awfully
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close. And based on those
initial observations, and
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depending on the gravitational
perturbations caused by Earth
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during that close encounter,
Apophiss could pass through a
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sort of gravitational keyhole,
which according to the earlier
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observations, would put it on an
impacting course with Earth
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exactly 7 years later, on Easter
Sunday, April 13th, 2036.
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In fact, it had the highest
probability of an impact with
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the Earth of any asteroid ever
calculated, hence its title as
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the Doomsday asteroid, and it
quickly triggered global efforts
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by astronomers to more
accurately determine the
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asteroid's exact trajectory.
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The impact on Earth of a 0.5
kilometer wide asteroid like
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Apophis could trigger
earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic
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eruptions, and firestorms from
burning debris, all resulting in
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widespread devastation and
destruction over hundreds of
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square kilometers.
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But thankfully, as more and more
observations came in over the
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following months, the likelihood
of a collision with Earth became
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smaller and smaller until
eventually it reached a
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negligible level.
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But it was a wake-up call to the
very real dangers out there, and
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the thing you need to remember
at this point is not whether
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there'll be another asteroid
impact with Earth, but when.
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So, NASA and ESA and other
leading space agencies are all
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developing a range of planetary
defense contingency plans for a
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future impact event. And like
NASA's DART and ESA's HO mission
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to redirect an asteroid, RAMSI's
is part of that response.
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RAMSIS will accompany Apophiss
throughout its flyby, observing
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how Earth's gravity alters its
shape, its surface, and its
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motion. By comparing before and
after measurements, scientists
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will gain new insights into
asteroid structure, composition,
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and behavior that'll be
important for any future
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deflection efforts. This report
from ESA TV.
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Friday, the 13th of April 2029
will be humankind's lucky day.
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Apophis will safely pass Earth
at a distance of less than
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32,000 kilometers. An asteroid
this large passes this close to
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Earth once every roughly 7000
years, and the European Space
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Agency will have a front row
seat.
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Meet RAMSIS. ESA's Space Safety
program is sending RAMSI to
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rendezvous with Apophis and
study the asteroid up close as
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it is pulled and stretched by
Earth's gravity. RAMSIS will
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deploy two smaller spacecraft to
help it record any changes to
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the asteroids.
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Orbit, rotation, surface and
interior with RAMSI, ESA is
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capitalizing on a unique
opportunity to learn how
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asteroids react to strong forces
and how we could push one off of
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a collision course if we are not
so lucky next time.
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When the world looks up to see
Apophis passing overhead, RAMSES
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will be flying alongside,
providing close up images and
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learning how to keep Earth safe.
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This is space time. Still to
come, why is volcanic ash
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reshaping the Martian surface?
And later in the science report,
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a new study reports that ocean
temperatures are now edging
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towards record highs, suggesting
a super powerful El Niño is
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coming. All that and more still
to come on SpaceTime.
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Ok.
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Astronomers have witnessed a
noticeable change on the surface
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of the red planet Mars, with a
dark blanket of volcanic ash
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deposits slowly creeping across
the Martian surface over the
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past 50 years. Now planetary
scale changes like those now
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being observed on Mars usually
occur over millions of years,
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not in just half a century.
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The new observations are based
on fresh images of the Utopia
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Plantia region by the European
Space Agency's Mars Express
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spacecraft and its high
resolution stereo camera, which
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shows the red planet's bright
ochre colored dust and broken up
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rocks and sands butting up
against dark deposits of
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volcanic ash.
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And when compared to the same
region imaged in 1976 by NASA's
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Viking orbiters, the spread of
the volcanic ash is quite
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apparent. The thing is, Mars is
supposed to be almost
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geologically dead. Certainly
there shouldn't be any volcanic
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activity happening there. That's
not to say Mars doesn't have a
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history of volcanic activity.
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There are several extinct
volcanoes easily identified from
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space on Mars, including of
course Olympus Mons, the largest
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volcano in the solar system,
which is some 600 kilometers
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wide and 26 kilometers high.
That's more than twice as big as
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Earth's largest volcano, Mauna
Keo in Hawaii. But like all the
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00:12:13,950 --> 00:12:17,539
other volcanoes on Mars, Olympus
Mons is extinct.
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The dark color of the Martian
volcanic ash is caused by
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material rich in mafic minerals
such as olivine and pyroxene,
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which form at high temperatures.
So if the spread of the ash
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hasn't been caused by volcanic
eruptions, what's behind it?
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Astronomers think the likely
cause is that the ash is either
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being picked up and moved about
by Martian winds, or the ochre
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dust that previously covered the
dark ash is being blown away by
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those same winds, or possibly it
's a combination of both.
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Utopia Planettia is an ancient
basin with a diameter of around
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3300 kilometers, making it
almost twice the size of Earth's
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Sahara Desert. It's thought to
have once hosted a giant ocean,
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billions of years ago when Mars
was a warmer, wetter world.
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Today, the red planet's a freeze
dried desert full of rocks and
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00:13:05,989 --> 00:13:09,630
sand, but it still holds lots of
water beneath its surface in the
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form of ice. And there are many
features across the landscape
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that still show signs that water
once flowed there. These include
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vaguely rounded pits and wavy
edges known as scalloped
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depressions.
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They indicate that the region's
periglacial, meaning on the
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00:13:24,780 --> 00:13:28,590
fringes of glaciers, undergoing
cycles of freezing and thawing
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and typically featuring lots of
buried ice. Sea scalloped
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depressions form as ice below
the surface melts or escapes
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into the air, causing the
overlying ground to become
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unstable and collapse. These
features don't occur in
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isolation, but rather merge to
form larger areas that can be
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observed from orbit.
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Utopia Plannesia also features a
series of shadowy ditches around
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20 kilometers long and 2
kilometers wide, which stretch
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00:13:53,440 --> 00:13:57,239
out across the surface. These
ditches of grabin are formed
228
00:13:57,239 --> 00:14:00,400
when the surface cracks, either
because layers of wet sediments
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00:14:00,400 --> 00:14:04,239
form weak points or because of
tectonic activity. It's a
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00:14:04,239 --> 00:14:07,599
fascinating new look at one of
the most studied regions of the
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00:14:07,599 --> 00:14:08,539
Martian landscape.
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00:14:09,630 --> 00:14:11,099
This is space time.
233
00:14:26,869 --> 00:14:29,440
And time now to take another
brief look at some of the other
234
00:14:29,440 --> 00:14:32,559
stories making news in science
this week with a science report.
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00:14:33,119 --> 00:14:36,119
A new study claims that adding
more soy and legumes to your
236
00:14:36,119 --> 00:14:39,020
diet may help lower your risk of
high blood pressure.
237
00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:42,479
A report in the British Medical
Journal analyzed 12 previous
238
00:14:42,479 --> 00:14:45,599
studies, finding that compared
with those with a low intake of
239
00:14:45,599 --> 00:14:49,640
legumes, those with a high
intake were 16% less likely to
240
00:14:49,640 --> 00:14:52,950
develop high blood pressure. The
authors also found that those
241
00:14:52,950 --> 00:14:56,650
with a high intake of soy foods
were 19% less likely to develop
242
00:14:56,650 --> 00:14:59,419
hypertension compared to those
with a lower intake.
243
00:14:59,859 --> 00:15:03,510
The study found that the optimal
daily intake was around 170 g of
244
00:15:03,510 --> 00:15:08,190
legumes and 60 to 90 g of soy.
Now while these studies don't
245
00:15:08,190 --> 00:15:11,510
establish cause and effect, the
authors say soy and legumes are
246
00:15:11,510 --> 00:15:14,950
high in potassium, magnesium,
and dietary fiber, all of which
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00:15:14,950 --> 00:15:17,630
are known for their blood
pressure lowering properties.
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00:15:19,039 --> 00:15:22,200
The European Union's climate
monitor says that ocean
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00:15:22,200 --> 00:15:25,479
temperatures are now edging
towards record highs as
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00:15:25,479 --> 00:15:28,000
conditions shift to a
potentially super powerful El
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00:15:28,000 --> 00:15:31,359
Niño weather pattern. The
European Center For Medium Range
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00:15:31,359 --> 00:15:34,320
Weather Forecasting says sea
surface temperatures are now
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00:15:34,320 --> 00:15:39,119
just shy of the all-time highs
of 2024, and this month looks
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00:15:39,119 --> 00:15:40,299
set to break that record.
255
00:15:40,960 --> 00:15:44,570
The Copernicus Climate Change
Service says daily sea surface
256
00:15:44,570 --> 00:15:47,650
temperatures in April gradually
inched towards near record
257
00:15:47,650 --> 00:15:52,169
highs, reflecting the transition
from La Nina to El Niño. And
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00:15:52,169 --> 00:15:54,450
last month, the World
Meteorological Organization
259
00:15:54,450 --> 00:15:57,729
warned that El Niño conditions
were expected to develop in
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00:15:57,729 --> 00:15:58,679
coming weeks.
261
00:15:59,130 --> 00:16:02,609
El Niño is Spanish for little
boy. The term was coined by
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00:16:02,609 --> 00:16:05,609
Peruvian fishermen who noticed a
drop off in their catch of
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00:16:05,609 --> 00:16:09,390
anchovies as sea surface
temperatures rose. El Niño
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00:16:09,390 --> 00:16:12,039
weather patterns featured warmer
than average sea surface
265
00:16:12,039 --> 00:16:15,119
temperatures in the eastern
central Pacific Ocean, drought
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00:16:15,119 --> 00:16:18,219
conditions across Australia, and
wetter than usual weather in the
267
00:16:18,219 --> 00:16:18,830
Americas.
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00:16:19,280 --> 00:16:23,239
The last El Niño helped make
2023, 202024 the two hottest
269
00:16:23,239 --> 00:16:25,950
years on record, and some
weather forecasters are
270
00:16:25,950 --> 00:16:28,799
predicting that this coming
event could be the biggest in
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00:16:28,799 --> 00:16:32,440
three decades, potentially
raising the chance of 2027
272
00:16:32,440 --> 00:16:35,020
becoming the hottest year ever
recorded.
273
00:16:36,440 --> 00:16:39,500
80 years after the Trinity
nuclear test in New Mexico,
274
00:16:39,599 --> 00:16:43,969
scientists have identified a new
crystal formed in the blast. A
275
00:16:43,969 --> 00:16:45,599
report in the journal of the
Proceedings Of The National
276
00:16:45,599 --> 00:16:49,609
Academy Of Sciences PNAS claims
this newly identified form of
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00:16:49,609 --> 00:16:52,809
Trinitite is another example of
what happens when minerals are
278
00:16:52,809 --> 00:16:56,010
heated to extreme temperatures
and placed under extreme
279
00:16:56,010 --> 00:16:56,719
pressures.
280
00:16:57,159 --> 00:17:00,450
These super intense conditions,
followed by a rapid cooling
281
00:17:00,450 --> 00:17:03,530
process, fuse together particles
from the Trinity site's test
282
00:17:03,530 --> 00:17:05,869
tower, its copper
infrastructure, and large
283
00:17:05,869 --> 00:17:09,119
volumes of the surrounding New
Mexico desert sands, producing a
284
00:17:09,119 --> 00:17:11,849
range of glassy material
collectively referred to as
285
00:17:11,849 --> 00:17:12,569
Trinitite.
286
00:17:13,160 --> 00:17:16,150
Most Trinitite appears green in
color, but there is another
287
00:17:16,150 --> 00:17:19,390
rarer form called red Trinitite,
which is enriched with materials
288
00:17:19,390 --> 00:17:22,670
that came from the vaporized
tower, coaxial cables, and
289
00:17:22,670 --> 00:17:24,750
recording instruments near the
blast site.
290
00:17:25,150 --> 00:17:28,150
The newly identified crystal
compound is made up of silicon,
291
00:17:28,229 --> 00:17:31,660
calcium, copper, and a small
amount of iron. The authors
292
00:17:31,660 --> 00:17:34,630
identified a small amount of
clathrate, a crystal compound
293
00:17:34,630 --> 00:17:37,510
consisting of a lattice that
traps and contains guest
294
00:17:37,510 --> 00:17:41,180
molecules within cage-like
structures. The clathrate was
295
00:17:41,180 --> 00:17:43,869
discovered within a copper rich
metal droplet within the
296
00:17:43,869 --> 00:17:44,689
Trinitite.
297
00:17:46,250 --> 00:17:49,310
Google has just unveiled its new
Google Book, which the company
298
00:17:49,310 --> 00:17:53,290
claims will reshape the future
of laptops. With the details,
299
00:17:53,359 --> 00:17:56,280
we're joined by technology
editor Alex Saharov Roy from
300
00:17:56,280 --> 00:17:57,599
Tech Advice Start Life.
301
00:17:57,880 --> 00:18:01,479
Yeah, this is a new updated
version of the Chromebook from
302
00:18:01,479 --> 00:18:04,520
Google that is a whole new line.
I mean, Chromebooks won't go
303
00:18:04,520 --> 00:18:08,119
anywhere, they'll continue being
updated till 2034, but this is a
304
00:18:08,119 --> 00:18:12,839
premium device that is merging
Android, the phone's operating
305
00:18:12,839 --> 00:18:16,380
system, and Chrome OS with more
premium hardware, and a bunch of
306
00:18:16,640 --> 00:18:19,719
Google Intelligence features,
which sounds a bit like Apple
307
00:18:19,719 --> 00:18:20,239
intelligence.
308
00:18:20,359 --> 00:18:22,240
They could have called it
Android. Intelligence, which
309
00:18:22,240 --> 00:18:25,480
would have kept the AI acronym.
But of course, Google being
310
00:18:25,480 --> 00:18:27,671
Google, it's Google
Intelligence. And these laptops
311
00:18:27,671 --> 00:18:29,120
are thin and light. They're
premium.
312
00:18:29,161 --> 00:18:32,041
They're from the affected PC
manufacturers, and they have
313
00:18:32,041 --> 00:18:35,321
this little glow bar on the
back. So instead of a logo of a
314
00:18:35,321 --> 00:18:38,840
company, it's this little
glowing rainbow style logo. But
315
00:18:38,840 --> 00:18:41,951
it does various things. Like you
can get your pointer and shake
316
00:18:41,951 --> 00:18:45,711
it over anything that's on the
screen, and you can ask it to
317
00:18:45,711 --> 00:18:48,681
compare or create something with
Gemini.
318
00:18:48,760 --> 00:18:51,521
It's sort of like a, an updated
version of the. Mouse venue, but
319
00:18:51,521 --> 00:18:54,381
it will contextually offer
things for you to do. You can
320
00:18:54,552 --> 00:18:57,352
select several pictures
together. An example on the page
321
00:18:57,352 --> 00:19:00,281
here is combine these images to
make a band poster for my child.
322
00:19:00,641 --> 00:19:02,482
You can create custom widgets.
323
00:19:02,521 --> 00:19:04,482
So let's say you've got a trip
coming up to a different
324
00:19:04,482 --> 00:19:07,562
country, and this custom widget
will then tell you how many days
325
00:19:07,562 --> 00:19:10,121
the trip's going to be, what
time you've got to depart,
326
00:19:10,472 --> 00:19:12,401
confirmation number, the flight
number, where you're booking
327
00:19:12,401 --> 00:19:15,362
into, sort of able to create a
widget that you might not have
328
00:19:15,362 --> 00:19:17,202
from any of your apps, but you
can make your own.
329
00:19:17,241 --> 00:19:19,482
And it's getting the information
from your Gmail, from your
330
00:19:19,482 --> 00:19:22,682
Google Calendar. I mean, it's
also able to run all your
331
00:19:22,682 --> 00:19:25,442
Android apps on your screen. I
mean this is copying to some
332
00:19:25,442 --> 00:19:27,883
degree some of the features that
Apple users have enjoyed with
333
00:19:27,883 --> 00:19:30,883
their iPhones and their Macs for
many years.
334
00:19:30,963 --> 00:19:33,642
But clearly to have it in a
computer, I mean if you're
335
00:19:33,642 --> 00:19:36,243
already in the Android and
Google ecosystem, well, you want
336
00:19:36,243 --> 00:19:38,552
those features too. You know,
you can quickly access all the
337
00:19:38,552 --> 00:19:42,322
files on your phone through
desktop Google version of the
338
00:19:42,322 --> 00:19:45,812
file manager as if they were
living on your laptop as opposed
339
00:19:45,812 --> 00:19:48,093
to just being on your phone and
you then needing to have some
340
00:19:48,093 --> 00:19:48,762
sort of special app.
341
00:19:48,843 --> 00:19:52,563
It's, Google's answer to what is
happening with Co-Pilott on
342
00:19:52,563 --> 00:19:55,734
Windows PCs and everything that
Apple will presumably be
343
00:19:55,734 --> 00:19:59,163
announcing in early June at the
Worldwide Developer Conference
344
00:19:59,163 --> 00:20:03,284
with Mac OS 27 and all of the
intelligence features that they
345
00:20:03,284 --> 00:20:06,864
will have massively upgraded
partly thanks to their purchase
346
00:20:06,864 --> 00:20:11,284
of the, you know, the Google
White Label backend for the
347
00:20:11,284 --> 00:20:14,004
Gemini that will, you know, form
part of what's happening in
348
00:20:14,004 --> 00:20:17,234
Syria and you know Apple's going
to talk about you being able to
349
00:20:17,234 --> 00:20:18,343
use any of the various.
350
00:20:19,125 --> 00:20:22,234
Out there all at the same time,
I guess, if you want, whilst
351
00:20:22,234 --> 00:20:24,805
Google is going to obviously
focus on what it's doing with
352
00:20:24,805 --> 00:20:28,525
Gemini, which it's calling is
Google Intelligence. But they're
353
00:20:28,525 --> 00:20:31,074
doing more than just laptops.
For example, if you have an
354
00:20:31,074 --> 00:20:33,964
Android Auto in your car, then
you'll get an upgraded
355
00:20:33,964 --> 00:20:34,364
experience.
356
00:20:34,405 --> 00:20:37,125
You'll be able to see more
immersive maps with overpasses
357
00:20:37,125 --> 00:20:40,464
and underpasses, and you'll be
able to talk to Gemini within
358
00:20:40,464 --> 00:20:43,885
the Google Maps experience just
by voice to tell it what you
359
00:20:43,885 --> 00:20:45,935
need to do, where you need to
go, what you need to achieve,
360
00:20:46,074 --> 00:20:47,714
and it will do that. And that's
something that you can actually
361
00:20:47,765 --> 00:20:52,125
Activate in CarPlay if you're
using Google Maps on iPhones and
362
00:20:52,125 --> 00:20:52,885
Apple devices.
363
00:20:52,936 --> 00:20:57,286
So the way that we're using
technology is going to improve.
364
00:20:57,365 --> 00:21:00,206
I mean, the right mouse menu was
developed, you know, decades
365
00:21:00,206 --> 00:21:02,885
ago. Chromebooks have been
around for 15 years, but the way
366
00:21:02,885 --> 00:21:05,196
that we're going to interact
with our phones, computers, it's
367
00:21:05,196 --> 00:21:06,946
not going to change with a
keyboard or mouse. That'll still
368
00:21:06,946 --> 00:21:08,115
be there for quite some time.
369
00:21:08,166 --> 00:21:11,046
But the ability for us to
actually, you know, talk to
370
00:21:11,046 --> 00:21:13,885
these devices like they are a
person, get us to do things
371
00:21:13,885 --> 00:21:16,076
based on what you are thinking
about as opposed to what the
372
00:21:16,076 --> 00:21:18,607
limitations are. Operating
system and the buttons you'd
373
00:21:18,607 --> 00:21:20,766
normally have to tap or click
on, it's going to change.
374
00:21:20,847 --> 00:21:23,717
I mean, in Star Trek, you know,
yes, they had control panels
375
00:21:23,717 --> 00:21:25,906
which they tapped on various
things, but they could just talk
376
00:21:25,906 --> 00:21:28,727
to the computer and get it to do
things for you. And, you know,
377
00:21:28,807 --> 00:21:31,927
we've seen that, the beginnings
of that with Chad GVT and Claude
378
00:21:31,927 --> 00:21:35,006
and Gemini, but this is all
going to morph into the next
379
00:21:35,006 --> 00:21:37,447
level, and the computing
experience that we'll all be
380
00:21:37,447 --> 00:21:40,366
enjoying over the next couple of
years is going to have that
381
00:21:40,366 --> 00:21:40,677
leap.
382
00:21:40,727 --> 00:21:43,447
I mean, a similar leap was when
we went from text on the screen,
383
00:21:43,526 --> 00:21:45,957
the command line interface, or
typing things in BASI on.
384
00:21:46,248 --> 00:21:49,567
Earlier computers before even
DOS, and then we went to the
385
00:21:49,567 --> 00:21:50,968
graphical user interface.
386
00:21:51,088 --> 00:21:53,887
I mean, it's that level of jump,
but of course with all of the
387
00:21:53,887 --> 00:21:56,647
sophisticated artificial
intelligence that is now a
388
00:21:56,647 --> 00:21:59,088
normal part for many of our
lives that we still really
389
00:21:59,088 --> 00:22:02,687
haven't reallyly seen on phones
and computers, but we are now
390
00:22:02,687 --> 00:22:04,797
seeing the beginnings of. And
you know this year's going to be
391
00:22:04,797 --> 00:22:07,368
a seminal year for that, and it
's only going to continue
392
00:22:07,368 --> 00:22:09,968
getting better and better over
the months and years ahead.
393
00:22:10,167 --> 00:22:14,677
That's Alex Sahara Reut from
Tech Advice Life, and this is
394
00:22:14,677 --> 00:22:15,407
Space time.
395
00:22:30,709 --> 00:22:34,469
And that's the show for now.
SpaceT is available every
396
00:22:34,469 --> 00:22:38,390
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00:22:38,589 --> 00:22:42,209
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00:22:53,069 --> 00:22:56,199
And you can help to support our
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becoming a SpaceTime patron,
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408
00:23:17,270 --> 00:23:19,900
You've been listening to
SpaceTime with Stuart Garry.
409
00:23:20,420 --> 00:23:23,310
This has been another quality
podcast production from
410
00:23:23,310 --> 00:23:24,290
Bytes.Com.
00:00:00,219 --> 00:00:04,090
This is SpaceTime series 29,
episode 60 for broadcast on the
2
00:00:04,090 --> 00:00:09,729
20th of May 2026. Coming up on
SpaceTime, the solar system's
3
00:00:09,729 --> 00:00:13,689
passage through an interstellar
cloud, the RAMSI's mission to
4
00:00:13,689 --> 00:00:17,540
study the once considered
doomsday asteroid Apophis, and
5
00:00:17,540 --> 00:00:22,290
is volcanic ash reshaping the
Martian surface. All that and
6
00:00:22,290 --> 00:00:24,760
more coming up on SpaceTime.
7
00:00:25,930 --> 00:00:29,270
Welcome to space time with
Stuart Garry.
8
00:00:45,189 --> 00:00:49,119
A new study of cosmic dust found
in Antarctic ice samples has
9
00:00:49,119 --> 00:00:52,000
revealed our solar system's
journey through the local
10
00:00:52,000 --> 00:00:56,279
interstellar cloud. Now this
local interstellar cloud is a
11
00:00:56,279 --> 00:00:59,959
nearby region of highly diluted
gas and dust between the stars
12
00:00:59,959 --> 00:01:02,909
in our local neighborhood of the
Milky Way galaxy.
13
00:01:03,360 --> 00:01:06,839
As it travels on its 250 or so
million year orbit around the
14
00:01:06,839 --> 00:01:09,839
galactic center, our solar
system, including the Earth,
15
00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:13,279
continuously accumulates
material from the environments
16
00:01:13,279 --> 00:01:17,059
it's passing through. And this
includes a rare radioactive
17
00:01:17,059 --> 00:01:21,010
isotope of iron called iron 60,
which is produced in stellar
18
00:01:21,010 --> 00:01:25,379
explosions. Now scientists have
identified iron 60 in ice
19
00:01:25,379 --> 00:01:29,330
samples from Antarctica dating
back tens of thousands of years.
20
00:01:29,739 --> 00:01:33,180
A report in the journal Physical
Review Letters claims the steady
21
00:01:33,180 --> 00:01:36,500
but time-varying influx of this
isotope has allowed the authors
22
00:01:36,500 --> 00:01:39,220
to trace our solar system's
passage through the local
23
00:01:39,220 --> 00:01:43,410
interstellar cloud. Ion 60 is
formed in the interiors of
24
00:01:43,410 --> 00:01:47,370
massive stars, and it's ejected
into space when these stars go
25
00:01:47,370 --> 00:01:48,209
supernova.
26
00:01:49,099 --> 00:01:52,419
Geological archives show our
solar system was hit twice by
27
00:01:52,419 --> 00:01:56,900
iron 60 from supernovae millions
of years ago. In more recent
28
00:01:56,900 --> 00:02:00,319
times, however, there have been
no nearby stellar explosions and
29
00:02:00,319 --> 00:02:05,160
thus no direct supply of iron
60. However, the discovery a few
30
00:02:05,160 --> 00:02:08,419
years ago of iron 60 in
Antarctic surface snow less than
31
00:02:08,419 --> 00:02:11,479
20 years old, has raised
questions about its origin.
32
00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:14,880
One of the study's authors,
Dominic Coh from the Helmholm
33
00:02:14,880 --> 00:02:18,160
Centrum Dresden Rosendorf says
it's likely that the local
34
00:02:18,160 --> 00:02:21,880
interstellar cloud contains iron
60, and as the solar system
35
00:02:21,880 --> 00:02:25,270
moves through this cloud, Earth
is collecting material from it.
36
00:02:25,679 --> 00:02:28,559
Now to prove this hypothesis,
Cole and colleagues analyzed
37
00:02:28,559 --> 00:02:32,039
additional samples, including
deep sea sediments up to 30,000
38
00:02:32,039 --> 00:02:35,800
years old, where the iron 60 was
also found. But competing
39
00:02:35,800 --> 00:02:39,080
hypotheses remained, forcing the
authors to go back and collect
40
00:02:39,080 --> 00:02:42,199
new Antarctic ice samples dating
back even further to between
41
00:02:42,199 --> 00:02:44,479
40,000 and 80,000 years ago.
42
00:02:44,919 --> 00:02:47,919
And their new analysis supports
the idea that our local
43
00:02:47,919 --> 00:02:52,679
interstellar cloud is the likely
source for this iron 60. Cole
44
00:02:52,679 --> 00:02:55,520
says it means the clouds
surrounding our solar system are
45
00:02:55,520 --> 00:02:59,470
linked to a supernova explosion.
And for the first time, these
46
00:02:59,470 --> 00:03:02,479
ice core samples are giving
astronomers an opportunity to
47
00:03:02,479 --> 00:03:04,440
investigate the origin of the
clouds.
48
00:03:05,210 --> 00:03:07,929
Our solar system entered the
local interstellar clouds
49
00:03:07,929 --> 00:03:10,729
several tens of thousands of
years ago and we'll leave it in
50
00:03:10,729 --> 00:03:14,149
a few 1000 years' time. Right
now we're near its edge.
51
00:03:14,940 --> 00:03:18,100
Now for this study, the authors
analyzed an ice core from the
52
00:03:18,100 --> 00:03:22,179
period around the suspected
entry to the cloud. By comparing
53
00:03:22,179 --> 00:03:25,820
the iron 60 content with earlier
deep sea and snow samples, it
54
00:03:25,820 --> 00:03:29,860
showed that between 40,000 and
80,000 years ago, less iron 60
55
00:03:29,860 --> 00:03:32,690
reached Earth than today and in
more recent times.
56
00:03:33,059 --> 00:03:35,779
And this suggests that we must
have previously been in a medium
57
00:03:35,779 --> 00:03:39,419
with lower iron 60 content, or
alternatively, the cloud itself
58
00:03:39,419 --> 00:03:42,820
is exhibiting strong density
variations. The fact that the
59
00:03:42,820 --> 00:03:46,020
iron 60 signals changing over
just a few tens of thousands of
60
00:03:46,020 --> 00:03:49,419
years is remarkably fast on
cosmic timescales.
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00:03:49,899 --> 00:03:52,419
With this insight, the authors
were able to rule out
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00:03:52,419 --> 00:03:55,979
alternative explanations for the
source of the iron 60 influx,
63
00:03:56,220 --> 00:03:58,979
such as the gradual fading of
million year old stellar
64
00:03:58,979 --> 00:03:59,940
explosions.
65
00:04:00,339 --> 00:04:03,380
Now for their measurements, the
authors transported around 300
66
00:04:03,380 --> 00:04:07,339
kg of ice from AWI in
Bremenhaven to Dresden, where it
67
00:04:07,339 --> 00:04:09,979
was then chemically processed, a
lengthy procedure that
68
00:04:09,979 --> 00:04:14,699
ultimately left only a few 100
mg of dust. Step by step, they
69
00:04:14,699 --> 00:04:18,170
isolated the iron 60, taking
great care to avoid losses at
70
00:04:18,170 --> 00:04:18,839
every stage.
71
00:04:19,619 --> 00:04:22,200
For their final measurement, the
authors turned to the heavy iron
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00:04:22,200 --> 00:04:25,299
accelerator facility at the
Australian National University
73
00:04:25,299 --> 00:04:28,660
in Canberra. That's currently
the only laboratory in the world
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00:04:28,660 --> 00:04:31,980
capable of detecting such tiny
quantities of iron 60.
75
00:04:32,500 --> 00:04:36,140
Using electric and magnetic
filters, they separated unwanted
76
00:04:36,140 --> 00:04:39,820
atoms according to their mass
until only a handful of iron 60
77
00:04:39,820 --> 00:04:44,779
atoms remained out of an initial
10 trillion atoms. It confirms
78
00:04:44,779 --> 00:04:48,239
that as our solar system and the
Earth passed through this cloud,
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00:04:48,339 --> 00:04:52,500
the levels of iron 60 rose
dramatically, a sure sign that
80
00:04:52,500 --> 00:04:55,980
the cloud is the result of a
supernova explosion.
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00:04:56,700 --> 00:05:01,420
This is SpaceTime. Still to
come, the RAMSI's mission to
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00:05:01,420 --> 00:05:05,570
study what once was considered a
doomsday asteroid, and why is
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00:05:05,570 --> 00:05:10,140
volcanic ash reshaping the
Martian surface. All that and
84
00:05:10,140 --> 00:05:12,779
more still to come on SpaceTime.
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00:05:28,500 --> 00:05:31,339
The European Space Agency has
confirmed that their RAMSI's
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00:05:31,339 --> 00:05:34,559
mission to study the asteroid
Apophis will launch in about two
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00:05:34,559 --> 00:05:38,769
years from now, April 2028, in
order to meet the half kilometer
88
00:05:38,769 --> 00:05:41,980
wide space rock prior to its
close flyby of the Earth, which
89
00:05:41,980 --> 00:05:45,809
will happen on Friday, the 13th
of April 2029.
90
00:05:46,380 --> 00:05:49,260
Now ESA and the Japanese
Aerospace Exploration Agency
91
00:05:49,260 --> 00:05:52,619
JAXSA have signed a new
memorandum of cooperation to
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00:05:52,619 --> 00:05:55,420
deepen their collaboration in
planetary defense, including
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00:05:55,420 --> 00:05:57,440
working together on the RAMSIS
mission.
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00:05:57,859 --> 00:06:01,420
The Rapid ApophPIS mission for
Space Safety or RAMSIS will
95
00:06:01,420 --> 00:06:05,179
rendezvous with an explorer
POPIS studying the asteroid and
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00:06:05,179 --> 00:06:08,179
observing how its close
encounter with Earth will affect
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00:06:08,179 --> 00:06:12,140
both it and its orbit through
space. RAMSIS will launch aboard
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00:06:12,140 --> 00:06:15,850
a JAXA H3 rocket. The
Tanigoshima Space Center South
99
00:06:15,850 --> 00:06:19,440
Tokyo. JAXSA will also supply
one of the spacecraft's thermal
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00:06:19,440 --> 00:06:21,839
imaging instruments and its
solar arrays.
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00:06:22,329 --> 00:06:25,390
RAMSI's will rideshare with
JAXSA's Destiny Plus mission,
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00:06:25,410 --> 00:06:28,369
which is targeting the rock
comet Phaeton, the source of the
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00:06:28,369 --> 00:06:31,929
gibbet it's meteor shower.
Unlike most meteor showers,
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00:06:32,049 --> 00:06:34,290
which are caused by the Earth
passing through the debris
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00:06:34,290 --> 00:06:37,609
trails left by comets, Phaeton
is thought to be an asteroid,
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00:06:37,649 --> 00:06:41,070
which just happens to be on a
comet-like orbit around the sun.
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00:06:41,619 --> 00:06:44,820
That suggests Phaeton may have
well started out its life as a
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00:06:44,820 --> 00:06:48,739
comet but lost most of its icy
materials over the eons and now
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00:06:48,739 --> 00:06:52,059
looks more like an asteroid. But
before heading towards its
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00:06:52,059 --> 00:06:55,489
encounter with Phaeton, Destiny
Plus will fly by and image
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00:06:55,489 --> 00:06:56,140
Apophis.
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00:06:57,040 --> 00:07:01,320
Apophis is named after the
Egyptian god of chaos. When
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00:07:01,320 --> 00:07:05,700
first discovered back in June
2004, initial calculations based
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00:07:05,700 --> 00:07:08,799
on very limited orbital data
indicated the asteroid would
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00:07:08,799 --> 00:07:12,790
pass just 31,600 kilometers
above the Earth's surface. That
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00:07:12,790 --> 00:07:16,480
's closer than many satellites.
It would swoop over Europe, the
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00:07:16,480 --> 00:07:19,540
Middle East, Southern Central
Asia, and Japan.
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00:07:19,959 --> 00:07:23,320
Now it won't hit the Earth in
2029, but it will come awfully
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00:07:23,320 --> 00:07:27,239
close. And based on those
initial observations, and
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00:07:27,239 --> 00:07:30,040
depending on the gravitational
perturbations caused by Earth
121
00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:32,839
during that close encounter,
Apophiss could pass through a
122
00:07:32,839 --> 00:07:35,920
sort of gravitational keyhole,
which according to the earlier
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00:07:35,920 --> 00:07:39,440
observations, would put it on an
impacting course with Earth
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00:07:39,440 --> 00:07:44,359
exactly 7 years later, on Easter
Sunday, April 13th, 2036.
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00:07:44,730 --> 00:07:47,420
In fact, it had the highest
probability of an impact with
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00:07:47,420 --> 00:07:51,260
the Earth of any asteroid ever
calculated, hence its title as
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00:07:51,260 --> 00:07:54,700
the Doomsday asteroid, and it
quickly triggered global efforts
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00:07:54,700 --> 00:07:56,980
by astronomers to more
accurately determine the
129
00:07:56,980 --> 00:07:58,850
asteroid's exact trajectory.
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00:07:59,260 --> 00:08:02,299
The impact on Earth of a 0.5
kilometer wide asteroid like
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00:08:02,299 --> 00:08:05,459
Apophis could trigger
earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic
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00:08:05,459 --> 00:08:09,690
eruptions, and firestorms from
burning debris, all resulting in
133
00:08:09,690 --> 00:08:12,940
widespread devastation and
destruction over hundreds of
134
00:08:12,940 --> 00:08:14,299
square kilometers.
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00:08:15,410 --> 00:08:18,329
But thankfully, as more and more
observations came in over the
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00:08:18,329 --> 00:08:21,329
following months, the likelihood
of a collision with Earth became
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00:08:21,329 --> 00:08:24,089
smaller and smaller until
eventually it reached a
138
00:08:24,089 --> 00:08:25,230
negligible level.
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00:08:26,339 --> 00:08:30,500
But it was a wake-up call to the
very real dangers out there, and
140
00:08:30,500 --> 00:08:33,500
the thing you need to remember
at this point is not whether
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00:08:33,500 --> 00:08:36,940
there'll be another asteroid
impact with Earth, but when.
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00:08:38,179 --> 00:08:42,080
So, NASA and ESA and other
leading space agencies are all
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00:08:42,080 --> 00:08:45,340
developing a range of planetary
defense contingency plans for a
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00:08:45,340 --> 00:08:49,760
future impact event. And like
NASA's DART and ESA's HO mission
145
00:08:49,760 --> 00:08:53,559
to redirect an asteroid, RAMSI's
is part of that response.
146
00:08:54,219 --> 00:08:57,539
RAMSIS will accompany Apophiss
throughout its flyby, observing
147
00:08:57,539 --> 00:09:00,700
how Earth's gravity alters its
shape, its surface, and its
148
00:09:00,700 --> 00:09:04,520
motion. By comparing before and
after measurements, scientists
149
00:09:04,520 --> 00:09:07,530
will gain new insights into
asteroid structure, composition,
150
00:09:07,539 --> 00:09:10,130
and behavior that'll be
important for any future
151
00:09:10,130 --> 00:09:13,979
deflection efforts. This report
from ESA TV.
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00:09:14,150 --> 00:09:19,609
Friday, the 13th of April 2029
will be humankind's lucky day.
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00:09:19,909 --> 00:09:23,450
Apophis will safely pass Earth
at a distance of less than
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00:09:23,450 --> 00:09:28,799
32,000 kilometers. An asteroid
this large passes this close to
155
00:09:28,799 --> 00:09:33,510
Earth once every roughly 7000
years, and the European Space
156
00:09:33,510 --> 00:09:35,640
Agency will have a front row
seat.
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00:09:36,440 --> 00:09:41,119
Meet RAMSIS. ESA's Space Safety
program is sending RAMSI to
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00:09:41,119 --> 00:09:44,869
rendezvous with Apophis and
study the asteroid up close as
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00:09:44,869 --> 00:09:48,960
it is pulled and stretched by
Earth's gravity. RAMSIS will
160
00:09:48,960 --> 00:09:52,799
deploy two smaller spacecraft to
help it record any changes to
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00:09:52,799 --> 00:09:53,520
the asteroids.
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00:09:53,630 --> 00:09:58,820
Orbit, rotation, surface and
interior with RAMSI, ESA is
163
00:09:58,820 --> 00:10:01,900
capitalizing on a unique
opportunity to learn how
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00:10:01,900 --> 00:10:06,979
asteroids react to strong forces
and how we could push one off of
165
00:10:06,979 --> 00:10:11,000
a collision course if we are not
so lucky next time.
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00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:16,400
When the world looks up to see
Apophis passing overhead, RAMSES
167
00:10:16,400 --> 00:10:20,559
will be flying alongside,
providing close up images and
168
00:10:20,559 --> 00:10:24,109
learning how to keep Earth safe.
169
00:10:25,039 --> 00:10:29,710
This is space time. Still to
come, why is volcanic ash
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00:10:29,710 --> 00:10:33,549
reshaping the Martian surface?
And later in the science report,
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00:10:33,750 --> 00:10:36,909
a new study reports that ocean
temperatures are now edging
172
00:10:36,909 --> 00:10:40,789
towards record highs, suggesting
a super powerful El Niño is
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00:10:40,789 --> 00:10:44,549
coming. All that and more still
to come on SpaceTime.
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00:10:57,780 --> 00:10:57,789
Ok.
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00:11:00,119 --> 00:11:03,010
Astronomers have witnessed a
noticeable change on the surface
176
00:11:03,010 --> 00:11:06,609
of the red planet Mars, with a
dark blanket of volcanic ash
177
00:11:06,609 --> 00:11:10,369
deposits slowly creeping across
the Martian surface over the
178
00:11:10,369 --> 00:11:14,650
past 50 years. Now planetary
scale changes like those now
179
00:11:14,650 --> 00:11:18,359
being observed on Mars usually
occur over millions of years,
180
00:11:18,609 --> 00:11:20,150
not in just half a century.
181
00:11:20,489 --> 00:11:23,489
The new observations are based
on fresh images of the Utopia
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00:11:23,489 --> 00:11:27,090
Plantia region by the European
Space Agency's Mars Express
183
00:11:27,090 --> 00:11:30,450
spacecraft and its high
resolution stereo camera, which
184
00:11:30,450 --> 00:11:33,650
shows the red planet's bright
ochre colored dust and broken up
185
00:11:33,650 --> 00:11:36,570
rocks and sands butting up
against dark deposits of
186
00:11:36,570 --> 00:11:37,840
volcanic ash.
187
00:11:38,250 --> 00:11:42,080
And when compared to the same
region imaged in 1976 by NASA's
188
00:11:42,080 --> 00:11:45,049
Viking orbiters, the spread of
the volcanic ash is quite
189
00:11:45,049 --> 00:11:48,539
apparent. The thing is, Mars is
supposed to be almost
190
00:11:48,539 --> 00:11:51,080
geologically dead. Certainly
there shouldn't be any volcanic
191
00:11:51,080 --> 00:11:54,479
activity happening there. That's
not to say Mars doesn't have a
192
00:11:54,479 --> 00:11:55,789
history of volcanic activity.
193
00:11:56,159 --> 00:11:59,239
There are several extinct
volcanoes easily identified from
194
00:11:59,239 --> 00:12:02,799
space on Mars, including of
course Olympus Mons, the largest
195
00:12:02,799 --> 00:12:06,080
volcano in the solar system,
which is some 600 kilometers
196
00:12:06,080 --> 00:12:09,719
wide and 26 kilometers high.
That's more than twice as big as
197
00:12:09,719 --> 00:12:13,950
Earth's largest volcano, Mauna
Keo in Hawaii. But like all the
198
00:12:13,950 --> 00:12:17,539
other volcanoes on Mars, Olympus
Mons is extinct.
199
00:12:18,580 --> 00:12:21,820
The dark color of the Martian
volcanic ash is caused by
200
00:12:21,820 --> 00:12:25,349
material rich in mafic minerals
such as olivine and pyroxene,
201
00:12:25,390 --> 00:12:28,750
which form at high temperatures.
So if the spread of the ash
202
00:12:28,750 --> 00:12:32,020
hasn't been caused by volcanic
eruptions, what's behind it?
203
00:12:32,390 --> 00:12:35,469
Astronomers think the likely
cause is that the ash is either
204
00:12:35,469 --> 00:12:39,030
being picked up and moved about
by Martian winds, or the ochre
205
00:12:39,030 --> 00:12:42,510
dust that previously covered the
dark ash is being blown away by
206
00:12:42,510 --> 00:12:45,609
those same winds, or possibly it
's a combination of both.
207
00:12:46,710 --> 00:12:50,190
Utopia Planettia is an ancient
basin with a diameter of around
208
00:12:50,190 --> 00:12:54,549
3300 kilometers, making it
almost twice the size of Earth's
209
00:12:54,549 --> 00:12:58,590
Sahara Desert. It's thought to
have once hosted a giant ocean,
210
00:12:58,710 --> 00:13:02,090
billions of years ago when Mars
was a warmer, wetter world.
211
00:13:02,830 --> 00:13:05,989
Today, the red planet's a freeze
dried desert full of rocks and
212
00:13:05,989 --> 00:13:09,630
sand, but it still holds lots of
water beneath its surface in the
213
00:13:09,630 --> 00:13:13,330
form of ice. And there are many
features across the landscape
214
00:13:13,330 --> 00:13:17,440
that still show signs that water
once flowed there. These include
215
00:13:17,440 --> 00:13:20,609
vaguely rounded pits and wavy
edges known as scalloped
216
00:13:20,609 --> 00:13:21,440
depressions.
217
00:13:22,039 --> 00:13:24,780
They indicate that the region's
periglacial, meaning on the
218
00:13:24,780 --> 00:13:28,590
fringes of glaciers, undergoing
cycles of freezing and thawing
219
00:13:28,590 --> 00:13:32,369
and typically featuring lots of
buried ice. Sea scalloped
220
00:13:32,369 --> 00:13:35,700
depressions form as ice below
the surface melts or escapes
221
00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:38,340
into the air, causing the
overlying ground to become
222
00:13:38,340 --> 00:13:41,739
unstable and collapse. These
features don't occur in
223
00:13:41,739 --> 00:13:45,020
isolation, but rather merge to
form larger areas that can be
224
00:13:45,020 --> 00:13:46,179
observed from orbit.
225
00:13:46,640 --> 00:13:50,239
Utopia Plannesia also features a
series of shadowy ditches around
226
00:13:50,239 --> 00:13:53,440
20 kilometers long and 2
kilometers wide, which stretch
227
00:13:53,440 --> 00:13:57,239
out across the surface. These
ditches of grabin are formed
228
00:13:57,239 --> 00:14:00,400
when the surface cracks, either
because layers of wet sediments
229
00:14:00,400 --> 00:14:04,239
form weak points or because of
tectonic activity. It's a
230
00:14:04,239 --> 00:14:07,599
fascinating new look at one of
the most studied regions of the
231
00:14:07,599 --> 00:14:08,539
Martian landscape.
232
00:14:09,630 --> 00:14:11,099
This is space time.
233
00:14:26,869 --> 00:14:29,440
And time now to take another
brief look at some of the other
234
00:14:29,440 --> 00:14:32,559
stories making news in science
this week with a science report.
235
00:14:33,119 --> 00:14:36,119
A new study claims that adding
more soy and legumes to your
236
00:14:36,119 --> 00:14:39,020
diet may help lower your risk of
high blood pressure.
237
00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:42,479
A report in the British Medical
Journal analyzed 12 previous
238
00:14:42,479 --> 00:14:45,599
studies, finding that compared
with those with a low intake of
239
00:14:45,599 --> 00:14:49,640
legumes, those with a high
intake were 16% less likely to
240
00:14:49,640 --> 00:14:52,950
develop high blood pressure. The
authors also found that those
241
00:14:52,950 --> 00:14:56,650
with a high intake of soy foods
were 19% less likely to develop
242
00:14:56,650 --> 00:14:59,419
hypertension compared to those
with a lower intake.
243
00:14:59,859 --> 00:15:03,510
The study found that the optimal
daily intake was around 170 g of
244
00:15:03,510 --> 00:15:08,190
legumes and 60 to 90 g of soy.
Now while these studies don't
245
00:15:08,190 --> 00:15:11,510
establish cause and effect, the
authors say soy and legumes are
246
00:15:11,510 --> 00:15:14,950
high in potassium, magnesium,
and dietary fiber, all of which
247
00:15:14,950 --> 00:15:17,630
are known for their blood
pressure lowering properties.
248
00:15:19,039 --> 00:15:22,200
The European Union's climate
monitor says that ocean
249
00:15:22,200 --> 00:15:25,479
temperatures are now edging
towards record highs as
250
00:15:25,479 --> 00:15:28,000
conditions shift to a
potentially super powerful El
251
00:15:28,000 --> 00:15:31,359
Niño weather pattern. The
European Center For Medium Range
252
00:15:31,359 --> 00:15:34,320
Weather Forecasting says sea
surface temperatures are now
253
00:15:34,320 --> 00:15:39,119
just shy of the all-time highs
of 2024, and this month looks
254
00:15:39,119 --> 00:15:40,299
set to break that record.
255
00:15:40,960 --> 00:15:44,570
The Copernicus Climate Change
Service says daily sea surface
256
00:15:44,570 --> 00:15:47,650
temperatures in April gradually
inched towards near record
257
00:15:47,650 --> 00:15:52,169
highs, reflecting the transition
from La Nina to El Niño. And
258
00:15:52,169 --> 00:15:54,450
last month, the World
Meteorological Organization
259
00:15:54,450 --> 00:15:57,729
warned that El Niño conditions
were expected to develop in
260
00:15:57,729 --> 00:15:58,679
coming weeks.
261
00:15:59,130 --> 00:16:02,609
El Niño is Spanish for little
boy. The term was coined by
262
00:16:02,609 --> 00:16:05,609
Peruvian fishermen who noticed a
drop off in their catch of
263
00:16:05,609 --> 00:16:09,390
anchovies as sea surface
temperatures rose. El Niño
264
00:16:09,390 --> 00:16:12,039
weather patterns featured warmer
than average sea surface
265
00:16:12,039 --> 00:16:15,119
temperatures in the eastern
central Pacific Ocean, drought
266
00:16:15,119 --> 00:16:18,219
conditions across Australia, and
wetter than usual weather in the
267
00:16:18,219 --> 00:16:18,830
Americas.
268
00:16:19,280 --> 00:16:23,239
The last El Niño helped make
2023, 202024 the two hottest
269
00:16:23,239 --> 00:16:25,950
years on record, and some
weather forecasters are
270
00:16:25,950 --> 00:16:28,799
predicting that this coming
event could be the biggest in
271
00:16:28,799 --> 00:16:32,440
three decades, potentially
raising the chance of 2027
272
00:16:32,440 --> 00:16:35,020
becoming the hottest year ever
recorded.
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00:16:36,440 --> 00:16:39,500
80 years after the Trinity
nuclear test in New Mexico,
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00:16:39,599 --> 00:16:43,969
scientists have identified a new
crystal formed in the blast. A
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00:16:43,969 --> 00:16:45,599
report in the journal of the
Proceedings Of The National
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00:16:45,599 --> 00:16:49,609
Academy Of Sciences PNAS claims
this newly identified form of
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00:16:49,609 --> 00:16:52,809
Trinitite is another example of
what happens when minerals are
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00:16:52,809 --> 00:16:56,010
heated to extreme temperatures
and placed under extreme
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00:16:56,010 --> 00:16:56,719
pressures.
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00:16:57,159 --> 00:17:00,450
These super intense conditions,
followed by a rapid cooling
281
00:17:00,450 --> 00:17:03,530
process, fuse together particles
from the Trinity site's test
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00:17:03,530 --> 00:17:05,869
tower, its copper
infrastructure, and large
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00:17:05,869 --> 00:17:09,119
volumes of the surrounding New
Mexico desert sands, producing a
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00:17:09,119 --> 00:17:11,849
range of glassy material
collectively referred to as
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00:17:11,849 --> 00:17:12,569
Trinitite.
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00:17:13,160 --> 00:17:16,150
Most Trinitite appears green in
color, but there is another
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00:17:16,150 --> 00:17:19,390
rarer form called red Trinitite,
which is enriched with materials
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00:17:19,390 --> 00:17:22,670
that came from the vaporized
tower, coaxial cables, and
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00:17:22,670 --> 00:17:24,750
recording instruments near the
blast site.
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00:17:25,150 --> 00:17:28,150
The newly identified crystal
compound is made up of silicon,
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00:17:28,229 --> 00:17:31,660
calcium, copper, and a small
amount of iron. The authors
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00:17:31,660 --> 00:17:34,630
identified a small amount of
clathrate, a crystal compound
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00:17:34,630 --> 00:17:37,510
consisting of a lattice that
traps and contains guest
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00:17:37,510 --> 00:17:41,180
molecules within cage-like
structures. The clathrate was
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00:17:41,180 --> 00:17:43,869
discovered within a copper rich
metal droplet within the
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00:17:43,869 --> 00:17:44,689
Trinitite.
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00:17:46,250 --> 00:17:49,310
Google has just unveiled its new
Google Book, which the company
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00:17:49,310 --> 00:17:53,290
claims will reshape the future
of laptops. With the details,
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00:17:53,359 --> 00:17:56,280
we're joined by technology
editor Alex Saharov Roy from
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00:17:56,280 --> 00:17:57,599
Tech Advice Start Life.
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00:17:57,880 --> 00:18:01,479
Yeah, this is a new updated
version of the Chromebook from
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00:18:01,479 --> 00:18:04,520
Google that is a whole new line.
I mean, Chromebooks won't go
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00:18:04,520 --> 00:18:08,119
anywhere, they'll continue being
updated till 2034, but this is a
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00:18:08,119 --> 00:18:12,839
premium device that is merging
Android, the phone's operating
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00:18:12,839 --> 00:18:16,380
system, and Chrome OS with more
premium hardware, and a bunch of
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00:18:16,640 --> 00:18:19,719
Google Intelligence features,
which sounds a bit like Apple
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00:18:19,719 --> 00:18:20,239
intelligence.
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00:18:20,359 --> 00:18:22,240
They could have called it
Android. Intelligence, which
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00:18:22,240 --> 00:18:25,480
would have kept the AI acronym.
But of course, Google being
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00:18:25,480 --> 00:18:27,671
Google, it's Google
Intelligence. And these laptops
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00:18:27,671 --> 00:18:29,120
are thin and light. They're
premium.
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00:18:29,161 --> 00:18:32,041
They're from the affected PC
manufacturers, and they have
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00:18:32,041 --> 00:18:35,321
this little glow bar on the
back. So instead of a logo of a
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00:18:35,321 --> 00:18:38,840
company, it's this little
glowing rainbow style logo. But
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00:18:38,840 --> 00:18:41,951
it does various things. Like you
can get your pointer and shake
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00:18:41,951 --> 00:18:45,711
it over anything that's on the
screen, and you can ask it to
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00:18:45,711 --> 00:18:48,681
compare or create something with
Gemini.
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00:18:48,760 --> 00:18:51,521
It's sort of like a, an updated
version of the. Mouse venue, but
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00:18:51,521 --> 00:18:54,381
it will contextually offer
things for you to do. You can
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00:18:54,552 --> 00:18:57,352
select several pictures
together. An example on the page
321
00:18:57,352 --> 00:19:00,281
here is combine these images to
make a band poster for my child.
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00:19:00,641 --> 00:19:02,482
You can create custom widgets.
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00:19:02,521 --> 00:19:04,482
So let's say you've got a trip
coming up to a different
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00:19:04,482 --> 00:19:07,562
country, and this custom widget
will then tell you how many days
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00:19:07,562 --> 00:19:10,121
the trip's going to be, what
time you've got to depart,
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00:19:10,472 --> 00:19:12,401
confirmation number, the flight
number, where you're booking
327
00:19:12,401 --> 00:19:15,362
into, sort of able to create a
widget that you might not have
328
00:19:15,362 --> 00:19:17,202
from any of your apps, but you
can make your own.
329
00:19:17,241 --> 00:19:19,482
And it's getting the information
from your Gmail, from your
330
00:19:19,482 --> 00:19:22,682
Google Calendar. I mean, it's
also able to run all your
331
00:19:22,682 --> 00:19:25,442
Android apps on your screen. I
mean this is copying to some
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00:19:25,442 --> 00:19:27,883
degree some of the features that
Apple users have enjoyed with
333
00:19:27,883 --> 00:19:30,883
their iPhones and their Macs for
many years.
334
00:19:30,963 --> 00:19:33,642
But clearly to have it in a
computer, I mean if you're
335
00:19:33,642 --> 00:19:36,243
already in the Android and
Google ecosystem, well, you want
336
00:19:36,243 --> 00:19:38,552
those features too. You know,
you can quickly access all the
337
00:19:38,552 --> 00:19:42,322
files on your phone through
desktop Google version of the
338
00:19:42,322 --> 00:19:45,812
file manager as if they were
living on your laptop as opposed
339
00:19:45,812 --> 00:19:48,093
to just being on your phone and
you then needing to have some
340
00:19:48,093 --> 00:19:48,762
sort of special app.
341
00:19:48,843 --> 00:19:52,563
It's, Google's answer to what is
happening with Co-Pilott on
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00:19:52,563 --> 00:19:55,734
Windows PCs and everything that
Apple will presumably be
343
00:19:55,734 --> 00:19:59,163
announcing in early June at the
Worldwide Developer Conference
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00:19:59,163 --> 00:20:03,284
with Mac OS 27 and all of the
intelligence features that they
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00:20:03,284 --> 00:20:06,864
will have massively upgraded
partly thanks to their purchase
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00:20:06,864 --> 00:20:11,284
of the, you know, the Google
White Label backend for the
347
00:20:11,284 --> 00:20:14,004
Gemini that will, you know, form
part of what's happening in
348
00:20:14,004 --> 00:20:17,234
Syria and you know Apple's going
to talk about you being able to
349
00:20:17,234 --> 00:20:18,343
use any of the various.
350
00:20:19,125 --> 00:20:22,234
Out there all at the same time,
I guess, if you want, whilst
351
00:20:22,234 --> 00:20:24,805
Google is going to obviously
focus on what it's doing with
352
00:20:24,805 --> 00:20:28,525
Gemini, which it's calling is
Google Intelligence. But they're
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00:20:28,525 --> 00:20:31,074
doing more than just laptops.
For example, if you have an
354
00:20:31,074 --> 00:20:33,964
Android Auto in your car, then
you'll get an upgraded
355
00:20:33,964 --> 00:20:34,364
experience.
356
00:20:34,405 --> 00:20:37,125
You'll be able to see more
immersive maps with overpasses
357
00:20:37,125 --> 00:20:40,464
and underpasses, and you'll be
able to talk to Gemini within
358
00:20:40,464 --> 00:20:43,885
the Google Maps experience just
by voice to tell it what you
359
00:20:43,885 --> 00:20:45,935
need to do, where you need to
go, what you need to achieve,
360
00:20:46,074 --> 00:20:47,714
and it will do that. And that's
something that you can actually
361
00:20:47,765 --> 00:20:52,125
Activate in CarPlay if you're
using Google Maps on iPhones and
362
00:20:52,125 --> 00:20:52,885
Apple devices.
363
00:20:52,936 --> 00:20:57,286
So the way that we're using
technology is going to improve.
364
00:20:57,365 --> 00:21:00,206
I mean, the right mouse menu was
developed, you know, decades
365
00:21:00,206 --> 00:21:02,885
ago. Chromebooks have been
around for 15 years, but the way
366
00:21:02,885 --> 00:21:05,196
that we're going to interact
with our phones, computers, it's
367
00:21:05,196 --> 00:21:06,946
not going to change with a
keyboard or mouse. That'll still
368
00:21:06,946 --> 00:21:08,115
be there for quite some time.
369
00:21:08,166 --> 00:21:11,046
But the ability for us to
actually, you know, talk to
370
00:21:11,046 --> 00:21:13,885
these devices like they are a
person, get us to do things
371
00:21:13,885 --> 00:21:16,076
based on what you are thinking
about as opposed to what the
372
00:21:16,076 --> 00:21:18,607
limitations are. Operating
system and the buttons you'd
373
00:21:18,607 --> 00:21:20,766
normally have to tap or click
on, it's going to change.
374
00:21:20,847 --> 00:21:23,717
I mean, in Star Trek, you know,
yes, they had control panels
375
00:21:23,717 --> 00:21:25,906
which they tapped on various
things, but they could just talk
376
00:21:25,906 --> 00:21:28,727
to the computer and get it to do
things for you. And, you know,
377
00:21:28,807 --> 00:21:31,927
we've seen that, the beginnings
of that with Chad GVT and Claude
378
00:21:31,927 --> 00:21:35,006
and Gemini, but this is all
going to morph into the next
379
00:21:35,006 --> 00:21:37,447
level, and the computing
experience that we'll all be
380
00:21:37,447 --> 00:21:40,366
enjoying over the next couple of
years is going to have that
381
00:21:40,366 --> 00:21:40,677
leap.
382
00:21:40,727 --> 00:21:43,447
I mean, a similar leap was when
we went from text on the screen,
383
00:21:43,526 --> 00:21:45,957
the command line interface, or
typing things in BASI on.
384
00:21:46,248 --> 00:21:49,567
Earlier computers before even
DOS, and then we went to the
385
00:21:49,567 --> 00:21:50,968
graphical user interface.
386
00:21:51,088 --> 00:21:53,887
I mean, it's that level of jump,
but of course with all of the
387
00:21:53,887 --> 00:21:56,647
sophisticated artificial
intelligence that is now a
388
00:21:56,647 --> 00:21:59,088
normal part for many of our
lives that we still really
389
00:21:59,088 --> 00:22:02,687
haven't reallyly seen on phones
and computers, but we are now
390
00:22:02,687 --> 00:22:04,797
seeing the beginnings of. And
you know this year's going to be
391
00:22:04,797 --> 00:22:07,368
a seminal year for that, and it
's only going to continue
392
00:22:07,368 --> 00:22:09,968
getting better and better over
the months and years ahead.
393
00:22:10,167 --> 00:22:14,677
That's Alex Sahara Reut from
Tech Advice Life, and this is
394
00:22:14,677 --> 00:22:15,407
Space time.
395
00:22:30,709 --> 00:22:34,469
And that's the show for now.
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396
00:22:34,469 --> 00:22:38,390
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409
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