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This
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is
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the
4
00:00:04,304 --> 00:00:04,738
Discovery
5
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Files
6
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podcast
7
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from
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the
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U.S.
10
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National
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Science
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Foundation.
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From
14
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artificial
15
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intelligence
16
00:00:11,411 --> 00:00:11,511
to
17
00:00:11,544 --> 00:00:11,945
quantum
18
00:00:11,945 --> 00:00:12,479
computing,
19
00:00:12,479 --> 00:00:13,413
cybersecurity
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00:00:13,413 --> 00:00:13,780
and
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next
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generation
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00:00:14,514 --> 00:00:15,582
communications,
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computers
25
00:00:16,316 --> 00:00:16,516
and
26
00:00:16,516 --> 00:00:16,883
advanced
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electronic
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00:00:17,417 --> 00:00:18,051
components
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00:00:18,151 --> 00:00:18,451
are
30
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essential
31
00:00:18,852 --> 00:00:18,952
to
32
00:00:18,985 --> 00:00:19,352
ensure
33
00:00:19,352 --> 00:00:19,519
and
34
00:00:19,519 --> 00:00:19,919
extend
35
00:00:19,919 --> 00:00:20,353
American
36
00:00:20,353 --> 00:00:20,854
leadership
37
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in
38
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key
39
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critical
40
00:00:21,788 --> 00:00:21,955
and
41
00:00:21,955 --> 00:00:22,355
emerging
42
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technologies.
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We're
44
00:00:23,890 --> 00:00:24,157
joined
45
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today
46
00:00:24,391 --> 00:00:24,591
by
47
00:00:24,591 --> 00:00:24,891
Qing
48
00:00:24,891 --> 00:00:25,358
Cao,
49
00:00:25,392 --> 00:00:25,492
a
50
00:00:25,492 --> 00:00:25,992
professor
51
00:00:25,992 --> 00:00:26,426
supported
52
00:00:26,426 --> 00:00:26,559
in
53
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part
54
00:00:26,760 --> 00:00:26,960
by
55
00:00:26,960 --> 00:00:27,594
NSF,
56
00:00:27,694 --> 00:00:27,961
whose
57
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lab
58
00:00:28,194 --> 00:00:28,294
is
59
00:00:28,294 --> 00:00:28,762
developing
60
00:00:28,762 --> 00:00:28,895
new
61
00:00:28,895 --> 00:00:29,429
materials
62
00:00:29,429 --> 00:00:29,629
and
63
00:00:29,629 --> 00:00:30,296
techniques
64
00:00:30,296 --> 00:00:30,530
for
65
00:00:30,530 --> 00:00:31,131
electronic
66
00:00:31,131 --> 00:00:31,297
and
67
00:00:31,297 --> 00:00:32,198
optoelectronic
68
00:00:32,198 --> 00:00:32,899
devices,
69
00:00:32,932 --> 00:00:33,433
including
70
00:00:33,433 --> 00:00:33,600
a
71
00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:34,401
monolithic
72
00:00:34,434 --> 00:00:34,868
3D
73
00:00:34,901 --> 00:00:35,402
silicon
74
00:00:35,402 --> 00:00:35,869
integrated
75
00:00:35,869 --> 00:00:36,503
microchip
76
00:00:36,503 --> 00:00:36,803
that
77
00:00:36,803 --> 00:00:36,970
may
78
00:00:36,970 --> 00:00:37,237
help
79
00:00:37,237 --> 00:00:37,771
surpass
80
00:00:37,771 --> 00:00:38,071
data
81
00:00:38,071 --> 00:00:38,705
bottlenecks
82
00:00:38,705 --> 00:00:39,039
in
83
00:00:39,039 --> 00:00:39,305
current
84
00:00:39,339 --> 00:00:39,706
AI
85
00:00:39,706 --> 00:00:40,340
workloads.
86
00:00:40,340 --> 00:00:40,840
Professor
87
00:00:40,840 --> 00:00:41,107
Cao.
88
00:00:41,141 --> 00:00:41,307
Thank
89
00:00:41,307 --> 00:00:41,374
you
90
00:00:41,374 --> 00:00:41,474
so
91
00:00:41,474 --> 00:00:41,641
much
92
00:00:41,641 --> 00:00:41,741
for
93
00:00:41,741 --> 00:00:42,042
joining
94
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us
95
00:00:42,175 --> 00:00:42,642
today.
96
00:00:42,675 --> 00:00:42,909
Oh,
97
00:00:42,909 --> 00:00:43,076
thank
98
00:00:43,076 --> 00:00:43,209
you.
99
00:00:43,243 --> 00:00:43,376
Thank
100
00:00:43,376 --> 00:00:43,510
you
101
00:00:43,510 --> 00:00:43,643
for
102
00:00:43,643 --> 00:00:43,743
the
103
00:00:43,743 --> 00:00:44,277
opportunity.
104
00:00:44,310 --> 00:00:44,511
So
105
00:00:44,511 --> 00:00:44,611
I
106
00:00:44,611 --> 00:00:44,778
want
107
00:00:44,811 --> 00:00:44,911
to
108
00:00:44,911 --> 00:00:45,078
start
109
00:00:45,078 --> 00:00:45,211
with
110
00:00:45,278 --> 00:00:45,412
kind
111
00:00:45,412 --> 00:00:45,512
of
112
00:00:45,545 --> 00:00:45,678
the
113
00:00:45,678 --> 00:00:46,179
big
114
00:00:46,212 --> 00:00:46,413
thing
115
00:00:46,413 --> 00:00:46,579
that
116
00:00:46,579 --> 00:00:46,746
we're
117
00:00:46,746 --> 00:00:46,980
talking
118
00:00:46,980 --> 00:00:47,147
about
119
00:00:47,147 --> 00:00:47,514
today.
120
00:00:47,514 --> 00:00:47,881
What
121
00:00:47,881 --> 00:00:48,314
is
122
00:00:48,348 --> 00:00:48,481
a
123
00:00:48,481 --> 00:00:49,182
monolithic
124
00:00:49,182 --> 00:00:49,749
3D
125
00:00:49,749 --> 00:00:50,517
integrated
126
00:00:50,517 --> 00:00:51,017
silicon
127
00:00:51,017 --> 00:00:51,918
microchip?
128
00:00:51,951 --> 00:00:52,185
So
129
00:00:52,218 --> 00:00:52,519
most
130
00:00:52,552 --> 00:00:52,752
of
131
00:00:52,752 --> 00:00:52,952
us
132
00:00:52,952 --> 00:00:53,119
kind
133
00:00:53,119 --> 00:00:53,219
of
134
00:00:53,253 --> 00:00:53,420
like
135
00:00:53,420 --> 00:00:53,520
a
136
00:00:53,520 --> 00:00:53,753
pretty
137
00:00:53,787 --> 00:00:54,354
familiar
138
00:00:54,354 --> 00:00:54,654
with
139
00:00:54,654 --> 00:00:54,988
what
140
00:00:55,021 --> 00:00:55,455
silicon
141
00:00:55,455 --> 00:00:55,755
chip
142
00:00:55,755 --> 00:00:55,955
is
143
00:00:55,955 --> 00:00:56,156
right?
144
00:00:56,156 --> 00:00:56,356
They
145
00:00:56,356 --> 00:00:56,589
are
146
00:00:56,589 --> 00:00:56,790
the
147
00:00:56,790 --> 00:00:57,490
foundation
148
00:00:57,490 --> 00:00:57,957
of
149
00:00:58,024 --> 00:00:58,658
modern
150
00:00:58,658 --> 00:00:59,659
microelectronics.
151
00:00:59,659 --> 00:00:59,959
Is
152
00:00:59,993 --> 00:01:00,160
kind
153
00:01:00,160 --> 00:01:00,226
of
154
00:01:00,260 --> 00:01:00,393
like
155
00:01:00,427 --> 00:01:00,994
powering
156
00:01:01,027 --> 00:01:01,628
everything
157
00:01:01,628 --> 00:01:01,828
we
158
00:01:01,828 --> 00:01:02,295
have.
159
00:01:02,362 --> 00:01:03,029
From
160
00:01:03,029 --> 00:01:03,430
our
161
00:01:03,430 --> 00:01:04,097
smartphones
162
00:01:04,097 --> 00:01:04,264
to
163
00:01:04,297 --> 00:01:04,931
laptops
164
00:01:04,931 --> 00:01:05,065
to
165
00:01:05,098 --> 00:01:05,465
current
166
00:01:05,698 --> 00:01:05,999
very
167
00:01:05,999 --> 00:01:06,399
powerful
168
00:01:06,433 --> 00:01:06,666
AI
169
00:01:06,699 --> 00:01:07,534
systems.
170
00:01:07,634 --> 00:01:08,334
Traditionally,
171
00:01:08,401 --> 00:01:08,535
if
172
00:01:08,535 --> 00:01:08,668
you
173
00:01:08,668 --> 00:01:08,802
think
174
00:01:08,802 --> 00:01:08,935
about
175
00:01:08,935 --> 00:01:09,069
a
176
00:01:09,069 --> 00:01:09,836
microprocessor
177
00:01:09,836 --> 00:01:10,303
chip,
178
00:01:10,303 --> 00:01:10,537
they're
179
00:01:10,537 --> 00:01:10,870
built
180
00:01:10,870 --> 00:01:11,504
like
181
00:01:11,571 --> 00:01:12,038
single
182
00:01:12,038 --> 00:01:12,439
story
183
00:01:12,472 --> 00:01:12,672
city
184
00:01:12,672 --> 00:01:12,872
right?
185
00:01:13,106 --> 00:01:13,273
We
186
00:01:13,273 --> 00:01:13,506
have
187
00:01:13,506 --> 00:01:13,840
all
188
00:01:13,840 --> 00:01:13,940
the
189
00:01:13,940 --> 00:01:14,541
components
190
00:01:14,541 --> 00:01:14,707
that
191
00:01:14,741 --> 00:01:14,908
kind
192
00:01:14,908 --> 00:01:14,974
of
193
00:01:15,041 --> 00:01:15,675
arranged
194
00:01:15,708 --> 00:01:16,042
side
195
00:01:16,076 --> 00:01:16,276
by
196
00:01:16,276 --> 00:01:16,709
side
197
00:01:16,743 --> 00:01:17,143
on
198
00:01:17,143 --> 00:01:17,310
a
199
00:01:17,310 --> 00:01:17,610
flat
200
00:01:17,610 --> 00:01:18,478
surface.
201
00:01:18,578 --> 00:01:19,079
So
202
00:01:19,112 --> 00:01:19,212
a
203
00:01:19,212 --> 00:01:20,113
monolithic
204
00:01:20,113 --> 00:01:20,513
3D
205
00:01:20,513 --> 00:01:21,081
integrated
206
00:01:21,114 --> 00:01:21,514
chip
207
00:01:21,548 --> 00:01:21,881
take
208
00:01:21,915 --> 00:01:22,015
a
209
00:01:22,015 --> 00:01:22,215
little
210
00:01:22,282 --> 00:01:22,482
bit
211
00:01:22,482 --> 00:01:22,916
different
212
00:01:22,916 --> 00:01:23,716
approach.
213
00:01:24,050 --> 00:01:24,217
So
214
00:01:24,217 --> 00:01:24,584
instead
215
00:01:24,584 --> 00:01:24,784
of
216
00:01:24,784 --> 00:01:25,318
spreading
217
00:01:25,351 --> 00:01:25,952
everything
218
00:01:25,952 --> 00:01:26,386
out,
219
00:01:26,619 --> 00:01:26,820
we
220
00:01:26,820 --> 00:01:27,253
actually
221
00:01:27,320 --> 00:01:27,821
stack
222
00:01:27,854 --> 00:01:28,555
layers
223
00:01:28,555 --> 00:01:28,955
of
224
00:01:28,955 --> 00:01:29,556
components
225
00:01:29,556 --> 00:01:29,789
which
226
00:01:29,789 --> 00:01:29,956
we
227
00:01:29,956 --> 00:01:30,156
call
228
00:01:30,190 --> 00:01:31,458
transistors
229
00:01:31,624 --> 00:01:32,559
vertically
230
00:01:32,592 --> 00:01:32,826
or
231
00:01:32,826 --> 00:01:33,159
almost
232
00:01:33,159 --> 00:01:33,293
like
233
00:01:33,359 --> 00:01:33,426
a
234
00:01:33,426 --> 00:01:33,860
building
235
00:01:33,860 --> 00:01:33,993
a
236
00:01:33,993 --> 00:01:34,828
skyscraper
237
00:01:34,828 --> 00:01:35,161
instead
238
00:01:35,161 --> 00:01:35,361
of
239
00:01:35,361 --> 00:01:36,029
expanding
240
00:01:36,029 --> 00:01:36,162
a
241
00:01:36,162 --> 00:01:36,696
city
242
00:01:36,830 --> 00:01:37,664
horizontally
243
00:01:37,664 --> 00:01:38,198
only.
244
00:01:38,198 --> 00:01:38,598
And
245
00:01:38,598 --> 00:01:38,698
the
246
00:01:38,698 --> 00:01:38,932
word
247
00:01:38,932 --> 00:01:40,033
monolithic
248
00:01:40,066 --> 00:01:40,333
here
249
00:01:40,333 --> 00:01:40,633
means
250
00:01:40,633 --> 00:01:40,900
that
251
00:01:40,900 --> 00:01:41,234
all
252
00:01:41,234 --> 00:01:41,401
of
253
00:01:41,401 --> 00:01:41,701
these
254
00:01:41,701 --> 00:01:42,602
layers
255
00:01:42,669 --> 00:01:42,836
that
256
00:01:42,836 --> 00:01:43,002
are
257
00:01:43,002 --> 00:01:43,436
actually
258
00:01:43,436 --> 00:01:43,736
built
259
00:01:43,736 --> 00:01:43,937
and
260
00:01:43,937 --> 00:01:44,704
integrated
261
00:01:44,704 --> 00:01:44,938
on
262
00:01:44,938 --> 00:01:45,138
the
263
00:01:45,138 --> 00:01:45,638
same
264
00:01:45,672 --> 00:01:46,272
underlying
265
00:01:46,272 --> 00:01:46,673
starting
266
00:01:46,673 --> 00:01:47,140
silicon
267
00:01:47,140 --> 00:01:47,707
substrate
268
00:01:47,707 --> 00:01:47,874
in
269
00:01:47,874 --> 00:01:47,974
a
270
00:01:47,974 --> 00:01:48,308
layer
271
00:01:48,308 --> 00:01:48,508
by
272
00:01:48,508 --> 00:01:48,842
layer
273
00:01:48,842 --> 00:01:49,542
fashion.
274
00:01:49,542 --> 00:01:49,943
And
275
00:01:49,943 --> 00:01:50,243
here,
276
00:01:50,243 --> 00:01:50,410
by
277
00:01:50,410 --> 00:01:50,877
stacking
278
00:01:50,877 --> 00:01:51,711
devices
279
00:01:51,711 --> 00:01:52,112
in
280
00:01:52,112 --> 00:01:52,212
the
281
00:01:52,212 --> 00:01:52,812
vertical
282
00:01:52,812 --> 00:01:53,746
dimension,
283
00:01:54,080 --> 00:01:54,214
we
284
00:01:54,214 --> 00:01:54,414
can
285
00:01:54,414 --> 00:01:54,881
pack
286
00:01:54,881 --> 00:01:55,215
more
287
00:01:55,215 --> 00:01:56,282
functionalities
288
00:01:56,282 --> 00:01:56,783
into
289
00:01:56,783 --> 00:01:57,016
the
290
00:01:57,050 --> 00:01:57,450
same
291
00:01:57,450 --> 00:01:57,817
chip
292
00:01:57,817 --> 00:01:58,351
area
293
00:01:58,351 --> 00:01:59,185
footprint
294
00:01:59,219 --> 00:01:59,552
while
295
00:01:59,586 --> 00:02:00,253
improving
296
00:02:00,253 --> 00:02:00,353
the
297
00:02:00,353 --> 00:02:01,020
performance
298
00:02:01,020 --> 00:02:01,321
and
299
00:02:01,321 --> 00:02:01,721
energy
300
00:02:01,721 --> 00:02:02,388
efficiency
301
00:02:02,388 --> 00:02:02,622
at
302
00:02:02,622 --> 00:02:02,755
the
303
00:02:02,755 --> 00:02:03,022
same
304
00:02:03,022 --> 00:02:03,556
time.
305
00:02:03,590 --> 00:02:03,756
And
306
00:02:03,756 --> 00:02:03,823
I
307
00:02:03,823 --> 00:02:04,090
think
308
00:02:04,090 --> 00:02:04,290
this
309
00:02:04,290 --> 00:02:04,457
has
310
00:02:04,457 --> 00:02:04,624
been
311
00:02:04,624 --> 00:02:04,791
a
312
00:02:04,791 --> 00:02:04,958
real
313
00:02:04,991 --> 00:02:05,391
goal
314
00:02:05,391 --> 00:02:05,758
of
315
00:02:05,758 --> 00:02:06,426
computing,
316
00:02:06,426 --> 00:02:07,026
microchip
317
00:02:07,026 --> 00:02:07,794
manufacturing
318
00:02:07,794 --> 00:02:08,495
industry
319
00:02:08,495 --> 00:02:08,862
as
320
00:02:08,862 --> 00:02:09,162
things
321
00:02:09,162 --> 00:02:09,362
get
322
00:02:09,362 --> 00:02:09,662
smaller
323
00:02:09,662 --> 00:02:09,829
and
324
00:02:09,829 --> 00:02:10,163
smaller
325
00:02:10,196 --> 00:02:10,430
now
326
00:02:10,430 --> 00:02:10,497
to
327
00:02:10,530 --> 00:02:10,730
make
328
00:02:10,730 --> 00:02:10,930
it
329
00:02:10,930 --> 00:02:11,498
denser,
330
00:02:11,531 --> 00:02:11,731
right?
331
00:02:11,798 --> 00:02:11,931
Yeah.
332
00:02:11,998 --> 00:02:12,532
Exactly.
333
00:02:12,599 --> 00:02:12,732
Right.
334
00:02:12,799 --> 00:02:13,032
We
335
00:02:13,032 --> 00:02:13,399
always
336
00:02:13,399 --> 00:02:13,533
talk
337
00:02:13,600 --> 00:02:13,900
about
338
00:02:13,900 --> 00:02:14,200
Moore's
339
00:02:14,200 --> 00:02:14,334
Law,
340
00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:14,501
right.
341
00:02:14,534 --> 00:02:14,701
So
342
00:02:14,701 --> 00:02:15,068
we
343
00:02:15,068 --> 00:02:15,401
always
344
00:02:15,401 --> 00:02:15,602
try
345
00:02:15,635 --> 00:02:15,735
to
346
00:02:15,802 --> 00:02:16,436
get
347
00:02:16,536 --> 00:02:16,836
higher
348
00:02:16,836 --> 00:02:17,437
integration
349
00:02:17,437 --> 00:02:18,037
density,
350
00:02:18,071 --> 00:02:18,371
better
351
00:02:18,371 --> 00:02:19,072
functionality,
352
00:02:19,105 --> 00:02:19,372
better
353
00:02:19,372 --> 00:02:19,873
performance
354
00:02:19,873 --> 00:02:20,073
and
355
00:02:20,073 --> 00:02:20,273
better
356
00:02:20,273 --> 00:02:20,573
energy
357
00:02:20,573 --> 00:02:21,141
efficiency
358
00:02:21,174 --> 00:02:21,441
at
359
00:02:21,441 --> 00:02:21,508
the
360
00:02:21,508 --> 00:02:21,708
same
361
00:02:21,708 --> 00:02:21,908
time.
362
00:02:21,908 --> 00:02:22,075
So
363
00:02:22,075 --> 00:02:22,275
this
364
00:02:22,275 --> 00:02:22,709
is
365
00:02:22,742 --> 00:02:22,942
kind
366
00:02:22,942 --> 00:02:23,042
of
367
00:02:23,076 --> 00:02:23,443
another
368
00:02:23,443 --> 00:02:23,576
way
369
00:02:23,576 --> 00:02:23,710
for
370
00:02:23,710 --> 00:02:23,877
us
371
00:02:23,877 --> 00:02:23,977
to
372
00:02:23,977 --> 00:02:24,144
do
373
00:02:24,144 --> 00:02:24,344
it
374
00:02:24,344 --> 00:02:24,544
now.
375
00:02:24,978 --> 00:02:25,278
So
376
00:02:25,278 --> 00:02:25,378
I
377
00:02:25,378 --> 00:02:25,545
want
378
00:02:25,545 --> 00:02:25,678
to
379
00:02:25,678 --> 00:02:25,879
tease
380
00:02:25,879 --> 00:02:26,179
apart
381
00:02:26,179 --> 00:02:26,412
one
382
00:02:26,412 --> 00:02:26,546
of
383
00:02:26,546 --> 00:02:26,613
the
384
00:02:26,613 --> 00:02:27,113
concepts
385
00:02:27,113 --> 00:02:27,280
here
386
00:02:27,280 --> 00:02:27,514
because
387
00:02:27,514 --> 00:02:27,614
I
388
00:02:27,614 --> 00:02:27,881
think
389
00:02:27,881 --> 00:02:27,981
if
390
00:02:27,981 --> 00:02:28,181
you're
391
00:02:28,181 --> 00:02:28,348
not
392
00:02:28,348 --> 00:02:28,481
in
393
00:02:28,481 --> 00:02:28,615
a
394
00:02:28,615 --> 00:02:29,482
computer
395
00:02:29,482 --> 00:02:29,983
background,
396
00:02:29,983 --> 00:02:30,216
not
397
00:02:30,216 --> 00:02:30,416
in
398
00:02:30,450 --> 00:02:31,050
manufacturing
399
00:02:31,050 --> 00:02:31,151
of
400
00:02:31,151 --> 00:02:31,251
this
401
00:02:31,251 --> 00:02:31,417
stuff,
402
00:02:31,417 --> 00:02:31,551
you
403
00:02:31,551 --> 00:02:31,651
might
404
00:02:31,651 --> 00:02:31,818
not
405
00:02:31,818 --> 00:02:31,951
know
406
00:02:31,951 --> 00:02:32,152
what
407
00:02:32,152 --> 00:02:32,252
a
408
00:02:32,252 --> 00:02:32,986
transistor
409
00:02:32,986 --> 00:02:33,319
is.
410
00:02:33,353 --> 00:02:33,720
So
411
00:02:33,720 --> 00:02:33,853
for
412
00:02:33,853 --> 00:02:33,987
the
413
00:02:33,987 --> 00:02:34,387
general
414
00:02:34,387 --> 00:02:34,754
public,
415
00:02:34,754 --> 00:02:35,021
what
416
00:02:35,021 --> 00:02:35,221
is
417
00:02:35,221 --> 00:02:35,355
a
418
00:02:35,355 --> 00:02:36,156
transistor?
419
00:02:36,189 --> 00:02:36,356
If
420
00:02:36,356 --> 00:02:36,523
you
421
00:02:36,523 --> 00:02:36,656
look
422
00:02:36,723 --> 00:02:36,856
at
423
00:02:36,856 --> 00:02:37,190
our
424
00:02:37,190 --> 00:02:37,690
current
425
00:02:37,824 --> 00:02:38,224
modern
426
00:02:38,224 --> 00:02:38,691
computer
427
00:02:38,691 --> 00:02:39,025
chips,
428
00:02:39,058 --> 00:02:39,225
the
429
00:02:39,225 --> 00:02:39,893
transistors
430
00:02:39,893 --> 00:02:40,026
are
431
00:02:40,026 --> 00:02:40,393
basically
432
00:02:40,393 --> 00:02:40,760
just
433
00:02:40,760 --> 00:02:40,994
their
434
00:02:40,994 --> 00:02:41,561
fundamental
435
00:02:41,594 --> 00:02:41,961
building
436
00:02:41,961 --> 00:02:42,495
blocks.
437
00:02:42,495 --> 00:02:42,962
And
438
00:02:42,962 --> 00:02:43,563
transistors
439
00:02:43,596 --> 00:02:43,763
kind
440
00:02:43,763 --> 00:02:43,830
of
441
00:02:43,863 --> 00:02:44,130
have
442
00:02:44,197 --> 00:02:44,430
two
443
00:02:44,464 --> 00:02:44,864
major
444
00:02:44,864 --> 00:02:45,498
jobs.
445
00:02:45,532 --> 00:02:45,798
So
446
00:02:45,798 --> 00:02:46,065
first,
447
00:02:46,065 --> 00:02:46,299
there's
448
00:02:46,299 --> 00:02:46,599
just
449
00:02:46,599 --> 00:02:46,733
the
450
00:02:46,733 --> 00:02:47,066
act
451
00:02:47,066 --> 00:02:47,267
as
452
00:02:47,267 --> 00:02:47,433
a
453
00:02:47,433 --> 00:02:47,834
simple
454
00:02:47,834 --> 00:02:48,234
switch.
455
00:02:48,434 --> 00:02:48,601
It
456
00:02:48,635 --> 00:02:48,868
can
457
00:02:48,902 --> 00:02:49,102
turn
458
00:02:49,102 --> 00:02:49,235
the
459
00:02:49,235 --> 00:02:49,802
electrical
460
00:02:49,802 --> 00:02:50,236
signal
461
00:02:50,270 --> 00:02:50,537
on
462
00:02:50,537 --> 00:02:50,737
and
463
00:02:50,737 --> 00:02:51,004
off.
464
00:02:51,037 --> 00:02:51,171
So
465
00:02:51,171 --> 00:02:51,304
we
466
00:02:51,304 --> 00:02:51,538
have
467
00:02:51,538 --> 00:02:52,305
contrast
468
00:02:52,338 --> 00:02:52,772
between
469
00:02:52,772 --> 00:02:53,206
1
470
00:02:53,206 --> 00:02:53,640
and
471
00:02:53,640 --> 00:02:54,073
0
472
00:02:54,107 --> 00:02:54,274
in
473
00:02:54,274 --> 00:02:54,507
our
474
00:02:54,507 --> 00:02:54,908
digital
475
00:02:54,908 --> 00:02:55,475
world.
476
00:02:55,508 --> 00:02:55,842
And
477
00:02:55,842 --> 00:02:55,942
the
478
00:02:55,942 --> 00:02:56,376
second
479
00:02:56,442 --> 00:02:56,643
is
480
00:02:56,643 --> 00:02:56,843
also
481
00:02:56,843 --> 00:02:57,076
very
482
00:02:57,076 --> 00:02:57,477
important.
483
00:02:57,510 --> 00:02:57,677
So
484
00:02:57,677 --> 00:02:58,211
transistor
485
00:02:58,278 --> 00:02:58,511
can
486
00:02:58,511 --> 00:02:58,778
help
487
00:02:58,778 --> 00:02:59,012
us
488
00:02:59,012 --> 00:02:59,546
to
489
00:02:59,579 --> 00:03:00,079
amplify
490
00:03:00,079 --> 00:03:00,180
the
491
00:03:00,180 --> 00:03:00,613
signals
492
00:03:00,914 --> 00:03:00,980
to
493
00:03:01,014 --> 00:03:01,281
make
494
00:03:01,314 --> 00:03:01,781
the
495
00:03:01,814 --> 00:03:02,215
wicked
496
00:03:02,682 --> 00:03:03,016
signal
497
00:03:03,082 --> 00:03:03,616
becomes
498
00:03:03,616 --> 00:03:04,217
stronger.
499
00:03:04,417 --> 00:03:04,584
So
500
00:03:04,584 --> 00:03:04,751
we
501
00:03:04,751 --> 00:03:04,984
can
502
00:03:04,984 --> 00:03:05,552
process
503
00:03:05,552 --> 00:03:05,785
them
504
00:03:05,785 --> 00:03:06,119
in
505
00:03:06,119 --> 00:03:06,219
a
506
00:03:06,219 --> 00:03:06,452
step
507
00:03:06,452 --> 00:03:06,619
by
508
00:03:06,619 --> 00:03:06,953
step
509
00:03:06,953 --> 00:03:07,754
fashion.
510
00:03:07,854 --> 00:03:08,454
Well,
511
00:03:08,454 --> 00:03:08,755
one
512
00:03:08,755 --> 00:03:09,355
transistor
513
00:03:09,355 --> 00:03:09,522
by
514
00:03:09,522 --> 00:03:09,989
itself
515
00:03:09,989 --> 00:03:10,223
does
516
00:03:10,223 --> 00:03:10,690
not
517
00:03:10,757 --> 00:03:11,024
do
518
00:03:11,024 --> 00:03:11,191
too
519
00:03:11,191 --> 00:03:11,457
much
520
00:03:11,691 --> 00:03:12,025
beyond
521
00:03:12,025 --> 00:03:12,225
this
522
00:03:12,225 --> 00:03:12,492
very
523
00:03:12,492 --> 00:03:12,859
basic
524
00:03:12,859 --> 00:03:13,860
functionalities.
525
00:03:13,860 --> 00:03:14,093
But
526
00:03:14,160 --> 00:03:14,360
when
527
00:03:14,394 --> 00:03:14,827
billions
528
00:03:14,827 --> 00:03:14,894
of
529
00:03:14,894 --> 00:03:15,094
those
530
00:03:15,094 --> 00:03:15,595
transistors
531
00:03:15,595 --> 00:03:16,062
are
532
00:03:16,062 --> 00:03:16,563
connected
533
00:03:16,563 --> 00:03:17,063
together
534
00:03:17,063 --> 00:03:17,297
in
535
00:03:17,297 --> 00:03:17,430
a
536
00:03:17,430 --> 00:03:17,830
defined
537
00:03:17,864 --> 00:03:18,431
way,
538
00:03:18,531 --> 00:03:18,998
then
539
00:03:18,998 --> 00:03:19,265
they
540
00:03:19,265 --> 00:03:19,732
form
541
00:03:19,732 --> 00:03:19,933
the
542
00:03:19,933 --> 00:03:20,333
very
543
00:03:20,333 --> 00:03:20,667
large
544
00:03:20,667 --> 00:03:21,134
scale
545
00:03:21,134 --> 00:03:22,202
integrated
546
00:03:22,202 --> 00:03:22,702
logic
547
00:03:22,702 --> 00:03:23,236
circuits,
548
00:03:23,236 --> 00:03:23,603
and
549
00:03:23,603 --> 00:03:23,836
those
550
00:03:23,836 --> 00:03:24,237
logic
551
00:03:24,237 --> 00:03:24,671
circuits
552
00:03:24,671 --> 00:03:24,871
can
553
00:03:24,871 --> 00:03:25,672
perform
554
00:03:25,705 --> 00:03:25,939
as
555
00:03:25,939 --> 00:03:26,573
expected
556
00:03:26,639 --> 00:03:26,873
when
557
00:03:26,873 --> 00:03:27,173
more
558
00:03:27,173 --> 00:03:27,707
complex
559
00:03:27,707 --> 00:03:28,374
tasks,
560
00:03:28,374 --> 00:03:28,708
such
561
00:03:28,708 --> 00:03:28,942
as
562
00:03:29,242 --> 00:03:29,642
running
563
00:03:29,642 --> 00:03:29,742
the
564
00:03:29,742 --> 00:03:30,310
software
565
00:03:30,443 --> 00:03:30,577
on
566
00:03:30,577 --> 00:03:30,977
our
567
00:03:31,010 --> 00:03:31,044
on
568
00:03:31,077 --> 00:03:31,311
our
569
00:03:31,344 --> 00:03:32,011
computers,
570
00:03:32,011 --> 00:03:32,612
processing
571
00:03:32,612 --> 00:03:32,979
image
572
00:03:32,979 --> 00:03:33,179
or
573
00:03:33,179 --> 00:03:33,546
training,
574
00:03:33,546 --> 00:03:33,713
or
575
00:03:33,713 --> 00:03:34,681
executing
576
00:03:34,681 --> 00:03:34,948
the
577
00:03:34,948 --> 00:03:35,415
artificial
578
00:03:35,415 --> 00:03:36,015
intelligence
579
00:03:36,015 --> 00:03:36,616
models.
580
00:03:36,616 --> 00:03:36,749
You
581
00:03:36,749 --> 00:03:37,217
mentioned
582
00:03:37,250 --> 00:03:37,717
artificial
583
00:03:37,717 --> 00:03:38,384
intelligence
584
00:03:38,384 --> 00:03:38,818
models,
585
00:03:38,818 --> 00:03:38,985
and
586
00:03:38,985 --> 00:03:39,219
that's
587
00:03:39,219 --> 00:03:39,385
going
588
00:03:39,385 --> 00:03:39,519
to
589
00:03:39,519 --> 00:03:39,619
be
590
00:03:39,619 --> 00:03:40,019
probably
591
00:03:40,019 --> 00:03:40,220
a
592
00:03:40,220 --> 00:03:40,553
big
593
00:03:40,553 --> 00:03:40,954
hit
594
00:03:40,987 --> 00:03:41,588
here.
595
00:03:41,654 --> 00:03:42,188
How
596
00:03:42,555 --> 00:03:43,223
is
597
00:03:43,389 --> 00:03:43,823
AI
598
00:03:43,890 --> 00:03:44,557
impacting
599
00:03:44,557 --> 00:03:44,958
current
600
00:03:44,958 --> 00:03:45,992
microchips?
601
00:03:46,025 --> 00:03:46,359
Well,
602
00:03:46,593 --> 00:03:46,859
AI
603
00:03:46,893 --> 00:03:47,060
is
604
00:03:47,060 --> 00:03:47,694
definitely
605
00:03:47,694 --> 00:03:47,827
the
606
00:03:47,827 --> 00:03:48,194
biggest
607
00:03:48,628 --> 00:03:49,028
driving
608
00:03:49,028 --> 00:03:49,362
force
609
00:03:49,362 --> 00:03:49,495
in
610
00:03:49,495 --> 00:03:50,263
semiconductor
611
00:03:50,263 --> 00:03:50,663
industry
612
00:03:50,697 --> 00:03:51,631
nowadays.
613
00:03:51,631 --> 00:03:52,131
So
614
00:03:52,198 --> 00:03:52,832
modern
615
00:03:52,865 --> 00:03:53,199
AI
616
00:03:53,233 --> 00:03:53,900
systems
617
00:03:53,933 --> 00:03:54,267
on
618
00:03:54,267 --> 00:03:54,534
one
619
00:03:54,534 --> 00:03:54,901
hand,
620
00:03:54,901 --> 00:03:55,268
as
621
00:03:55,268 --> 00:03:55,501
you
622
00:03:55,501 --> 00:03:55,935
probably
623
00:03:55,935 --> 00:03:56,202
hear
624
00:03:56,202 --> 00:03:56,469
from
625
00:03:56,469 --> 00:03:56,669
all
626
00:03:56,669 --> 00:03:56,736
the
627
00:03:56,736 --> 00:03:57,036
news
628
00:03:57,036 --> 00:03:57,470
reports
629
00:03:57,470 --> 00:03:57,870
around
630
00:03:57,870 --> 00:03:58,304
us,
631
00:03:58,338 --> 00:03:58,571
we
632
00:03:58,571 --> 00:03:59,038
need
633
00:03:59,072 --> 00:03:59,872
enormous
634
00:04:00,139 --> 00:04:00,440
amount
635
00:04:00,440 --> 00:04:00,573
of
636
00:04:00,573 --> 00:04:01,274
computational
637
00:04:01,274 --> 00:04:01,574
power
638
00:04:01,574 --> 00:04:01,774
and
639
00:04:01,774 --> 00:04:02,442
memory.
640
00:04:02,442 --> 00:04:02,842
And
641
00:04:02,842 --> 00:04:03,076
that's
642
00:04:03,076 --> 00:04:03,509
basically
643
00:04:03,509 --> 00:04:03,676
the
644
00:04:03,676 --> 00:04:03,977
reason
645
00:04:03,977 --> 00:04:04,344
why
646
00:04:04,377 --> 00:04:04,544
all
647
00:04:04,544 --> 00:04:04,744
those
648
00:04:04,744 --> 00:04:05,345
companies
649
00:04:05,345 --> 00:04:05,812
like
650
00:04:06,279 --> 00:04:06,946
Vaidya,
651
00:04:06,980 --> 00:04:07,614
Intel,
652
00:04:07,680 --> 00:04:08,214
AMD,
653
00:04:08,281 --> 00:04:08,781
Samsung,
654
00:04:08,815 --> 00:04:09,215
micron
655
00:04:09,215 --> 00:04:09,482
just
656
00:04:09,482 --> 00:04:09,882
become
657
00:04:09,882 --> 00:04:10,283
so
658
00:04:10,283 --> 00:04:11,050
prominent
659
00:04:11,117 --> 00:04:11,517
during
660
00:04:11,517 --> 00:04:11,618
the
661
00:04:11,618 --> 00:04:12,051
past
662
00:04:12,051 --> 00:04:12,318
few
663
00:04:12,318 --> 00:04:12,919
years.
664
00:04:12,986 --> 00:04:13,519
And
665
00:04:13,553 --> 00:04:13,853
at
666
00:04:13,853 --> 00:04:13,953
the
667
00:04:13,953 --> 00:04:14,187
same
668
00:04:14,187 --> 00:04:14,754
time,
669
00:04:14,954 --> 00:04:15,388
AI
670
00:04:15,622 --> 00:04:16,322
also
671
00:04:16,322 --> 00:04:16,789
depends
672
00:04:16,789 --> 00:04:17,457
on
673
00:04:17,490 --> 00:04:17,857
big
674
00:04:17,857 --> 00:04:18,424
data.
675
00:04:18,458 --> 00:04:18,825
So
676
00:04:18,825 --> 00:04:19,025
for
677
00:04:19,025 --> 00:04:19,292
all
678
00:04:19,292 --> 00:04:19,626
this
679
00:04:19,659 --> 00:04:20,093
AI
680
00:04:20,293 --> 00:04:20,693
working
681
00:04:20,693 --> 00:04:21,361
loads,
682
00:04:21,361 --> 00:04:21,694
we
683
00:04:21,694 --> 00:04:21,995
have
684
00:04:21,995 --> 00:04:22,095
to
685
00:04:22,095 --> 00:04:22,562
move
686
00:04:22,629 --> 00:04:22,895
huge
687
00:04:22,895 --> 00:04:23,229
amount
688
00:04:23,229 --> 00:04:23,396
of
689
00:04:23,396 --> 00:04:23,830
data
690
00:04:23,863 --> 00:04:24,464
throughout
691
00:04:24,464 --> 00:04:24,697
our
692
00:04:24,697 --> 00:04:25,665
computational
693
00:04:25,665 --> 00:04:26,399
system.
694
00:04:26,432 --> 00:04:26,733
And
695
00:04:26,733 --> 00:04:27,433
even
696
00:04:27,433 --> 00:04:27,834
with
697
00:04:27,834 --> 00:04:28,401
an
698
00:04:28,434 --> 00:04:28,801
age
699
00:04:28,868 --> 00:04:29,602
individual
700
00:04:29,602 --> 00:04:30,136
computer
701
00:04:30,136 --> 00:04:30,903
chips.
702
00:04:30,903 --> 00:04:31,504
So
703
00:04:31,504 --> 00:04:31,871
for
704
00:04:31,871 --> 00:04:32,171
many
705
00:04:32,171 --> 00:04:32,238
of
706
00:04:32,238 --> 00:04:32,472
these
707
00:04:32,505 --> 00:04:32,772
AI
708
00:04:32,839 --> 00:04:33,339
workloads,
709
00:04:33,339 --> 00:04:33,539
the
710
00:04:33,539 --> 00:04:34,140
challenge
711
00:04:34,173 --> 00:04:34,574
and
712
00:04:34,574 --> 00:04:34,941
just
713
00:04:34,941 --> 00:04:35,441
perform
714
00:04:35,441 --> 00:04:35,541
the
715
00:04:35,541 --> 00:04:36,876
computations
716
00:04:36,909 --> 00:04:38,111
themselves
717
00:04:38,211 --> 00:04:38,511
is
718
00:04:38,544 --> 00:04:38,911
actually
719
00:04:38,911 --> 00:04:39,279
getting
720
00:04:39,279 --> 00:04:39,412
the
721
00:04:39,412 --> 00:04:39,712
right
722
00:04:39,712 --> 00:04:40,280
data
723
00:04:40,280 --> 00:04:40,480
to
724
00:04:40,480 --> 00:04:40,613
the
725
00:04:40,613 --> 00:04:40,947
right
726
00:04:40,947 --> 00:04:41,514
place
727
00:04:41,514 --> 00:04:41,981
quickly
728
00:04:41,981 --> 00:04:42,582
enough.
729
00:04:42,582 --> 00:04:42,949
So
730
00:04:42,949 --> 00:04:43,216
for
731
00:04:43,216 --> 00:04:43,583
AI
732
00:04:43,616 --> 00:04:43,883
to
733
00:04:43,916 --> 00:04:44,517
continue
734
00:04:44,550 --> 00:04:45,184
advancing,
735
00:04:45,184 --> 00:04:45,351
we
736
00:04:45,351 --> 00:04:45,852
basically
737
00:04:45,852 --> 00:04:46,319
need
738
00:04:46,319 --> 00:04:46,552
two
739
00:04:46,586 --> 00:04:46,853
things,
740
00:04:46,919 --> 00:04:47,053
right?
741
00:04:47,053 --> 00:04:47,186
We
742
00:04:47,186 --> 00:04:47,453
need
743
00:04:47,453 --> 00:04:47,754
more
744
00:04:47,754 --> 00:04:48,521
computational
745
00:04:48,521 --> 00:04:49,022
power
746
00:04:49,022 --> 00:04:49,222
for
747
00:04:49,222 --> 00:04:49,756
sure.
748
00:04:50,123 --> 00:04:50,423
And
749
00:04:50,423 --> 00:04:50,857
also
750
00:04:50,857 --> 00:04:50,990
we
751
00:04:50,990 --> 00:04:51,190
need
752
00:04:51,190 --> 00:04:51,291
to
753
00:04:51,291 --> 00:04:51,557
make
754
00:04:51,591 --> 00:04:51,758
the
755
00:04:51,758 --> 00:04:52,158
data
756
00:04:52,158 --> 00:04:52,825
movement
757
00:04:52,825 --> 00:04:53,293
becomes
758
00:04:53,359 --> 00:04:53,860
faster
759
00:04:53,860 --> 00:04:54,093
and
760
00:04:54,093 --> 00:04:54,494
also
761
00:04:54,494 --> 00:04:55,094
more
762
00:04:55,228 --> 00:04:55,862
energy
763
00:04:55,862 --> 00:04:56,362
efficient.
764
00:04:56,362 --> 00:04:56,496
So
765
00:04:56,496 --> 00:04:57,063
engineering
766
00:04:57,096 --> 00:04:57,330
term
767
00:04:57,330 --> 00:04:57,530
we
768
00:04:57,530 --> 00:04:57,664
talk
769
00:04:57,697 --> 00:04:57,997
about
770
00:04:58,031 --> 00:04:58,531
things
771
00:04:58,598 --> 00:04:58,865
like
772
00:04:58,898 --> 00:04:59,265
higher
773
00:04:59,265 --> 00:04:59,999
communication
774
00:04:59,999 --> 00:05:00,466
bandwidth
775
00:05:00,466 --> 00:05:00,667
and
776
00:05:00,667 --> 00:05:00,933
also
777
00:05:00,933 --> 00:05:01,334
better
778
00:05:01,334 --> 00:05:01,934
energy
779
00:05:02,001 --> 00:05:03,036
efficiency.
780
00:05:03,069 --> 00:05:03,536
And
781
00:05:03,536 --> 00:05:04,037
solving
782
00:05:04,037 --> 00:05:04,170
this
783
00:05:04,237 --> 00:05:04,370
kind
784
00:05:04,370 --> 00:05:04,537
of
785
00:05:04,570 --> 00:05:04,904
data
786
00:05:04,904 --> 00:05:05,571
communication
787
00:05:05,571 --> 00:05:06,472
bottleneck.
788
00:05:06,506 --> 00:05:06,739
It's
789
00:05:06,739 --> 00:05:07,073
just
790
00:05:07,073 --> 00:05:07,774
becoming
791
00:05:07,840 --> 00:05:08,074
as
792
00:05:08,074 --> 00:05:08,675
important
793
00:05:08,675 --> 00:05:08,941
as
794
00:05:08,941 --> 00:05:09,742
making
795
00:05:09,976 --> 00:05:10,243
our
796
00:05:10,243 --> 00:05:11,110
microprocessors
797
00:05:11,110 --> 00:05:11,511
becomes
798
00:05:11,511 --> 00:05:11,944
faster
799
00:05:11,944 --> 00:05:12,111
and
800
00:05:12,111 --> 00:05:12,312
more
801
00:05:12,312 --> 00:05:13,079
powerful.
802
00:05:13,112 --> 00:05:13,413
How
803
00:05:13,413 --> 00:05:13,680
might
804
00:05:13,713 --> 00:05:13,813
the
805
00:05:13,813 --> 00:05:14,147
3D
806
00:05:14,180 --> 00:05:14,781
structures,
807
00:05:14,781 --> 00:05:14,914
the
808
00:05:14,914 --> 00:05:15,214
vertical
809
00:05:15,214 --> 00:05:15,615
scaling
810
00:05:15,615 --> 00:05:15,715
of
811
00:05:15,715 --> 00:05:15,815
the
812
00:05:15,815 --> 00:05:16,416
chips,
813
00:05:16,416 --> 00:05:16,883
solve
814
00:05:16,883 --> 00:05:16,983
some
815
00:05:16,983 --> 00:05:17,150
of
816
00:05:17,150 --> 00:05:17,350
these
817
00:05:17,350 --> 00:05:18,318
problems?
818
00:05:18,351 --> 00:05:18,785
That's
819
00:05:18,785 --> 00:05:19,252
exactly
820
00:05:19,252 --> 00:05:19,419
what
821
00:05:19,419 --> 00:05:19,652
I'm
822
00:05:19,719 --> 00:05:19,952
talking
823
00:05:19,952 --> 00:05:20,153
about
824
00:05:20,186 --> 00:05:20,520
over
825
00:05:20,520 --> 00:05:20,620
here,
826
00:05:20,620 --> 00:05:20,720
right.
827
00:05:20,853 --> 00:05:21,020
So
828
00:05:21,020 --> 00:05:21,120
the
829
00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:21,854
vertical
830
00:05:21,854 --> 00:05:22,388
scaling
831
00:05:22,388 --> 00:05:22,789
here
832
00:05:22,789 --> 00:05:23,189
helps
833
00:05:23,189 --> 00:05:23,356
us
834
00:05:23,356 --> 00:05:23,456
to
835
00:05:23,456 --> 00:05:23,823
address
836
00:05:23,823 --> 00:05:24,190
these
837
00:05:24,190 --> 00:05:24,424
two
838
00:05:24,457 --> 00:05:25,291
challenges
839
00:05:25,391 --> 00:05:25,825
facing
840
00:05:25,825 --> 00:05:25,892
the
841
00:05:25,892 --> 00:05:26,759
semiconductor
842
00:05:26,759 --> 00:05:27,427
industry
843
00:05:27,460 --> 00:05:27,794
for
844
00:05:27,794 --> 00:05:27,894
the
845
00:05:27,894 --> 00:05:28,227
demand
846
00:05:28,261 --> 00:05:28,494
of
847
00:05:28,494 --> 00:05:28,961
AI
848
00:05:29,395 --> 00:05:29,696
at
849
00:05:29,696 --> 00:05:29,796
the
850
00:05:29,796 --> 00:05:29,962
same
851
00:05:29,962 --> 00:05:30,496
time.
852
00:05:30,563 --> 00:05:30,830
So
853
00:05:30,830 --> 00:05:30,897
the
854
00:05:30,897 --> 00:05:31,431
first
855
00:05:31,431 --> 00:05:32,131
is
856
00:05:32,131 --> 00:05:32,999
continuing
857
00:05:32,999 --> 00:05:33,066
the
858
00:05:33,066 --> 00:05:34,067
performance
859
00:05:34,100 --> 00:05:35,268
improvement.
860
00:05:35,435 --> 00:05:35,668
So
861
00:05:35,668 --> 00:05:36,102
let's
862
00:05:36,102 --> 00:05:36,469
look
863
00:05:36,469 --> 00:05:36,703
at
864
00:05:36,703 --> 00:05:36,936
this
865
00:05:36,936 --> 00:05:37,370
problem
866
00:05:37,370 --> 00:05:37,570
from
867
00:05:37,570 --> 00:05:37,670
a
868
00:05:37,670 --> 00:05:37,870
little
869
00:05:37,870 --> 00:05:38,037
bit
870
00:05:38,037 --> 00:05:38,137
of
871
00:05:38,137 --> 00:05:38,738
historical
872
00:05:38,738 --> 00:05:39,906
perspective.
873
00:05:40,139 --> 00:05:40,640
For
874
00:05:40,640 --> 00:05:41,341
decades
875
00:05:41,374 --> 00:05:41,507
the
876
00:05:41,507 --> 00:05:42,275
semiconductor
877
00:05:42,275 --> 00:05:42,875
industry
878
00:05:42,909 --> 00:05:43,576
followed
879
00:05:43,576 --> 00:05:43,843
what
880
00:05:43,843 --> 00:05:44,010
we
881
00:05:44,010 --> 00:05:44,711
called
882
00:05:44,877 --> 00:05:45,111
the
883
00:05:45,111 --> 00:05:45,578
Moore's
884
00:05:45,578 --> 00:05:46,079
Law
885
00:05:46,212 --> 00:05:46,612
and
886
00:05:46,612 --> 00:05:46,879
Moore’s
887
00:05:46,879 --> 00:05:47,146
Law
888
00:05:47,146 --> 00:05:47,580
basically
889
00:05:47,580 --> 00:05:47,814
saying
890
00:05:47,880 --> 00:05:48,081
okay,
891
00:05:48,114 --> 00:05:48,281
we're
892
00:05:48,281 --> 00:05:48,414
going
893
00:05:48,414 --> 00:05:48,514
to
894
00:05:48,514 --> 00:05:48,715
make
895
00:05:48,715 --> 00:05:48,815
the
896
00:05:48,815 --> 00:05:49,549
transistor.
897
00:05:49,582 --> 00:05:49,749
The
898
00:05:49,749 --> 00:05:50,183
basic
899
00:05:50,183 --> 00:05:50,550
building
900
00:05:50,550 --> 00:05:50,950
blocks
901
00:05:50,983 --> 00:05:51,217
we
902
00:05:51,217 --> 00:05:51,784
described
903
00:05:51,818 --> 00:05:52,819
previously
904
00:05:52,819 --> 00:05:53,586
become
905
00:05:53,619 --> 00:05:54,020
smaller
906
00:05:54,020 --> 00:05:54,187
and
907
00:05:54,187 --> 00:05:54,854
smaller,
908
00:05:54,987 --> 00:05:55,588
shrinking
909
00:05:55,588 --> 00:05:55,855
this
910
00:05:55,922 --> 00:05:56,556
individual
911
00:05:56,556 --> 00:05:57,657
component,
912
00:05:57,690 --> 00:05:58,057
smaller
913
00:05:58,057 --> 00:05:58,224
and
914
00:05:58,224 --> 00:05:58,958
smaller,
915
00:05:59,058 --> 00:05:59,459
allow
916
00:05:59,459 --> 00:05:59,692
us
917
00:05:59,692 --> 00:05:59,859
to
918
00:05:59,892 --> 00:06:00,393
pack
919
00:06:00,393 --> 00:06:00,693
more
920
00:06:00,693 --> 00:06:00,827
and
921
00:06:00,827 --> 00:06:01,160
more
922
00:06:01,160 --> 00:06:02,195
devices
923
00:06:02,295 --> 00:06:02,829
within
924
00:06:02,829 --> 00:06:03,029
the
925
00:06:03,029 --> 00:06:03,429
same
926
00:06:03,463 --> 00:06:03,830
chip
927
00:06:03,830 --> 00:06:04,464
area,
928
00:06:04,497 --> 00:06:04,797
and
929
00:06:04,797 --> 00:06:05,198
therefore
930
00:06:05,231 --> 00:06:05,631
that's
931
00:06:05,665 --> 00:06:06,232
increase
932
00:06:06,232 --> 00:06:06,466
our
933
00:06:06,466 --> 00:06:07,133
computational
934
00:06:07,133 --> 00:06:07,433
power.
935
00:06:07,467 --> 00:06:07,667
That's
936
00:06:07,667 --> 00:06:07,900
pretty
937
00:06:07,900 --> 00:06:08,801
straightforward.
938
00:06:08,835 --> 00:06:09,268
But
939
00:06:09,268 --> 00:06:09,435
the
940
00:06:09,435 --> 00:06:10,103
problem
941
00:06:10,103 --> 00:06:10,503
is
942
00:06:10,536 --> 00:06:10,837
we
943
00:06:10,870 --> 00:06:10,970
are
944
00:06:10,970 --> 00:06:11,671
approaching
945
00:06:11,671 --> 00:06:11,838
the
946
00:06:11,838 --> 00:06:12,472
fundamental
947
00:06:12,472 --> 00:06:13,172
physics
948
00:06:13,306 --> 00:06:14,073
limit.
949
00:06:14,107 --> 00:06:14,741
Nowadays,
950
00:06:14,741 --> 00:06:14,941
if
951
00:06:14,941 --> 00:06:15,108
you
952
00:06:15,108 --> 00:06:15,308
look
953
00:06:15,308 --> 00:06:15,508
at
954
00:06:15,508 --> 00:06:15,708
the
955
00:06:15,708 --> 00:06:16,042
state
956
00:06:16,042 --> 00:06:16,242
of
957
00:06:16,242 --> 00:06:16,442
the
958
00:06:16,442 --> 00:06:16,876
art
959
00:06:16,909 --> 00:06:17,777
transistors
960
00:06:17,777 --> 00:06:18,211
used
961
00:06:18,211 --> 00:06:18,678
in
962
00:06:18,678 --> 00:06:19,011
our
963
00:06:19,011 --> 00:06:19,345
most
964
00:06:19,345 --> 00:06:19,912
advanced
965
00:06:19,912 --> 00:06:20,980
microprocessors,
966
00:06:21,013 --> 00:06:21,314
and
967
00:06:21,314 --> 00:06:21,547
we're
968
00:06:21,547 --> 00:06:21,781
talking
969
00:06:21,781 --> 00:06:22,048
about
970
00:06:22,081 --> 00:06:22,181
a
971
00:06:22,181 --> 00:06:22,348
two
972
00:06:22,348 --> 00:06:22,815
nanometer,
973
00:06:22,815 --> 00:06:23,015
three
974
00:06:23,015 --> 00:06:23,516
nanometer
975
00:06:23,516 --> 00:06:24,117
technology
976
00:06:24,117 --> 00:06:24,751
node,
977
00:06:24,817 --> 00:06:25,118
the
978
00:06:25,118 --> 00:06:25,618
critical
979
00:06:25,618 --> 00:06:26,152
dimension
980
00:06:26,152 --> 00:06:26,319
of
981
00:06:26,319 --> 00:06:26,552
those
982
00:06:26,552 --> 00:06:27,220
devices
983
00:06:27,220 --> 00:06:27,453
is
984
00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:27,854
actually
985
00:06:27,920 --> 00:06:28,254
down
986
00:06:28,254 --> 00:06:28,588
to
987
00:06:28,855 --> 00:06:29,155
tens
988
00:06:29,155 --> 00:06:29,255
of
989
00:06:29,255 --> 00:06:30,123
nanometers.
990
00:06:30,123 --> 00:06:30,590
And
991
00:06:30,590 --> 00:06:30,857
in
992
00:06:30,857 --> 00:06:31,357
this
993
00:06:31,357 --> 00:06:31,758
length
994
00:06:31,758 --> 00:06:32,392
scale,
995
00:06:32,558 --> 00:06:32,792
the
996
00:06:32,792 --> 00:06:33,192
quantum
997
00:06:33,192 --> 00:06:33,760
effects,
998
00:06:33,793 --> 00:06:34,394
especially
999
00:06:34,394 --> 00:06:34,460
the
1000
00:06:34,460 --> 00:06:34,894
direct
1001
00:06:34,961 --> 00:06:35,495
tunneling,
1002
00:06:35,495 --> 00:06:35,962
becomes
1003
00:06:35,962 --> 00:06:36,996
important
1004
00:06:36,996 --> 00:06:37,630
and
1005
00:06:37,663 --> 00:06:37,897
they
1006
00:06:37,897 --> 00:06:38,231
start
1007
00:06:38,231 --> 00:06:38,331
to
1008
00:06:38,398 --> 00:06:39,031
degrade
1009
00:06:39,065 --> 00:06:39,399
our
1010
00:06:39,399 --> 00:06:40,066
transistor
1011
00:06:40,099 --> 00:06:41,200
operations.
1012
00:06:41,234 --> 00:06:41,601
And
1013
00:06:41,601 --> 00:06:41,901
that
1014
00:06:41,901 --> 00:06:42,235
makes
1015
00:06:42,235 --> 00:06:42,435
the
1016
00:06:42,435 --> 00:06:43,002
further
1017
00:06:43,002 --> 00:06:43,436
lateral
1018
00:06:43,436 --> 00:06:43,870
scaling
1019
00:06:43,870 --> 00:06:44,137
just
1020
00:06:44,137 --> 00:06:44,504
along
1021
00:06:44,504 --> 00:06:44,670
the
1022
00:06:44,670 --> 00:06:44,971
X
1023
00:06:44,971 --> 00:06:45,271
and
1024
00:06:45,271 --> 00:06:45,638
Y
1025
00:06:45,671 --> 00:06:46,506
directions
1026
00:06:46,506 --> 00:06:46,873
just
1027
00:06:46,873 --> 00:06:47,673
becoming
1028
00:06:47,707 --> 00:06:48,708
increasingly
1029
00:06:48,708 --> 00:06:49,442
difficult
1030
00:06:49,442 --> 00:06:49,742
and
1031
00:06:49,742 --> 00:06:50,109
also
1032
00:06:50,143 --> 00:06:51,010
economically
1033
00:06:51,010 --> 00:06:51,310
more
1034
00:06:51,310 --> 00:06:51,411
and
1035
00:06:51,411 --> 00:06:51,711
more
1036
00:06:51,744 --> 00:06:52,812
expensive.
1037
00:06:52,812 --> 00:06:53,179
So
1038
00:06:53,179 --> 00:06:53,546
that's
1039
00:06:53,546 --> 00:06:53,813
where
1040
00:06:53,813 --> 00:06:54,180
this
1041
00:06:54,180 --> 00:06:54,714
vertical
1042
00:06:54,714 --> 00:06:55,148
scaling
1043
00:06:55,415 --> 00:06:55,882
along
1044
00:06:55,882 --> 00:06:56,015
the
1045
00:06:56,015 --> 00:06:56,482
Z
1046
00:06:56,482 --> 00:06:57,016
direction
1047
00:06:57,016 --> 00:06:57,383
comes
1048
00:06:57,383 --> 00:06:57,750
in.
1049
00:06:57,784 --> 00:06:58,151
So
1050
00:06:58,184 --> 00:06:58,551
instead
1051
00:06:58,551 --> 00:06:58,751
of
1052
00:06:58,751 --> 00:06:59,051
just
1053
00:06:59,051 --> 00:06:59,385
making
1054
00:06:59,385 --> 00:06:59,619
our
1055
00:06:59,619 --> 00:07:00,420
transistors
1056
00:07:00,420 --> 00:07:01,020
become
1057
00:07:01,053 --> 00:07:01,654
smaller,
1058
00:07:01,654 --> 00:07:01,854
we
1059
00:07:01,854 --> 00:07:02,054
can
1060
00:07:02,054 --> 00:07:02,422
stack
1061
00:07:02,422 --> 00:07:02,789
them
1062
00:07:02,789 --> 00:07:03,256
one
1063
00:07:03,322 --> 00:07:03,556
on
1064
00:07:03,556 --> 00:07:03,790
top
1065
00:07:03,790 --> 00:07:03,956
of
1066
00:07:03,956 --> 00:07:04,457
another,
1067
00:07:04,490 --> 00:07:04,957
right.
1068
00:07:04,991 --> 00:07:05,291
And
1069
00:07:05,291 --> 00:07:05,658
that's
1070
00:07:05,658 --> 00:07:06,025
also
1071
00:07:06,058 --> 00:07:06,292
going
1072
00:07:06,292 --> 00:07:06,392
to
1073
00:07:06,392 --> 00:07:06,659
help
1074
00:07:06,659 --> 00:07:06,893
us
1075
00:07:06,893 --> 00:07:07,193
to
1076
00:07:07,226 --> 00:07:07,693
increase
1077
00:07:07,693 --> 00:07:07,860
the
1078
00:07:07,860 --> 00:07:08,494
integration
1079
00:07:08,494 --> 00:07:09,362
density
1080
00:07:09,495 --> 00:07:09,662
or
1081
00:07:09,662 --> 00:07:09,962
so-called
1082
00:07:09,962 --> 00:07:10,062
the
1083
00:07:10,062 --> 00:07:10,363
number
1084
00:07:10,363 --> 00:07:10,496
of
1085
00:07:10,496 --> 00:07:11,531
transistors
1086
00:07:11,531 --> 00:07:11,798
in
1087
00:07:11,798 --> 00:07:11,898
the
1088
00:07:11,898 --> 00:07:12,198
same
1089
00:07:12,465 --> 00:07:12,899
area.
1090
00:07:12,899 --> 00:07:13,065
So
1091
00:07:13,065 --> 00:07:13,232
we
1092
00:07:13,232 --> 00:07:13,466
still
1093
00:07:13,466 --> 00:07:13,833
get
1094
00:07:13,866 --> 00:07:14,300
better
1095
00:07:14,300 --> 00:07:14,934
performance
1096
00:07:14,934 --> 00:07:15,201
and
1097
00:07:15,201 --> 00:07:15,435
more
1098
00:07:15,435 --> 00:07:16,102
computational
1099
00:07:16,102 --> 00:07:16,869
power
1100
00:07:16,869 --> 00:07:17,103
for
1101
00:07:17,103 --> 00:07:17,236
the
1102
00:07:17,236 --> 00:07:17,503
AI
1103
00:07:17,537 --> 00:07:18,371
workload.
1104
00:07:18,504 --> 00:07:18,738
And
1105
00:07:18,738 --> 00:07:18,871
the
1106
00:07:18,871 --> 00:07:19,238
second
1107
00:07:19,238 --> 00:07:19,705
challenge
1108
00:07:19,705 --> 00:07:20,039
over
1109
00:07:20,039 --> 00:07:20,273
here
1110
00:07:20,273 --> 00:07:20,373
is
1111
00:07:20,373 --> 00:07:20,873
basically
1112
00:07:20,873 --> 00:07:20,973
the
1113
00:07:20,973 --> 00:07:21,274
data
1114
00:07:21,274 --> 00:07:22,175
communication
1115
00:07:22,175 --> 00:07:22,341
I
1116
00:07:22,341 --> 00:07:23,142
described
1117
00:07:23,176 --> 00:07:24,143
previously.
1118
00:07:24,143 --> 00:07:24,410
So
1119
00:07:24,410 --> 00:07:24,610
as
1120
00:07:24,610 --> 00:07:24,777
you
1121
00:07:24,777 --> 00:07:24,944
can
1122
00:07:24,977 --> 00:07:25,478
imagine,
1123
00:07:25,478 --> 00:07:25,611
when
1124
00:07:25,611 --> 00:07:25,778
you
1125
00:07:25,812 --> 00:07:26,145
stack
1126
00:07:26,179 --> 00:07:26,345
the
1127
00:07:26,345 --> 00:07:27,146
devices
1128
00:07:27,146 --> 00:07:27,547
in
1129
00:07:27,547 --> 00:07:27,680
the
1130
00:07:27,680 --> 00:07:28,080
vertical
1131
00:07:28,080 --> 00:07:29,015
direction,
1132
00:07:29,081 --> 00:07:29,315
then
1133
00:07:29,315 --> 00:07:29,415
the
1134
00:07:29,415 --> 00:07:29,816
device
1135
00:07:29,816 --> 00:07:29,982
in
1136
00:07:29,982 --> 00:07:30,183
the
1137
00:07:30,183 --> 00:07:30,583
top
1138
00:07:30,583 --> 00:07:30,917
layer
1139
00:07:30,917 --> 00:07:31,017
and
1140
00:07:31,017 --> 00:07:31,117
the
1141
00:07:31,117 --> 00:07:31,517
device
1142
00:07:31,517 --> 00:07:31,651
in
1143
00:07:31,651 --> 00:07:31,784
the
1144
00:07:31,784 --> 00:07:32,218
bottom
1145
00:07:32,218 --> 00:07:32,785
layer,
1146
00:07:32,852 --> 00:07:33,119
they
1147
00:07:33,119 --> 00:07:33,319
can
1148
00:07:33,319 --> 00:07:33,453
be
1149
00:07:33,453 --> 00:07:34,187
connected
1150
00:07:34,187 --> 00:07:34,587
through
1151
00:07:34,620 --> 00:07:35,054
much
1152
00:07:35,054 --> 00:07:35,822
shorter
1153
00:07:35,922 --> 00:07:36,456
vertical
1154
00:07:36,456 --> 00:07:37,190
pathways
1155
00:07:37,190 --> 00:07:37,623
rather
1156
00:07:37,623 --> 00:07:37,824
than
1157
00:07:38,090 --> 00:07:38,491
going
1158
00:07:38,491 --> 00:07:38,958
through
1159
00:07:38,991 --> 00:07:39,759
relatively
1160
00:07:39,759 --> 00:07:40,059
long
1161
00:07:40,393 --> 00:07:40,827
lateral
1162
00:07:40,827 --> 00:07:41,394
connection
1163
00:07:41,394 --> 00:07:42,261
pathways
1164
00:07:42,295 --> 00:07:42,695
and
1165
00:07:42,695 --> 00:07:42,862
the
1166
00:07:42,862 --> 00:07:43,296
shorter
1167
00:07:43,296 --> 00:07:43,963
electrical
1168
00:07:43,963 --> 00:07:44,630
connections
1169
00:07:44,630 --> 00:07:45,097
between
1170
00:07:45,097 --> 00:07:45,398
those
1171
00:07:45,398 --> 00:07:45,998
devices.
1172
00:07:45,998 --> 00:07:46,199
And
1173
00:07:46,199 --> 00:07:46,299
the
1174
00:07:46,299 --> 00:07:46,732
circuit
1175
00:07:46,732 --> 00:07:47,500
box
1176
00:07:47,667 --> 00:07:48,034
means
1177
00:07:48,034 --> 00:07:48,234
the
1178
00:07:48,234 --> 00:07:48,601
data
1179
00:07:48,634 --> 00:07:49,001
over
1180
00:07:49,001 --> 00:07:49,402
here
1181
00:07:49,669 --> 00:07:49,936
can
1182
00:07:49,936 --> 00:07:50,837
transfer
1183
00:07:51,037 --> 00:07:52,038
faster
1184
00:07:52,038 --> 00:07:52,271
while
1185
00:07:52,305 --> 00:07:53,172
consuming
1186
00:07:53,239 --> 00:07:53,573
less
1187
00:07:53,573 --> 00:07:53,873
amount
1188
00:07:53,873 --> 00:07:54,073
of
1189
00:07:54,073 --> 00:07:54,574
energy.
1190
00:07:54,574 --> 00:07:54,941
And
1191
00:07:54,941 --> 00:07:55,441
that
1192
00:07:55,441 --> 00:07:55,775
is
1193
00:07:55,842 --> 00:07:56,709
especially
1194
00:07:56,709 --> 00:07:57,543
important
1195
00:07:57,543 --> 00:07:57,944
for
1196
00:07:57,944 --> 00:07:58,211
AI
1197
00:07:58,277 --> 00:07:58,845
systems,
1198
00:07:58,878 --> 00:07:59,111
right?
1199
00:07:59,145 --> 00:07:59,545
We
1200
00:07:59,579 --> 00:07:59,779
hear
1201
00:07:59,779 --> 00:08:00,079
about
1202
00:08:00,079 --> 00:08:00,146
the
1203
00:08:00,146 --> 00:08:00,480
data
1204
00:08:00,513 --> 00:08:00,947
centers
1205
00:08:00,947 --> 00:08:01,214
and
1206
00:08:01,214 --> 00:08:01,347
all
1207
00:08:01,347 --> 00:08:01,481
the
1208
00:08:01,481 --> 00:08:01,948
cooling
1209
00:08:01,948 --> 00:08:02,181
needs
1210
00:08:02,181 --> 00:08:02,348
and
1211
00:08:02,348 --> 00:08:02,515
things
1212
00:08:02,515 --> 00:08:02,682
that
1213
00:08:02,682 --> 00:08:02,782
are
1214
00:08:02,782 --> 00:08:02,982
going
1215
00:08:02,982 --> 00:08:03,149
on
1216
00:08:03,149 --> 00:08:03,316
with
1217
00:08:03,316 --> 00:08:03,382
the
1218
00:08:03,382 --> 00:08:03,616
AI
1219
00:08:03,683 --> 00:08:04,550
technologies.
1220
00:08:04,584 --> 00:08:04,884
Right,
1221
00:08:04,884 --> 00:08:05,218
the
1222
00:08:05,218 --> 00:08:05,518
energy
1223
00:08:05,518 --> 00:08:05,818
efficiency
1224
00:08:05,985 --> 00:08:06,352
is
1225
00:08:06,352 --> 00:08:06,919
critical.
1226
00:08:06,953 --> 00:08:07,053
And
1227
00:08:07,053 --> 00:08:07,153
if
1228
00:08:07,153 --> 00:08:07,320
you're
1229
00:08:07,320 --> 00:08:07,620
thinking
1230
00:08:07,620 --> 00:08:07,920
about
1231
00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:08,054
the
1232
00:08:08,054 --> 00:08:08,521
overall
1233
00:08:08,521 --> 00:08:08,921
energy
1234
00:08:08,921 --> 00:08:09,422
consumption
1235
00:08:09,422 --> 00:08:09,555
of
1236
00:08:09,555 --> 00:08:09,722
the
1237
00:08:09,722 --> 00:08:09,989
AI
1238
00:08:10,022 --> 00:08:10,723
system
1239
00:08:10,756 --> 00:08:11,357
probably
1240
00:08:11,390 --> 00:08:11,691
like
1241
00:08:12,024 --> 00:08:12,158
it
1242
00:08:12,158 --> 00:08:12,558
depending
1243
00:08:12,558 --> 00:08:12,625
on
1244
00:08:12,625 --> 00:08:12,792
your
1245
00:08:12,792 --> 00:08:13,359
application,
1246
00:08:13,359 --> 00:08:13,593
but
1247
00:08:13,626 --> 00:08:13,793
up
1248
00:08:13,793 --> 00:08:13,960
to
1249
00:08:13,993 --> 00:08:14,160
like
1250
00:08:14,193 --> 00:08:14,494
40,
1251
00:08:14,560 --> 00:08:14,861
even
1252
00:08:14,961 --> 00:08:15,094
up
1253
00:08:15,094 --> 00:08:15,228
to
1254
00:08:15,261 --> 00:08:16,562
90%
1255
00:08:16,596 --> 00:08:16,829
of
1256
00:08:16,829 --> 00:08:16,963
the
1257
00:08:16,963 --> 00:08:17,430
delay.
1258
00:08:17,430 --> 00:08:17,630
And
1259
00:08:17,630 --> 00:08:17,997
energy
1260
00:08:17,997 --> 00:08:18,498
consumption
1261
00:08:18,498 --> 00:08:18,698
is
1262
00:08:18,731 --> 00:08:19,098
actually
1263
00:08:19,098 --> 00:08:19,599
caused
1264
00:08:19,599 --> 00:08:20,099
by
1265
00:08:20,132 --> 00:08:20,266
the
1266
00:08:20,266 --> 00:08:20,500
data
1267
00:08:20,500 --> 00:08:21,200
communication
1268
00:08:21,200 --> 00:08:21,534
rather
1269
00:08:21,534 --> 00:08:21,834
than
1270
00:08:21,834 --> 00:08:21,901
the
1271
00:08:21,901 --> 00:08:22,602
computation
1272
00:08:22,602 --> 00:08:23,169
itself.
1273
00:08:23,202 --> 00:08:23,503
So
1274
00:08:23,503 --> 00:08:23,703
can
1275
00:08:23,703 --> 00:08:23,836
we
1276
00:08:23,836 --> 00:08:24,003
talk
1277
00:08:24,003 --> 00:08:24,070
a
1278
00:08:24,070 --> 00:08:24,237
little
1279
00:08:24,270 --> 00:08:24,370
bit
1280
00:08:24,370 --> 00:08:24,670
about
1281
00:08:24,670 --> 00:08:25,171
your
1282
00:08:25,171 --> 00:08:25,838
manufacturing
1283
00:08:25,872 --> 00:08:26,572
technique?
1284
00:08:26,772 --> 00:08:26,906
You
1285
00:08:26,906 --> 00:08:27,073
have
1286
00:08:27,073 --> 00:08:27,173
an
1287
00:08:27,173 --> 00:08:27,640
interesting
1288
00:08:27,640 --> 00:08:27,740
way
1289
00:08:27,740 --> 00:08:27,907
you're
1290
00:08:27,907 --> 00:08:28,107
going
1291
00:08:28,107 --> 00:08:28,307
about
1292
00:08:28,307 --> 00:08:28,574
getting
1293
00:08:28,574 --> 00:08:28,741
these
1294
00:08:28,741 --> 00:08:29,442
together.
1295
00:08:29,442 --> 00:08:29,642
We
1296
00:08:29,642 --> 00:08:29,909
think
1297
00:08:29,909 --> 00:08:30,176
building
1298
00:08:30,243 --> 00:08:30,510
chips
1299
00:08:30,510 --> 00:08:30,676
in
1300
00:08:30,676 --> 00:08:30,743
the
1301
00:08:30,743 --> 00:08:31,110
3D
1302
00:08:31,143 --> 00:08:31,744
fashion
1303
00:08:31,744 --> 00:08:32,011
makes
1304
00:08:32,011 --> 00:08:32,178
sense,
1305
00:08:32,211 --> 00:08:32,411
right?
1306
00:08:32,411 --> 00:08:32,478
I
1307
00:08:32,478 --> 00:08:32,712
mean,
1308
00:08:32,778 --> 00:08:33,279
everything
1309
00:08:33,279 --> 00:08:33,412
in
1310
00:08:33,412 --> 00:08:33,513
the
1311
00:08:33,513 --> 00:08:33,746
real
1312
00:08:33,746 --> 00:08:34,146
physical
1313
00:08:34,146 --> 00:08:34,380
world
1314
00:08:34,380 --> 00:08:34,480
are
1315
00:08:34,514 --> 00:08:34,680
kind
1316
00:08:34,680 --> 00:08:34,747
of
1317
00:08:34,747 --> 00:08:34,947
three
1318
00:08:34,947 --> 00:08:35,381
dimensional
1319
00:08:35,381 --> 00:08:35,681
rather
1320
00:08:35,681 --> 00:08:35,815
than
1321
00:08:35,815 --> 00:08:35,948
two
1322
00:08:35,948 --> 00:08:36,349
dimensional.
1323
00:08:36,349 --> 00:08:36,549
Our
1324
00:08:36,549 --> 00:08:36,749
brain
1325
00:08:36,749 --> 00:08:36,916
is
1326
00:08:36,916 --> 00:08:37,149
three
1327
00:08:37,149 --> 00:08:37,717
dimensional,
1328
00:08:37,750 --> 00:08:38,184
right?
1329
00:08:38,384 --> 00:08:38,584
But
1330
00:08:38,584 --> 00:08:38,784
why
1331
00:08:38,784 --> 00:08:38,918
we
1332
00:08:38,918 --> 00:08:39,151
don't
1333
00:08:39,151 --> 00:08:39,318
do
1334
00:08:39,318 --> 00:08:39,752
it.
1335
00:08:39,785 --> 00:08:40,186
So
1336
00:08:40,186 --> 00:08:40,319
the
1337
00:08:40,319 --> 00:08:40,820
biggest
1338
00:08:40,820 --> 00:08:41,354
challenge
1339
00:08:41,354 --> 00:08:41,554
in
1340
00:08:41,554 --> 00:08:41,921
building
1341
00:08:41,921 --> 00:08:42,154
this
1342
00:08:42,154 --> 00:08:42,321
is
1343
00:08:42,321 --> 00:08:42,622
3D
1344
00:08:42,622 --> 00:08:43,222
integrated
1345
00:08:43,222 --> 00:08:43,823
chip
1346
00:08:43,990 --> 00:08:44,290
is
1347
00:08:44,290 --> 00:08:45,024
something
1348
00:08:45,291 --> 00:08:45,491
we
1349
00:08:45,491 --> 00:08:45,758
call
1350
00:08:45,791 --> 00:08:45,992
a
1351
00:08:45,992 --> 00:08:46,392
thermal
1352
00:08:46,392 --> 00:08:46,893
budget.
1353
00:08:46,893 --> 00:08:47,560
And
1354
00:08:47,560 --> 00:08:47,760
here
1355
00:08:47,760 --> 00:08:47,860
is
1356
00:08:47,860 --> 00:08:48,027
the
1357
00:08:48,027 --> 00:08:48,628
issue.
1358
00:08:48,694 --> 00:08:48,895
When
1359
00:08:48,895 --> 00:08:49,095
you
1360
00:08:49,095 --> 00:08:49,362
try
1361
00:08:49,362 --> 00:08:49,495
to
1362
00:08:49,495 --> 00:08:49,829
build
1363
00:08:49,829 --> 00:08:50,062
a
1364
00:08:50,062 --> 00:08:50,596
new
1365
00:08:50,596 --> 00:08:51,030
layer
1366
00:08:51,030 --> 00:08:51,264
of
1367
00:08:51,264 --> 00:08:52,098
transistors
1368
00:08:52,098 --> 00:08:52,398
on
1369
00:08:52,398 --> 00:08:52,598
top
1370
00:08:52,598 --> 00:08:52,798
of
1371
00:08:52,798 --> 00:08:53,065
your
1372
00:08:53,099 --> 00:08:54,100
existing
1373
00:08:54,267 --> 00:08:54,834
CPU
1374
00:08:54,834 --> 00:08:54,934
or
1375
00:08:54,934 --> 00:08:55,401
GPU
1376
00:08:55,401 --> 00:08:56,002
chips,
1377
00:08:56,035 --> 00:08:56,202
you
1378
00:08:56,202 --> 00:08:56,669
typically
1379
00:08:56,669 --> 00:08:57,003
need
1380
00:08:57,036 --> 00:08:57,537
very
1381
00:08:57,537 --> 00:08:57,837
high
1382
00:08:57,837 --> 00:08:58,437
temperature.
1383
00:08:58,437 --> 00:08:58,571
And
1384
00:08:58,571 --> 00:08:58,771
when
1385
00:08:58,771 --> 00:08:58,938
we
1386
00:08:58,938 --> 00:08:59,071
say
1387
00:08:59,105 --> 00:08:59,305
high
1388
00:08:59,305 --> 00:08:59,872
temperature,
1389
00:08:59,872 --> 00:09:00,072
we
1390
00:09:00,072 --> 00:09:00,239
talk
1391
00:09:00,273 --> 00:09:00,506
about
1392
00:09:00,506 --> 00:09:00,640
close
1393
00:09:00,640 --> 00:09:01,040
to
1394
00:09:01,073 --> 00:09:03,175
1000°C
1395
00:09:03,543 --> 00:09:03,743
to
1396
00:09:03,776 --> 00:09:04,277
first
1397
00:09:04,777 --> 00:09:05,311
create
1398
00:09:05,344 --> 00:09:05,678
high
1399
00:09:05,678 --> 00:09:06,512
quality
1400
00:09:06,712 --> 00:09:07,413
semiconductor
1401
00:09:07,413 --> 00:09:08,314
materials.
1402
00:09:08,381 --> 00:09:08,814
And
1403
00:09:08,814 --> 00:09:09,315
then
1404
00:09:09,315 --> 00:09:09,415
we
1405
00:09:09,415 --> 00:09:09,582
need
1406
00:09:09,582 --> 00:09:09,749
to
1407
00:09:09,749 --> 00:09:10,416
convert
1408
00:09:10,416 --> 00:09:10,750
this
1409
00:09:10,750 --> 00:09:11,017
high
1410
00:09:11,017 --> 00:09:11,384
quality
1411
00:09:11,417 --> 00:09:12,151
semiconductor
1412
00:09:12,151 --> 00:09:12,818
materials
1413
00:09:12,818 --> 00:09:13,586
into
1414
00:09:13,753 --> 00:09:13,986
high
1415
00:09:13,986 --> 00:09:14,587
performance
1416
00:09:14,587 --> 00:09:15,555
transistors
1417
00:09:15,588 --> 00:09:15,755
or
1418
00:09:15,755 --> 00:09:16,022
other
1419
00:09:16,022 --> 00:09:16,222
type
1420
00:09:16,222 --> 00:09:16,322
of
1421
00:09:16,322 --> 00:09:16,989
semiconductor
1422
00:09:16,989 --> 00:09:17,857
devices.
1423
00:09:17,990 --> 00:09:18,658
Both
1424
00:09:18,691 --> 00:09:19,258
here
1425
00:09:19,258 --> 00:09:20,192
typically
1426
00:09:20,226 --> 00:09:20,493
need
1427
00:09:20,493 --> 00:09:20,826
about
1428
00:09:20,826 --> 00:09:22,595
1000°C
1429
00:09:22,628 --> 00:09:22,828
as
1430
00:09:22,828 --> 00:09:22,995
their
1431
00:09:22,995 --> 00:09:23,462
processing
1432
00:09:23,496 --> 00:09:24,230
temperature.
1433
00:09:24,230 --> 00:09:24,597
And
1434
00:09:24,630 --> 00:09:25,798
unfortunately
1435
00:09:25,798 --> 00:09:26,299
here
1436
00:09:26,299 --> 00:09:26,699
this
1437
00:09:26,699 --> 00:09:27,066
high
1438
00:09:27,066 --> 00:09:28,000
temperature
1439
00:09:28,234 --> 00:09:28,601
can
1440
00:09:28,601 --> 00:09:29,335
damage
1441
00:09:29,502 --> 00:09:29,702
or
1442
00:09:29,702 --> 00:09:30,069
even
1443
00:09:30,069 --> 00:09:30,903
destroy
1444
00:09:31,237 --> 00:09:31,437
the
1445
00:09:31,437 --> 00:09:31,904
bottom
1446
00:09:31,904 --> 00:09:32,471
layer
1447
00:09:32,772 --> 00:09:32,972
that
1448
00:09:32,972 --> 00:09:33,239
has
1449
00:09:33,239 --> 00:09:33,673
already
1450
00:09:33,673 --> 00:09:33,940
been
1451
00:09:33,940 --> 00:09:34,640
built
1452
00:09:34,674 --> 00:09:34,941
using
1453
00:09:34,941 --> 00:09:35,041
the
1454
00:09:35,041 --> 00:09:35,575
conventional
1455
00:09:35,575 --> 00:09:36,342
process.
1456
00:09:36,342 --> 00:09:36,742
And
1457
00:09:36,742 --> 00:09:37,043
that's
1458
00:09:37,043 --> 00:09:37,109
the
1459
00:09:37,109 --> 00:09:37,443
reason
1460
00:09:37,443 --> 00:09:37,777
why
1461
00:09:38,144 --> 00:09:38,611
stacking
1462
00:09:38,611 --> 00:09:38,878
those
1463
00:09:38,878 --> 00:09:39,612
transistors
1464
00:09:39,612 --> 00:09:39,779
in
1465
00:09:39,779 --> 00:09:39,879
a
1466
00:09:39,879 --> 00:09:40,546
vertical
1467
00:09:40,546 --> 00:09:41,314
direction
1468
00:09:41,314 --> 00:09:41,781
sounds
1469
00:09:41,814 --> 00:09:42,181
pretty
1470
00:09:42,214 --> 00:09:43,115
straightforward
1471
00:09:43,115 --> 00:09:43,416
in
1472
00:09:43,416 --> 00:09:44,083
principle,
1473
00:09:44,083 --> 00:09:44,250
and
1474
00:09:44,250 --> 00:09:44,383
the
1475
00:09:44,383 --> 00:09:45,151
benefits
1476
00:09:45,184 --> 00:09:45,418
are
1477
00:09:45,418 --> 00:09:45,851
pretty
1478
00:09:45,851 --> 00:09:46,752
obvious.
1479
00:09:46,752 --> 00:09:47,153
But
1480
00:09:47,153 --> 00:09:47,353
the
1481
00:09:47,353 --> 00:09:47,720
real
1482
00:09:47,720 --> 00:09:48,321
challenge
1483
00:09:48,321 --> 00:09:48,821
here
1484
00:09:48,821 --> 00:09:49,589
is
1485
00:09:49,589 --> 00:09:49,922
how
1486
00:09:49,922 --> 00:09:49,956
are
1487
00:09:49,956 --> 00:09:50,022
we
1488
00:09:50,022 --> 00:09:50,189
going
1489
00:09:50,189 --> 00:09:50,323
to
1490
00:09:50,323 --> 00:09:50,389
be
1491
00:09:50,389 --> 00:09:50,556
able
1492
00:09:50,556 --> 00:09:50,656
to
1493
00:09:50,656 --> 00:09:50,890
do
1494
00:09:50,890 --> 00:09:51,557
that?
1495
00:09:51,557 --> 00:09:51,991
So
1496
00:09:51,991 --> 00:09:52,191
we
1497
00:09:52,191 --> 00:09:52,491
can
1498
00:09:52,491 --> 00:09:52,825
keep
1499
00:09:52,825 --> 00:09:52,992
the
1500
00:09:52,992 --> 00:09:53,693
temperature
1501
00:09:53,693 --> 00:09:54,193
below
1502
00:09:54,193 --> 00:09:54,460
just
1503
00:09:54,460 --> 00:09:55,094
above
1504
00:09:55,261 --> 00:09:56,996
400°C
1505
00:09:56,996 --> 00:09:57,263
when
1506
00:09:57,263 --> 00:09:57,496
we
1507
00:09:57,496 --> 00:09:57,797
build
1508
00:09:57,797 --> 00:09:57,930
the
1509
00:09:57,930 --> 00:09:58,264
top
1510
00:09:58,264 --> 00:09:58,931
layers
1511
00:09:58,931 --> 00:09:59,699
without
1512
00:09:59,699 --> 00:10:00,466
sacrificing
1513
00:10:00,466 --> 00:10:00,733
their
1514
00:10:00,733 --> 00:10:01,734
performance.
1515
00:10:02,001 --> 00:10:02,335
So
1516
00:10:02,335 --> 00:10:02,435
the
1517
00:10:02,435 --> 00:10:03,669
400°C
1518
00:10:03,669 --> 00:10:03,903
is
1519
00:10:03,903 --> 00:10:04,503
basically
1520
00:10:04,537 --> 00:10:05,171
our
1521
00:10:05,338 --> 00:10:05,771
thermal
1522
00:10:05,771 --> 00:10:06,238
budget
1523
00:10:06,238 --> 00:10:06,505
over
1524
00:10:06,505 --> 00:10:07,073
here,
1525
00:10:07,239 --> 00:10:07,840
right?
1526
00:10:08,040 --> 00:10:08,507
So
1527
00:10:08,507 --> 00:10:08,874
one
1528
00:10:08,874 --> 00:10:09,542
solution
1529
00:10:09,542 --> 00:10:10,076
we
1530
00:10:10,109 --> 00:10:10,776
provided
1531
00:10:10,776 --> 00:10:10,977
in
1532
00:10:10,977 --> 00:10:11,177
this
1533
00:10:11,177 --> 00:10:11,811
research
1534
00:10:11,811 --> 00:10:12,378
is
1535
00:10:12,411 --> 00:10:12,778
okay,
1536
00:10:12,812 --> 00:10:13,112
how
1537
00:10:13,112 --> 00:10:13,512
about
1538
00:10:13,546 --> 00:10:14,013
we
1539
00:10:14,080 --> 00:10:14,547
separate
1540
00:10:14,547 --> 00:10:14,614
the
1541
00:10:14,614 --> 00:10:15,114
material
1542
00:10:15,114 --> 00:10:16,315
preparation
1543
00:10:16,349 --> 00:10:16,949
from
1544
00:10:16,949 --> 00:10:17,516
basically
1545
00:10:17,516 --> 00:10:17,717
the
1546
00:10:17,717 --> 00:10:18,451
vertical
1547
00:10:18,451 --> 00:10:19,151
stacking
1548
00:10:19,151 --> 00:10:20,052
process.
1549
00:10:20,052 --> 00:10:20,453
So
1550
00:10:20,453 --> 00:10:20,786
here
1551
00:10:20,786 --> 00:10:20,953
we
1552
00:10:20,953 --> 00:10:21,320
first
1553
00:10:21,354 --> 00:10:21,520
kind
1554
00:10:21,520 --> 00:10:21,687
of
1555
00:10:21,721 --> 00:10:22,188
create
1556
00:10:22,221 --> 00:10:22,521
an
1557
00:10:22,521 --> 00:10:22,989
ultra
1558
00:10:22,989 --> 00:10:23,322
thin
1559
00:10:23,356 --> 00:10:23,723
single
1560
00:10:23,723 --> 00:10:24,457
crystalline
1561
00:10:24,457 --> 00:10:25,091
silicon
1562
00:10:25,091 --> 00:10:25,458
nano
1563
00:10:25,458 --> 00:10:26,192
membrane
1564
00:10:26,192 --> 00:10:26,592
from
1565
00:10:26,592 --> 00:10:26,759
a
1566
00:10:26,759 --> 00:10:27,393
commercial
1567
00:10:27,426 --> 00:10:27,827
donor
1568
00:10:27,827 --> 00:10:28,494
wafer.
1569
00:10:28,594 --> 00:10:29,028
And
1570
00:10:29,028 --> 00:10:29,261
then
1571
00:10:29,261 --> 00:10:29,495
we
1572
00:10:29,495 --> 00:10:30,296
gently
1573
00:10:30,296 --> 00:10:31,330
transfer
1574
00:10:31,530 --> 00:10:31,864
this
1575
00:10:31,864 --> 00:10:32,665
film
1576
00:10:33,065 --> 00:10:33,699
using
1577
00:10:33,699 --> 00:10:33,899
a
1578
00:10:33,899 --> 00:10:34,467
process
1579
00:10:34,467 --> 00:10:34,634
kind
1580
00:10:34,634 --> 00:10:34,734
of
1581
00:10:34,800 --> 00:10:34,900
like
1582
00:10:34,934 --> 00:10:35,334
very
1583
00:10:35,334 --> 00:10:35,901
similar
1584
00:10:35,901 --> 00:10:36,302
to
1585
00:10:36,335 --> 00:10:36,636
low
1586
00:10:36,669 --> 00:10:37,136
laminate
1587
00:10:37,136 --> 00:10:37,303
you're
1588
00:10:37,303 --> 00:10:37,503
going
1589
00:10:37,503 --> 00:10:37,570
to
1590
00:10:37,570 --> 00:10:37,737
use
1591
00:10:37,737 --> 00:10:37,970
back
1592
00:10:38,037 --> 00:10:38,170
at
1593
00:10:38,170 --> 00:10:38,437
your
1594
00:10:38,437 --> 00:10:39,105
house.
1595
00:10:39,505 --> 00:10:39,839
And
1596
00:10:39,839 --> 00:10:40,072
this
1597
00:10:40,072 --> 00:10:40,573
transfer
1598
00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:41,173
process
1599
00:10:41,173 --> 00:10:41,340
can
1600
00:10:41,340 --> 00:10:41,507
be
1601
00:10:41,507 --> 00:10:42,575
completed
1602
00:10:42,708 --> 00:10:42,908
at
1603
00:10:42,908 --> 00:10:43,042
a
1604
00:10:43,042 --> 00:10:43,643
temperature
1605
00:10:43,643 --> 00:10:44,176
below
1606
00:10:44,243 --> 00:10:45,811
200°C
1607
00:10:45,811 --> 00:10:46,379
and
1608
00:10:46,379 --> 00:10:46,879
after
1609
00:10:46,879 --> 00:10:47,413
transfer.
1610
00:10:47,480 --> 00:10:47,713
So
1611
00:10:47,713 --> 00:10:47,913
now
1612
00:10:47,913 --> 00:10:48,080
we
1613
00:10:48,080 --> 00:10:48,280
have
1614
00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:48,614
this
1615
00:10:48,614 --> 00:10:48,914
high
1616
00:10:48,914 --> 00:10:49,382
quality
1617
00:10:49,415 --> 00:10:49,715
single
1618
00:10:49,715 --> 00:10:50,116
crystal
1619
00:10:50,149 --> 00:10:50,716
silicon
1620
00:10:50,716 --> 00:10:51,417
film.
1621
00:10:51,550 --> 00:10:51,751
And
1622
00:10:51,751 --> 00:10:51,984
then
1623
00:10:51,984 --> 00:10:52,151
we
1624
00:10:52,184 --> 00:10:52,918
fabricate
1625
00:10:52,952 --> 00:10:53,152
a
1626
00:10:53,152 --> 00:10:54,020
specialized
1627
00:10:54,020 --> 00:10:54,654
transistor
1628
00:10:54,654 --> 00:10:54,954
called
1629
00:10:54,987 --> 00:10:55,621
junction-less
1630
00:10:55,655 --> 00:10:56,555
transistor,
1631
00:10:56,589 --> 00:10:56,956
which
1632
00:10:56,956 --> 00:10:57,123
are
1633
00:10:57,123 --> 00:10:57,757
designed
1634
00:10:57,757 --> 00:10:57,957
to
1635
00:10:57,957 --> 00:10:58,357
achieve
1636
00:10:58,391 --> 00:10:58,658
high
1637
00:10:58,658 --> 00:10:59,625
performance
1638
00:10:59,692 --> 00:10:59,992
while
1639
00:10:59,992 --> 00:11:00,626
remaining
1640
00:11:00,626 --> 00:11:01,293
compatible
1641
00:11:01,293 --> 00:11:01,560
with
1642
00:11:01,560 --> 00:11:01,661
the
1643
00:11:01,661 --> 00:11:01,894
low
1644
00:11:01,894 --> 00:11:02,395
temperature
1645
00:11:02,395 --> 00:11:03,229
process,
1646
00:11:03,229 --> 00:11:03,462
which
1647
00:11:03,462 --> 00:11:03,663
going
1648
00:11:03,663 --> 00:11:03,796
to
1649
00:11:03,796 --> 00:11:04,230
stay
1650
00:11:04,230 --> 00:11:04,897
below
1651
00:11:04,897 --> 00:11:05,097
the
1652
00:11:05,097 --> 00:11:06,732
400°C
1653
00:11:06,799 --> 00:11:07,199
thermal
1654
00:11:07,199 --> 00:11:07,833
budget.
1655
00:11:07,833 --> 00:11:08,234
And
1656
00:11:08,234 --> 00:11:08,501
here
1657
00:11:08,501 --> 00:11:08,668
we
1658
00:11:08,668 --> 00:11:09,101
repeat
1659
00:11:09,101 --> 00:11:09,301
this
1660
00:11:09,301 --> 00:11:10,302
process
1661
00:11:10,302 --> 00:11:10,536
so
1662
00:11:10,536 --> 00:11:10,670
we
1663
00:11:10,670 --> 00:11:10,870
can
1664
00:11:10,870 --> 00:11:11,137
build
1665
00:11:11,137 --> 00:11:11,971
devices
1666
00:11:11,971 --> 00:11:12,304
on
1667
00:11:12,304 --> 00:11:12,705
different
1668
00:11:12,705 --> 00:11:13,105
layers.
1669
00:11:13,105 --> 00:11:13,305
And
1670
00:11:13,305 --> 00:11:13,539
then
1671
00:11:13,539 --> 00:11:13,739
we
1672
00:11:13,773 --> 00:11:14,240
connect
1673
00:11:14,240 --> 00:11:14,473
these
1674
00:11:14,473 --> 00:11:15,107
devices
1675
00:11:15,107 --> 00:11:15,708
using
1676
00:11:15,708 --> 00:11:16,342
vertical
1677
00:11:16,342 --> 00:11:17,109
interconnect
1678
00:11:17,109 --> 00:11:17,610
views.
1679
00:11:17,610 --> 00:11:17,910
So
1680
00:11:17,910 --> 00:11:18,077
we
1681
00:11:18,077 --> 00:11:18,277
can
1682
00:11:18,277 --> 00:11:18,577
have
1683
00:11:18,577 --> 00:11:19,478
functional
1684
00:11:19,545 --> 00:11:20,413
monolithic
1685
00:11:20,413 --> 00:11:21,080
3D
1686
00:11:21,113 --> 00:11:21,947
integrated
1687
00:11:21,947 --> 00:11:22,415
logic
1688
00:11:22,415 --> 00:11:23,015
circuits
1689
00:11:23,082 --> 00:11:23,482
counted.
1690
00:11:23,516 --> 00:11:23,849
Kinda
1691
00:11:23,849 --> 00:11:24,183
to
1692
00:11:24,183 --> 00:11:24,517
summarize,
1693
00:11:24,517 --> 00:11:24,750
in
1694
00:11:24,750 --> 00:11:25,384
traditional
1695
00:11:25,384 --> 00:11:26,452
manufacturing,
1696
00:11:26,452 --> 00:11:26,786
if
1697
00:11:26,786 --> 00:11:26,952
you're
1698
00:11:26,952 --> 00:11:27,186
trying
1699
00:11:27,186 --> 00:11:27,253
to
1700
00:11:27,253 --> 00:11:27,386
go
1701
00:11:27,420 --> 00:11:27,787
3D,
1702
00:11:27,820 --> 00:11:27,987
you
1703
00:11:27,987 --> 00:11:28,387
might
1704
00:11:28,421 --> 00:11:28,921
melt
1705
00:11:28,921 --> 00:11:29,155
or
1706
00:11:29,155 --> 00:11:29,588
otherwise
1707
00:11:29,588 --> 00:11:30,022
damage
1708
00:11:30,022 --> 00:11:30,156
the
1709
00:11:30,156 --> 00:11:30,456
lower
1710
00:11:30,456 --> 00:11:30,823
layers
1711
00:11:30,823 --> 00:11:30,990
as
1712
00:11:30,990 --> 00:11:31,157
you're
1713
00:11:31,157 --> 00:11:31,424
building
1714
00:11:31,424 --> 00:11:31,757
up.
1715
00:11:31,757 --> 00:11:32,224
And
1716
00:11:32,258 --> 00:11:32,758
your
1717
00:11:32,758 --> 00:11:33,359
solution
1718
00:11:33,359 --> 00:11:33,626
is
1719
00:11:33,626 --> 00:11:33,793
to
1720
00:11:33,826 --> 00:11:34,260
essentially
1721
00:11:34,260 --> 00:11:34,960
make
1722
00:11:35,027 --> 00:11:35,461
thinner
1723
00:11:35,461 --> 00:11:35,961
sheets
1724
00:11:35,961 --> 00:11:36,262
and
1725
00:11:36,262 --> 00:11:36,829
then
1726
00:11:36,896 --> 00:11:37,096
put
1727
00:11:37,096 --> 00:11:37,229
them
1728
00:11:37,229 --> 00:11:37,563
together
1729
00:11:37,563 --> 00:11:37,997
after
1730
00:11:37,997 --> 00:11:38,464
words.
1731
00:11:38,464 --> 00:11:38,664
And
1732
00:11:38,664 --> 00:11:38,798
that
1733
00:11:38,798 --> 00:11:38,898
way
1734
00:11:38,898 --> 00:11:39,065
you're
1735
00:11:39,065 --> 00:11:39,231
not
1736
00:11:39,231 --> 00:11:39,665
damaging
1737
00:11:39,665 --> 00:11:40,099
anything
1738
00:11:40,099 --> 00:11:40,833
underneath,
1739
00:11:40,833 --> 00:11:41,534
and
1740
00:11:41,600 --> 00:11:41,734
you're
1741
00:11:41,801 --> 00:11:42,001
kind
1742
00:11:42,001 --> 00:11:42,435
of
1743
00:11:42,535 --> 00:11:42,835
just
1744
00:11:42,835 --> 00:11:43,035
being
1745
00:11:43,035 --> 00:11:43,202
more
1746
00:11:43,202 --> 00:11:43,502
efficient
1747
00:11:43,502 --> 00:11:43,703
about
1748
00:11:43,703 --> 00:11:43,803
how
1749
00:11:43,803 --> 00:11:43,903
you're
1750
00:11:43,936 --> 00:11:44,103
going
1751
00:11:44,136 --> 00:11:44,336
about
1752
00:11:44,336 --> 00:11:44,637
getting
1753
00:11:44,637 --> 00:11:44,970
there.
1754
00:11:45,037 --> 00:11:45,237
You're
1755
00:11:45,237 --> 00:11:45,571
definitely
1756
00:11:45,571 --> 00:11:45,938
correct.
1757
00:11:46,138 --> 00:11:46,238
So
1758
00:11:46,238 --> 00:11:46,372
there's
1759
00:11:46,372 --> 00:11:46,472
a
1760
00:11:46,472 --> 00:11:46,739
major
1761
00:11:46,739 --> 00:11:47,139
challenge
1762
00:11:47,139 --> 00:11:47,506
over
1763
00:11:47,506 --> 00:11:47,740
here
1764
00:11:47,740 --> 00:11:47,940
is
1765
00:11:47,940 --> 00:11:48,074
to
1766
00:11:48,074 --> 00:11:48,507
control
1767
00:11:48,507 --> 00:11:48,774
the
1768
00:11:48,774 --> 00:11:49,375
temperature.
1769
00:11:49,375 --> 00:11:49,775
And
1770
00:11:49,842 --> 00:11:50,076
again,
1771
00:11:50,109 --> 00:11:50,242
as
1772
00:11:50,242 --> 00:11:50,309
a
1773
00:11:50,309 --> 00:11:50,710
summary,
1774
00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:51,143
we
1775
00:11:51,143 --> 00:11:51,343
did
1776
00:11:51,377 --> 00:11:51,544
two
1777
00:11:51,544 --> 00:11:51,811
things
1778
00:11:51,811 --> 00:11:51,944
to
1779
00:11:51,944 --> 00:11:52,111
do
1780
00:11:52,111 --> 00:11:52,211
it.
1781
00:11:52,545 --> 00:11:52,912
One
1782
00:11:52,912 --> 00:11:53,379
is
1783
00:11:53,379 --> 00:11:53,612
we
1784
00:11:53,612 --> 00:11:54,013
don't
1785
00:11:54,080 --> 00:11:54,280
try
1786
00:11:54,313 --> 00:11:54,413
to
1787
00:11:54,480 --> 00:11:54,714
grow
1788
00:11:54,747 --> 00:11:54,947
this
1789
00:11:54,947 --> 00:11:55,481
material
1790
00:11:55,481 --> 00:11:55,948
directly.
1791
00:11:55,981 --> 00:11:56,182
We
1792
00:11:56,215 --> 00:11:56,782
actually
1793
00:11:56,782 --> 00:11:57,316
transfer
1794
00:11:57,316 --> 00:11:57,516
this
1795
00:11:57,516 --> 00:11:58,250
material
1796
00:11:58,317 --> 00:11:58,584
from
1797
00:11:58,584 --> 00:11:58,984
another
1798
00:11:58,984 --> 00:11:59,251
donor
1799
00:11:59,251 --> 00:11:59,585
wafer.
1800
00:11:59,585 --> 00:11:59,785
And
1801
00:11:59,785 --> 00:11:59,985
we
1802
00:11:59,985 --> 00:12:00,619
transfer
1803
00:12:00,653 --> 00:12:00,820
a
1804
00:12:00,853 --> 00:12:01,020
kind
1805
00:12:01,020 --> 00:12:01,153
of
1806
00:12:01,220 --> 00:12:01,654
very
1807
00:12:01,654 --> 00:12:02,254
same
1808
00:12:02,321 --> 00:12:02,855
silicon
1809
00:12:02,988 --> 00:12:03,622
membrane.
1810
00:12:03,622 --> 00:12:03,789
And
1811
00:12:03,789 --> 00:12:03,956
it
1812
00:12:03,956 --> 00:12:04,156
has
1813
00:12:04,156 --> 00:12:04,390
many
1814
00:12:04,390 --> 00:12:04,957
benefits
1815
00:12:05,191 --> 00:12:05,491
compared
1816
00:12:05,491 --> 00:12:05,591
to
1817
00:12:05,591 --> 00:12:05,691
the
1818
00:12:05,691 --> 00:12:06,225
conventional
1819
00:12:06,225 --> 00:12:06,892
process.
1820
00:12:06,959 --> 00:12:07,093
And
1821
00:12:07,093 --> 00:12:07,259
then
1822
00:12:07,259 --> 00:12:07,359
the
1823
00:12:07,359 --> 00:12:07,793
second
1824
00:12:07,793 --> 00:12:08,494
is
1825
00:12:08,594 --> 00:12:08,961
after
1826
00:12:08,961 --> 00:12:09,462
transfer,
1827
00:12:09,762 --> 00:12:09,862
we
1828
00:12:09,895 --> 00:12:10,362
convert
1829
00:12:10,362 --> 00:12:10,563
them
1830
00:12:10,563 --> 00:12:11,230
into
1831
00:12:11,263 --> 00:12:11,464
a
1832
00:12:11,497 --> 00:12:11,831
novel
1833
00:12:11,864 --> 00:12:12,098
type
1834
00:12:12,098 --> 00:12:12,264
of
1835
00:12:12,264 --> 00:12:12,898
device
1836
00:12:12,932 --> 00:12:13,532
architecture
1837
00:12:13,532 --> 00:12:13,699
called
1838
00:12:13,699 --> 00:12:13,799
the
1839
00:12:13,799 --> 00:12:14,200
junction-less
1840
00:12:14,300 --> 00:12:15,101
transistors.
1841
00:12:15,334 --> 00:12:15,534
So
1842
00:12:15,534 --> 00:12:15,735
we
1843
00:12:15,735 --> 00:12:16,202
still
1844
00:12:16,202 --> 00:12:16,502
get
1845
00:12:16,502 --> 00:12:17,269
comparable
1846
00:12:17,269 --> 00:12:18,170
performance
1847
00:12:18,504 --> 00:12:18,771
with
1848
00:12:18,771 --> 00:12:19,371
conventional
1849
00:12:19,371 --> 00:12:19,839
silicon
1850
00:12:19,839 --> 00:12:20,473
transistors.
1851
00:12:20,473 --> 00:12:21,240
But
1852
00:12:21,774 --> 00:12:21,941
the
1853
00:12:21,941 --> 00:12:22,675
overall
1854
00:12:23,109 --> 00:12:23,976
manufacturing
1855
00:12:24,043 --> 00:12:24,610
temperature
1856
00:12:24,677 --> 00:12:24,944
can
1857
00:12:25,211 --> 00:12:25,511
be
1858
00:12:25,544 --> 00:12:25,945
kept
1859
00:12:25,945 --> 00:12:26,212
below
1860
00:12:26,212 --> 00:12:27,680
400°C.
1861
00:12:27,880 --> 00:12:28,214
Very
1862
00:12:28,214 --> 00:12:28,714
cool.
1863
00:12:28,748 --> 00:12:29,115
So
1864
00:12:29,148 --> 00:12:29,482
thinking
1865
00:12:29,482 --> 00:12:29,715
about
1866
00:12:29,715 --> 00:12:29,815
the
1867
00:12:29,815 --> 00:12:30,349
challenges
1868
00:12:30,349 --> 00:12:30,516
in
1869
00:12:30,516 --> 00:12:31,117
developing
1870
00:12:31,150 --> 00:12:31,417
what
1871
00:12:31,450 --> 00:12:31,650
kind
1872
00:12:31,650 --> 00:12:31,817
of
1873
00:12:31,851 --> 00:12:32,218
what
1874
00:12:32,218 --> 00:12:32,551
was
1875
00:12:32,551 --> 00:12:32,618
the
1876
00:12:32,618 --> 00:12:32,952
biggest
1877
00:12:32,952 --> 00:12:33,419
problems
1878
00:12:33,419 --> 00:12:33,786
getting
1879
00:12:33,786 --> 00:12:34,220
this
1880
00:12:34,220 --> 00:12:34,787
together
1881
00:12:34,820 --> 00:12:35,054
or
1882
00:12:35,054 --> 00:12:35,421
figuring
1883
00:12:35,421 --> 00:12:35,621
out
1884
00:12:35,654 --> 00:12:35,821
that
1885
00:12:35,821 --> 00:12:35,921
you
1886
00:12:35,921 --> 00:12:36,455
could
1887
00:12:36,522 --> 00:12:36,789
take
1888
00:12:36,789 --> 00:12:36,956
this
1889
00:12:36,956 --> 00:12:37,256
approach
1890
00:12:37,256 --> 00:12:37,356
to
1891
00:12:37,389 --> 00:12:37,590
make
1892
00:12:37,590 --> 00:12:37,690
it
1893
00:12:37,690 --> 00:12:38,257
happen?
1894
00:12:38,290 --> 00:12:38,491
There
1895
00:12:38,491 --> 00:12:38,591
are
1896
00:12:38,591 --> 00:12:38,891
many,
1897
00:12:38,891 --> 00:12:39,225
many
1898
00:12:39,258 --> 00:12:39,692
challenges.
1899
00:12:39,692 --> 00:12:39,892
We
1900
00:12:39,892 --> 00:12:40,292
actually
1901
00:12:40,292 --> 00:12:40,793
spent
1902
00:12:40,826 --> 00:12:41,227
about
1903
00:12:41,494 --> 00:12:41,660
5
1904
00:12:41,660 --> 00:12:41,861
or
1905
00:12:41,861 --> 00:12:42,027
6
1906
00:12:42,027 --> 00:12:42,495
years
1907
00:12:42,695 --> 00:12:42,795
to
1908
00:12:42,895 --> 00:12:42,995
to
1909
00:12:43,028 --> 00:12:43,229
make
1910
00:12:43,229 --> 00:12:43,395
it
1911
00:12:43,429 --> 00:12:43,896
work,
1912
00:12:43,896 --> 00:12:44,230
but
1913
00:12:44,230 --> 00:12:44,363
I
1914
00:12:44,363 --> 00:12:44,463
would
1915
00:12:44,463 --> 00:12:44,630
say
1916
00:12:44,663 --> 00:12:44,830
kind
1917
00:12:44,830 --> 00:12:44,930
of
1918
00:12:44,997 --> 00:12:45,131
like
1919
00:12:45,197 --> 00:12:45,331
one
1920
00:12:45,331 --> 00:12:45,531
of
1921
00:12:45,531 --> 00:12:45,698
the
1922
00:12:45,698 --> 00:12:46,132
most
1923
00:12:46,132 --> 00:12:46,799
important
1924
00:12:46,799 --> 00:12:47,199
challenge
1925
00:12:47,199 --> 00:12:47,433
we
1926
00:12:47,433 --> 00:12:47,733
have
1927
00:12:47,733 --> 00:12:47,867
in
1928
00:12:47,867 --> 00:12:47,933
the
1929
00:12:47,933 --> 00:12:48,667
process
1930
00:12:48,667 --> 00:12:49,101
is
1931
00:12:49,101 --> 00:12:49,268
to
1932
00:12:49,301 --> 00:12:49,869
ensure
1933
00:12:49,869 --> 00:12:50,035
the
1934
00:12:50,035 --> 00:12:50,669
quality
1935
00:12:50,669 --> 00:12:50,836
of
1936
00:12:50,836 --> 00:12:51,070
this
1937
00:12:51,070 --> 00:12:51,971
transferred
1938
00:12:52,238 --> 00:12:52,638
single
1939
00:12:52,638 --> 00:12:53,105
crystal
1940
00:12:53,105 --> 00:12:53,839
silicon
1941
00:12:53,873 --> 00:12:54,907
membranes.
1942
00:12:55,441 --> 00:12:55,775
So
1943
00:12:55,841 --> 00:12:56,275
those
1944
00:12:56,308 --> 00:12:57,176
membranes
1945
00:12:57,243 --> 00:12:58,144
incredibly
1946
00:12:58,144 --> 00:12:58,544
thin,
1947
00:12:58,544 --> 00:12:58,711
we're
1948
00:12:58,711 --> 00:12:58,911
talking
1949
00:12:58,911 --> 00:12:59,178
about
1950
00:12:59,178 --> 00:12:59,411
just
1951
00:12:59,411 --> 00:12:59,578
the
1952
00:12:59,578 --> 00:12:59,912
ten
1953
00:12:59,912 --> 00:13:00,579
nanometer
1954
00:13:00,579 --> 00:13:01,313
size.
1955
00:13:01,313 --> 00:13:01,547
But
1956
00:13:01,580 --> 00:13:01,914
at
1957
00:13:01,914 --> 00:13:02,014
the
1958
00:13:02,014 --> 00:13:02,214
same
1959
00:13:02,214 --> 00:13:02,615
time
1960
00:13:02,681 --> 00:13:03,149
after
1961
00:13:03,149 --> 00:13:03,983
transfer,
1962
00:13:04,016 --> 00:13:04,283
they
1963
00:13:04,283 --> 00:13:04,750
must
1964
00:13:04,750 --> 00:13:05,217
be
1965
00:13:05,251 --> 00:13:05,851
basically
1966
00:13:05,918 --> 00:13:06,452
defect
1967
00:13:06,452 --> 00:13:06,952
free
1968
00:13:06,952 --> 00:13:07,319
and
1969
00:13:07,586 --> 00:13:08,053
wrinkle
1970
00:13:08,053 --> 00:13:08,387
free
1971
00:13:08,420 --> 00:13:09,388
across
1972
00:13:09,555 --> 00:13:10,523
entire
1973
00:13:10,523 --> 00:13:11,056
wavefront.
1974
00:13:11,056 --> 00:13:11,423
Here
1975
00:13:11,490 --> 00:13:11,690
we're
1976
00:13:11,690 --> 00:13:12,024
talking
1977
00:13:12,024 --> 00:13:12,691
about
1978
00:13:12,758 --> 00:13:12,992
as
1979
00:13:12,992 --> 00:13:13,292
large
1980
00:13:13,292 --> 00:13:13,759
as
1981
00:13:13,793 --> 00:13:13,926
like
1982
00:13:13,993 --> 00:13:14,460
200
1983
00:13:14,460 --> 00:13:14,894
millimeter
1984
00:13:14,894 --> 00:13:15,461
wafers
1985
00:13:15,461 --> 00:13:15,661
in
1986
00:13:15,661 --> 00:13:16,428
diameter.
1987
00:13:16,462 --> 00:13:16,896
Right.
1988
00:13:16,962 --> 00:13:17,263
So
1989
00:13:17,296 --> 00:13:17,897
achieving
1990
00:13:17,897 --> 00:13:18,230
that
1991
00:13:18,230 --> 00:13:18,798
required
1992
00:13:18,798 --> 00:13:19,064
us
1993
00:13:19,064 --> 00:13:19,331
to
1994
00:13:19,398 --> 00:13:19,532
kind
1995
00:13:19,532 --> 00:13:19,698
of
1996
00:13:19,732 --> 00:13:20,432
understand
1997
00:13:20,432 --> 00:13:20,733
and
1998
00:13:20,733 --> 00:13:21,300
carefully
1999
00:13:21,300 --> 00:13:22,034
control
2000
00:13:22,134 --> 00:13:22,334
the
2001
00:13:22,401 --> 00:13:22,701
etching
2002
00:13:22,701 --> 00:13:23,269
chemistry,
2003
00:13:23,269 --> 00:13:23,402
the
2004
00:13:23,402 --> 00:13:23,869
physics,
2005
00:13:23,869 --> 00:13:24,103
and
2006
00:13:24,103 --> 00:13:24,403
also
2007
00:13:24,436 --> 00:13:24,637
the
2008
00:13:24,637 --> 00:13:24,904
thin
2009
00:13:24,904 --> 00:13:25,304
film
2010
00:13:25,304 --> 00:13:26,438
mechanics
2011
00:13:26,438 --> 00:13:26,572
of
2012
00:13:26,572 --> 00:13:26,772
the
2013
00:13:26,772 --> 00:13:27,306
entire
2014
00:13:27,573 --> 00:13:28,140
transfer
2015
00:13:28,140 --> 00:13:28,374
and
2016
00:13:28,374 --> 00:13:28,641
thin
2017
00:13:28,641 --> 00:13:28,874
film
2018
00:13:28,874 --> 00:13:29,675
preparation
2019
00:13:29,675 --> 00:13:30,709
process.
2020
00:13:30,876 --> 00:13:31,277
Well,
2021
00:13:31,277 --> 00:13:31,877
another
2022
00:13:31,911 --> 00:13:32,077
kind
2023
00:13:32,077 --> 00:13:32,144
of
2024
00:13:32,211 --> 00:13:32,611
major
2025
00:13:32,611 --> 00:13:33,345
challenge
2026
00:13:33,345 --> 00:13:33,913
is
2027
00:13:33,913 --> 00:13:34,346
to
2028
00:13:34,380 --> 00:13:35,381
minimize
2029
00:13:35,414 --> 00:13:35,948
the
2030
00:13:35,948 --> 00:13:37,016
parasitic
2031
00:13:37,082 --> 00:13:37,983
electrical
2032
00:13:37,983 --> 00:13:39,151
resistance
2033
00:13:39,218 --> 00:13:39,785
within
2034
00:13:39,785 --> 00:13:39,919
the
2035
00:13:39,919 --> 00:13:40,719
device,
2036
00:13:40,786 --> 00:13:41,187
right.
2037
00:13:41,220 --> 00:13:41,353
Now
2038
00:13:41,353 --> 00:13:41,720
remember
2039
00:13:41,720 --> 00:13:41,821
we
2040
00:13:41,821 --> 00:13:42,054
say
2041
00:13:42,054 --> 00:13:42,388
we
2042
00:13:42,388 --> 00:13:42,788
do
2043
00:13:42,822 --> 00:13:43,556
junction-less
2044
00:13:43,556 --> 00:13:44,156
transistor.
2045
00:13:44,156 --> 00:13:44,323
So
2046
00:13:44,323 --> 00:13:44,390
I
2047
00:13:44,390 --> 00:13:44,490
can
2048
00:13:44,557 --> 00:13:44,857
explain
2049
00:13:44,857 --> 00:13:44,990
a
2050
00:13:44,990 --> 00:13:45,191
little
2051
00:13:45,191 --> 00:13:45,357
bit
2052
00:13:45,391 --> 00:13:46,058
further
2053
00:13:46,091 --> 00:13:46,358
on
2054
00:13:46,392 --> 00:13:47,092
that
2055
00:13:47,226 --> 00:13:47,560
right.
2056
00:13:47,593 --> 00:13:47,860
And
2057
00:13:47,860 --> 00:13:48,060
this
2058
00:13:48,060 --> 00:13:48,227
is
2059
00:13:48,227 --> 00:13:48,661
basically
2060
00:13:48,661 --> 00:13:48,894
for
2061
00:13:48,894 --> 00:13:49,061
this
2062
00:13:49,061 --> 00:13:49,662
purpose.
2063
00:13:49,662 --> 00:13:50,029
So
2064
00:13:50,062 --> 00:13:50,262
in
2065
00:13:50,262 --> 00:13:50,830
order
2066
00:13:50,830 --> 00:13:51,463
to
2067
00:13:51,530 --> 00:13:52,097
minimize
2068
00:13:52,097 --> 00:13:52,298
this
2069
00:13:52,298 --> 00:13:53,032
parasitic
2070
00:13:53,032 --> 00:13:53,699
resistance
2071
00:13:53,699 --> 00:13:53,899
what
2072
00:13:53,899 --> 00:13:54,066
we
2073
00:13:54,066 --> 00:13:54,400
choose
2074
00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:54,500
to
2075
00:13:54,500 --> 00:13:54,934
do
2076
00:13:54,934 --> 00:13:55,601
is
2077
00:13:55,634 --> 00:13:56,035
we
2078
00:13:56,068 --> 00:13:56,402
dope
2079
00:13:56,402 --> 00:13:56,669
this
2080
00:13:56,669 --> 00:13:56,902
ten
2081
00:13:56,902 --> 00:13:57,436
nanometer
2082
00:13:57,469 --> 00:13:57,770
thick
2083
00:13:57,770 --> 00:13:58,571
silicon
2084
00:13:58,704 --> 00:13:59,104
very
2085
00:13:59,104 --> 00:13:59,939
uniformly
2086
00:14:00,039 --> 00:14:00,272
at
2087
00:14:00,272 --> 00:14:01,173
relatively
2088
00:14:01,240 --> 00:14:01,640
high
2089
00:14:01,674 --> 00:14:02,107
doping
2090
00:14:02,107 --> 00:14:02,975
concentration
2091
00:14:02,975 --> 00:14:03,275
and
2092
00:14:03,275 --> 00:14:03,542
higher
2093
00:14:03,576 --> 00:14:03,943
doping
2094
00:14:03,943 --> 00:14:05,144
concentration.
2095
00:14:05,177 --> 00:14:05,611
Help
2096
00:14:05,611 --> 00:14:05,878
us
2097
00:14:05,878 --> 00:14:06,011
to
2098
00:14:06,078 --> 00:14:06,478
make
2099
00:14:06,478 --> 00:14:06,879
better
2100
00:14:06,879 --> 00:14:07,546
electrical
2101
00:14:07,546 --> 00:14:08,347
contact
2102
00:14:08,347 --> 00:14:08,614
with
2103
00:14:08,614 --> 00:14:08,747
the
2104
00:14:08,747 --> 00:14:09,114
metal
2105
00:14:09,114 --> 00:14:09,682
electrodes
2106
00:14:09,682 --> 00:14:09,815
we
2107
00:14:09,815 --> 00:14:10,015
put
2108
00:14:10,015 --> 00:14:10,216
on
2109
00:14:10,216 --> 00:14:10,416
top
2110
00:14:10,416 --> 00:14:10,549
of
2111
00:14:10,549 --> 00:14:10,716
those
2112
00:14:10,716 --> 00:14:11,750
semiconductors,
2113
00:14:11,750 --> 00:14:12,017
which
2114
00:14:12,017 --> 00:14:12,184
we
2115
00:14:12,184 --> 00:14:12,551
call
2116
00:14:12,551 --> 00:14:12,952
as
2117
00:14:12,952 --> 00:14:13,152
the
2118
00:14:13,152 --> 00:14:13,519
source
2119
00:14:13,519 --> 00:14:13,652
and
2120
00:14:13,652 --> 00:14:13,986
drain
2121
00:14:13,986 --> 00:14:14,720
electrodes.
2122
00:14:14,753 --> 00:14:15,154
But
2123
00:14:15,187 --> 00:14:15,454
at
2124
00:14:15,454 --> 00:14:15,588
the
2125
00:14:15,588 --> 00:14:15,821
same
2126
00:14:15,821 --> 00:14:16,121
time,
2127
00:14:16,121 --> 00:14:16,255
when
2128
00:14:16,255 --> 00:14:16,455
you
2129
00:14:16,455 --> 00:14:16,722
do
2130
00:14:16,722 --> 00:14:17,122
it,
2131
00:14:17,122 --> 00:14:17,389
you
2132
00:14:17,389 --> 00:14:17,623
have
2133
00:14:17,623 --> 00:14:17,756
to
2134
00:14:17,756 --> 00:14:17,990
make
2135
00:14:18,023 --> 00:14:18,424
sure
2136
00:14:18,424 --> 00:14:18,858
this
2137
00:14:18,858 --> 00:14:19,191
silicon
2138
00:14:19,191 --> 00:14:19,992
film
2139
00:14:19,992 --> 00:14:20,793
itself,
2140
00:14:20,826 --> 00:14:21,060
which
2141
00:14:21,060 --> 00:14:21,227
we
2142
00:14:21,227 --> 00:14:21,460
call
2143
00:14:21,460 --> 00:14:21,660
this
2144
00:14:21,660 --> 00:14:21,794
the
2145
00:14:21,794 --> 00:14:22,494
semiconductor
2146
00:14:22,561 --> 00:14:22,895
body
2147
00:14:22,895 --> 00:14:23,562
thinness
2148
00:14:23,596 --> 00:14:23,829
to
2149
00:14:23,829 --> 00:14:24,063
be
2150
00:14:24,063 --> 00:14:24,296
thin
2151
00:14:24,296 --> 00:14:24,530
enough
2152
00:14:24,530 --> 00:14:25,097
of,
2153
00:14:25,097 --> 00:14:25,431
and
2154
00:14:25,431 --> 00:14:26,198
specifically
2155
00:14:26,198 --> 00:14:26,432
less
2156
00:14:26,432 --> 00:14:26,632
than
2157
00:14:26,665 --> 00:14:26,832
ten
2158
00:14:26,832 --> 00:14:27,333
nanometer
2159
00:14:27,333 --> 00:14:27,633
in
2160
00:14:27,633 --> 00:14:27,833
this
2161
00:14:27,833 --> 00:14:28,500
case,
2162
00:14:28,500 --> 00:14:28,801
so
2163
00:14:28,801 --> 00:14:29,268
that
2164
00:14:29,268 --> 00:14:29,468
we
2165
00:14:29,468 --> 00:14:29,735
can
2166
00:14:29,735 --> 00:14:30,436
still
2167
00:14:30,636 --> 00:14:31,270
carefully
2168
00:14:31,270 --> 00:14:31,737
control
2169
00:14:31,737 --> 00:14:31,971
their
2170
00:14:31,971 --> 00:14:32,538
electrical
2171
00:14:32,538 --> 00:14:33,472
properties
2172
00:14:33,472 --> 00:14:33,772
with
2173
00:14:33,772 --> 00:14:33,873
the
2174
00:14:33,873 --> 00:14:34,440
applied
2175
00:14:34,440 --> 00:14:34,673
gate
2176
00:14:34,673 --> 00:14:35,174
electric
2177
00:14:35,174 --> 00:14:35,741
field
2178
00:14:35,741 --> 00:14:36,242
from
2179
00:14:36,242 --> 00:14:36,342
the
2180
00:14:36,342 --> 00:14:36,609
top.
2181
00:14:36,642 --> 00:14:36,909
So
2182
00:14:36,942 --> 00:14:37,276
in
2183
00:14:37,276 --> 00:14:37,476
other
2184
00:14:37,476 --> 00:14:38,010
words,
2185
00:14:38,077 --> 00:14:38,310
or
2186
00:14:38,310 --> 00:14:38,577
device
2187
00:14:38,611 --> 00:14:38,878
still
2188
00:14:38,878 --> 00:14:39,078
going
2189
00:14:39,078 --> 00:14:39,144
to
2190
00:14:39,144 --> 00:14:39,612
function
2191
00:14:39,612 --> 00:14:39,879
as
2192
00:14:39,879 --> 00:14:40,145
a
2193
00:14:40,145 --> 00:14:40,479
high
2194
00:14:40,479 --> 00:14:41,347
performance
2195
00:14:41,380 --> 00:14:41,947
switch
2196
00:14:41,947 --> 00:14:42,281
and
2197
00:14:42,281 --> 00:14:42,815
amplifying
2198
00:14:42,815 --> 00:14:43,616
devices
2199
00:14:43,682 --> 00:14:43,883
as
2200
00:14:43,883 --> 00:14:44,083
what
2201
00:14:44,083 --> 00:14:44,216
I
2202
00:14:44,283 --> 00:14:44,950
described
2203
00:14:44,984 --> 00:14:45,818
previously.
2204
00:14:45,851 --> 00:14:46,051
And
2205
00:14:46,051 --> 00:14:46,518
basically
2206
00:14:46,518 --> 00:14:46,785
this
2207
00:14:46,785 --> 00:14:48,053
combination,
2208
00:14:48,153 --> 00:14:48,420
the
2209
00:14:48,420 --> 00:14:49,054
uniform
2210
00:14:49,054 --> 00:14:49,321
high
2211
00:14:49,355 --> 00:14:49,655
doping
2212
00:14:49,655 --> 00:14:50,556
concentration
2213
00:14:50,556 --> 00:14:50,856
and
2214
00:14:50,856 --> 00:14:51,657
extremely
2215
00:14:51,657 --> 00:14:51,957
thin
2216
00:14:51,957 --> 00:14:52,758
semiconductor
2217
00:14:52,758 --> 00:14:53,092
body
2218
00:14:53,158 --> 00:14:53,893
thickness
2219
00:14:54,226 --> 00:14:54,693
allow
2220
00:14:54,693 --> 00:14:54,894
us
2221
00:14:54,894 --> 00:14:55,027
to
2222
00:14:55,060 --> 00:14:55,828
maintain
2223
00:14:55,861 --> 00:14:56,095
high
2224
00:14:56,095 --> 00:14:56,462
device
2225
00:14:56,462 --> 00:14:57,363
performance
2226
00:14:57,396 --> 00:14:57,630
while
2227
00:14:57,630 --> 00:14:57,930
at
2228
00:14:57,930 --> 00:14:58,030
the
2229
00:14:58,030 --> 00:14:58,264
same
2230
00:14:58,264 --> 00:14:58,697
time
2231
00:14:58,731 --> 00:14:59,265
ensure
2232
00:14:59,265 --> 00:14:59,398
the
2233
00:14:59,398 --> 00:15:00,299
transistors
2234
00:15:00,299 --> 00:15:00,633
can
2235
00:15:00,633 --> 00:15:01,000
still
2236
00:15:01,033 --> 00:15:01,233
be
2237
00:15:01,233 --> 00:15:01,700
switched
2238
00:15:01,700 --> 00:15:02,234
off
2239
00:15:02,268 --> 00:15:03,602
appropriately
2240
00:15:03,903 --> 00:15:04,069
when
2241
00:15:04,069 --> 00:15:04,236
we
2242
00:15:04,236 --> 00:15:04,436
need
2243
00:15:04,436 --> 00:15:04,703
it.
2244
00:15:04,737 --> 00:15:05,237
So
2245
00:15:05,271 --> 00:15:05,638
moving
2246
00:15:05,638 --> 00:15:05,771
on
2247
00:15:05,771 --> 00:15:05,971
from
2248
00:15:05,971 --> 00:15:06,438
here.
2249
00:15:06,472 --> 00:15:06,639
I
2250
00:15:06,639 --> 00:15:06,705
want
2251
00:15:06,705 --> 00:15:06,772
to
2252
00:15:06,839 --> 00:15:06,972
think
2253
00:15:06,972 --> 00:15:07,373
about
2254
00:15:07,373 --> 00:15:07,706
getting
2255
00:15:07,706 --> 00:15:07,773
it
2256
00:15:07,773 --> 00:15:07,973
out
2257
00:15:07,973 --> 00:15:08,140
in
2258
00:15:08,140 --> 00:15:08,307
the
2259
00:15:08,307 --> 00:15:08,574
world
2260
00:15:08,574 --> 00:15:09,141
and
2261
00:15:09,141 --> 00:15:09,541
being
2262
00:15:09,541 --> 00:15:09,875
used
2263
00:15:09,875 --> 00:15:10,309
in
2264
00:15:10,309 --> 00:15:10,876
existing
2265
00:15:10,876 --> 00:15:11,343
silicon
2266
00:15:11,343 --> 00:15:12,011
foundries
2267
00:15:12,077 --> 00:15:12,211
is
2268
00:15:12,211 --> 00:15:12,378
this
2269
00:15:12,378 --> 00:15:12,478
a
2270
00:15:12,478 --> 00:15:12,945
technology
2271
00:15:12,945 --> 00:15:13,145
that
2272
00:15:13,145 --> 00:15:13,345
can
2273
00:15:13,345 --> 00:15:13,879
translate
2274
00:15:13,879 --> 00:15:14,146
very
2275
00:15:14,146 --> 00:15:14,747
easily,
2276
00:15:14,747 --> 00:15:15,114
and
2277
00:15:15,114 --> 00:15:15,214
what
2278
00:15:15,214 --> 00:15:15,347
are
2279
00:15:15,381 --> 00:15:15,547
kind
2280
00:15:15,547 --> 00:15:15,614
of
2281
00:15:15,681 --> 00:15:15,781
your
2282
00:15:15,781 --> 00:15:15,981
next
2283
00:15:15,981 --> 00:15:16,315
steps
2284
00:15:16,315 --> 00:15:16,448
in
2285
00:15:16,515 --> 00:15:16,782
making
2286
00:15:16,782 --> 00:15:16,949
that
2287
00:15:16,949 --> 00:15:17,583
happen?
2288
00:15:17,716 --> 00:15:18,150
That's
2289
00:15:18,150 --> 00:15:18,984
exactly
2290
00:15:18,984 --> 00:15:19,251
what
2291
00:15:19,251 --> 00:15:19,451
we
2292
00:15:19,451 --> 00:15:19,652
are
2293
00:15:19,652 --> 00:15:19,985
aiming
2294
00:15:19,985 --> 00:15:20,252
at
2295
00:15:20,252 --> 00:15:20,552
for
2296
00:15:20,552 --> 00:15:20,619
the
2297
00:15:20,619 --> 00:15:21,020
next
2298
00:15:21,020 --> 00:15:21,654
step.
2299
00:15:21,720 --> 00:15:21,954
So
2300
00:15:21,954 --> 00:15:22,254
first
2301
00:15:22,254 --> 00:15:22,354
of
2302
00:15:22,354 --> 00:15:22,454
all,
2303
00:15:22,454 --> 00:15:22,655
we're
2304
00:15:22,655 --> 00:15:23,322
definitely
2305
00:15:23,322 --> 00:15:23,923
encouraged
2306
00:15:23,923 --> 00:15:24,223
by
2307
00:15:24,223 --> 00:15:24,390
the
2308
00:15:24,390 --> 00:15:24,957
progress
2309
00:15:24,957 --> 00:15:25,224
we
2310
00:15:25,224 --> 00:15:25,424
have
2311
00:15:25,424 --> 00:15:25,791
already
2312
00:15:25,824 --> 00:15:26,025
made
2313
00:15:26,025 --> 00:15:26,225
so
2314
00:15:26,225 --> 00:15:26,558
far.
2315
00:15:26,592 --> 00:15:27,192
Right.
2316
00:15:27,259 --> 00:15:27,459
So
2317
00:15:27,459 --> 00:15:28,193
basically
2318
00:15:28,227 --> 00:15:28,394
in
2319
00:15:28,460 --> 00:15:28,761
here
2320
00:15:28,761 --> 00:15:28,894
we
2321
00:15:28,894 --> 00:15:29,228
have
2322
00:15:29,228 --> 00:15:30,029
demonstrated
2323
00:15:30,029 --> 00:15:30,296
that
2324
00:15:30,296 --> 00:15:30,596
our
2325
00:15:30,596 --> 00:15:31,230
technology
2326
00:15:31,263 --> 00:15:31,463
can
2327
00:15:31,463 --> 00:15:31,630
be
2328
00:15:31,630 --> 00:15:32,097
scaled
2329
00:15:32,097 --> 00:15:32,698
to
2330
00:15:32,798 --> 00:15:33,232
200
2331
00:15:33,232 --> 00:15:33,699
millimeter
2332
00:15:33,699 --> 00:15:34,500
wafers.
2333
00:15:34,533 --> 00:15:34,934
We
2334
00:15:34,934 --> 00:15:35,467
achieved
2335
00:15:35,534 --> 00:15:35,834
pretty
2336
00:15:35,834 --> 00:15:36,101
good
2337
00:15:36,101 --> 00:15:36,635
device
2338
00:15:36,635 --> 00:15:37,269
performance,
2339
00:15:37,269 --> 00:15:38,137
comparable
2340
00:15:38,137 --> 00:15:38,704
to
2341
00:15:38,737 --> 00:15:39,238
the
2342
00:15:39,371 --> 00:15:39,571
high
2343
00:15:39,571 --> 00:15:40,372
performance
2344
00:15:40,372 --> 00:15:41,340
conventional
2345
00:15:41,373 --> 00:15:41,840
silicon
2346
00:15:41,840 --> 00:15:42,441
transistors
2347
00:15:42,441 --> 00:15:42,574
we
2348
00:15:42,574 --> 00:15:42,841
call
2349
00:15:42,841 --> 00:15:43,509
MOSFET.
2350
00:15:43,509 --> 00:15:43,776
And
2351
00:15:43,776 --> 00:15:44,076
also
2352
00:15:44,076 --> 00:15:44,243
we
2353
00:15:44,243 --> 00:15:44,443
have
2354
00:15:44,476 --> 00:15:44,710
very
2355
00:15:44,710 --> 00:15:44,944
good
2356
00:15:44,944 --> 00:15:45,511
device
2357
00:15:45,544 --> 00:15:46,011
yield
2358
00:15:46,078 --> 00:15:46,545
average
2359
00:15:46,545 --> 00:15:46,812
about
2360
00:15:46,812 --> 00:15:48,280
98%,
2361
00:15:48,314 --> 00:15:48,547
which
2362
00:15:48,547 --> 00:15:48,681
is
2363
00:15:48,681 --> 00:15:48,948
very
2364
00:15:48,948 --> 00:15:49,581
impressive
2365
00:15:49,581 --> 00:15:50,115
considering
2366
00:15:50,115 --> 00:15:50,215
the
2367
00:15:50,215 --> 00:15:50,716
entire
2368
00:15:50,749 --> 00:15:51,116
thing
2369
00:15:51,150 --> 00:15:51,383
is
2370
00:15:51,383 --> 00:15:51,717
carried
2371
00:15:51,717 --> 00:15:51,984
out
2372
00:15:51,984 --> 00:15:52,584
in
2373
00:15:52,618 --> 00:15:53,218
academic
2374
00:15:53,218 --> 00:15:53,652
research
2375
00:15:53,652 --> 00:15:53,953
lab
2376
00:15:53,953 --> 00:15:54,320
rather
2377
00:15:54,320 --> 00:15:54,586
than
2378
00:15:54,586 --> 00:15:54,653
the
2379
00:15:54,653 --> 00:15:55,387
semiconductor
2380
00:15:55,387 --> 00:15:55,821
foundries
2381
00:15:55,821 --> 00:15:55,988
we
2382
00:15:55,988 --> 00:15:56,455
have
2383
00:15:56,522 --> 00:15:56,655
in
2384
00:15:56,655 --> 00:15:56,822
those
2385
00:15:56,822 --> 00:15:57,423
companies.
2386
00:15:57,423 --> 00:15:57,790
And
2387
00:15:57,790 --> 00:15:58,157
also
2388
00:15:58,190 --> 00:15:58,490
we
2389
00:15:58,490 --> 00:15:58,791
have
2390
00:15:58,824 --> 00:15:59,358
built
2391
00:15:59,391 --> 00:16:00,492
successfully
2392
00:16:00,559 --> 00:16:01,026
in
2393
00:16:01,026 --> 00:16:01,427
3D
2394
00:16:01,427 --> 00:16:02,027
integrated
2395
00:16:02,027 --> 00:16:02,494
circuits,
2396
00:16:02,494 --> 00:16:02,962
including
2397
00:16:02,962 --> 00:16:03,228
both
2398
00:16:03,228 --> 00:16:03,629
logic
2399
00:16:03,629 --> 00:16:04,263
circuits
2400
00:16:04,263 --> 00:16:04,563
and
2401
00:16:04,563 --> 00:16:05,030
also
2402
00:16:05,064 --> 00:16:05,531
memory
2403
00:16:05,597 --> 00:16:06,031
circuits.
2404
00:16:06,065 --> 00:16:06,265
And
2405
00:16:06,265 --> 00:16:06,398
you
2406
00:16:06,398 --> 00:16:06,465
are
2407
00:16:06,465 --> 00:16:07,199
100%
2408
00:16:07,199 --> 00:16:07,900
correct.
2409
00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:08,434
One
2410
00:16:08,434 --> 00:16:09,068
very
2411
00:16:09,068 --> 00:16:09,668
important
2412
00:16:09,668 --> 00:16:10,202
advantage
2413
00:16:10,202 --> 00:16:10,602
here
2414
00:16:10,602 --> 00:16:10,869
is
2415
00:16:10,869 --> 00:16:11,570
that
2416
00:16:11,570 --> 00:16:11,971
our
2417
00:16:11,971 --> 00:16:12,504
approach
2418
00:16:12,504 --> 00:16:13,138
use
2419
00:16:13,172 --> 00:16:13,706
single
2420
00:16:13,706 --> 00:16:14,473
crystalline
2421
00:16:14,506 --> 00:16:15,341
silicon,
2422
00:16:15,441 --> 00:16:15,774
and
2423
00:16:15,774 --> 00:16:16,041
single
2424
00:16:16,041 --> 00:16:16,475
crystal.
2425
00:16:16,475 --> 00:16:16,942
Silicon
2426
00:16:16,942 --> 00:16:17,242
is
2427
00:16:17,242 --> 00:16:17,743
already
2428
00:16:17,743 --> 00:16:17,876
the
2429
00:16:17,876 --> 00:16:18,544
foundation
2430
00:16:18,544 --> 00:16:18,711
of
2431
00:16:18,711 --> 00:16:18,811
the
2432
00:16:18,811 --> 00:16:19,311
entire
2433
00:16:19,311 --> 00:16:20,379
semiconductor
2434
00:16:20,412 --> 00:16:21,313
industry
2435
00:16:21,580 --> 00:16:21,814
in
2436
00:16:21,814 --> 00:16:22,548
comparison.
2437
00:16:22,548 --> 00:16:22,681
If
2438
00:16:22,681 --> 00:16:22,881
you
2439
00:16:22,881 --> 00:16:22,982
look
2440
00:16:23,015 --> 00:16:23,215
at
2441
00:16:23,215 --> 00:16:23,582
many
2442
00:16:23,582 --> 00:16:24,383
alternative
2443
00:16:24,383 --> 00:16:25,250
approaches
2444
00:16:25,250 --> 00:16:25,617
from
2445
00:16:25,617 --> 00:16:26,251
monolithic
2446
00:16:26,251 --> 00:16:26,618
3D
2447
00:16:26,618 --> 00:16:27,353
integration,
2448
00:16:27,353 --> 00:16:27,519
they
2449
00:16:27,553 --> 00:16:27,753
kind
2450
00:16:27,753 --> 00:16:27,853
of
2451
00:16:27,920 --> 00:16:28,320
rely
2452
00:16:28,320 --> 00:16:28,854
on
2453
00:16:28,854 --> 00:16:29,154
new
2454
00:16:29,154 --> 00:16:29,855
materials
2455
00:16:29,922 --> 00:16:30,189
such
2456
00:16:30,189 --> 00:16:30,756
as
2457
00:16:30,990 --> 00:16:31,256
metal
2458
00:16:31,290 --> 00:16:31,690
oxide
2459
00:16:31,690 --> 00:16:33,158
semiconductors,
2460
00:16:33,192 --> 00:16:33,559
single
2461
00:16:33,559 --> 00:16:33,692
wall
2462
00:16:33,692 --> 00:16:34,059
carbon
2463
00:16:34,059 --> 00:16:34,893
nanotubes,
2464
00:16:34,960 --> 00:16:35,227
or
2465
00:16:35,227 --> 00:16:35,594
metal
2466
00:16:35,995 --> 00:16:36,362
unite
2467
00:16:36,695 --> 00:16:37,162
2D
2468
00:16:37,162 --> 00:16:38,397
semiconductors,
2469
00:16:38,397 --> 00:16:38,664
which
2470
00:16:38,664 --> 00:16:38,897
can
2471
00:16:38,897 --> 00:16:39,231
face
2472
00:16:39,264 --> 00:16:39,832
additional
2473
00:16:39,832 --> 00:16:40,866
manufacturing
2474
00:16:40,866 --> 00:16:41,533
challenge.
2475
00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:42,067
And
2476
00:16:42,067 --> 00:16:42,501
because
2477
00:16:42,534 --> 00:16:42,835
our
2478
00:16:42,835 --> 00:16:43,502
approach
2479
00:16:43,836 --> 00:16:44,236
remain
2480
00:16:44,236 --> 00:16:44,770
compatible
2481
00:16:44,770 --> 00:16:45,104
with
2482
00:16:45,137 --> 00:16:45,637
silicon
2483
00:16:45,637 --> 00:16:45,971
based
2484
00:16:45,971 --> 00:16:47,272
manufacturing,
2485
00:16:47,673 --> 00:16:47,906
we
2486
00:16:47,906 --> 00:16:48,640
believe
2487
00:16:48,674 --> 00:16:48,907
it
2488
00:16:48,907 --> 00:16:49,508
offers
2489
00:16:49,541 --> 00:16:49,775
a
2490
00:16:49,775 --> 00:16:49,975
much
2491
00:16:49,975 --> 00:16:50,175
more
2492
00:16:50,175 --> 00:16:50,676
direct
2493
00:16:50,676 --> 00:16:51,810
pathway
2494
00:16:51,877 --> 00:16:52,311
toward
2495
00:16:52,344 --> 00:16:52,878
industry
2496
00:16:52,878 --> 00:16:53,812
adoption.
2497
00:16:53,879 --> 00:16:54,179
And
2498
00:16:54,179 --> 00:16:54,880
specifically,
2499
00:16:54,880 --> 00:16:55,114
we
2500
00:16:55,114 --> 00:16:55,314
have
2501
00:16:55,314 --> 00:16:55,748
already
2502
00:16:55,748 --> 00:16:56,482
received
2503
00:16:56,515 --> 00:16:57,149
interest
2504
00:16:57,149 --> 00:16:57,683
from
2505
00:16:57,683 --> 00:16:57,816
many
2506
00:16:57,816 --> 00:16:58,183
different
2507
00:16:58,183 --> 00:16:59,251
organizations
2508
00:16:59,251 --> 00:16:59,918
including
2509
00:17:00,152 --> 00:17:00,786
Samsung,
2510
00:17:00,819 --> 00:17:01,453
IBM,
2511
00:17:01,520 --> 00:17:02,221
TSMC,
2512
00:17:02,254 --> 00:17:02,621
MIT
2513
00:17:02,654 --> 00:17:03,055
Lincoln
2514
00:17:03,055 --> 00:17:03,622
Lab,
2515
00:17:03,789 --> 00:17:04,023
and
2516
00:17:04,023 --> 00:17:04,656
also
2517
00:17:04,790 --> 00:17:05,090
venture
2518
00:17:05,090 --> 00:17:05,457
capital
2519
00:17:05,457 --> 00:17:06,291
investors.
2520
00:17:06,358 --> 00:17:06,759
We're
2521
00:17:06,759 --> 00:17:07,059
very
2522
00:17:07,059 --> 00:17:07,593
excited
2523
00:17:07,593 --> 00:17:07,693
to
2524
00:17:07,693 --> 00:17:08,227
continue
2525
00:17:08,260 --> 00:17:08,660
working
2526
00:17:08,660 --> 00:17:08,894
with
2527
00:17:08,894 --> 00:17:09,361
our
2528
00:17:09,361 --> 00:17:09,862
industry
2529
00:17:09,862 --> 00:17:10,429
partners,
2530
00:17:10,429 --> 00:17:10,662
and
2531
00:17:10,662 --> 00:17:11,430
hopefully
2532
00:17:11,430 --> 00:17:11,663
we
2533
00:17:11,663 --> 00:17:11,930
can
2534
00:17:11,930 --> 00:17:12,231
move
2535
00:17:12,331 --> 00:17:12,531
our
2536
00:17:12,531 --> 00:17:13,198
technology
2537
00:17:13,198 --> 00:17:13,699
toward
2538
00:17:13,699 --> 00:17:14,867
commercialization
2539
00:17:14,867 --> 00:17:15,200
in
2540
00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:15,334
a
2541
00:17:15,334 --> 00:17:16,068
relatively
2542
00:17:16,068 --> 00:17:16,402
short
2543
00:17:16,435 --> 00:17:16,635
time
2544
00:17:16,668 --> 00:17:17,302
frame.
2545
00:17:17,336 --> 00:17:17,503
I
2546
00:17:17,503 --> 00:17:17,703
also
2547
00:17:17,703 --> 00:17:17,870
want
2548
00:17:17,870 --> 00:17:17,970
to
2549
00:17:17,970 --> 00:17:18,270
ask
2550
00:17:18,270 --> 00:17:18,370
you
2551
00:17:18,370 --> 00:17:18,771
about
2552
00:17:18,771 --> 00:17:19,138
your
2553
00:17:19,171 --> 00:17:19,671
NSF
2554
00:17:19,671 --> 00:17:20,105
support
2555
00:17:20,105 --> 00:17:20,272
and
2556
00:17:20,272 --> 00:17:20,639
grants
2557
00:17:20,639 --> 00:17:20,873
you've
2558
00:17:20,873 --> 00:17:21,373
received.
2559
00:17:21,373 --> 00:17:21,740
How
2560
00:17:21,740 --> 00:17:22,107
has
2561
00:17:22,107 --> 00:17:22,508
that
2562
00:17:22,508 --> 00:17:23,142
support
2563
00:17:23,142 --> 00:17:23,842
impacted
2564
00:17:23,842 --> 00:17:24,076
your
2565
00:17:24,076 --> 00:17:24,376
career
2566
00:17:24,376 --> 00:17:24,576
so
2567
00:17:24,576 --> 00:17:25,077
far?
2568
00:17:25,144 --> 00:17:25,511
NSF
2569
00:17:25,711 --> 00:17:25,978
has
2570
00:17:26,011 --> 00:17:26,478
always
2571
00:17:26,478 --> 00:17:26,712
been
2572
00:17:26,712 --> 00:17:26,812
one
2573
00:17:26,812 --> 00:17:26,979
of
2574
00:17:26,979 --> 00:17:27,179
the
2575
00:17:27,179 --> 00:17:27,746
most
2576
00:17:27,746 --> 00:17:28,280
important
2577
00:17:28,280 --> 00:17:28,714
supporter
2578
00:17:28,714 --> 00:17:28,814
of
2579
00:17:28,814 --> 00:17:28,981
my
2580
00:17:28,981 --> 00:17:29,348
research
2581
00:17:29,348 --> 00:17:29,982
programs
2582
00:17:30,015 --> 00:17:30,282
at
2583
00:17:30,282 --> 00:17:30,382
the
2584
00:17:30,382 --> 00:17:30,783
University
2585
00:17:30,783 --> 00:17:30,983
of
2586
00:17:30,983 --> 00:17:31,650
Illinois
2587
00:17:31,650 --> 00:17:32,217
and
2588
00:17:32,217 --> 00:17:32,551
this
2589
00:17:32,551 --> 00:17:33,385
particular
2590
00:17:33,385 --> 00:17:34,119
projects
2591
00:17:34,386 --> 00:17:34,753
leading
2592
00:17:34,787 --> 00:17:34,987
to
2593
00:17:34,987 --> 00:17:35,220
this
2594
00:17:35,220 --> 00:17:35,954
monolithic
2595
00:17:35,954 --> 00:17:36,255
3D
2596
00:17:36,255 --> 00:17:36,989
integration
2597
00:17:36,989 --> 00:17:37,189
of
2598
00:17:37,189 --> 00:17:37,656
silicon
2599
00:17:37,656 --> 00:17:38,690
transistors
2600
00:17:38,991 --> 00:17:39,191
has
2601
00:17:39,191 --> 00:17:39,425
been
2602
00:17:39,425 --> 00:17:40,025
supported
2603
00:17:40,025 --> 00:17:40,626
through
2604
00:17:40,659 --> 00:17:41,226
NSF
2605
00:17:41,293 --> 00:17:41,627
Future
2606
00:17:41,627 --> 00:17:41,760
of
2607
00:17:41,760 --> 00:17:42,461
Semiconductor
2608
00:17:42,461 --> 00:17:43,362
program,
2609
00:17:43,362 --> 00:17:43,562
as
2610
00:17:43,562 --> 00:17:43,796
well
2611
00:17:43,796 --> 00:17:44,296
as
2612
00:17:44,363 --> 00:17:44,596
the
2613
00:17:44,596 --> 00:17:44,830
EPMD,
2614
00:17:45,664 --> 00:17:45,898
which
2615
00:17:45,898 --> 00:17:46,231
stands
2616
00:17:46,231 --> 00:17:46,532
for,
2617
00:17:46,532 --> 00:17:46,665
I
2618
00:17:46,665 --> 00:17:47,032
believe,
2619
00:17:47,032 --> 00:17:47,866
electronics,
2620
00:17:47,866 --> 00:17:48,500
Photonics
2621
00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:48,667
and
2622
00:17:48,667 --> 00:17:49,268
Magnetic
2623
00:17:49,268 --> 00:17:49,802
Devices
2624
00:17:49,802 --> 00:17:50,669
program
2625
00:17:50,903 --> 00:17:51,537
within
2626
00:17:51,537 --> 00:17:51,637
the
2627
00:17:51,637 --> 00:17:52,104
Division
2628
00:17:52,104 --> 00:17:52,304
of
2629
00:17:52,304 --> 00:17:52,938
Electrical
2630
00:17:52,938 --> 00:17:53,672
Communication
2631
00:17:53,672 --> 00:17:53,872
and
2632
00:17:53,872 --> 00:17:54,173
Cyber
2633
00:17:54,173 --> 00:17:54,840
Systems.
2634
00:17:54,840 --> 00:17:55,140
But
2635
00:17:55,140 --> 00:17:55,340
I
2636
00:17:55,340 --> 00:17:55,674
would
2637
00:17:55,674 --> 00:17:55,874
like
2638
00:17:55,874 --> 00:17:55,974
to
2639
00:17:55,974 --> 00:17:56,575
emphasize
2640
00:17:56,575 --> 00:17:56,909
here,
2641
00:17:57,109 --> 00:17:57,676
beyond
2642
00:17:57,709 --> 00:17:58,544
funding
2643
00:17:58,677 --> 00:17:59,111
and
2644
00:17:59,111 --> 00:17:59,578
NSF
2645
00:17:59,578 --> 00:18:00,012
provides
2646
00:18:00,079 --> 00:18:00,412
actually
2647
00:18:00,412 --> 00:18:00,546
a
2648
00:18:00,546 --> 00:18:00,779
very
2649
00:18:00,779 --> 00:18:01,146
good
2650
00:18:01,180 --> 00:18:01,980
ecosystem
2651
00:18:02,014 --> 00:18:02,181
to
2652
00:18:02,214 --> 00:18:02,548
help
2653
00:18:02,548 --> 00:18:03,215
researchers
2654
00:18:03,215 --> 00:18:03,415
move
2655
00:18:03,415 --> 00:18:03,749
from
2656
00:18:03,749 --> 00:18:04,616
innovations
2657
00:18:04,616 --> 00:18:05,117
from
2658
00:18:05,117 --> 00:18:05,217
the
2659
00:18:05,217 --> 00:18:05,584
lab
2660
00:18:05,584 --> 00:18:06,185
toward
2661
00:18:06,318 --> 00:18:06,752
real
2662
00:18:06,752 --> 00:18:07,352
world
2663
00:18:07,352 --> 00:18:07,853
impacts.
2664
00:18:07,853 --> 00:18:08,353
This
2665
00:18:08,387 --> 00:18:08,654
might
2666
00:18:08,654 --> 00:18:08,787
be
2667
00:18:08,787 --> 00:18:08,854
a
2668
00:18:08,854 --> 00:18:09,054
little
2669
00:18:09,121 --> 00:18:09,254
bit
2670
00:18:09,254 --> 00:18:09,788
different
2671
00:18:09,788 --> 00:18:10,222
from
2672
00:18:10,255 --> 00:18:10,522
the
2673
00:18:10,522 --> 00:18:11,123
traditional
2674
00:18:11,356 --> 00:18:11,990
perspective
2675
00:18:11,990 --> 00:18:12,391
about
2676
00:18:12,424 --> 00:18:12,591
the
2677
00:18:12,591 --> 00:18:12,758
image
2678
00:18:12,758 --> 00:18:12,858
of
2679
00:18:13,158 --> 00:18:13,392
NSF,
2680
00:18:13,492 --> 00:18:13,759
but
2681
00:18:13,759 --> 00:18:14,193
that's
2682
00:18:14,193 --> 00:18:14,793
real
2683
00:18:15,094 --> 00:18:15,494
and
2684
00:18:15,494 --> 00:18:15,861
current
2685
00:18:15,861 --> 00:18:16,495
words.
2686
00:18:16,762 --> 00:18:16,962
For
2687
00:18:16,962 --> 00:18:17,463
example,
2688
00:18:17,463 --> 00:18:17,763
where
2689
00:18:17,763 --> 00:18:17,996
we're
2690
00:18:17,996 --> 00:18:18,297
working
2691
00:18:18,297 --> 00:18:18,630
with
2692
00:18:18,630 --> 00:18:18,831
all
2693
00:18:18,831 --> 00:18:18,931
the
2694
00:18:18,931 --> 00:18:19,731
industry
2695
00:18:20,032 --> 00:18:20,599
partners
2696
00:18:20,599 --> 00:18:20,833
I
2697
00:18:20,833 --> 00:18:21,500
mentioned
2698
00:18:21,700 --> 00:18:22,701
previously,
2699
00:18:22,734 --> 00:18:23,001
and
2700
00:18:23,035 --> 00:18:23,469
actually
2701
00:18:23,502 --> 00:18:23,836
through
2702
00:18:23,836 --> 00:18:24,002
the
2703
00:18:24,002 --> 00:18:24,303
center
2704
00:18:24,303 --> 00:18:24,470
for
2705
00:18:24,470 --> 00:18:24,970
Advanced
2706
00:18:24,970 --> 00:18:25,704
Semiconductor
2707
00:18:25,704 --> 00:18:26,038
Chips
2708
00:18:26,038 --> 00:18:26,505
with
2709
00:18:26,538 --> 00:18:27,306
Accelerated
2710
00:18:27,339 --> 00:18:28,273
Performance,
2711
00:18:28,273 --> 00:18:28,474
which
2712
00:18:28,474 --> 00:18:28,574
we
2713
00:18:28,574 --> 00:18:28,774
call
2714
00:18:28,774 --> 00:18:28,874
the
2715
00:18:28,907 --> 00:18:29,274
ASAP
2716
00:18:29,274 --> 00:18:29,575
center
2717
00:18:29,575 --> 00:18:29,908
over
2718
00:18:29,908 --> 00:18:30,309
here.
2719
00:18:30,309 --> 00:18:30,742
And
2720
00:18:30,742 --> 00:18:31,076
this
2721
00:18:31,076 --> 00:18:31,343
is
2722
00:18:31,376 --> 00:18:31,577
an
2723
00:18:32,211 --> 00:18:32,544
NSF
2724
00:18:32,544 --> 00:18:33,345
AUCRC
2725
00:18:33,545 --> 00:18:33,779
which
2726
00:18:33,779 --> 00:18:34,113
stands
2727
00:18:34,113 --> 00:18:34,580
for
2728
00:18:34,580 --> 00:18:35,147
Industry
2729
00:18:35,180 --> 00:18:36,014
University
2730
00:18:36,081 --> 00:18:37,282
Cooperative
2731
00:18:37,282 --> 00:18:37,783
Research
2732
00:18:37,783 --> 00:18:38,217
Center.
2733
00:18:38,217 --> 00:18:38,650
And
2734
00:18:38,650 --> 00:18:38,951
at
2735
00:18:38,951 --> 00:18:39,051
the
2736
00:18:39,051 --> 00:18:39,218
same
2737
00:18:39,218 --> 00:18:39,518
time,
2738
00:18:39,551 --> 00:18:39,818
we're
2739
00:18:39,818 --> 00:18:40,252
also
2740
00:18:40,319 --> 00:18:40,919
exploring
2741
00:18:40,953 --> 00:18:41,520
additional
2742
00:18:41,520 --> 00:18:42,421
opportunities
2743
00:18:42,421 --> 00:18:43,055
through,
2744
00:18:43,188 --> 00:18:43,355
for
2745
00:18:43,355 --> 00:18:43,722
example,
2746
00:18:43,722 --> 00:18:43,856
the
2747
00:18:43,856 --> 00:18:44,356
NSF
2748
00:18:44,389 --> 00:18:44,556
kind
2749
00:18:44,556 --> 00:18:44,623
of
2750
00:18:44,723 --> 00:18:45,357
translation
2751
00:18:45,357 --> 00:18:45,657
to
2752
00:18:45,691 --> 00:18:46,225
practice
2753
00:18:46,225 --> 00:18:46,825
programs
2754
00:18:46,825 --> 00:18:47,159
in
2755
00:18:47,159 --> 00:18:47,826
parallel.
2756
00:18:47,826 --> 00:18:48,260
And
2757
00:18:48,260 --> 00:18:48,560
this
2758
00:18:48,560 --> 00:18:48,794
is
2759
00:18:48,794 --> 00:18:49,194
really
2760
00:18:49,194 --> 00:18:49,294
the
2761
00:18:49,294 --> 00:18:49,795
result
2762
00:18:49,795 --> 00:18:50,262
of
2763
00:18:50,696 --> 00:18:50,762
a
2764
00:18:50,896 --> 00:18:51,663
multi-year
2765
00:18:51,663 --> 00:18:51,830
kind
2766
00:18:51,830 --> 00:18:51,964
of
2767
00:18:52,231 --> 00:18:52,631
multi
2768
00:18:52,631 --> 00:18:53,065
research
2769
00:18:53,065 --> 00:18:53,432
group
2770
00:18:53,465 --> 00:18:54,633
multidisciplinary
2771
00:18:54,633 --> 00:18:55,934
collaboration.
2772
00:18:56,034 --> 00:18:56,235
And
2773
00:18:56,235 --> 00:18:56,435
I
2774
00:18:56,435 --> 00:18:56,535
will
2775
00:18:56,535 --> 00:18:56,702
say
2776
00:18:56,702 --> 00:18:56,902
this
2777
00:18:56,902 --> 00:18:57,102
is
2778
00:18:57,102 --> 00:18:57,803
only
2779
00:18:57,803 --> 00:18:58,270
becomes
2780
00:18:58,270 --> 00:18:58,871
possible
2781
00:18:59,171 --> 00:18:59,671
under
2782
00:18:59,705 --> 00:18:59,838
the
2783
00:18:59,838 --> 00:19:00,305
supporting
2784
00:19:00,339 --> 00:19:00,939
framework
2785
00:19:00,939 --> 00:19:01,240
of
2786
00:19:01,273 --> 00:19:02,040
NSF.
2787
00:19:02,341 --> 00:19:02,541
Can
2788
00:19:02,541 --> 00:19:02,674
you
2789
00:19:02,674 --> 00:19:02,841
talk
2790
00:19:02,841 --> 00:19:02,908
a
2791
00:19:02,908 --> 00:19:03,075
little
2792
00:19:03,108 --> 00:19:03,242
bit
2793
00:19:03,242 --> 00:19:03,542
about
2794
00:19:03,542 --> 00:19:03,642
the
2795
00:19:03,675 --> 00:19:04,076
workforce
2796
00:19:04,076 --> 00:19:04,543
development
2797
00:19:04,543 --> 00:19:04,743
and
2798
00:19:04,743 --> 00:19:04,943
your
2799
00:19:04,943 --> 00:19:05,544
students?
2800
00:19:05,544 --> 00:19:05,811
How
2801
00:19:05,878 --> 00:19:06,078
are
2802
00:19:06,211 --> 00:19:06,378
the
2803
00:19:06,378 --> 00:19:06,778
students
2804
00:19:06,778 --> 00:19:07,079
getting
2805
00:19:07,079 --> 00:19:07,179
an
2806
00:19:07,179 --> 00:19:07,813
opportunity
2807
00:19:07,813 --> 00:19:07,946
to
2808
00:19:07,980 --> 00:19:08,213
look
2809
00:19:08,213 --> 00:19:08,380
at
2810
00:19:08,413 --> 00:19:08,680
what
2811
00:19:08,680 --> 00:19:08,981
might
2812
00:19:08,981 --> 00:19:09,181
be
2813
00:19:09,181 --> 00:19:09,481
ahead
2814
00:19:09,481 --> 00:19:09,681
for
2815
00:19:09,681 --> 00:19:10,082
them
2816
00:19:10,082 --> 00:19:10,549
by
2817
00:19:10,549 --> 00:19:10,983
running
2818
00:19:10,983 --> 00:19:11,150
through
2819
00:19:11,150 --> 00:19:11,316
this
2820
00:19:11,316 --> 00:19:12,117
program?
2821
00:19:12,151 --> 00:19:12,417
Right,
2822
00:19:12,451 --> 00:19:12,651
right.
2823
00:19:12,718 --> 00:19:12,918
This
2824
00:19:12,918 --> 00:19:13,018
is
2825
00:19:13,318 --> 00:19:13,619
very
2826
00:19:13,619 --> 00:19:14,219
important,
2827
00:19:14,253 --> 00:19:14,419
right.
2828
00:19:14,453 --> 00:19:14,586
So
2829
00:19:14,620 --> 00:19:14,953
unless
2830
00:19:15,154 --> 00:19:15,387
it's
2831
00:19:15,387 --> 00:19:15,721
not
2832
00:19:15,721 --> 00:19:15,988
just
2833
00:19:15,988 --> 00:19:16,388
about
2834
00:19:16,388 --> 00:19:16,922
developing
2835
00:19:16,922 --> 00:19:17,122
cool
2836
00:19:17,156 --> 00:19:17,823
technologies,
2837
00:19:17,823 --> 00:19:18,056
it's
2838
00:19:18,056 --> 00:19:18,357
also
2839
00:19:18,357 --> 00:19:18,757
about
2840
00:19:18,757 --> 00:19:19,258
developing
2841
00:19:19,258 --> 00:19:19,424
the
2842
00:19:19,424 --> 00:19:19,958
workforce
2843
00:19:19,958 --> 00:19:20,559
required
2844
00:19:20,559 --> 00:19:21,093
for
2845
00:19:21,426 --> 00:19:21,760
US
2846
00:19:21,793 --> 00:19:22,561
economy
2847
00:19:22,594 --> 00:19:23,061
at
2848
00:19:23,061 --> 00:19:23,362
large.
2849
00:19:23,362 --> 00:19:23,562
And
2850
00:19:23,562 --> 00:19:23,695
this
2851
00:19:23,695 --> 00:19:23,862
is
2852
00:19:23,862 --> 00:19:24,630
especially
2853
00:19:24,630 --> 00:19:25,130
important
2854
00:19:25,130 --> 00:19:25,264
for
2855
00:19:25,264 --> 00:19:25,397
the
2856
00:19:25,397 --> 00:19:26,131
semiconductor
2857
00:19:26,131 --> 00:19:26,598
industry.
2858
00:19:26,865 --> 00:19:27,065
If
2859
00:19:27,065 --> 00:19:27,533
you
2860
00:19:27,599 --> 00:19:27,866
look
2861
00:19:27,866 --> 00:19:28,033
at
2862
00:19:28,033 --> 00:19:28,133
the
2863
00:19:28,133 --> 00:19:28,667
report
2864
00:19:28,667 --> 00:19:28,934
from
2865
00:19:28,934 --> 00:19:29,034
the
2866
00:19:29,034 --> 00:19:29,334
Chips
2867
00:19:29,401 --> 00:19:29,701
act.
2868
00:19:29,735 --> 00:19:30,435
Overall,
2869
00:19:30,536 --> 00:19:30,736
if
2870
00:19:30,736 --> 00:19:30,869
we
2871
00:19:30,869 --> 00:19:31,069
want
2872
00:19:31,069 --> 00:19:31,236
to
2873
00:19:31,236 --> 00:19:31,470
bring
2874
00:19:31,470 --> 00:19:31,537
the
2875
00:19:31,537 --> 00:19:31,770
chip
2876
00:19:31,770 --> 00:19:32,538
manufacturing
2877
00:19:32,538 --> 00:19:32,905
design
2878
00:19:32,905 --> 00:19:33,105
back
2879
00:19:33,105 --> 00:19:33,238
to
2880
00:19:33,238 --> 00:19:33,305
the
2881
00:19:33,572 --> 00:19:34,039
states,
2882
00:19:34,173 --> 00:19:34,773
one
2883
00:19:34,773 --> 00:19:35,174
very
2884
00:19:35,174 --> 00:19:35,340
big
2885
00:19:35,340 --> 00:19:35,841
challenge
2886
00:19:35,841 --> 00:19:36,141
is
2887
00:19:36,141 --> 00:19:36,308
how
2888
00:19:36,308 --> 00:19:36,341
are
2889
00:19:36,341 --> 00:19:36,475
we
2890
00:19:36,475 --> 00:19:36,642
going
2891
00:19:36,642 --> 00:19:36,708
to
2892
00:19:36,708 --> 00:19:36,775
be
2893
00:19:36,775 --> 00:19:36,942
able
2894
00:19:36,942 --> 00:19:37,042
to
2895
00:19:37,075 --> 00:19:37,376
get
2896
00:19:37,442 --> 00:19:37,543
a
2897
00:19:37,543 --> 00:19:38,043
proper
2898
00:19:38,043 --> 00:19:38,477
number
2899
00:19:38,477 --> 00:19:38,977
of
2900
00:19:39,311 --> 00:19:39,545
from
2901
00:19:39,545 --> 00:19:40,412
technicians
2902
00:19:40,412 --> 00:19:41,013
to
2903
00:19:41,313 --> 00:19:41,580
staff
2904
00:19:41,580 --> 00:19:42,080
scientists
2905
00:19:42,114 --> 00:19:42,214
to
2906
00:19:42,281 --> 00:19:43,081
researchers
2907
00:19:43,115 --> 00:19:43,582
actually
2908
00:19:43,582 --> 00:19:43,882
been
2909
00:19:43,882 --> 00:19:44,283
working
2910
00:19:44,283 --> 00:19:44,416
in
2911
00:19:44,416 --> 00:19:44,616
the
2912
00:19:44,616 --> 00:19:45,250
field.
2913
00:19:45,317 --> 00:19:45,517
So
2914
00:19:45,551 --> 00:19:45,918
we're
2915
00:19:45,918 --> 00:19:46,185
trying
2916
00:19:46,185 --> 00:19:46,318
to
2917
00:19:46,318 --> 00:19:46,585
help
2918
00:19:46,618 --> 00:19:46,818
on
2919
00:19:46,818 --> 00:19:47,019
this
2920
00:19:47,019 --> 00:19:47,452
problem
2921
00:19:47,452 --> 00:19:47,853
from
2922
00:19:47,953 --> 00:19:48,187
two
2923
00:19:48,187 --> 00:19:48,820
perspectives.
2924
00:19:49,121 --> 00:19:49,254
So
2925
00:19:49,321 --> 00:19:49,721
one
2926
00:19:49,721 --> 00:19:50,255
is
2927
00:19:50,322 --> 00:19:50,756
this
2928
00:19:50,756 --> 00:19:51,256
specific
2929
00:19:51,256 --> 00:19:51,823
project
2930
00:19:51,857 --> 00:19:52,191
is
2931
00:19:52,224 --> 00:19:52,457
got
2932
00:19:52,457 --> 00:19:52,891
heavily
2933
00:19:52,891 --> 00:19:53,258
involved
2934
00:19:53,258 --> 00:19:53,492
with
2935
00:19:53,492 --> 00:19:53,792
micro
2936
00:19:53,792 --> 00:19:54,560
fabrication,
2937
00:19:54,560 --> 00:19:55,093
especially
2938
00:19:55,093 --> 00:19:55,227
the
2939
00:19:55,227 --> 00:19:55,460
micro
2940
00:19:55,460 --> 00:19:56,428
fabrication
2941
00:19:56,428 --> 00:19:56,662
of
2942
00:19:56,662 --> 00:19:57,496
conventional
2943
00:19:57,563 --> 00:19:57,763
or
2944
00:19:57,763 --> 00:19:58,530
semiconductor
2945
00:19:58,530 --> 00:19:58,997
silicon
2946
00:19:58,997 --> 00:19:59,665
devices.
2947
00:19:59,665 --> 00:19:59,998
So
2948
00:19:59,998 --> 00:20:00,332
all
2949
00:20:00,332 --> 00:20:00,465
the
2950
00:20:00,465 --> 00:20:01,200
undergraduate
2951
00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:01,633
students
2952
00:20:01,633 --> 00:20:01,733
and
2953
00:20:01,733 --> 00:20:02,100
graduate
2954
00:20:02,100 --> 00:20:02,634
students
2955
00:20:02,634 --> 00:20:03,335
directly
2956
00:20:03,402 --> 00:20:03,802
get
2957
00:20:03,835 --> 00:20:04,736
involved
2958
00:20:04,736 --> 00:20:04,903
in
2959
00:20:04,937 --> 00:20:05,170
this
2960
00:20:05,170 --> 00:20:05,971
project.
2961
00:20:06,038 --> 00:20:06,338
They
2962
00:20:06,338 --> 00:20:06,672
get
2963
00:20:06,705 --> 00:20:06,905
kind
2964
00:20:06,905 --> 00:20:07,072
of
2965
00:20:07,105 --> 00:20:07,439
hands
2966
00:20:07,439 --> 00:20:07,539
on
2967
00:20:07,539 --> 00:20:08,273
experience
2968
00:20:08,273 --> 00:20:08,707
about
2969
00:20:08,740 --> 00:20:09,341
working
2970
00:20:09,341 --> 00:20:09,741
inside
2971
00:20:09,741 --> 00:20:10,042
the
2972
00:20:10,042 --> 00:20:10,342
clean
2973
00:20:10,342 --> 00:20:10,642
room
2974
00:20:10,642 --> 00:20:10,943
environment,
2975
00:20:10,943 --> 00:20:11,310
about
2976
00:20:11,310 --> 00:20:11,610
making
2977
00:20:11,610 --> 00:20:11,810
those
2978
00:20:11,810 --> 00:20:12,678
microprocessor
2979
00:20:12,678 --> 00:20:13,078
chips.
2980
00:20:13,078 --> 00:20:13,478
And
2981
00:20:13,478 --> 00:20:13,679
they
2982
00:20:13,679 --> 00:20:14,346
can
2983
00:20:14,479 --> 00:20:14,913
set
2984
00:20:14,947 --> 00:20:15,681
directly
2985
00:20:16,014 --> 00:20:16,815
into
2986
00:20:16,882 --> 00:20:17,015
the
2987
00:20:17,082 --> 00:20:17,382
US
2988
00:20:17,382 --> 00:20:17,749
based
2989
00:20:17,749 --> 00:20:18,517
semiconductor
2990
00:20:18,517 --> 00:20:19,418
manufacturing
2991
00:20:19,418 --> 00:20:20,052
industry
2992
00:20:20,052 --> 00:20:20,252
in
2993
00:20:20,252 --> 00:20:20,385
the
2994
00:20:20,385 --> 00:20:21,119
future.
2995
00:20:21,353 --> 00:20:21,520
And
2996
00:20:21,553 --> 00:20:21,753
on
2997
00:20:21,753 --> 00:20:22,020
top
2998
00:20:22,020 --> 00:20:22,154
of
2999
00:20:22,187 --> 00:20:22,454
that,
3000
00:20:22,454 --> 00:20:22,621
I
3001
00:20:22,621 --> 00:20:22,754
would
3002
00:20:22,754 --> 00:20:22,955
like
3003
00:20:22,955 --> 00:20:23,055
to
3004
00:20:23,055 --> 00:20:23,989
emphasize,
3005
00:20:24,323 --> 00:20:24,556
as
3006
00:20:24,556 --> 00:20:24,790
part
3007
00:20:24,790 --> 00:20:24,890
of
3008
00:20:24,957 --> 00:20:25,190
this
3009
00:20:25,190 --> 00:20:25,591
Future
3010
00:20:25,591 --> 00:20:25,757
of
3011
00:20:25,757 --> 00:20:26,625
Semiconductors
3012
00:20:26,625 --> 00:20:27,392
program,
3013
00:20:27,392 --> 00:20:27,626
we
3014
00:20:27,626 --> 00:20:28,060
actually
3015
00:20:28,093 --> 00:20:28,393
work
3016
00:20:28,393 --> 00:20:28,694
with
3017
00:20:28,694 --> 00:20:29,194
local
3018
00:20:29,194 --> 00:20:29,761
community
3019
00:20:29,761 --> 00:20:30,195
college
3020
00:20:30,195 --> 00:20:30,462
called
3021
00:20:30,462 --> 00:20:30,996
Parkland
3022
00:20:30,996 --> 00:20:31,663
College.
3023
00:20:31,663 --> 00:20:31,897
So
3024
00:20:31,897 --> 00:20:32,097
we
3025
00:20:32,097 --> 00:20:32,397
build
3026
00:20:32,397 --> 00:20:32,698
a
3027
00:20:32,731 --> 00:20:33,465
semiconductor
3028
00:20:33,465 --> 00:20:34,299
manufacturing
3029
00:20:34,333 --> 00:20:35,100
technician
3030
00:20:35,100 --> 00:20:35,534
training
3031
00:20:35,534 --> 00:20:36,101
camp
3032
00:20:36,134 --> 00:20:36,501
during
3033
00:20:36,501 --> 00:20:36,602
the
3034
00:20:36,635 --> 00:20:37,135
summer.
3035
00:20:37,202 --> 00:20:37,603
And
3036
00:20:37,603 --> 00:20:38,070
during
3037
00:20:38,070 --> 00:20:38,470
this
3038
00:20:38,503 --> 00:20:38,737
this
3039
00:20:38,737 --> 00:20:39,104
training
3040
00:20:39,104 --> 00:20:39,638
camp,
3041
00:20:39,638 --> 00:20:39,871
we
3042
00:20:39,871 --> 00:20:40,439
provide
3043
00:20:40,439 --> 00:20:40,739
this
3044
00:20:40,772 --> 00:20:41,106
hands
3045
00:20:41,106 --> 00:20:41,273
on
3046
00:20:41,273 --> 00:20:41,974
semiconductor
3047
00:20:41,974 --> 00:20:42,741
manufacturing
3048
00:20:42,741 --> 00:20:43,675
experience,
3049
00:20:43,709 --> 00:20:43,976
not
3050
00:20:43,976 --> 00:20:44,243
just
3051
00:20:44,243 --> 00:20:44,376
the
3052
00:20:44,443 --> 00:20:44,643
to
3053
00:20:44,643 --> 00:20:45,077
our
3054
00:20:45,110 --> 00:20:45,677
undergraduate
3055
00:20:45,677 --> 00:20:46,011
students,
3056
00:20:46,144 --> 00:20:46,378
but
3057
00:20:46,378 --> 00:20:46,945
also
3058
00:20:46,945 --> 00:20:47,279
to
3059
00:20:47,279 --> 00:20:47,379
the
3060
00:20:47,379 --> 00:20:47,879
students
3061
00:20:47,879 --> 00:20:48,080
in
3062
00:20:48,080 --> 00:20:48,213
this
3063
00:20:48,213 --> 00:20:48,814
community
3064
00:20:48,814 --> 00:20:49,514
college.
3065
00:20:49,514 --> 00:20:49,781
So
3066
00:20:49,781 --> 00:20:49,982
they
3067
00:20:49,982 --> 00:20:50,215
got
3068
00:20:50,215 --> 00:20:50,349
the
3069
00:20:50,382 --> 00:20:51,116
opportunities
3070
00:20:51,116 --> 00:20:51,283
to
3071
00:20:51,316 --> 00:20:51,483
put
3072
00:20:51,483 --> 00:20:51,617
on
3073
00:20:51,617 --> 00:20:51,717
the
3074
00:20:51,750 --> 00:20:52,017
Bunny
3075
00:20:52,017 --> 00:20:52,451
series
3076
00:20:52,451 --> 00:20:52,851
and
3077
00:20:52,851 --> 00:20:53,118
get
3078
00:20:53,118 --> 00:20:53,252
into
3079
00:20:53,252 --> 00:20:53,385
the
3080
00:20:53,385 --> 00:20:53,552
clean
3081
00:20:53,552 --> 00:20:53,685
room,
3082
00:20:53,919 --> 00:20:54,453
fabricate
3083
00:20:54,453 --> 00:20:54,653
their
3084
00:20:54,653 --> 00:20:55,454
devices.
3085
00:20:55,454 --> 00:20:55,754
That's
3086
00:20:55,787 --> 00:20:56,021
one
3087
00:20:56,021 --> 00:20:56,588
additional
3088
00:20:56,588 --> 00:20:56,955
efforts
3089
00:20:57,222 --> 00:20:57,422
for
3090
00:20:57,422 --> 00:20:57,656
us
3091
00:20:57,656 --> 00:20:58,190
to,
3092
00:20:58,223 --> 00:20:58,490
on
3093
00:20:58,490 --> 00:20:58,690
one
3094
00:20:58,690 --> 00:20:58,991
hand,
3095
00:20:59,258 --> 00:20:59,691
sustain
3096
00:20:59,758 --> 00:20:59,825
the
3097
00:20:59,858 --> 00:21:00,392
workforce
3098
00:21:00,425 --> 00:21:01,460
pipeline
3099
00:21:01,627 --> 00:21:01,860
of
3100
00:21:01,860 --> 00:21:02,394
students
3101
00:21:02,394 --> 00:21:02,594
to
3102
00:21:02,594 --> 00:21:02,961
fill
3103
00:21:02,995 --> 00:21:03,195
all
3104
00:21:03,195 --> 00:21:03,295
the
3105
00:21:03,295 --> 00:21:03,829
technician
3106
00:21:03,829 --> 00:21:04,429
jobs
3107
00:21:04,429 --> 00:21:04,830
in
3108
00:21:04,830 --> 00:21:04,896
the
3109
00:21:04,896 --> 00:21:05,697
semiconductor
3110
00:21:05,697 --> 00:21:06,064
labs.
3111
00:21:06,064 --> 00:21:06,531
And
3112
00:21:06,531 --> 00:21:06,865
at
3113
00:21:06,865 --> 00:21:06,932
the
3114
00:21:06,932 --> 00:21:07,132
same
3115
00:21:07,132 --> 00:21:07,432
time,
3116
00:21:07,432 --> 00:21:07,599
we
3117
00:21:07,599 --> 00:21:07,866
hope
3118
00:21:07,866 --> 00:21:08,133
many
3119
00:21:08,133 --> 00:21:08,267
of
3120
00:21:08,267 --> 00:21:08,467
those
3121
00:21:08,467 --> 00:21:09,001
community
3122
00:21:09,034 --> 00:21:09,434
college
3123
00:21:09,434 --> 00:21:10,102
students,
3124
00:21:10,135 --> 00:21:10,502
after
3125
00:21:10,502 --> 00:21:10,669
they
3126
00:21:10,669 --> 00:21:10,902
got
3127
00:21:10,902 --> 00:21:11,637
experience
3128
00:21:11,637 --> 00:21:11,737
of
3129
00:21:11,737 --> 00:21:12,471
semiconductor
3130
00:21:12,471 --> 00:21:13,438
manufacturing,
3131
00:21:13,472 --> 00:21:13,572
they
3132
00:21:13,572 --> 00:21:13,872
could
3133
00:21:13,872 --> 00:21:14,139
get
3134
00:21:14,172 --> 00:21:14,706
interested
3135
00:21:14,706 --> 00:21:14,873
in
3136
00:21:14,906 --> 00:21:15,140
that.
3137
00:21:15,140 --> 00:21:15,374
And
3138
00:21:15,374 --> 00:21:15,774
then
3139
00:21:15,774 --> 00:21:16,074
maybe
3140
00:21:16,108 --> 00:21:16,742
50%
3141
00:21:16,742 --> 00:21:16,908
of
3142
00:21:16,908 --> 00:21:17,342
them
3143
00:21:17,376 --> 00:21:17,576
going
3144
00:21:17,576 --> 00:21:17,709
to
3145
00:21:17,709 --> 00:21:18,110
convert
3146
00:21:18,110 --> 00:21:18,277
to
3147
00:21:18,277 --> 00:21:18,510
our
3148
00:21:18,543 --> 00:21:18,744
own
3149
00:21:18,777 --> 00:21:19,077
under
3150
00:21:19,077 --> 00:21:19,478
graduate
3151
00:21:19,478 --> 00:21:20,145
students
3152
00:21:20,178 --> 00:21:20,412
and
3153
00:21:20,412 --> 00:21:20,912
pursue
3154
00:21:20,946 --> 00:21:21,546
degrees
3155
00:21:21,546 --> 00:21:21,947
in
3156
00:21:21,947 --> 00:21:22,614
related
3157
00:21:22,614 --> 00:21:23,181
areas
3158
00:21:23,181 --> 00:21:23,482
such
3159
00:21:23,482 --> 00:21:23,682
as
3160
00:21:23,949 --> 00:21:24,483
electrical
3161
00:21:24,483 --> 00:21:24,983
engineering,
3162
00:21:24,983 --> 00:21:25,384
computer
3163
00:21:25,384 --> 00:21:26,218
engineering
3164
00:21:26,251 --> 00:21:26,385
or
3165
00:21:26,385 --> 00:21:26,785
material
3166
00:21:26,785 --> 00:21:27,019
science
3167
00:21:27,019 --> 00:21:27,185
and
3168
00:21:27,185 --> 00:21:28,053
engineering.
3169
00:21:28,253 --> 00:21:28,587
For
3170
00:21:28,587 --> 00:21:28,720
my
3171
00:21:28,720 --> 00:21:28,920
last
3172
00:21:28,920 --> 00:21:29,254
question
3173
00:21:29,254 --> 00:21:29,554
today,
3174
00:21:29,554 --> 00:21:29,655
I
3175
00:21:29,655 --> 00:21:29,855
want
3176
00:21:29,855 --> 00:21:29,955
to
3177
00:21:29,988 --> 00:21:30,255
ask
3178
00:21:30,255 --> 00:21:30,455
you
3179
00:21:30,455 --> 00:21:30,789
about
3180
00:21:30,789 --> 00:21:30,956
the
3181
00:21:30,956 --> 00:21:31,590
future.
3182
00:21:31,590 --> 00:21:31,757
You
3183
00:21:31,757 --> 00:21:32,157
mentioned
3184
00:21:32,157 --> 00:21:32,291
you're
3185
00:21:32,291 --> 00:21:32,557
working
3186
00:21:32,557 --> 00:21:32,658
on
3187
00:21:32,658 --> 00:21:32,758
the
3188
00:21:32,758 --> 00:21:33,158
pathway
3189
00:21:33,158 --> 00:21:33,225
to
3190
00:21:33,258 --> 00:21:33,558
getting
3191
00:21:33,558 --> 00:21:33,825
this
3192
00:21:33,825 --> 00:21:33,992
out
3193
00:21:33,992 --> 00:21:34,192
into
3194
00:21:34,192 --> 00:21:34,293
the
3195
00:21:34,293 --> 00:21:34,559
world,
3196
00:21:34,559 --> 00:21:34,793
but
3197
00:21:34,793 --> 00:21:34,960
I
3198
00:21:34,960 --> 00:21:35,160
also
3199
00:21:35,193 --> 00:21:35,427
want
3200
00:21:35,427 --> 00:21:35,560
to
3201
00:21:35,594 --> 00:21:35,827
ask
3202
00:21:35,827 --> 00:21:35,961
you
3203
00:21:35,961 --> 00:21:36,194
about
3204
00:21:36,228 --> 00:21:36,461
other
3205
00:21:36,461 --> 00:21:36,762
things
3206
00:21:36,762 --> 00:21:36,962
you're
3207
00:21:36,962 --> 00:21:37,262
excited
3208
00:21:37,262 --> 00:21:37,362
to
3209
00:21:37,396 --> 00:21:37,596
work
3210
00:21:37,596 --> 00:21:37,796
on
3211
00:21:37,796 --> 00:21:37,996
over
3212
00:21:37,996 --> 00:21:38,096
the
3213
00:21:38,096 --> 00:21:38,297
next
3214
00:21:38,297 --> 00:21:38,530
couple
3215
00:21:38,597 --> 00:21:38,664
of
3216
00:21:38,664 --> 00:21:39,331
years.
3217
00:21:39,398 --> 00:21:39,698
So
3218
00:21:39,698 --> 00:21:39,998
my
3219
00:21:39,998 --> 00:21:40,299
group
3220
00:21:40,332 --> 00:21:40,532
has
3221
00:21:40,532 --> 00:21:40,899
always
3222
00:21:40,899 --> 00:21:41,133
been
3223
00:21:41,133 --> 00:21:41,533
working
3224
00:21:41,533 --> 00:21:42,034
on
3225
00:21:42,034 --> 00:21:43,035
microelectronics,
3226
00:21:43,035 --> 00:21:43,735
and
3227
00:21:43,802 --> 00:21:44,870
strategically
3228
00:21:44,903 --> 00:21:45,437
we're
3229
00:21:45,437 --> 00:21:45,704
trying
3230
00:21:45,704 --> 00:21:45,837
to
3231
00:21:45,837 --> 00:21:46,071
solve
3232
00:21:46,071 --> 00:21:46,171
the
3233
00:21:46,171 --> 00:21:46,772
problems
3234
00:21:46,772 --> 00:21:47,072
at
3235
00:21:47,072 --> 00:21:47,472
different
3236
00:21:47,472 --> 00:21:47,839
levels,
3237
00:21:47,873 --> 00:21:48,140
right?
3238
00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:48,507
I
3239
00:21:48,507 --> 00:21:48,740
would
3240
00:21:48,740 --> 00:21:49,241
say
3241
00:21:49,274 --> 00:21:49,508
this
3242
00:21:49,508 --> 00:21:49,975
particular
3243
00:21:49,975 --> 00:21:50,509
project
3244
00:21:50,509 --> 00:21:50,709
is
3245
00:21:50,709 --> 00:21:51,443
relatively
3246
00:21:51,476 --> 00:21:51,877
a
3247
00:21:52,077 --> 00:21:52,544
near-term
3248
00:21:52,577 --> 00:21:52,944
target,
3249
00:21:52,944 --> 00:21:53,211
because
3250
00:21:53,211 --> 00:21:53,345
we
3251
00:21:53,345 --> 00:21:53,612
think
3252
00:21:53,612 --> 00:21:53,812
it's
3253
00:21:53,812 --> 00:21:53,979
kind
3254
00:21:53,979 --> 00:21:54,112
of
3255
00:21:54,146 --> 00:21:54,313
like
3256
00:21:54,346 --> 00:21:55,080
closest
3257
00:21:55,080 --> 00:21:55,213
to
3258
00:21:55,280 --> 00:21:55,881
commercial
3259
00:21:55,881 --> 00:21:56,715
adoption,
3260
00:21:56,715 --> 00:21:57,349
converting
3261
00:21:57,349 --> 00:21:57,616
from
3262
00:21:57,616 --> 00:21:58,083
planar
3263
00:21:58,116 --> 00:21:58,417
2D
3264
00:21:58,417 --> 00:21:59,184
transistors
3265
00:21:59,184 --> 00:21:59,384
to
3266
00:21:59,418 --> 00:21:59,584
kind
3267
00:21:59,584 --> 00:21:59,651
of
3268
00:21:59,651 --> 00:21:59,751
like
3269
00:21:59,818 --> 00:22:00,218
3D
3270
00:22:00,218 --> 00:22:01,119
devices.
3271
00:22:01,186 --> 00:22:01,453
This
3272
00:22:01,453 --> 00:22:02,054
definitely
3273
00:22:02,054 --> 00:22:02,254
going
3274
00:22:02,254 --> 00:22:02,354
to
3275
00:22:02,354 --> 00:22:02,421
be
3276
00:22:02,421 --> 00:22:02,554
a
3277
00:22:02,754 --> 00:22:03,255
direction
3278
00:22:03,255 --> 00:22:03,388
to
3279
00:22:03,422 --> 00:22:03,955
go
3280
00:22:03,989 --> 00:22:04,389
and
3281
00:22:04,389 --> 00:22:04,723
believe
3282
00:22:04,723 --> 00:22:04,856
this
3283
00:22:04,856 --> 00:22:05,023
is
3284
00:22:05,023 --> 00:22:05,590
agreement
3285
00:22:05,590 --> 00:22:05,857
from
3286
00:22:05,857 --> 00:22:06,291
both
3287
00:22:06,358 --> 00:22:06,825
academy
3288
00:22:06,825 --> 00:22:07,092
and
3289
00:22:07,092 --> 00:22:07,659
industry
3290
00:22:07,659 --> 00:22:07,959
at
3291
00:22:07,959 --> 00:22:08,026
the
3292
00:22:08,026 --> 00:22:08,226
same
3293
00:22:08,226 --> 00:22:08,694
time.
3294
00:22:08,860 --> 00:22:09,261
Other
3295
00:22:09,294 --> 00:22:09,461
kind
3296
00:22:09,461 --> 00:22:09,594
of
3297
00:22:09,628 --> 00:22:09,995
exciting
3298
00:22:10,028 --> 00:22:10,295
things
3299
00:22:10,295 --> 00:22:10,595
we're
3300
00:22:10,595 --> 00:22:11,029
doing,
3301
00:22:11,029 --> 00:22:11,263
and
3302
00:22:11,263 --> 00:22:11,563
they're
3303
00:22:11,563 --> 00:22:12,097
also
3304
00:22:12,097 --> 00:22:12,664
supported
3305
00:22:12,664 --> 00:22:12,831
by
3306
00:22:12,864 --> 00:22:13,532
NSF.
3307
00:22:13,865 --> 00:22:14,333
One
3308
00:22:14,333 --> 00:22:14,933
is,
3309
00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:15,267
well,
3310
00:22:15,267 --> 00:22:15,500
how
3311
00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:15,901
about
3312
00:22:15,901 --> 00:22:16,234
we
3313
00:22:16,234 --> 00:22:16,435
have
3314
00:22:16,468 --> 00:22:16,735
better
3315
00:22:16,735 --> 00:22:17,502
integration
3316
00:22:17,502 --> 00:22:17,869
of
3317
00:22:17,869 --> 00:22:18,470
memory
3318
00:22:18,470 --> 00:22:18,837
with
3319
00:22:18,837 --> 00:22:19,538
computation,
3320
00:22:19,571 --> 00:22:19,971
right?
3321
00:22:20,038 --> 00:22:20,238
As
3322
00:22:20,238 --> 00:22:20,339
I
3323
00:22:20,339 --> 00:22:20,706
mentioned
3324
00:22:20,739 --> 00:22:21,440
previously,
3325
00:22:21,473 --> 00:22:21,773
the
3326
00:22:21,773 --> 00:22:22,040
data
3327
00:22:22,040 --> 00:22:22,908
communication
3328
00:22:22,941 --> 00:22:23,075
a
3329
00:22:23,075 --> 00:22:23,775
significant
3330
00:22:23,775 --> 00:22:24,543
bottleneck
3331
00:22:24,543 --> 00:22:24,876
for
3332
00:22:24,876 --> 00:22:25,177
AI
3333
00:22:25,210 --> 00:22:25,777
related
3334
00:22:25,777 --> 00:22:26,545
workload
3335
00:22:26,578 --> 00:22:27,179
center
3336
00:22:27,179 --> 00:22:27,713
projects.
3337
00:22:27,713 --> 00:22:27,913
What
3338
00:22:27,913 --> 00:22:28,146
we're
3339
00:22:28,146 --> 00:22:28,380
trying
3340
00:22:28,380 --> 00:22:28,513
to
3341
00:22:28,513 --> 00:22:28,814
do
3342
00:22:28,814 --> 00:22:29,181
is
3343
00:22:29,181 --> 00:22:29,281
to
3344
00:22:29,314 --> 00:22:29,815
develop
3345
00:22:29,815 --> 00:22:30,082
new
3346
00:22:30,082 --> 00:22:30,315
types
3347
00:22:30,315 --> 00:22:30,482
of
3348
00:22:30,482 --> 00:22:30,882
memory
3349
00:22:30,882 --> 00:22:31,616
devices
3350
00:22:31,616 --> 00:22:31,850
that
3351
00:22:31,850 --> 00:22:32,017
can
3352
00:22:32,017 --> 00:22:32,184
be
3353
00:22:32,184 --> 00:22:32,818
directly
3354
00:22:32,818 --> 00:22:33,452
integrated
3355
00:22:33,452 --> 00:22:33,652
on
3356
00:22:33,652 --> 00:22:33,919
top
3357
00:22:33,919 --> 00:22:34,119
of
3358
00:22:34,152 --> 00:22:34,353
a
3359
00:22:34,353 --> 00:22:34,986
silicon
3360
00:22:34,986 --> 00:22:35,620
backbone.
3361
00:22:35,620 --> 00:22:35,854
So
3362
00:22:35,854 --> 00:22:36,021
we
3363
00:22:36,021 --> 00:22:36,555
can
3364
00:22:36,588 --> 00:22:37,222
basically
3365
00:22:37,222 --> 00:22:37,522
launch
3366
00:22:37,522 --> 00:22:37,789
those
3367
00:22:37,789 --> 00:22:38,256
memory
3368
00:22:38,256 --> 00:22:39,057
devices
3369
00:22:39,057 --> 00:22:39,491
to
3370
00:22:39,558 --> 00:22:39,758
not
3371
00:22:39,758 --> 00:22:40,092
only
3372
00:22:40,092 --> 00:22:40,425
store
3373
00:22:40,425 --> 00:22:40,559
the
3374
00:22:40,559 --> 00:22:41,093
information,
3375
00:22:41,093 --> 00:22:41,360
but
3376
00:22:41,360 --> 00:22:41,793
also
3377
00:22:41,793 --> 00:22:42,394
process
3378
00:22:42,394 --> 00:22:42,494
the
3379
00:22:42,494 --> 00:22:43,495
information
3380
00:22:43,562 --> 00:22:43,829
at
3381
00:22:43,829 --> 00:22:43,962
the
3382
00:22:43,962 --> 00:22:44,162
same
3383
00:22:44,162 --> 00:22:44,396
time.
3384
00:22:44,396 --> 00:22:44,496
So
3385
00:22:44,496 --> 00:22:44,763
that's
3386
00:22:44,763 --> 00:22:44,963
going
3387
00:22:44,963 --> 00:22:45,030
to
3388
00:22:45,063 --> 00:22:45,797
dramatically
3389
00:22:45,797 --> 00:22:46,298
reduce
3390
00:22:46,298 --> 00:22:46,431
the
3391
00:22:46,431 --> 00:22:46,732
data
3392
00:22:46,732 --> 00:22:47,299
movements,
3393
00:22:47,332 --> 00:22:48,233
overheads
3394
00:22:48,266 --> 00:22:48,500
we
3395
00:22:48,500 --> 00:22:48,834
have
3396
00:22:48,834 --> 00:22:49,234
in
3397
00:22:49,234 --> 00:22:49,868
implementing
3398
00:22:49,901 --> 00:22:50,202
AI
3399
00:22:50,235 --> 00:22:51,069
workloads.
3400
00:22:51,136 --> 00:22:51,436
That's
3401
00:22:51,436 --> 00:22:51,670
very
3402
00:22:51,670 --> 00:22:52,371
exciting.
3403
00:22:52,504 --> 00:22:53,472
Another
3404
00:22:53,538 --> 00:22:54,072
area
3405
00:22:54,072 --> 00:22:54,272
we're
3406
00:22:54,272 --> 00:22:54,506
looking
3407
00:22:54,506 --> 00:22:54,773
at
3408
00:22:54,840 --> 00:22:55,440
actually
3409
00:22:55,440 --> 00:22:55,874
is
3410
00:22:56,141 --> 00:22:56,441
bio
3411
00:22:56,441 --> 00:22:57,175
electronics.
3412
00:22:57,442 --> 00:22:57,576
So
3413
00:22:57,642 --> 00:22:58,377
currently
3414
00:22:58,677 --> 00:22:58,944
we're
3415
00:22:58,944 --> 00:22:59,211
talking
3416
00:22:59,211 --> 00:22:59,711
about
3417
00:22:59,711 --> 00:23:00,579
artificial
3418
00:23:00,579 --> 00:23:01,513
intelligence,
3419
00:23:01,546 --> 00:23:01,780
which
3420
00:23:01,780 --> 00:23:01,947
is
3421
00:23:01,947 --> 00:23:02,347
great,
3422
00:23:02,381 --> 00:23:02,681
but
3423
00:23:02,714 --> 00:23:02,914
it's
3424
00:23:02,914 --> 00:23:03,115
still
3425
00:23:03,115 --> 00:23:03,749
artificial
3426
00:23:03,782 --> 00:23:03,982
right.
3427
00:23:03,982 --> 00:23:04,182
We're
3428
00:23:04,182 --> 00:23:04,416
talking
3429
00:23:04,416 --> 00:23:04,616
about
3430
00:23:04,683 --> 00:23:05,217
artificial
3431
00:23:05,217 --> 00:23:05,550
neural
3432
00:23:05,550 --> 00:23:06,184
networks
3433
00:23:06,218 --> 00:23:06,651
building
3434
00:23:06,651 --> 00:23:07,152
on
3435
00:23:07,152 --> 00:23:07,552
silicon
3436
00:23:07,552 --> 00:23:08,420
transistors,
3437
00:23:08,587 --> 00:23:09,721
microprocessors.
3438
00:23:09,755 --> 00:23:10,155
Another
3439
00:23:10,422 --> 00:23:10,655
very
3440
00:23:10,655 --> 00:23:11,056
exciting
3441
00:23:11,056 --> 00:23:11,757
projects.
3442
00:23:11,757 --> 00:23:12,057
We're
3443
00:23:12,057 --> 00:23:12,457
currently
3444
00:23:12,457 --> 00:23:13,258
performing
3445
00:23:13,558 --> 00:23:13,859
with
3446
00:23:13,859 --> 00:23:14,426
NSF
3447
00:23:14,426 --> 00:23:15,026
support
3448
00:23:15,060 --> 00:23:15,627
under
3449
00:23:15,627 --> 00:23:15,794
the
3450
00:23:15,794 --> 00:23:16,194
growing
3451
00:23:16,228 --> 00:23:16,895
convergence
3452
00:23:16,895 --> 00:23:17,796
program
3453
00:23:17,796 --> 00:23:18,063
is
3454
00:23:18,063 --> 00:23:18,163
to
3455
00:23:18,196 --> 00:23:18,430
say
3456
00:23:18,630 --> 00:23:19,064
whether
3457
00:23:19,064 --> 00:23:19,231
we
3458
00:23:19,231 --> 00:23:19,498
can
3459
00:23:19,498 --> 00:23:20,098
utilize
3460
00:23:20,132 --> 00:23:20,799
biological
3461
00:23:20,799 --> 00:23:21,099
neural
3462
00:23:21,099 --> 00:23:21,466
networks.
3463
00:23:21,466 --> 00:23:21,633
And
3464
00:23:21,633 --> 00:23:21,800
here
3465
00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:21,900
we
3466
00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:22,033
talk
3467
00:23:22,067 --> 00:23:22,300
about
3468
00:23:22,300 --> 00:23:22,734
real
3469
00:23:22,901 --> 00:23:23,468
neurons,
3470
00:23:23,502 --> 00:23:23,935
axons
3471
00:23:23,935 --> 00:23:24,136
and
3472
00:23:24,136 --> 00:23:24,803
synapse
3473
00:23:24,836 --> 00:23:25,003
to
3474
00:23:25,036 --> 00:23:25,704
performance
3475
00:23:25,737 --> 00:23:26,505
information
3476
00:23:26,505 --> 00:23:27,472
processing.
3477
00:23:27,506 --> 00:23:27,706
And
3478
00:23:27,706 --> 00:23:28,073
I
3479
00:23:28,073 --> 00:23:28,173
would
3480
00:23:28,173 --> 00:23:28,306
say
3481
00:23:28,306 --> 00:23:28,440
the
3482
00:23:28,440 --> 00:23:28,740
last
3483
00:23:28,774 --> 00:23:29,474
aspect
3484
00:23:29,474 --> 00:23:29,741
of
3485
00:23:29,741 --> 00:23:30,108
major
3486
00:23:30,108 --> 00:23:30,442
research
3487
00:23:30,442 --> 00:23:30,942
direction
3488
00:23:30,942 --> 00:23:31,042
in
3489
00:23:31,042 --> 00:23:31,243
my
3490
00:23:31,243 --> 00:23:31,543
research
3491
00:23:31,543 --> 00:23:32,110
group
3492
00:23:32,110 --> 00:23:32,577
is
3493
00:23:32,577 --> 00:23:32,778
to
3494
00:23:32,811 --> 00:23:33,011
look
3495
00:23:33,078 --> 00:23:33,178
at
3496
00:23:33,211 --> 00:23:33,378
kind
3497
00:23:33,378 --> 00:23:33,478
of
3498
00:23:33,512 --> 00:23:33,612
like
3499
00:23:33,612 --> 00:23:34,279
biomedical
3500
00:23:34,279 --> 00:23:35,180
applications.
3501
00:23:35,180 --> 00:23:35,480
So
3502
00:23:35,480 --> 00:23:35,547
the
3503
00:23:35,547 --> 00:23:36,314
monolithic
3504
00:23:36,314 --> 00:23:36,982
integration
3505
00:23:36,982 --> 00:23:37,315
has
3506
00:23:37,315 --> 00:23:37,549
great
3507
00:23:37,549 --> 00:23:38,150
potential
3508
00:23:38,183 --> 00:23:38,450
not
3509
00:23:38,450 --> 00:23:38,917
only
3510
00:23:38,917 --> 00:23:39,384
to
3511
00:23:39,418 --> 00:23:39,918
make
3512
00:23:39,951 --> 00:23:40,152
high
3513
00:23:40,152 --> 00:23:40,652
performance
3514
00:23:40,652 --> 00:23:41,119
computer
3515
00:23:41,119 --> 00:23:41,720
chips,
3516
00:23:41,753 --> 00:23:42,020
AI
3517
00:23:42,053 --> 00:23:42,854
accelerators.
3518
00:23:42,921 --> 00:23:43,121
It
3519
00:23:43,121 --> 00:23:43,388
could
3520
00:23:43,388 --> 00:23:43,755
also
3521
00:23:43,755 --> 00:23:43,989
be
3522
00:23:43,989 --> 00:23:44,923
important
3523
00:23:44,956 --> 00:23:45,424
backbone
3524
00:23:45,457 --> 00:23:46,258
technology
3525
00:23:46,258 --> 00:23:46,558
for
3526
00:23:46,558 --> 00:23:47,025
making
3527
00:23:47,025 --> 00:23:47,559
better
3528
00:23:47,559 --> 00:23:47,859
image
3529
00:23:47,859 --> 00:23:48,560
sensors
3530
00:23:48,560 --> 00:23:48,994
or
3531
00:23:49,428 --> 00:23:49,795
string
3532
00:23:49,795 --> 00:23:50,095
mapping
3533
00:23:50,095 --> 00:23:50,695
devices,
3534
00:23:50,695 --> 00:23:51,496
biomedical
3535
00:23:51,496 --> 00:23:52,230
impulse
3536
00:23:52,264 --> 00:23:52,597
and
3537
00:23:52,597 --> 00:23:52,898
solve
3538
00:23:52,898 --> 00:23:53,198
many
3539
00:23:53,598 --> 00:23:53,865
health
3540
00:23:53,865 --> 00:23:54,399
related
3541
00:23:54,399 --> 00:23:55,233
problems.
3542
00:23:55,267 --> 00:23:55,700
Special
3543
00:23:55,700 --> 00:23:56,001
thanks
3544
00:23:56,001 --> 00:23:56,067
to
3545
00:23:56,101 --> 00:23:56,401
Qing
3546
00:23:56,401 --> 00:23:56,735
Cao.
3547
00:23:56,735 --> 00:23:57,035
For
3548
00:23:57,035 --> 00:23:57,135
the
3549
00:23:57,135 --> 00:23:57,536
Discovery
3550
00:23:57,602 --> 00:23:57,903
Files,
3551
00:23:57,903 --> 00:23:58,069
I’m
3552
00:23:58,069 --> 00:23:58,270
Nate
3553
00:23:58,270 --> 00:23:58,670
Pottker.
3554
00:23:58,703 --> 00:23:58,937
Watch
3555
00:23:58,937 --> 00:23:59,171
video
3556
00:23:59,171 --> 00:23:59,504
versions
3557
00:23:59,504 --> 00:23:59,638
of
3558
00:23:59,638 --> 00:23:59,771
these
3559
00:23:59,771 --> 00:24:00,539
conversations
3560
00:24:00,539 --> 00:24:00,705
on
3561
00:24:00,705 --> 00:24:00,906
our
3562
00:24:00,939 --> 00:24:01,873
@NSFscience
3563
00:24:01,873 --> 00:24:02,174
YouTube
3564
00:24:02,174 --> 00:24:02,774
channel.
3565
00:24:02,841 --> 00:24:03,141
Please
3566
00:24:03,141 --> 00:24:03,542
subscribe
3567
00:24:03,542 --> 00:24:03,875
wherever
3568
00:24:03,875 --> 00:24:03,975
you
3569
00:24:03,975 --> 00:24:04,142
get
3570
00:24:04,142 --> 00:24:04,676
podcasts
3571
00:24:04,676 --> 00:24:04,776
and
3572
00:24:04,776 --> 00:24:04,910
if
3573
00:24:04,910 --> 00:24:04,976
you
3574
00:24:04,976 --> 00:24:05,143
like
3575
00:24:05,177 --> 00:24:05,343
our
3576
00:24:05,343 --> 00:24:05,911
program,
3577
00:24:05,911 --> 00:24:06,178
share
3578
00:24:06,178 --> 00:24:06,344
with
3579
00:24:06,344 --> 00:24:06,411
a
3580
00:24:06,411 --> 00:24:06,778
friend
3581
00:24:06,778 --> 00:24:07,078
and
3582
00:24:07,078 --> 00:24:07,479
consider
3583
00:24:07,479 --> 00:24:07,779
leaving
3584
00:24:07,779 --> 00:24:07,913
a
3585
00:24:07,913 --> 00:24:08,580
review.
3586
00:24:10,182 --> 00:24:10,682
Discover
3587
00:24:10,682 --> 00:24:10,816
how
3588
00:24:10,816 --> 00:24:10,916
the
3589
00:24:10,949 --> 00:24:11,216
U.S.
3590
00:24:11,216 --> 00:24:11,583
National
3591
00:24:11,583 --> 00:24:11,917
Science
3592
00:24:11,917 --> 00:24:12,350
Foundation
3593
00:24:12,350 --> 00:24:12,551
is
3594
00:24:12,551 --> 00:24:12,984
advancing
3595
00:24:12,984 --> 00:24:13,552
research
3596
00:24:13,552 --> 00:24:13,785
at
3597
00:24:13,785 --> 00:24:14,252
NSF.gov.
00:00:03,436 --> 00:00:03,970
This
2
00:00:03,970 --> 00:00:04,170
is
3
00:00:04,170 --> 00:00:04,304
the
4
00:00:04,304 --> 00:00:04,738
Discovery
5
00:00:04,738 --> 00:00:05,038
Files
6
00:00:05,038 --> 00:00:05,472
podcast
7
00:00:05,472 --> 00:00:05,705
from
8
00:00:05,705 --> 00:00:05,772
the
9
00:00:05,839 --> 00:00:06,239
U.S.
10
00:00:06,239 --> 00:00:06,706
National
11
00:00:06,706 --> 00:00:06,973
Science
12
00:00:06,973 --> 00:00:07,907
Foundation.
13
00:00:09,976 --> 00:00:10,310
From
14
00:00:10,310 --> 00:00:10,777
artificial
15
00:00:10,777 --> 00:00:11,411
intelligence
16
00:00:11,411 --> 00:00:11,511
to
17
00:00:11,544 --> 00:00:11,945
quantum
18
00:00:11,945 --> 00:00:12,479
computing,
19
00:00:12,479 --> 00:00:13,413
cybersecurity
20
00:00:13,413 --> 00:00:13,780
and
21
00:00:13,780 --> 00:00:14,014
next
22
00:00:14,014 --> 00:00:14,514
generation
23
00:00:14,514 --> 00:00:15,582
communications,
24
00:00:15,582 --> 00:00:16,316
computers
25
00:00:16,316 --> 00:00:16,516
and
26
00:00:16,516 --> 00:00:16,883
advanced
27
00:00:16,883 --> 00:00:17,417
electronic
28
00:00:17,417 --> 00:00:18,051
components
29
00:00:18,151 --> 00:00:18,451
are
30
00:00:18,451 --> 00:00:18,852
essential
31
00:00:18,852 --> 00:00:18,952
to
32
00:00:18,985 --> 00:00:19,352
ensure
33
00:00:19,352 --> 00:00:19,519
and
34
00:00:19,519 --> 00:00:19,919
extend
35
00:00:19,919 --> 00:00:20,353
American
36
00:00:20,353 --> 00:00:20,854
leadership
37
00:00:20,854 --> 00:00:21,054
in
38
00:00:21,054 --> 00:00:21,187
key
39
00:00:21,187 --> 00:00:21,788
critical
40
00:00:21,788 --> 00:00:21,955
and
41
00:00:21,955 --> 00:00:22,355
emerging
42
00:00:22,389 --> 00:00:23,423
technologies.
43
00:00:23,556 --> 00:00:23,890
We're
44
00:00:23,890 --> 00:00:24,157
joined
45
00:00:24,157 --> 00:00:24,391
today
46
00:00:24,391 --> 00:00:24,591
by
47
00:00:24,591 --> 00:00:24,891
Qing
48
00:00:24,891 --> 00:00:25,358
Cao,
49
00:00:25,392 --> 00:00:25,492
a
50
00:00:25,492 --> 00:00:25,992
professor
51
00:00:25,992 --> 00:00:26,426
supported
52
00:00:26,426 --> 00:00:26,559
in
53
00:00:26,559 --> 00:00:26,760
part
54
00:00:26,760 --> 00:00:26,960
by
55
00:00:26,960 --> 00:00:27,594
NSF,
56
00:00:27,694 --> 00:00:27,961
whose
57
00:00:27,961 --> 00:00:28,194
lab
58
00:00:28,194 --> 00:00:28,294
is
59
00:00:28,294 --> 00:00:28,762
developing
60
00:00:28,762 --> 00:00:28,895
new
61
00:00:28,895 --> 00:00:29,429
materials
62
00:00:29,429 --> 00:00:29,629
and
63
00:00:29,629 --> 00:00:30,296
techniques
64
00:00:30,296 --> 00:00:30,530
for
65
00:00:30,530 --> 00:00:31,131
electronic
66
00:00:31,131 --> 00:00:31,297
and
67
00:00:31,297 --> 00:00:32,198
optoelectronic
68
00:00:32,198 --> 00:00:32,899
devices,
69
00:00:32,932 --> 00:00:33,433
including
70
00:00:33,433 --> 00:00:33,600
a
71
00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:34,401
monolithic
72
00:00:34,434 --> 00:00:34,868
3D
73
00:00:34,901 --> 00:00:35,402
silicon
74
00:00:35,402 --> 00:00:35,869
integrated
75
00:00:35,869 --> 00:00:36,503
microchip
76
00:00:36,503 --> 00:00:36,803
that
77
00:00:36,803 --> 00:00:36,970
may
78
00:00:36,970 --> 00:00:37,237
help
79
00:00:37,237 --> 00:00:37,771
surpass
80
00:00:37,771 --> 00:00:38,071
data
81
00:00:38,071 --> 00:00:38,705
bottlenecks
82
00:00:38,705 --> 00:00:39,039
in
83
00:00:39,039 --> 00:00:39,305
current
84
00:00:39,339 --> 00:00:39,706
AI
85
00:00:39,706 --> 00:00:40,340
workloads.
86
00:00:40,340 --> 00:00:40,840
Professor
87
00:00:40,840 --> 00:00:41,107
Cao.
88
00:00:41,141 --> 00:00:41,307
Thank
89
00:00:41,307 --> 00:00:41,374
you
90
00:00:41,374 --> 00:00:41,474
so
91
00:00:41,474 --> 00:00:41,641
much
92
00:00:41,641 --> 00:00:41,741
for
93
00:00:41,741 --> 00:00:42,042
joining
94
00:00:42,042 --> 00:00:42,175
us
95
00:00:42,175 --> 00:00:42,642
today.
96
00:00:42,675 --> 00:00:42,909
Oh,
97
00:00:42,909 --> 00:00:43,076
thank
98
00:00:43,076 --> 00:00:43,209
you.
99
00:00:43,243 --> 00:00:43,376
Thank
100
00:00:43,376 --> 00:00:43,510
you
101
00:00:43,510 --> 00:00:43,643
for
102
00:00:43,643 --> 00:00:43,743
the
103
00:00:43,743 --> 00:00:44,277
opportunity.
104
00:00:44,310 --> 00:00:44,511
So
105
00:00:44,511 --> 00:00:44,611
I
106
00:00:44,611 --> 00:00:44,778
want
107
00:00:44,811 --> 00:00:44,911
to
108
00:00:44,911 --> 00:00:45,078
start
109
00:00:45,078 --> 00:00:45,211
with
110
00:00:45,278 --> 00:00:45,412
kind
111
00:00:45,412 --> 00:00:45,512
of
112
00:00:45,545 --> 00:00:45,678
the
113
00:00:45,678 --> 00:00:46,179
big
114
00:00:46,212 --> 00:00:46,413
thing
115
00:00:46,413 --> 00:00:46,579
that
116
00:00:46,579 --> 00:00:46,746
we're
117
00:00:46,746 --> 00:00:46,980
talking
118
00:00:46,980 --> 00:00:47,147
about
119
00:00:47,147 --> 00:00:47,514
today.
120
00:00:47,514 --> 00:00:47,881
What
121
00:00:47,881 --> 00:00:48,314
is
122
00:00:48,348 --> 00:00:48,481
a
123
00:00:48,481 --> 00:00:49,182
monolithic
124
00:00:49,182 --> 00:00:49,749
3D
125
00:00:49,749 --> 00:00:50,517
integrated
126
00:00:50,517 --> 00:00:51,017
silicon
127
00:00:51,017 --> 00:00:51,918
microchip?
128
00:00:51,951 --> 00:00:52,185
So
129
00:00:52,218 --> 00:00:52,519
most
130
00:00:52,552 --> 00:00:52,752
of
131
00:00:52,752 --> 00:00:52,952
us
132
00:00:52,952 --> 00:00:53,119
kind
133
00:00:53,119 --> 00:00:53,219
of
134
00:00:53,253 --> 00:00:53,420
like
135
00:00:53,420 --> 00:00:53,520
a
136
00:00:53,520 --> 00:00:53,753
pretty
137
00:00:53,787 --> 00:00:54,354
familiar
138
00:00:54,354 --> 00:00:54,654
with
139
00:00:54,654 --> 00:00:54,988
what
140
00:00:55,021 --> 00:00:55,455
silicon
141
00:00:55,455 --> 00:00:55,755
chip
142
00:00:55,755 --> 00:00:55,955
is
143
00:00:55,955 --> 00:00:56,156
right?
144
00:00:56,156 --> 00:00:56,356
They
145
00:00:56,356 --> 00:00:56,589
are
146
00:00:56,589 --> 00:00:56,790
the
147
00:00:56,790 --> 00:00:57,490
foundation
148
00:00:57,490 --> 00:00:57,957
of
149
00:00:58,024 --> 00:00:58,658
modern
150
00:00:58,658 --> 00:00:59,659
microelectronics.
151
00:00:59,659 --> 00:00:59,959
Is
152
00:00:59,993 --> 00:01:00,160
kind
153
00:01:00,160 --> 00:01:00,226
of
154
00:01:00,260 --> 00:01:00,393
like
155
00:01:00,427 --> 00:01:00,994
powering
156
00:01:01,027 --> 00:01:01,628
everything
157
00:01:01,628 --> 00:01:01,828
we
158
00:01:01,828 --> 00:01:02,295
have.
159
00:01:02,362 --> 00:01:03,029
From
160
00:01:03,029 --> 00:01:03,430
our
161
00:01:03,430 --> 00:01:04,097
smartphones
162
00:01:04,097 --> 00:01:04,264
to
163
00:01:04,297 --> 00:01:04,931
laptops
164
00:01:04,931 --> 00:01:05,065
to
165
00:01:05,098 --> 00:01:05,465
current
166
00:01:05,698 --> 00:01:05,999
very
167
00:01:05,999 --> 00:01:06,399
powerful
168
00:01:06,433 --> 00:01:06,666
AI
169
00:01:06,699 --> 00:01:07,534
systems.
170
00:01:07,634 --> 00:01:08,334
Traditionally,
171
00:01:08,401 --> 00:01:08,535
if
172
00:01:08,535 --> 00:01:08,668
you
173
00:01:08,668 --> 00:01:08,802
think
174
00:01:08,802 --> 00:01:08,935
about
175
00:01:08,935 --> 00:01:09,069
a
176
00:01:09,069 --> 00:01:09,836
microprocessor
177
00:01:09,836 --> 00:01:10,303
chip,
178
00:01:10,303 --> 00:01:10,537
they're
179
00:01:10,537 --> 00:01:10,870
built
180
00:01:10,870 --> 00:01:11,504
like
181
00:01:11,571 --> 00:01:12,038
single
182
00:01:12,038 --> 00:01:12,439
story
183
00:01:12,472 --> 00:01:12,672
city
184
00:01:12,672 --> 00:01:12,872
right?
185
00:01:13,106 --> 00:01:13,273
We
186
00:01:13,273 --> 00:01:13,506
have
187
00:01:13,506 --> 00:01:13,840
all
188
00:01:13,840 --> 00:01:13,940
the
189
00:01:13,940 --> 00:01:14,541
components
190
00:01:14,541 --> 00:01:14,707
that
191
00:01:14,741 --> 00:01:14,908
kind
192
00:01:14,908 --> 00:01:14,974
of
193
00:01:15,041 --> 00:01:15,675
arranged
194
00:01:15,708 --> 00:01:16,042
side
195
00:01:16,076 --> 00:01:16,276
by
196
00:01:16,276 --> 00:01:16,709
side
197
00:01:16,743 --> 00:01:17,143
on
198
00:01:17,143 --> 00:01:17,310
a
199
00:01:17,310 --> 00:01:17,610
flat
200
00:01:17,610 --> 00:01:18,478
surface.
201
00:01:18,578 --> 00:01:19,079
So
202
00:01:19,112 --> 00:01:19,212
a
203
00:01:19,212 --> 00:01:20,113
monolithic
204
00:01:20,113 --> 00:01:20,513
3D
205
00:01:20,513 --> 00:01:21,081
integrated
206
00:01:21,114 --> 00:01:21,514
chip
207
00:01:21,548 --> 00:01:21,881
take
208
00:01:21,915 --> 00:01:22,015
a
209
00:01:22,015 --> 00:01:22,215
little
210
00:01:22,282 --> 00:01:22,482
bit
211
00:01:22,482 --> 00:01:22,916
different
212
00:01:22,916 --> 00:01:23,716
approach.
213
00:01:24,050 --> 00:01:24,217
So
214
00:01:24,217 --> 00:01:24,584
instead
215
00:01:24,584 --> 00:01:24,784
of
216
00:01:24,784 --> 00:01:25,318
spreading
217
00:01:25,351 --> 00:01:25,952
everything
218
00:01:25,952 --> 00:01:26,386
out,
219
00:01:26,619 --> 00:01:26,820
we
220
00:01:26,820 --> 00:01:27,253
actually
221
00:01:27,320 --> 00:01:27,821
stack
222
00:01:27,854 --> 00:01:28,555
layers
223
00:01:28,555 --> 00:01:28,955
of
224
00:01:28,955 --> 00:01:29,556
components
225
00:01:29,556 --> 00:01:29,789
which
226
00:01:29,789 --> 00:01:29,956
we
227
00:01:29,956 --> 00:01:30,156
call
228
00:01:30,190 --> 00:01:31,458
transistors
229
00:01:31,624 --> 00:01:32,559
vertically
230
00:01:32,592 --> 00:01:32,826
or
231
00:01:32,826 --> 00:01:33,159
almost
232
00:01:33,159 --> 00:01:33,293
like
233
00:01:33,359 --> 00:01:33,426
a
234
00:01:33,426 --> 00:01:33,860
building
235
00:01:33,860 --> 00:01:33,993
a
236
00:01:33,993 --> 00:01:34,828
skyscraper
237
00:01:34,828 --> 00:01:35,161
instead
238
00:01:35,161 --> 00:01:35,361
of
239
00:01:35,361 --> 00:01:36,029
expanding
240
00:01:36,029 --> 00:01:36,162
a
241
00:01:36,162 --> 00:01:36,696
city
242
00:01:36,830 --> 00:01:37,664
horizontally
243
00:01:37,664 --> 00:01:38,198
only.
244
00:01:38,198 --> 00:01:38,598
And
245
00:01:38,598 --> 00:01:38,698
the
246
00:01:38,698 --> 00:01:38,932
word
247
00:01:38,932 --> 00:01:40,033
monolithic
248
00:01:40,066 --> 00:01:40,333
here
249
00:01:40,333 --> 00:01:40,633
means
250
00:01:40,633 --> 00:01:40,900
that
251
00:01:40,900 --> 00:01:41,234
all
252
00:01:41,234 --> 00:01:41,401
of
253
00:01:41,401 --> 00:01:41,701
these
254
00:01:41,701 --> 00:01:42,602
layers
255
00:01:42,669 --> 00:01:42,836
that
256
00:01:42,836 --> 00:01:43,002
are
257
00:01:43,002 --> 00:01:43,436
actually
258
00:01:43,436 --> 00:01:43,736
built
259
00:01:43,736 --> 00:01:43,937
and
260
00:01:43,937 --> 00:01:44,704
integrated
261
00:01:44,704 --> 00:01:44,938
on
262
00:01:44,938 --> 00:01:45,138
the
263
00:01:45,138 --> 00:01:45,638
same
264
00:01:45,672 --> 00:01:46,272
underlying
265
00:01:46,272 --> 00:01:46,673
starting
266
00:01:46,673 --> 00:01:47,140
silicon
267
00:01:47,140 --> 00:01:47,707
substrate
268
00:01:47,707 --> 00:01:47,874
in
269
00:01:47,874 --> 00:01:47,974
a
270
00:01:47,974 --> 00:01:48,308
layer
271
00:01:48,308 --> 00:01:48,508
by
272
00:01:48,508 --> 00:01:48,842
layer
273
00:01:48,842 --> 00:01:49,542
fashion.
274
00:01:49,542 --> 00:01:49,943
And
275
00:01:49,943 --> 00:01:50,243
here,
276
00:01:50,243 --> 00:01:50,410
by
277
00:01:50,410 --> 00:01:50,877
stacking
278
00:01:50,877 --> 00:01:51,711
devices
279
00:01:51,711 --> 00:01:52,112
in
280
00:01:52,112 --> 00:01:52,212
the
281
00:01:52,212 --> 00:01:52,812
vertical
282
00:01:52,812 --> 00:01:53,746
dimension,
283
00:01:54,080 --> 00:01:54,214
we
284
00:01:54,214 --> 00:01:54,414
can
285
00:01:54,414 --> 00:01:54,881
pack
286
00:01:54,881 --> 00:01:55,215
more
287
00:01:55,215 --> 00:01:56,282
functionalities
288
00:01:56,282 --> 00:01:56,783
into
289
00:01:56,783 --> 00:01:57,016
the
290
00:01:57,050 --> 00:01:57,450
same
291
00:01:57,450 --> 00:01:57,817
chip
292
00:01:57,817 --> 00:01:58,351
area
293
00:01:58,351 --> 00:01:59,185
footprint
294
00:01:59,219 --> 00:01:59,552
while
295
00:01:59,586 --> 00:02:00,253
improving
296
00:02:00,253 --> 00:02:00,353
the
297
00:02:00,353 --> 00:02:01,020
performance
298
00:02:01,020 --> 00:02:01,321
and
299
00:02:01,321 --> 00:02:01,721
energy
300
00:02:01,721 --> 00:02:02,388
efficiency
301
00:02:02,388 --> 00:02:02,622
at
302
00:02:02,622 --> 00:02:02,755
the
303
00:02:02,755 --> 00:02:03,022
same
304
00:02:03,022 --> 00:02:03,556
time.
305
00:02:03,590 --> 00:02:03,756
And
306
00:02:03,756 --> 00:02:03,823
I
307
00:02:03,823 --> 00:02:04,090
think
308
00:02:04,090 --> 00:02:04,290
this
309
00:02:04,290 --> 00:02:04,457
has
310
00:02:04,457 --> 00:02:04,624
been
311
00:02:04,624 --> 00:02:04,791
a
312
00:02:04,791 --> 00:02:04,958
real
313
00:02:04,991 --> 00:02:05,391
goal
314
00:02:05,391 --> 00:02:05,758
of
315
00:02:05,758 --> 00:02:06,426
computing,
316
00:02:06,426 --> 00:02:07,026
microchip
317
00:02:07,026 --> 00:02:07,794
manufacturing
318
00:02:07,794 --> 00:02:08,495
industry
319
00:02:08,495 --> 00:02:08,862
as
320
00:02:08,862 --> 00:02:09,162
things
321
00:02:09,162 --> 00:02:09,362
get
322
00:02:09,362 --> 00:02:09,662
smaller
323
00:02:09,662 --> 00:02:09,829
and
324
00:02:09,829 --> 00:02:10,163
smaller
325
00:02:10,196 --> 00:02:10,430
now
326
00:02:10,430 --> 00:02:10,497
to
327
00:02:10,530 --> 00:02:10,730
make
328
00:02:10,730 --> 00:02:10,930
it
329
00:02:10,930 --> 00:02:11,498
denser,
330
00:02:11,531 --> 00:02:11,731
right?
331
00:02:11,798 --> 00:02:11,931
Yeah.
332
00:02:11,998 --> 00:02:12,532
Exactly.
333
00:02:12,599 --> 00:02:12,732
Right.
334
00:02:12,799 --> 00:02:13,032
We
335
00:02:13,032 --> 00:02:13,399
always
336
00:02:13,399 --> 00:02:13,533
talk
337
00:02:13,600 --> 00:02:13,900
about
338
00:02:13,900 --> 00:02:14,200
Moore's
339
00:02:14,200 --> 00:02:14,334
Law,
340
00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:14,501
right.
341
00:02:14,534 --> 00:02:14,701
So
342
00:02:14,701 --> 00:02:15,068
we
343
00:02:15,068 --> 00:02:15,401
always
344
00:02:15,401 --> 00:02:15,602
try
345
00:02:15,635 --> 00:02:15,735
to
346
00:02:15,802 --> 00:02:16,436
get
347
00:02:16,536 --> 00:02:16,836
higher
348
00:02:16,836 --> 00:02:17,437
integration
349
00:02:17,437 --> 00:02:18,037
density,
350
00:02:18,071 --> 00:02:18,371
better
351
00:02:18,371 --> 00:02:19,072
functionality,
352
00:02:19,105 --> 00:02:19,372
better
353
00:02:19,372 --> 00:02:19,873
performance
354
00:02:19,873 --> 00:02:20,073
and
355
00:02:20,073 --> 00:02:20,273
better
356
00:02:20,273 --> 00:02:20,573
energy
357
00:02:20,573 --> 00:02:21,141
efficiency
358
00:02:21,174 --> 00:02:21,441
at
359
00:02:21,441 --> 00:02:21,508
the
360
00:02:21,508 --> 00:02:21,708
same
361
00:02:21,708 --> 00:02:21,908
time.
362
00:02:21,908 --> 00:02:22,075
So
363
00:02:22,075 --> 00:02:22,275
this
364
00:02:22,275 --> 00:02:22,709
is
365
00:02:22,742 --> 00:02:22,942
kind
366
00:02:22,942 --> 00:02:23,042
of
367
00:02:23,076 --> 00:02:23,443
another
368
00:02:23,443 --> 00:02:23,576
way
369
00:02:23,576 --> 00:02:23,710
for
370
00:02:23,710 --> 00:02:23,877
us
371
00:02:23,877 --> 00:02:23,977
to
372
00:02:23,977 --> 00:02:24,144
do
373
00:02:24,144 --> 00:02:24,344
it
374
00:02:24,344 --> 00:02:24,544
now.
375
00:02:24,978 --> 00:02:25,278
So
376
00:02:25,278 --> 00:02:25,378
I
377
00:02:25,378 --> 00:02:25,545
want
378
00:02:25,545 --> 00:02:25,678
to
379
00:02:25,678 --> 00:02:25,879
tease
380
00:02:25,879 --> 00:02:26,179
apart
381
00:02:26,179 --> 00:02:26,412
one
382
00:02:26,412 --> 00:02:26,546
of
383
00:02:26,546 --> 00:02:26,613
the
384
00:02:26,613 --> 00:02:27,113
concepts
385
00:02:27,113 --> 00:02:27,280
here
386
00:02:27,280 --> 00:02:27,514
because
387
00:02:27,514 --> 00:02:27,614
I
388
00:02:27,614 --> 00:02:27,881
think
389
00:02:27,881 --> 00:02:27,981
if
390
00:02:27,981 --> 00:02:28,181
you're
391
00:02:28,181 --> 00:02:28,348
not
392
00:02:28,348 --> 00:02:28,481
in
393
00:02:28,481 --> 00:02:28,615
a
394
00:02:28,615 --> 00:02:29,482
computer
395
00:02:29,482 --> 00:02:29,983
background,
396
00:02:29,983 --> 00:02:30,216
not
397
00:02:30,216 --> 00:02:30,416
in
398
00:02:30,450 --> 00:02:31,050
manufacturing
399
00:02:31,050 --> 00:02:31,151
of
400
00:02:31,151 --> 00:02:31,251
this
401
00:02:31,251 --> 00:02:31,417
stuff,
402
00:02:31,417 --> 00:02:31,551
you
403
00:02:31,551 --> 00:02:31,651
might
404
00:02:31,651 --> 00:02:31,818
not
405
00:02:31,818 --> 00:02:31,951
know
406
00:02:31,951 --> 00:02:32,152
what
407
00:02:32,152 --> 00:02:32,252
a
408
00:02:32,252 --> 00:02:32,986
transistor
409
00:02:32,986 --> 00:02:33,319
is.
410
00:02:33,353 --> 00:02:33,720
So
411
00:02:33,720 --> 00:02:33,853
for
412
00:02:33,853 --> 00:02:33,987
the
413
00:02:33,987 --> 00:02:34,387
general
414
00:02:34,387 --> 00:02:34,754
public,
415
00:02:34,754 --> 00:02:35,021
what
416
00:02:35,021 --> 00:02:35,221
is
417
00:02:35,221 --> 00:02:35,355
a
418
00:02:35,355 --> 00:02:36,156
transistor?
419
00:02:36,189 --> 00:02:36,356
If
420
00:02:36,356 --> 00:02:36,523
you
421
00:02:36,523 --> 00:02:36,656
look
422
00:02:36,723 --> 00:02:36,856
at
423
00:02:36,856 --> 00:02:37,190
our
424
00:02:37,190 --> 00:02:37,690
current
425
00:02:37,824 --> 00:02:38,224
modern
426
00:02:38,224 --> 00:02:38,691
computer
427
00:02:38,691 --> 00:02:39,025
chips,
428
00:02:39,058 --> 00:02:39,225
the
429
00:02:39,225 --> 00:02:39,893
transistors
430
00:02:39,893 --> 00:02:40,026
are
431
00:02:40,026 --> 00:02:40,393
basically
432
00:02:40,393 --> 00:02:40,760
just
433
00:02:40,760 --> 00:02:40,994
their
434
00:02:40,994 --> 00:02:41,561
fundamental
435
00:02:41,594 --> 00:02:41,961
building
436
00:02:41,961 --> 00:02:42,495
blocks.
437
00:02:42,495 --> 00:02:42,962
And
438
00:02:42,962 --> 00:02:43,563
transistors
439
00:02:43,596 --> 00:02:43,763
kind
440
00:02:43,763 --> 00:02:43,830
of
441
00:02:43,863 --> 00:02:44,130
have
442
00:02:44,197 --> 00:02:44,430
two
443
00:02:44,464 --> 00:02:44,864
major
444
00:02:44,864 --> 00:02:45,498
jobs.
445
00:02:45,532 --> 00:02:45,798
So
446
00:02:45,798 --> 00:02:46,065
first,
447
00:02:46,065 --> 00:02:46,299
there's
448
00:02:46,299 --> 00:02:46,599
just
449
00:02:46,599 --> 00:02:46,733
the
450
00:02:46,733 --> 00:02:47,066
act
451
00:02:47,066 --> 00:02:47,267
as
452
00:02:47,267 --> 00:02:47,433
a
453
00:02:47,433 --> 00:02:47,834
simple
454
00:02:47,834 --> 00:02:48,234
switch.
455
00:02:48,434 --> 00:02:48,601
It
456
00:02:48,635 --> 00:02:48,868
can
457
00:02:48,902 --> 00:02:49,102
turn
458
00:02:49,102 --> 00:02:49,235
the
459
00:02:49,235 --> 00:02:49,802
electrical
460
00:02:49,802 --> 00:02:50,236
signal
461
00:02:50,270 --> 00:02:50,537
on
462
00:02:50,537 --> 00:02:50,737
and
463
00:02:50,737 --> 00:02:51,004
off.
464
00:02:51,037 --> 00:02:51,171
So
465
00:02:51,171 --> 00:02:51,304
we
466
00:02:51,304 --> 00:02:51,538
have
467
00:02:51,538 --> 00:02:52,305
contrast
468
00:02:52,338 --> 00:02:52,772
between
469
00:02:52,772 --> 00:02:53,206
1
470
00:02:53,206 --> 00:02:53,640
and
471
00:02:53,640 --> 00:02:54,073
0
472
00:02:54,107 --> 00:02:54,274
in
473
00:02:54,274 --> 00:02:54,507
our
474
00:02:54,507 --> 00:02:54,908
digital
475
00:02:54,908 --> 00:02:55,475
world.
476
00:02:55,508 --> 00:02:55,842
And
477
00:02:55,842 --> 00:02:55,942
the
478
00:02:55,942 --> 00:02:56,376
second
479
00:02:56,442 --> 00:02:56,643
is
480
00:02:56,643 --> 00:02:56,843
also
481
00:02:56,843 --> 00:02:57,076
very
482
00:02:57,076 --> 00:02:57,477
important.
483
00:02:57,510 --> 00:02:57,677
So
484
00:02:57,677 --> 00:02:58,211
transistor
485
00:02:58,278 --> 00:02:58,511
can
486
00:02:58,511 --> 00:02:58,778
help
487
00:02:58,778 --> 00:02:59,012
us
488
00:02:59,012 --> 00:02:59,546
to
489
00:02:59,579 --> 00:03:00,079
amplify
490
00:03:00,079 --> 00:03:00,180
the
491
00:03:00,180 --> 00:03:00,613
signals
492
00:03:00,914 --> 00:03:00,980
to
493
00:03:01,014 --> 00:03:01,281
make
494
00:03:01,314 --> 00:03:01,781
the
495
00:03:01,814 --> 00:03:02,215
wicked
496
00:03:02,682 --> 00:03:03,016
signal
497
00:03:03,082 --> 00:03:03,616
becomes
498
00:03:03,616 --> 00:03:04,217
stronger.
499
00:03:04,417 --> 00:03:04,584
So
500
00:03:04,584 --> 00:03:04,751
we
501
00:03:04,751 --> 00:03:04,984
can
502
00:03:04,984 --> 00:03:05,552
process
503
00:03:05,552 --> 00:03:05,785
them
504
00:03:05,785 --> 00:03:06,119
in
505
00:03:06,119 --> 00:03:06,219
a
506
00:03:06,219 --> 00:03:06,452
step
507
00:03:06,452 --> 00:03:06,619
by
508
00:03:06,619 --> 00:03:06,953
step
509
00:03:06,953 --> 00:03:07,754
fashion.
510
00:03:07,854 --> 00:03:08,454
Well,
511
00:03:08,454 --> 00:03:08,755
one
512
00:03:08,755 --> 00:03:09,355
transistor
513
00:03:09,355 --> 00:03:09,522
by
514
00:03:09,522 --> 00:03:09,989
itself
515
00:03:09,989 --> 00:03:10,223
does
516
00:03:10,223 --> 00:03:10,690
not
517
00:03:10,757 --> 00:03:11,024
do
518
00:03:11,024 --> 00:03:11,191
too
519
00:03:11,191 --> 00:03:11,457
much
520
00:03:11,691 --> 00:03:12,025
beyond
521
00:03:12,025 --> 00:03:12,225
this
522
00:03:12,225 --> 00:03:12,492
very
523
00:03:12,492 --> 00:03:12,859
basic
524
00:03:12,859 --> 00:03:13,860
functionalities.
525
00:03:13,860 --> 00:03:14,093
But
526
00:03:14,160 --> 00:03:14,360
when
527
00:03:14,394 --> 00:03:14,827
billions
528
00:03:14,827 --> 00:03:14,894
of
529
00:03:14,894 --> 00:03:15,094
those
530
00:03:15,094 --> 00:03:15,595
transistors
531
00:03:15,595 --> 00:03:16,062
are
532
00:03:16,062 --> 00:03:16,563
connected
533
00:03:16,563 --> 00:03:17,063
together
534
00:03:17,063 --> 00:03:17,297
in
535
00:03:17,297 --> 00:03:17,430
a
536
00:03:17,430 --> 00:03:17,830
defined
537
00:03:17,864 --> 00:03:18,431
way,
538
00:03:18,531 --> 00:03:18,998
then
539
00:03:18,998 --> 00:03:19,265
they
540
00:03:19,265 --> 00:03:19,732
form
541
00:03:19,732 --> 00:03:19,933
the
542
00:03:19,933 --> 00:03:20,333
very
543
00:03:20,333 --> 00:03:20,667
large
544
00:03:20,667 --> 00:03:21,134
scale
545
00:03:21,134 --> 00:03:22,202
integrated
546
00:03:22,202 --> 00:03:22,702
logic
547
00:03:22,702 --> 00:03:23,236
circuits,
548
00:03:23,236 --> 00:03:23,603
and
549
00:03:23,603 --> 00:03:23,836
those
550
00:03:23,836 --> 00:03:24,237
logic
551
00:03:24,237 --> 00:03:24,671
circuits
552
00:03:24,671 --> 00:03:24,871
can
553
00:03:24,871 --> 00:03:25,672
perform
554
00:03:25,705 --> 00:03:25,939
as
555
00:03:25,939 --> 00:03:26,573
expected
556
00:03:26,639 --> 00:03:26,873
when
557
00:03:26,873 --> 00:03:27,173
more
558
00:03:27,173 --> 00:03:27,707
complex
559
00:03:27,707 --> 00:03:28,374
tasks,
560
00:03:28,374 --> 00:03:28,708
such
561
00:03:28,708 --> 00:03:28,942
as
562
00:03:29,242 --> 00:03:29,642
running
563
00:03:29,642 --> 00:03:29,742
the
564
00:03:29,742 --> 00:03:30,310
software
565
00:03:30,443 --> 00:03:30,577
on
566
00:03:30,577 --> 00:03:30,977
our
567
00:03:31,010 --> 00:03:31,044
on
568
00:03:31,077 --> 00:03:31,311
our
569
00:03:31,344 --> 00:03:32,011
computers,
570
00:03:32,011 --> 00:03:32,612
processing
571
00:03:32,612 --> 00:03:32,979
image
572
00:03:32,979 --> 00:03:33,179
or
573
00:03:33,179 --> 00:03:33,546
training,
574
00:03:33,546 --> 00:03:33,713
or
575
00:03:33,713 --> 00:03:34,681
executing
576
00:03:34,681 --> 00:03:34,948
the
577
00:03:34,948 --> 00:03:35,415
artificial
578
00:03:35,415 --> 00:03:36,015
intelligence
579
00:03:36,015 --> 00:03:36,616
models.
580
00:03:36,616 --> 00:03:36,749
You
581
00:03:36,749 --> 00:03:37,217
mentioned
582
00:03:37,250 --> 00:03:37,717
artificial
583
00:03:37,717 --> 00:03:38,384
intelligence
584
00:03:38,384 --> 00:03:38,818
models,
585
00:03:38,818 --> 00:03:38,985
and
586
00:03:38,985 --> 00:03:39,219
that's
587
00:03:39,219 --> 00:03:39,385
going
588
00:03:39,385 --> 00:03:39,519
to
589
00:03:39,519 --> 00:03:39,619
be
590
00:03:39,619 --> 00:03:40,019
probably
591
00:03:40,019 --> 00:03:40,220
a
592
00:03:40,220 --> 00:03:40,553
big
593
00:03:40,553 --> 00:03:40,954
hit
594
00:03:40,987 --> 00:03:41,588
here.
595
00:03:41,654 --> 00:03:42,188
How
596
00:03:42,555 --> 00:03:43,223
is
597
00:03:43,389 --> 00:03:43,823
AI
598
00:03:43,890 --> 00:03:44,557
impacting
599
00:03:44,557 --> 00:03:44,958
current
600
00:03:44,958 --> 00:03:45,992
microchips?
601
00:03:46,025 --> 00:03:46,359
Well,
602
00:03:46,593 --> 00:03:46,859
AI
603
00:03:46,893 --> 00:03:47,060
is
604
00:03:47,060 --> 00:03:47,694
definitely
605
00:03:47,694 --> 00:03:47,827
the
606
00:03:47,827 --> 00:03:48,194
biggest
607
00:03:48,628 --> 00:03:49,028
driving
608
00:03:49,028 --> 00:03:49,362
force
609
00:03:49,362 --> 00:03:49,495
in
610
00:03:49,495 --> 00:03:50,263
semiconductor
611
00:03:50,263 --> 00:03:50,663
industry
612
00:03:50,697 --> 00:03:51,631
nowadays.
613
00:03:51,631 --> 00:03:52,131
So
614
00:03:52,198 --> 00:03:52,832
modern
615
00:03:52,865 --> 00:03:53,199
AI
616
00:03:53,233 --> 00:03:53,900
systems
617
00:03:53,933 --> 00:03:54,267
on
618
00:03:54,267 --> 00:03:54,534
one
619
00:03:54,534 --> 00:03:54,901
hand,
620
00:03:54,901 --> 00:03:55,268
as
621
00:03:55,268 --> 00:03:55,501
you
622
00:03:55,501 --> 00:03:55,935
probably
623
00:03:55,935 --> 00:03:56,202
hear
624
00:03:56,202 --> 00:03:56,469
from
625
00:03:56,469 --> 00:03:56,669
all
626
00:03:56,669 --> 00:03:56,736
the
627
00:03:56,736 --> 00:03:57,036
news
628
00:03:57,036 --> 00:03:57,470
reports
629
00:03:57,470 --> 00:03:57,870
around
630
00:03:57,870 --> 00:03:58,304
us,
631
00:03:58,338 --> 00:03:58,571
we
632
00:03:58,571 --> 00:03:59,038
need
633
00:03:59,072 --> 00:03:59,872
enormous
634
00:04:00,139 --> 00:04:00,440
amount
635
00:04:00,440 --> 00:04:00,573
of
636
00:04:00,573 --> 00:04:01,274
computational
637
00:04:01,274 --> 00:04:01,574
power
638
00:04:01,574 --> 00:04:01,774
and
639
00:04:01,774 --> 00:04:02,442
memory.
640
00:04:02,442 --> 00:04:02,842
And
641
00:04:02,842 --> 00:04:03,076
that's
642
00:04:03,076 --> 00:04:03,509
basically
643
00:04:03,509 --> 00:04:03,676
the
644
00:04:03,676 --> 00:04:03,977
reason
645
00:04:03,977 --> 00:04:04,344
why
646
00:04:04,377 --> 00:04:04,544
all
647
00:04:04,544 --> 00:04:04,744
those
648
00:04:04,744 --> 00:04:05,345
companies
649
00:04:05,345 --> 00:04:05,812
like
650
00:04:06,279 --> 00:04:06,946
Vaidya,
651
00:04:06,980 --> 00:04:07,614
Intel,
652
00:04:07,680 --> 00:04:08,214
AMD,
653
00:04:08,281 --> 00:04:08,781
Samsung,
654
00:04:08,815 --> 00:04:09,215
micron
655
00:04:09,215 --> 00:04:09,482
just
656
00:04:09,482 --> 00:04:09,882
become
657
00:04:09,882 --> 00:04:10,283
so
658
00:04:10,283 --> 00:04:11,050
prominent
659
00:04:11,117 --> 00:04:11,517
during
660
00:04:11,517 --> 00:04:11,618
the
661
00:04:11,618 --> 00:04:12,051
past
662
00:04:12,051 --> 00:04:12,318
few
663
00:04:12,318 --> 00:04:12,919
years.
664
00:04:12,986 --> 00:04:13,519
And
665
00:04:13,553 --> 00:04:13,853
at
666
00:04:13,853 --> 00:04:13,953
the
667
00:04:13,953 --> 00:04:14,187
same
668
00:04:14,187 --> 00:04:14,754
time,
669
00:04:14,954 --> 00:04:15,388
AI
670
00:04:15,622 --> 00:04:16,322
also
671
00:04:16,322 --> 00:04:16,789
depends
672
00:04:16,789 --> 00:04:17,457
on
673
00:04:17,490 --> 00:04:17,857
big
674
00:04:17,857 --> 00:04:18,424
data.
675
00:04:18,458 --> 00:04:18,825
So
676
00:04:18,825 --> 00:04:19,025
for
677
00:04:19,025 --> 00:04:19,292
all
678
00:04:19,292 --> 00:04:19,626
this
679
00:04:19,659 --> 00:04:20,093
AI
680
00:04:20,293 --> 00:04:20,693
working
681
00:04:20,693 --> 00:04:21,361
loads,
682
00:04:21,361 --> 00:04:21,694
we
683
00:04:21,694 --> 00:04:21,995
have
684
00:04:21,995 --> 00:04:22,095
to
685
00:04:22,095 --> 00:04:22,562
move
686
00:04:22,629 --> 00:04:22,895
huge
687
00:04:22,895 --> 00:04:23,229
amount
688
00:04:23,229 --> 00:04:23,396
of
689
00:04:23,396 --> 00:04:23,830
data
690
00:04:23,863 --> 00:04:24,464
throughout
691
00:04:24,464 --> 00:04:24,697
our
692
00:04:24,697 --> 00:04:25,665
computational
693
00:04:25,665 --> 00:04:26,399
system.
694
00:04:26,432 --> 00:04:26,733
And
695
00:04:26,733 --> 00:04:27,433
even
696
00:04:27,433 --> 00:04:27,834
with
697
00:04:27,834 --> 00:04:28,401
an
698
00:04:28,434 --> 00:04:28,801
age
699
00:04:28,868 --> 00:04:29,602
individual
700
00:04:29,602 --> 00:04:30,136
computer
701
00:04:30,136 --> 00:04:30,903
chips.
702
00:04:30,903 --> 00:04:31,504
So
703
00:04:31,504 --> 00:04:31,871
for
704
00:04:31,871 --> 00:04:32,171
many
705
00:04:32,171 --> 00:04:32,238
of
706
00:04:32,238 --> 00:04:32,472
these
707
00:04:32,505 --> 00:04:32,772
AI
708
00:04:32,839 --> 00:04:33,339
workloads,
709
00:04:33,339 --> 00:04:33,539
the
710
00:04:33,539 --> 00:04:34,140
challenge
711
00:04:34,173 --> 00:04:34,574
and
712
00:04:34,574 --> 00:04:34,941
just
713
00:04:34,941 --> 00:04:35,441
perform
714
00:04:35,441 --> 00:04:35,541
the
715
00:04:35,541 --> 00:04:36,876
computations
716
00:04:36,909 --> 00:04:38,111
themselves
717
00:04:38,211 --> 00:04:38,511
is
718
00:04:38,544 --> 00:04:38,911
actually
719
00:04:38,911 --> 00:04:39,279
getting
720
00:04:39,279 --> 00:04:39,412
the
721
00:04:39,412 --> 00:04:39,712
right
722
00:04:39,712 --> 00:04:40,280
data
723
00:04:40,280 --> 00:04:40,480
to
724
00:04:40,480 --> 00:04:40,613
the
725
00:04:40,613 --> 00:04:40,947
right
726
00:04:40,947 --> 00:04:41,514
place
727
00:04:41,514 --> 00:04:41,981
quickly
728
00:04:41,981 --> 00:04:42,582
enough.
729
00:04:42,582 --> 00:04:42,949
So
730
00:04:42,949 --> 00:04:43,216
for
731
00:04:43,216 --> 00:04:43,583
AI
732
00:04:43,616 --> 00:04:43,883
to
733
00:04:43,916 --> 00:04:44,517
continue
734
00:04:44,550 --> 00:04:45,184
advancing,
735
00:04:45,184 --> 00:04:45,351
we
736
00:04:45,351 --> 00:04:45,852
basically
737
00:04:45,852 --> 00:04:46,319
need
738
00:04:46,319 --> 00:04:46,552
two
739
00:04:46,586 --> 00:04:46,853
things,
740
00:04:46,919 --> 00:04:47,053
right?
741
00:04:47,053 --> 00:04:47,186
We
742
00:04:47,186 --> 00:04:47,453
need
743
00:04:47,453 --> 00:04:47,754
more
744
00:04:47,754 --> 00:04:48,521
computational
745
00:04:48,521 --> 00:04:49,022
power
746
00:04:49,022 --> 00:04:49,222
for
747
00:04:49,222 --> 00:04:49,756
sure.
748
00:04:50,123 --> 00:04:50,423
And
749
00:04:50,423 --> 00:04:50,857
also
750
00:04:50,857 --> 00:04:50,990
we
751
00:04:50,990 --> 00:04:51,190
need
752
00:04:51,190 --> 00:04:51,291
to
753
00:04:51,291 --> 00:04:51,557
make
754
00:04:51,591 --> 00:04:51,758
the
755
00:04:51,758 --> 00:04:52,158
data
756
00:04:52,158 --> 00:04:52,825
movement
757
00:04:52,825 --> 00:04:53,293
becomes
758
00:04:53,359 --> 00:04:53,860
faster
759
00:04:53,860 --> 00:04:54,093
and
760
00:04:54,093 --> 00:04:54,494
also
761
00:04:54,494 --> 00:04:55,094
more
762
00:04:55,228 --> 00:04:55,862
energy
763
00:04:55,862 --> 00:04:56,362
efficient.
764
00:04:56,362 --> 00:04:56,496
So
765
00:04:56,496 --> 00:04:57,063
engineering
766
00:04:57,096 --> 00:04:57,330
term
767
00:04:57,330 --> 00:04:57,530
we
768
00:04:57,530 --> 00:04:57,664
talk
769
00:04:57,697 --> 00:04:57,997
about
770
00:04:58,031 --> 00:04:58,531
things
771
00:04:58,598 --> 00:04:58,865
like
772
00:04:58,898 --> 00:04:59,265
higher
773
00:04:59,265 --> 00:04:59,999
communication
774
00:04:59,999 --> 00:05:00,466
bandwidth
775
00:05:00,466 --> 00:05:00,667
and
776
00:05:00,667 --> 00:05:00,933
also
777
00:05:00,933 --> 00:05:01,334
better
778
00:05:01,334 --> 00:05:01,934
energy
779
00:05:02,001 --> 00:05:03,036
efficiency.
780
00:05:03,069 --> 00:05:03,536
And
781
00:05:03,536 --> 00:05:04,037
solving
782
00:05:04,037 --> 00:05:04,170
this
783
00:05:04,237 --> 00:05:04,370
kind
784
00:05:04,370 --> 00:05:04,537
of
785
00:05:04,570 --> 00:05:04,904
data
786
00:05:04,904 --> 00:05:05,571
communication
787
00:05:05,571 --> 00:05:06,472
bottleneck.
788
00:05:06,506 --> 00:05:06,739
It's
789
00:05:06,739 --> 00:05:07,073
just
790
00:05:07,073 --> 00:05:07,774
becoming
791
00:05:07,840 --> 00:05:08,074
as
792
00:05:08,074 --> 00:05:08,675
important
793
00:05:08,675 --> 00:05:08,941
as
794
00:05:08,941 --> 00:05:09,742
making
795
00:05:09,976 --> 00:05:10,243
our
796
00:05:10,243 --> 00:05:11,110
microprocessors
797
00:05:11,110 --> 00:05:11,511
becomes
798
00:05:11,511 --> 00:05:11,944
faster
799
00:05:11,944 --> 00:05:12,111
and
800
00:05:12,111 --> 00:05:12,312
more
801
00:05:12,312 --> 00:05:13,079
powerful.
802
00:05:13,112 --> 00:05:13,413
How
803
00:05:13,413 --> 00:05:13,680
might
804
00:05:13,713 --> 00:05:13,813
the
805
00:05:13,813 --> 00:05:14,147
3D
806
00:05:14,180 --> 00:05:14,781
structures,
807
00:05:14,781 --> 00:05:14,914
the
808
00:05:14,914 --> 00:05:15,214
vertical
809
00:05:15,214 --> 00:05:15,615
scaling
810
00:05:15,615 --> 00:05:15,715
of
811
00:05:15,715 --> 00:05:15,815
the
812
00:05:15,815 --> 00:05:16,416
chips,
813
00:05:16,416 --> 00:05:16,883
solve
814
00:05:16,883 --> 00:05:16,983
some
815
00:05:16,983 --> 00:05:17,150
of
816
00:05:17,150 --> 00:05:17,350
these
817
00:05:17,350 --> 00:05:18,318
problems?
818
00:05:18,351 --> 00:05:18,785
That's
819
00:05:18,785 --> 00:05:19,252
exactly
820
00:05:19,252 --> 00:05:19,419
what
821
00:05:19,419 --> 00:05:19,652
I'm
822
00:05:19,719 --> 00:05:19,952
talking
823
00:05:19,952 --> 00:05:20,153
about
824
00:05:20,186 --> 00:05:20,520
over
825
00:05:20,520 --> 00:05:20,620
here,
826
00:05:20,620 --> 00:05:20,720
right.
827
00:05:20,853 --> 00:05:21,020
So
828
00:05:21,020 --> 00:05:21,120
the
829
00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:21,854
vertical
830
00:05:21,854 --> 00:05:22,388
scaling
831
00:05:22,388 --> 00:05:22,789
here
832
00:05:22,789 --> 00:05:23,189
helps
833
00:05:23,189 --> 00:05:23,356
us
834
00:05:23,356 --> 00:05:23,456
to
835
00:05:23,456 --> 00:05:23,823
address
836
00:05:23,823 --> 00:05:24,190
these
837
00:05:24,190 --> 00:05:24,424
two
838
00:05:24,457 --> 00:05:25,291
challenges
839
00:05:25,391 --> 00:05:25,825
facing
840
00:05:25,825 --> 00:05:25,892
the
841
00:05:25,892 --> 00:05:26,759
semiconductor
842
00:05:26,759 --> 00:05:27,427
industry
843
00:05:27,460 --> 00:05:27,794
for
844
00:05:27,794 --> 00:05:27,894
the
845
00:05:27,894 --> 00:05:28,227
demand
846
00:05:28,261 --> 00:05:28,494
of
847
00:05:28,494 --> 00:05:28,961
AI
848
00:05:29,395 --> 00:05:29,696
at
849
00:05:29,696 --> 00:05:29,796
the
850
00:05:29,796 --> 00:05:29,962
same
851
00:05:29,962 --> 00:05:30,496
time.
852
00:05:30,563 --> 00:05:30,830
So
853
00:05:30,830 --> 00:05:30,897
the
854
00:05:30,897 --> 00:05:31,431
first
855
00:05:31,431 --> 00:05:32,131
is
856
00:05:32,131 --> 00:05:32,999
continuing
857
00:05:32,999 --> 00:05:33,066
the
858
00:05:33,066 --> 00:05:34,067
performance
859
00:05:34,100 --> 00:05:35,268
improvement.
860
00:05:35,435 --> 00:05:35,668
So
861
00:05:35,668 --> 00:05:36,102
let's
862
00:05:36,102 --> 00:05:36,469
look
863
00:05:36,469 --> 00:05:36,703
at
864
00:05:36,703 --> 00:05:36,936
this
865
00:05:36,936 --> 00:05:37,370
problem
866
00:05:37,370 --> 00:05:37,570
from
867
00:05:37,570 --> 00:05:37,670
a
868
00:05:37,670 --> 00:05:37,870
little
869
00:05:37,870 --> 00:05:38,037
bit
870
00:05:38,037 --> 00:05:38,137
of
871
00:05:38,137 --> 00:05:38,738
historical
872
00:05:38,738 --> 00:05:39,906
perspective.
873
00:05:40,139 --> 00:05:40,640
For
874
00:05:40,640 --> 00:05:41,341
decades
875
00:05:41,374 --> 00:05:41,507
the
876
00:05:41,507 --> 00:05:42,275
semiconductor
877
00:05:42,275 --> 00:05:42,875
industry
878
00:05:42,909 --> 00:05:43,576
followed
879
00:05:43,576 --> 00:05:43,843
what
880
00:05:43,843 --> 00:05:44,010
we
881
00:05:44,010 --> 00:05:44,711
called
882
00:05:44,877 --> 00:05:45,111
the
883
00:05:45,111 --> 00:05:45,578
Moore's
884
00:05:45,578 --> 00:05:46,079
Law
885
00:05:46,212 --> 00:05:46,612
and
886
00:05:46,612 --> 00:05:46,879
Moore’s
887
00:05:46,879 --> 00:05:47,146
Law
888
00:05:47,146 --> 00:05:47,580
basically
889
00:05:47,580 --> 00:05:47,814
saying
890
00:05:47,880 --> 00:05:48,081
okay,
891
00:05:48,114 --> 00:05:48,281
we're
892
00:05:48,281 --> 00:05:48,414
going
893
00:05:48,414 --> 00:05:48,514
to
894
00:05:48,514 --> 00:05:48,715
make
895
00:05:48,715 --> 00:05:48,815
the
896
00:05:48,815 --> 00:05:49,549
transistor.
897
00:05:49,582 --> 00:05:49,749
The
898
00:05:49,749 --> 00:05:50,183
basic
899
00:05:50,183 --> 00:05:50,550
building
900
00:05:50,550 --> 00:05:50,950
blocks
901
00:05:50,983 --> 00:05:51,217
we
902
00:05:51,217 --> 00:05:51,784
described
903
00:05:51,818 --> 00:05:52,819
previously
904
00:05:52,819 --> 00:05:53,586
become
905
00:05:53,619 --> 00:05:54,020
smaller
906
00:05:54,020 --> 00:05:54,187
and
907
00:05:54,187 --> 00:05:54,854
smaller,
908
00:05:54,987 --> 00:05:55,588
shrinking
909
00:05:55,588 --> 00:05:55,855
this
910
00:05:55,922 --> 00:05:56,556
individual
911
00:05:56,556 --> 00:05:57,657
component,
912
00:05:57,690 --> 00:05:58,057
smaller
913
00:05:58,057 --> 00:05:58,224
and
914
00:05:58,224 --> 00:05:58,958
smaller,
915
00:05:59,058 --> 00:05:59,459
allow
916
00:05:59,459 --> 00:05:59,692
us
917
00:05:59,692 --> 00:05:59,859
to
918
00:05:59,892 --> 00:06:00,393
pack
919
00:06:00,393 --> 00:06:00,693
more
920
00:06:00,693 --> 00:06:00,827
and
921
00:06:00,827 --> 00:06:01,160
more
922
00:06:01,160 --> 00:06:02,195
devices
923
00:06:02,295 --> 00:06:02,829
within
924
00:06:02,829 --> 00:06:03,029
the
925
00:06:03,029 --> 00:06:03,429
same
926
00:06:03,463 --> 00:06:03,830
chip
927
00:06:03,830 --> 00:06:04,464
area,
928
00:06:04,497 --> 00:06:04,797
and
929
00:06:04,797 --> 00:06:05,198
therefore
930
00:06:05,231 --> 00:06:05,631
that's
931
00:06:05,665 --> 00:06:06,232
increase
932
00:06:06,232 --> 00:06:06,466
our
933
00:06:06,466 --> 00:06:07,133
computational
934
00:06:07,133 --> 00:06:07,433
power.
935
00:06:07,467 --> 00:06:07,667
That's
936
00:06:07,667 --> 00:06:07,900
pretty
937
00:06:07,900 --> 00:06:08,801
straightforward.
938
00:06:08,835 --> 00:06:09,268
But
939
00:06:09,268 --> 00:06:09,435
the
940
00:06:09,435 --> 00:06:10,103
problem
941
00:06:10,103 --> 00:06:10,503
is
942
00:06:10,536 --> 00:06:10,837
we
943
00:06:10,870 --> 00:06:10,970
are
944
00:06:10,970 --> 00:06:11,671
approaching
945
00:06:11,671 --> 00:06:11,838
the
946
00:06:11,838 --> 00:06:12,472
fundamental
947
00:06:12,472 --> 00:06:13,172
physics
948
00:06:13,306 --> 00:06:14,073
limit.
949
00:06:14,107 --> 00:06:14,741
Nowadays,
950
00:06:14,741 --> 00:06:14,941
if
951
00:06:14,941 --> 00:06:15,108
you
952
00:06:15,108 --> 00:06:15,308
look
953
00:06:15,308 --> 00:06:15,508
at
954
00:06:15,508 --> 00:06:15,708
the
955
00:06:15,708 --> 00:06:16,042
state
956
00:06:16,042 --> 00:06:16,242
of
957
00:06:16,242 --> 00:06:16,442
the
958
00:06:16,442 --> 00:06:16,876
art
959
00:06:16,909 --> 00:06:17,777
transistors
960
00:06:17,777 --> 00:06:18,211
used
961
00:06:18,211 --> 00:06:18,678
in
962
00:06:18,678 --> 00:06:19,011
our
963
00:06:19,011 --> 00:06:19,345
most
964
00:06:19,345 --> 00:06:19,912
advanced
965
00:06:19,912 --> 00:06:20,980
microprocessors,
966
00:06:21,013 --> 00:06:21,314
and
967
00:06:21,314 --> 00:06:21,547
we're
968
00:06:21,547 --> 00:06:21,781
talking
969
00:06:21,781 --> 00:06:22,048
about
970
00:06:22,081 --> 00:06:22,181
a
971
00:06:22,181 --> 00:06:22,348
two
972
00:06:22,348 --> 00:06:22,815
nanometer,
973
00:06:22,815 --> 00:06:23,015
three
974
00:06:23,015 --> 00:06:23,516
nanometer
975
00:06:23,516 --> 00:06:24,117
technology
976
00:06:24,117 --> 00:06:24,751
node,
977
00:06:24,817 --> 00:06:25,118
the
978
00:06:25,118 --> 00:06:25,618
critical
979
00:06:25,618 --> 00:06:26,152
dimension
980
00:06:26,152 --> 00:06:26,319
of
981
00:06:26,319 --> 00:06:26,552
those
982
00:06:26,552 --> 00:06:27,220
devices
983
00:06:27,220 --> 00:06:27,453
is
984
00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:27,854
actually
985
00:06:27,920 --> 00:06:28,254
down
986
00:06:28,254 --> 00:06:28,588
to
987
00:06:28,855 --> 00:06:29,155
tens
988
00:06:29,155 --> 00:06:29,255
of
989
00:06:29,255 --> 00:06:30,123
nanometers.
990
00:06:30,123 --> 00:06:30,590
And
991
00:06:30,590 --> 00:06:30,857
in
992
00:06:30,857 --> 00:06:31,357
this
993
00:06:31,357 --> 00:06:31,758
length
994
00:06:31,758 --> 00:06:32,392
scale,
995
00:06:32,558 --> 00:06:32,792
the
996
00:06:32,792 --> 00:06:33,192
quantum
997
00:06:33,192 --> 00:06:33,760
effects,
998
00:06:33,793 --> 00:06:34,394
especially
999
00:06:34,394 --> 00:06:34,460
the
1000
00:06:34,460 --> 00:06:34,894
direct
1001
00:06:34,961 --> 00:06:35,495
tunneling,
1002
00:06:35,495 --> 00:06:35,962
becomes
1003
00:06:35,962 --> 00:06:36,996
important
1004
00:06:36,996 --> 00:06:37,630
and
1005
00:06:37,663 --> 00:06:37,897
they
1006
00:06:37,897 --> 00:06:38,231
start
1007
00:06:38,231 --> 00:06:38,331
to
1008
00:06:38,398 --> 00:06:39,031
degrade
1009
00:06:39,065 --> 00:06:39,399
our
1010
00:06:39,399 --> 00:06:40,066
transistor
1011
00:06:40,099 --> 00:06:41,200
operations.
1012
00:06:41,234 --> 00:06:41,601
And
1013
00:06:41,601 --> 00:06:41,901
that
1014
00:06:41,901 --> 00:06:42,235
makes
1015
00:06:42,235 --> 00:06:42,435
the
1016
00:06:42,435 --> 00:06:43,002
further
1017
00:06:43,002 --> 00:06:43,436
lateral
1018
00:06:43,436 --> 00:06:43,870
scaling
1019
00:06:43,870 --> 00:06:44,137
just
1020
00:06:44,137 --> 00:06:44,504
along
1021
00:06:44,504 --> 00:06:44,670
the
1022
00:06:44,670 --> 00:06:44,971
X
1023
00:06:44,971 --> 00:06:45,271
and
1024
00:06:45,271 --> 00:06:45,638
Y
1025
00:06:45,671 --> 00:06:46,506
directions
1026
00:06:46,506 --> 00:06:46,873
just
1027
00:06:46,873 --> 00:06:47,673
becoming
1028
00:06:47,707 --> 00:06:48,708
increasingly
1029
00:06:48,708 --> 00:06:49,442
difficult
1030
00:06:49,442 --> 00:06:49,742
and
1031
00:06:49,742 --> 00:06:50,109
also
1032
00:06:50,143 --> 00:06:51,010
economically
1033
00:06:51,010 --> 00:06:51,310
more
1034
00:06:51,310 --> 00:06:51,411
and
1035
00:06:51,411 --> 00:06:51,711
more
1036
00:06:51,744 --> 00:06:52,812
expensive.
1037
00:06:52,812 --> 00:06:53,179
So
1038
00:06:53,179 --> 00:06:53,546
that's
1039
00:06:53,546 --> 00:06:53,813
where
1040
00:06:53,813 --> 00:06:54,180
this
1041
00:06:54,180 --> 00:06:54,714
vertical
1042
00:06:54,714 --> 00:06:55,148
scaling
1043
00:06:55,415 --> 00:06:55,882
along
1044
00:06:55,882 --> 00:06:56,015
the
1045
00:06:56,015 --> 00:06:56,482
Z
1046
00:06:56,482 --> 00:06:57,016
direction
1047
00:06:57,016 --> 00:06:57,383
comes
1048
00:06:57,383 --> 00:06:57,750
in.
1049
00:06:57,784 --> 00:06:58,151
So
1050
00:06:58,184 --> 00:06:58,551
instead
1051
00:06:58,551 --> 00:06:58,751
of
1052
00:06:58,751 --> 00:06:59,051
just
1053
00:06:59,051 --> 00:06:59,385
making
1054
00:06:59,385 --> 00:06:59,619
our
1055
00:06:59,619 --> 00:07:00,420
transistors
1056
00:07:00,420 --> 00:07:01,020
become
1057
00:07:01,053 --> 00:07:01,654
smaller,
1058
00:07:01,654 --> 00:07:01,854
we
1059
00:07:01,854 --> 00:07:02,054
can
1060
00:07:02,054 --> 00:07:02,422
stack
1061
00:07:02,422 --> 00:07:02,789
them
1062
00:07:02,789 --> 00:07:03,256
one
1063
00:07:03,322 --> 00:07:03,556
on
1064
00:07:03,556 --> 00:07:03,790
top
1065
00:07:03,790 --> 00:07:03,956
of
1066
00:07:03,956 --> 00:07:04,457
another,
1067
00:07:04,490 --> 00:07:04,957
right.
1068
00:07:04,991 --> 00:07:05,291
And
1069
00:07:05,291 --> 00:07:05,658
that's
1070
00:07:05,658 --> 00:07:06,025
also
1071
00:07:06,058 --> 00:07:06,292
going
1072
00:07:06,292 --> 00:07:06,392
to
1073
00:07:06,392 --> 00:07:06,659
help
1074
00:07:06,659 --> 00:07:06,893
us
1075
00:07:06,893 --> 00:07:07,193
to
1076
00:07:07,226 --> 00:07:07,693
increase
1077
00:07:07,693 --> 00:07:07,860
the
1078
00:07:07,860 --> 00:07:08,494
integration
1079
00:07:08,494 --> 00:07:09,362
density
1080
00:07:09,495 --> 00:07:09,662
or
1081
00:07:09,662 --> 00:07:09,962
so-called
1082
00:07:09,962 --> 00:07:10,062
the
1083
00:07:10,062 --> 00:07:10,363
number
1084
00:07:10,363 --> 00:07:10,496
of
1085
00:07:10,496 --> 00:07:11,531
transistors
1086
00:07:11,531 --> 00:07:11,798
in
1087
00:07:11,798 --> 00:07:11,898
the
1088
00:07:11,898 --> 00:07:12,198
same
1089
00:07:12,465 --> 00:07:12,899
area.
1090
00:07:12,899 --> 00:07:13,065
So
1091
00:07:13,065 --> 00:07:13,232
we
1092
00:07:13,232 --> 00:07:13,466
still
1093
00:07:13,466 --> 00:07:13,833
get
1094
00:07:13,866 --> 00:07:14,300
better
1095
00:07:14,300 --> 00:07:14,934
performance
1096
00:07:14,934 --> 00:07:15,201
and
1097
00:07:15,201 --> 00:07:15,435
more
1098
00:07:15,435 --> 00:07:16,102
computational
1099
00:07:16,102 --> 00:07:16,869
power
1100
00:07:16,869 --> 00:07:17,103
for
1101
00:07:17,103 --> 00:07:17,236
the
1102
00:07:17,236 --> 00:07:17,503
AI
1103
00:07:17,537 --> 00:07:18,371
workload.
1104
00:07:18,504 --> 00:07:18,738
And
1105
00:07:18,738 --> 00:07:18,871
the
1106
00:07:18,871 --> 00:07:19,238
second
1107
00:07:19,238 --> 00:07:19,705
challenge
1108
00:07:19,705 --> 00:07:20,039
over
1109
00:07:20,039 --> 00:07:20,273
here
1110
00:07:20,273 --> 00:07:20,373
is
1111
00:07:20,373 --> 00:07:20,873
basically
1112
00:07:20,873 --> 00:07:20,973
the
1113
00:07:20,973 --> 00:07:21,274
data
1114
00:07:21,274 --> 00:07:22,175
communication
1115
00:07:22,175 --> 00:07:22,341
I
1116
00:07:22,341 --> 00:07:23,142
described
1117
00:07:23,176 --> 00:07:24,143
previously.
1118
00:07:24,143 --> 00:07:24,410
So
1119
00:07:24,410 --> 00:07:24,610
as
1120
00:07:24,610 --> 00:07:24,777
you
1121
00:07:24,777 --> 00:07:24,944
can
1122
00:07:24,977 --> 00:07:25,478
imagine,
1123
00:07:25,478 --> 00:07:25,611
when
1124
00:07:25,611 --> 00:07:25,778
you
1125
00:07:25,812 --> 00:07:26,145
stack
1126
00:07:26,179 --> 00:07:26,345
the
1127
00:07:26,345 --> 00:07:27,146
devices
1128
00:07:27,146 --> 00:07:27,547
in
1129
00:07:27,547 --> 00:07:27,680
the
1130
00:07:27,680 --> 00:07:28,080
vertical
1131
00:07:28,080 --> 00:07:29,015
direction,
1132
00:07:29,081 --> 00:07:29,315
then
1133
00:07:29,315 --> 00:07:29,415
the
1134
00:07:29,415 --> 00:07:29,816
device
1135
00:07:29,816 --> 00:07:29,982
in
1136
00:07:29,982 --> 00:07:30,183
the
1137
00:07:30,183 --> 00:07:30,583
top
1138
00:07:30,583 --> 00:07:30,917
layer
1139
00:07:30,917 --> 00:07:31,017
and
1140
00:07:31,017 --> 00:07:31,117
the
1141
00:07:31,117 --> 00:07:31,517
device
1142
00:07:31,517 --> 00:07:31,651
in
1143
00:07:31,651 --> 00:07:31,784
the
1144
00:07:31,784 --> 00:07:32,218
bottom
1145
00:07:32,218 --> 00:07:32,785
layer,
1146
00:07:32,852 --> 00:07:33,119
they
1147
00:07:33,119 --> 00:07:33,319
can
1148
00:07:33,319 --> 00:07:33,453
be
1149
00:07:33,453 --> 00:07:34,187
connected
1150
00:07:34,187 --> 00:07:34,587
through
1151
00:07:34,620 --> 00:07:35,054
much
1152
00:07:35,054 --> 00:07:35,822
shorter
1153
00:07:35,922 --> 00:07:36,456
vertical
1154
00:07:36,456 --> 00:07:37,190
pathways
1155
00:07:37,190 --> 00:07:37,623
rather
1156
00:07:37,623 --> 00:07:37,824
than
1157
00:07:38,090 --> 00:07:38,491
going
1158
00:07:38,491 --> 00:07:38,958
through
1159
00:07:38,991 --> 00:07:39,759
relatively
1160
00:07:39,759 --> 00:07:40,059
long
1161
00:07:40,393 --> 00:07:40,827
lateral
1162
00:07:40,827 --> 00:07:41,394
connection
1163
00:07:41,394 --> 00:07:42,261
pathways
1164
00:07:42,295 --> 00:07:42,695
and
1165
00:07:42,695 --> 00:07:42,862
the
1166
00:07:42,862 --> 00:07:43,296
shorter
1167
00:07:43,296 --> 00:07:43,963
electrical
1168
00:07:43,963 --> 00:07:44,630
connections
1169
00:07:44,630 --> 00:07:45,097
between
1170
00:07:45,097 --> 00:07:45,398
those
1171
00:07:45,398 --> 00:07:45,998
devices.
1172
00:07:45,998 --> 00:07:46,199
And
1173
00:07:46,199 --> 00:07:46,299
the
1174
00:07:46,299 --> 00:07:46,732
circuit
1175
00:07:46,732 --> 00:07:47,500
box
1176
00:07:47,667 --> 00:07:48,034
means
1177
00:07:48,034 --> 00:07:48,234
the
1178
00:07:48,234 --> 00:07:48,601
data
1179
00:07:48,634 --> 00:07:49,001
over
1180
00:07:49,001 --> 00:07:49,402
here
1181
00:07:49,669 --> 00:07:49,936
can
1182
00:07:49,936 --> 00:07:50,837
transfer
1183
00:07:51,037 --> 00:07:52,038
faster
1184
00:07:52,038 --> 00:07:52,271
while
1185
00:07:52,305 --> 00:07:53,172
consuming
1186
00:07:53,239 --> 00:07:53,573
less
1187
00:07:53,573 --> 00:07:53,873
amount
1188
00:07:53,873 --> 00:07:54,073
of
1189
00:07:54,073 --> 00:07:54,574
energy.
1190
00:07:54,574 --> 00:07:54,941
And
1191
00:07:54,941 --> 00:07:55,441
that
1192
00:07:55,441 --> 00:07:55,775
is
1193
00:07:55,842 --> 00:07:56,709
especially
1194
00:07:56,709 --> 00:07:57,543
important
1195
00:07:57,543 --> 00:07:57,944
for
1196
00:07:57,944 --> 00:07:58,211
AI
1197
00:07:58,277 --> 00:07:58,845
systems,
1198
00:07:58,878 --> 00:07:59,111
right?
1199
00:07:59,145 --> 00:07:59,545
We
1200
00:07:59,579 --> 00:07:59,779
hear
1201
00:07:59,779 --> 00:08:00,079
about
1202
00:08:00,079 --> 00:08:00,146
the
1203
00:08:00,146 --> 00:08:00,480
data
1204
00:08:00,513 --> 00:08:00,947
centers
1205
00:08:00,947 --> 00:08:01,214
and
1206
00:08:01,214 --> 00:08:01,347
all
1207
00:08:01,347 --> 00:08:01,481
the
1208
00:08:01,481 --> 00:08:01,948
cooling
1209
00:08:01,948 --> 00:08:02,181
needs
1210
00:08:02,181 --> 00:08:02,348
and
1211
00:08:02,348 --> 00:08:02,515
things
1212
00:08:02,515 --> 00:08:02,682
that
1213
00:08:02,682 --> 00:08:02,782
are
1214
00:08:02,782 --> 00:08:02,982
going
1215
00:08:02,982 --> 00:08:03,149
on
1216
00:08:03,149 --> 00:08:03,316
with
1217
00:08:03,316 --> 00:08:03,382
the
1218
00:08:03,382 --> 00:08:03,616
AI
1219
00:08:03,683 --> 00:08:04,550
technologies.
1220
00:08:04,584 --> 00:08:04,884
Right,
1221
00:08:04,884 --> 00:08:05,218
the
1222
00:08:05,218 --> 00:08:05,518
energy
1223
00:08:05,518 --> 00:08:05,818
efficiency
1224
00:08:05,985 --> 00:08:06,352
is
1225
00:08:06,352 --> 00:08:06,919
critical.
1226
00:08:06,953 --> 00:08:07,053
And
1227
00:08:07,053 --> 00:08:07,153
if
1228
00:08:07,153 --> 00:08:07,320
you're
1229
00:08:07,320 --> 00:08:07,620
thinking
1230
00:08:07,620 --> 00:08:07,920
about
1231
00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:08,054
the
1232
00:08:08,054 --> 00:08:08,521
overall
1233
00:08:08,521 --> 00:08:08,921
energy
1234
00:08:08,921 --> 00:08:09,422
consumption
1235
00:08:09,422 --> 00:08:09,555
of
1236
00:08:09,555 --> 00:08:09,722
the
1237
00:08:09,722 --> 00:08:09,989
AI
1238
00:08:10,022 --> 00:08:10,723
system
1239
00:08:10,756 --> 00:08:11,357
probably
1240
00:08:11,390 --> 00:08:11,691
like
1241
00:08:12,024 --> 00:08:12,158
it
1242
00:08:12,158 --> 00:08:12,558
depending
1243
00:08:12,558 --> 00:08:12,625
on
1244
00:08:12,625 --> 00:08:12,792
your
1245
00:08:12,792 --> 00:08:13,359
application,
1246
00:08:13,359 --> 00:08:13,593
but
1247
00:08:13,626 --> 00:08:13,793
up
1248
00:08:13,793 --> 00:08:13,960
to
1249
00:08:13,993 --> 00:08:14,160
like
1250
00:08:14,193 --> 00:08:14,494
40,
1251
00:08:14,560 --> 00:08:14,861
even
1252
00:08:14,961 --> 00:08:15,094
up
1253
00:08:15,094 --> 00:08:15,228
to
1254
00:08:15,261 --> 00:08:16,562
90%
1255
00:08:16,596 --> 00:08:16,829
of
1256
00:08:16,829 --> 00:08:16,963
the
1257
00:08:16,963 --> 00:08:17,430
delay.
1258
00:08:17,430 --> 00:08:17,630
And
1259
00:08:17,630 --> 00:08:17,997
energy
1260
00:08:17,997 --> 00:08:18,498
consumption
1261
00:08:18,498 --> 00:08:18,698
is
1262
00:08:18,731 --> 00:08:19,098
actually
1263
00:08:19,098 --> 00:08:19,599
caused
1264
00:08:19,599 --> 00:08:20,099
by
1265
00:08:20,132 --> 00:08:20,266
the
1266
00:08:20,266 --> 00:08:20,500
data
1267
00:08:20,500 --> 00:08:21,200
communication
1268
00:08:21,200 --> 00:08:21,534
rather
1269
00:08:21,534 --> 00:08:21,834
than
1270
00:08:21,834 --> 00:08:21,901
the
1271
00:08:21,901 --> 00:08:22,602
computation
1272
00:08:22,602 --> 00:08:23,169
itself.
1273
00:08:23,202 --> 00:08:23,503
So
1274
00:08:23,503 --> 00:08:23,703
can
1275
00:08:23,703 --> 00:08:23,836
we
1276
00:08:23,836 --> 00:08:24,003
talk
1277
00:08:24,003 --> 00:08:24,070
a
1278
00:08:24,070 --> 00:08:24,237
little
1279
00:08:24,270 --> 00:08:24,370
bit
1280
00:08:24,370 --> 00:08:24,670
about
1281
00:08:24,670 --> 00:08:25,171
your
1282
00:08:25,171 --> 00:08:25,838
manufacturing
1283
00:08:25,872 --> 00:08:26,572
technique?
1284
00:08:26,772 --> 00:08:26,906
You
1285
00:08:26,906 --> 00:08:27,073
have
1286
00:08:27,073 --> 00:08:27,173
an
1287
00:08:27,173 --> 00:08:27,640
interesting
1288
00:08:27,640 --> 00:08:27,740
way
1289
00:08:27,740 --> 00:08:27,907
you're
1290
00:08:27,907 --> 00:08:28,107
going
1291
00:08:28,107 --> 00:08:28,307
about
1292
00:08:28,307 --> 00:08:28,574
getting
1293
00:08:28,574 --> 00:08:28,741
these
1294
00:08:28,741 --> 00:08:29,442
together.
1295
00:08:29,442 --> 00:08:29,642
We
1296
00:08:29,642 --> 00:08:29,909
think
1297
00:08:29,909 --> 00:08:30,176
building
1298
00:08:30,243 --> 00:08:30,510
chips
1299
00:08:30,510 --> 00:08:30,676
in
1300
00:08:30,676 --> 00:08:30,743
the
1301
00:08:30,743 --> 00:08:31,110
3D
1302
00:08:31,143 --> 00:08:31,744
fashion
1303
00:08:31,744 --> 00:08:32,011
makes
1304
00:08:32,011 --> 00:08:32,178
sense,
1305
00:08:32,211 --> 00:08:32,411
right?
1306
00:08:32,411 --> 00:08:32,478
I
1307
00:08:32,478 --> 00:08:32,712
mean,
1308
00:08:32,778 --> 00:08:33,279
everything
1309
00:08:33,279 --> 00:08:33,412
in
1310
00:08:33,412 --> 00:08:33,513
the
1311
00:08:33,513 --> 00:08:33,746
real
1312
00:08:33,746 --> 00:08:34,146
physical
1313
00:08:34,146 --> 00:08:34,380
world
1314
00:08:34,380 --> 00:08:34,480
are
1315
00:08:34,514 --> 00:08:34,680
kind
1316
00:08:34,680 --> 00:08:34,747
of
1317
00:08:34,747 --> 00:08:34,947
three
1318
00:08:34,947 --> 00:08:35,381
dimensional
1319
00:08:35,381 --> 00:08:35,681
rather
1320
00:08:35,681 --> 00:08:35,815
than
1321
00:08:35,815 --> 00:08:35,948
two
1322
00:08:35,948 --> 00:08:36,349
dimensional.
1323
00:08:36,349 --> 00:08:36,549
Our
1324
00:08:36,549 --> 00:08:36,749
brain
1325
00:08:36,749 --> 00:08:36,916
is
1326
00:08:36,916 --> 00:08:37,149
three
1327
00:08:37,149 --> 00:08:37,717
dimensional,
1328
00:08:37,750 --> 00:08:38,184
right?
1329
00:08:38,384 --> 00:08:38,584
But
1330
00:08:38,584 --> 00:08:38,784
why
1331
00:08:38,784 --> 00:08:38,918
we
1332
00:08:38,918 --> 00:08:39,151
don't
1333
00:08:39,151 --> 00:08:39,318
do
1334
00:08:39,318 --> 00:08:39,752
it.
1335
00:08:39,785 --> 00:08:40,186
So
1336
00:08:40,186 --> 00:08:40,319
the
1337
00:08:40,319 --> 00:08:40,820
biggest
1338
00:08:40,820 --> 00:08:41,354
challenge
1339
00:08:41,354 --> 00:08:41,554
in
1340
00:08:41,554 --> 00:08:41,921
building
1341
00:08:41,921 --> 00:08:42,154
this
1342
00:08:42,154 --> 00:08:42,321
is
1343
00:08:42,321 --> 00:08:42,622
3D
1344
00:08:42,622 --> 00:08:43,222
integrated
1345
00:08:43,222 --> 00:08:43,823
chip
1346
00:08:43,990 --> 00:08:44,290
is
1347
00:08:44,290 --> 00:08:45,024
something
1348
00:08:45,291 --> 00:08:45,491
we
1349
00:08:45,491 --> 00:08:45,758
call
1350
00:08:45,791 --> 00:08:45,992
a
1351
00:08:45,992 --> 00:08:46,392
thermal
1352
00:08:46,392 --> 00:08:46,893
budget.
1353
00:08:46,893 --> 00:08:47,560
And
1354
00:08:47,560 --> 00:08:47,760
here
1355
00:08:47,760 --> 00:08:47,860
is
1356
00:08:47,860 --> 00:08:48,027
the
1357
00:08:48,027 --> 00:08:48,628
issue.
1358
00:08:48,694 --> 00:08:48,895
When
1359
00:08:48,895 --> 00:08:49,095
you
1360
00:08:49,095 --> 00:08:49,362
try
1361
00:08:49,362 --> 00:08:49,495
to
1362
00:08:49,495 --> 00:08:49,829
build
1363
00:08:49,829 --> 00:08:50,062
a
1364
00:08:50,062 --> 00:08:50,596
new
1365
00:08:50,596 --> 00:08:51,030
layer
1366
00:08:51,030 --> 00:08:51,264
of
1367
00:08:51,264 --> 00:08:52,098
transistors
1368
00:08:52,098 --> 00:08:52,398
on
1369
00:08:52,398 --> 00:08:52,598
top
1370
00:08:52,598 --> 00:08:52,798
of
1371
00:08:52,798 --> 00:08:53,065
your
1372
00:08:53,099 --> 00:08:54,100
existing
1373
00:08:54,267 --> 00:08:54,834
CPU
1374
00:08:54,834 --> 00:08:54,934
or
1375
00:08:54,934 --> 00:08:55,401
GPU
1376
00:08:55,401 --> 00:08:56,002
chips,
1377
00:08:56,035 --> 00:08:56,202
you
1378
00:08:56,202 --> 00:08:56,669
typically
1379
00:08:56,669 --> 00:08:57,003
need
1380
00:08:57,036 --> 00:08:57,537
very
1381
00:08:57,537 --> 00:08:57,837
high
1382
00:08:57,837 --> 00:08:58,437
temperature.
1383
00:08:58,437 --> 00:08:58,571
And
1384
00:08:58,571 --> 00:08:58,771
when
1385
00:08:58,771 --> 00:08:58,938
we
1386
00:08:58,938 --> 00:08:59,071
say
1387
00:08:59,105 --> 00:08:59,305
high
1388
00:08:59,305 --> 00:08:59,872
temperature,
1389
00:08:59,872 --> 00:09:00,072
we
1390
00:09:00,072 --> 00:09:00,239
talk
1391
00:09:00,273 --> 00:09:00,506
about
1392
00:09:00,506 --> 00:09:00,640
close
1393
00:09:00,640 --> 00:09:01,040
to
1394
00:09:01,073 --> 00:09:03,175
1000°C
1395
00:09:03,543 --> 00:09:03,743
to
1396
00:09:03,776 --> 00:09:04,277
first
1397
00:09:04,777 --> 00:09:05,311
create
1398
00:09:05,344 --> 00:09:05,678
high
1399
00:09:05,678 --> 00:09:06,512
quality
1400
00:09:06,712 --> 00:09:07,413
semiconductor
1401
00:09:07,413 --> 00:09:08,314
materials.
1402
00:09:08,381 --> 00:09:08,814
And
1403
00:09:08,814 --> 00:09:09,315
then
1404
00:09:09,315 --> 00:09:09,415
we
1405
00:09:09,415 --> 00:09:09,582
need
1406
00:09:09,582 --> 00:09:09,749
to
1407
00:09:09,749 --> 00:09:10,416
convert
1408
00:09:10,416 --> 00:09:10,750
this
1409
00:09:10,750 --> 00:09:11,017
high
1410
00:09:11,017 --> 00:09:11,384
quality
1411
00:09:11,417 --> 00:09:12,151
semiconductor
1412
00:09:12,151 --> 00:09:12,818
materials
1413
00:09:12,818 --> 00:09:13,586
into
1414
00:09:13,753 --> 00:09:13,986
high
1415
00:09:13,986 --> 00:09:14,587
performance
1416
00:09:14,587 --> 00:09:15,555
transistors
1417
00:09:15,588 --> 00:09:15,755
or
1418
00:09:15,755 --> 00:09:16,022
other
1419
00:09:16,022 --> 00:09:16,222
type
1420
00:09:16,222 --> 00:09:16,322
of
1421
00:09:16,322 --> 00:09:16,989
semiconductor
1422
00:09:16,989 --> 00:09:17,857
devices.
1423
00:09:17,990 --> 00:09:18,658
Both
1424
00:09:18,691 --> 00:09:19,258
here
1425
00:09:19,258 --> 00:09:20,192
typically
1426
00:09:20,226 --> 00:09:20,493
need
1427
00:09:20,493 --> 00:09:20,826
about
1428
00:09:20,826 --> 00:09:22,595
1000°C
1429
00:09:22,628 --> 00:09:22,828
as
1430
00:09:22,828 --> 00:09:22,995
their
1431
00:09:22,995 --> 00:09:23,462
processing
1432
00:09:23,496 --> 00:09:24,230
temperature.
1433
00:09:24,230 --> 00:09:24,597
And
1434
00:09:24,630 --> 00:09:25,798
unfortunately
1435
00:09:25,798 --> 00:09:26,299
here
1436
00:09:26,299 --> 00:09:26,699
this
1437
00:09:26,699 --> 00:09:27,066
high
1438
00:09:27,066 --> 00:09:28,000
temperature
1439
00:09:28,234 --> 00:09:28,601
can
1440
00:09:28,601 --> 00:09:29,335
damage
1441
00:09:29,502 --> 00:09:29,702
or
1442
00:09:29,702 --> 00:09:30,069
even
1443
00:09:30,069 --> 00:09:30,903
destroy
1444
00:09:31,237 --> 00:09:31,437
the
1445
00:09:31,437 --> 00:09:31,904
bottom
1446
00:09:31,904 --> 00:09:32,471
layer
1447
00:09:32,772 --> 00:09:32,972
that
1448
00:09:32,972 --> 00:09:33,239
has
1449
00:09:33,239 --> 00:09:33,673
already
1450
00:09:33,673 --> 00:09:33,940
been
1451
00:09:33,940 --> 00:09:34,640
built
1452
00:09:34,674 --> 00:09:34,941
using
1453
00:09:34,941 --> 00:09:35,041
the
1454
00:09:35,041 --> 00:09:35,575
conventional
1455
00:09:35,575 --> 00:09:36,342
process.
1456
00:09:36,342 --> 00:09:36,742
And
1457
00:09:36,742 --> 00:09:37,043
that's
1458
00:09:37,043 --> 00:09:37,109
the
1459
00:09:37,109 --> 00:09:37,443
reason
1460
00:09:37,443 --> 00:09:37,777
why
1461
00:09:38,144 --> 00:09:38,611
stacking
1462
00:09:38,611 --> 00:09:38,878
those
1463
00:09:38,878 --> 00:09:39,612
transistors
1464
00:09:39,612 --> 00:09:39,779
in
1465
00:09:39,779 --> 00:09:39,879
a
1466
00:09:39,879 --> 00:09:40,546
vertical
1467
00:09:40,546 --> 00:09:41,314
direction
1468
00:09:41,314 --> 00:09:41,781
sounds
1469
00:09:41,814 --> 00:09:42,181
pretty
1470
00:09:42,214 --> 00:09:43,115
straightforward
1471
00:09:43,115 --> 00:09:43,416
in
1472
00:09:43,416 --> 00:09:44,083
principle,
1473
00:09:44,083 --> 00:09:44,250
and
1474
00:09:44,250 --> 00:09:44,383
the
1475
00:09:44,383 --> 00:09:45,151
benefits
1476
00:09:45,184 --> 00:09:45,418
are
1477
00:09:45,418 --> 00:09:45,851
pretty
1478
00:09:45,851 --> 00:09:46,752
obvious.
1479
00:09:46,752 --> 00:09:47,153
But
1480
00:09:47,153 --> 00:09:47,353
the
1481
00:09:47,353 --> 00:09:47,720
real
1482
00:09:47,720 --> 00:09:48,321
challenge
1483
00:09:48,321 --> 00:09:48,821
here
1484
00:09:48,821 --> 00:09:49,589
is
1485
00:09:49,589 --> 00:09:49,922
how
1486
00:09:49,922 --> 00:09:49,956
are
1487
00:09:49,956 --> 00:09:50,022
we
1488
00:09:50,022 --> 00:09:50,189
going
1489
00:09:50,189 --> 00:09:50,323
to
1490
00:09:50,323 --> 00:09:50,389
be
1491
00:09:50,389 --> 00:09:50,556
able
1492
00:09:50,556 --> 00:09:50,656
to
1493
00:09:50,656 --> 00:09:50,890
do
1494
00:09:50,890 --> 00:09:51,557
that?
1495
00:09:51,557 --> 00:09:51,991
So
1496
00:09:51,991 --> 00:09:52,191
we
1497
00:09:52,191 --> 00:09:52,491
can
1498
00:09:52,491 --> 00:09:52,825
keep
1499
00:09:52,825 --> 00:09:52,992
the
1500
00:09:52,992 --> 00:09:53,693
temperature
1501
00:09:53,693 --> 00:09:54,193
below
1502
00:09:54,193 --> 00:09:54,460
just
1503
00:09:54,460 --> 00:09:55,094
above
1504
00:09:55,261 --> 00:09:56,996
400°C
1505
00:09:56,996 --> 00:09:57,263
when
1506
00:09:57,263 --> 00:09:57,496
we
1507
00:09:57,496 --> 00:09:57,797
build
1508
00:09:57,797 --> 00:09:57,930
the
1509
00:09:57,930 --> 00:09:58,264
top
1510
00:09:58,264 --> 00:09:58,931
layers
1511
00:09:58,931 --> 00:09:59,699
without
1512
00:09:59,699 --> 00:10:00,466
sacrificing
1513
00:10:00,466 --> 00:10:00,733
their
1514
00:10:00,733 --> 00:10:01,734
performance.
1515
00:10:02,001 --> 00:10:02,335
So
1516
00:10:02,335 --> 00:10:02,435
the
1517
00:10:02,435 --> 00:10:03,669
400°C
1518
00:10:03,669 --> 00:10:03,903
is
1519
00:10:03,903 --> 00:10:04,503
basically
1520
00:10:04,537 --> 00:10:05,171
our
1521
00:10:05,338 --> 00:10:05,771
thermal
1522
00:10:05,771 --> 00:10:06,238
budget
1523
00:10:06,238 --> 00:10:06,505
over
1524
00:10:06,505 --> 00:10:07,073
here,
1525
00:10:07,239 --> 00:10:07,840
right?
1526
00:10:08,040 --> 00:10:08,507
So
1527
00:10:08,507 --> 00:10:08,874
one
1528
00:10:08,874 --> 00:10:09,542
solution
1529
00:10:09,542 --> 00:10:10,076
we
1530
00:10:10,109 --> 00:10:10,776
provided
1531
00:10:10,776 --> 00:10:10,977
in
1532
00:10:10,977 --> 00:10:11,177
this
1533
00:10:11,177 --> 00:10:11,811
research
1534
00:10:11,811 --> 00:10:12,378
is
1535
00:10:12,411 --> 00:10:12,778
okay,
1536
00:10:12,812 --> 00:10:13,112
how
1537
00:10:13,112 --> 00:10:13,512
about
1538
00:10:13,546 --> 00:10:14,013
we
1539
00:10:14,080 --> 00:10:14,547
separate
1540
00:10:14,547 --> 00:10:14,614
the
1541
00:10:14,614 --> 00:10:15,114
material
1542
00:10:15,114 --> 00:10:16,315
preparation
1543
00:10:16,349 --> 00:10:16,949
from
1544
00:10:16,949 --> 00:10:17,516
basically
1545
00:10:17,516 --> 00:10:17,717
the
1546
00:10:17,717 --> 00:10:18,451
vertical
1547
00:10:18,451 --> 00:10:19,151
stacking
1548
00:10:19,151 --> 00:10:20,052
process.
1549
00:10:20,052 --> 00:10:20,453
So
1550
00:10:20,453 --> 00:10:20,786
here
1551
00:10:20,786 --> 00:10:20,953
we
1552
00:10:20,953 --> 00:10:21,320
first
1553
00:10:21,354 --> 00:10:21,520
kind
1554
00:10:21,520 --> 00:10:21,687
of
1555
00:10:21,721 --> 00:10:22,188
create
1556
00:10:22,221 --> 00:10:22,521
an
1557
00:10:22,521 --> 00:10:22,989
ultra
1558
00:10:22,989 --> 00:10:23,322
thin
1559
00:10:23,356 --> 00:10:23,723
single
1560
00:10:23,723 --> 00:10:24,457
crystalline
1561
00:10:24,457 --> 00:10:25,091
silicon
1562
00:10:25,091 --> 00:10:25,458
nano
1563
00:10:25,458 --> 00:10:26,192
membrane
1564
00:10:26,192 --> 00:10:26,592
from
1565
00:10:26,592 --> 00:10:26,759
a
1566
00:10:26,759 --> 00:10:27,393
commercial
1567
00:10:27,426 --> 00:10:27,827
donor
1568
00:10:27,827 --> 00:10:28,494
wafer.
1569
00:10:28,594 --> 00:10:29,028
And
1570
00:10:29,028 --> 00:10:29,261
then
1571
00:10:29,261 --> 00:10:29,495
we
1572
00:10:29,495 --> 00:10:30,296
gently
1573
00:10:30,296 --> 00:10:31,330
transfer
1574
00:10:31,530 --> 00:10:31,864
this
1575
00:10:31,864 --> 00:10:32,665
film
1576
00:10:33,065 --> 00:10:33,699
using
1577
00:10:33,699 --> 00:10:33,899
a
1578
00:10:33,899 --> 00:10:34,467
process
1579
00:10:34,467 --> 00:10:34,634
kind
1580
00:10:34,634 --> 00:10:34,734
of
1581
00:10:34,800 --> 00:10:34,900
like
1582
00:10:34,934 --> 00:10:35,334
very
1583
00:10:35,334 --> 00:10:35,901
similar
1584
00:10:35,901 --> 00:10:36,302
to
1585
00:10:36,335 --> 00:10:36,636
low
1586
00:10:36,669 --> 00:10:37,136
laminate
1587
00:10:37,136 --> 00:10:37,303
you're
1588
00:10:37,303 --> 00:10:37,503
going
1589
00:10:37,503 --> 00:10:37,570
to
1590
00:10:37,570 --> 00:10:37,737
use
1591
00:10:37,737 --> 00:10:37,970
back
1592
00:10:38,037 --> 00:10:38,170
at
1593
00:10:38,170 --> 00:10:38,437
your
1594
00:10:38,437 --> 00:10:39,105
house.
1595
00:10:39,505 --> 00:10:39,839
And
1596
00:10:39,839 --> 00:10:40,072
this
1597
00:10:40,072 --> 00:10:40,573
transfer
1598
00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:41,173
process
1599
00:10:41,173 --> 00:10:41,340
can
1600
00:10:41,340 --> 00:10:41,507
be
1601
00:10:41,507 --> 00:10:42,575
completed
1602
00:10:42,708 --> 00:10:42,908
at
1603
00:10:42,908 --> 00:10:43,042
a
1604
00:10:43,042 --> 00:10:43,643
temperature
1605
00:10:43,643 --> 00:10:44,176
below
1606
00:10:44,243 --> 00:10:45,811
200°C
1607
00:10:45,811 --> 00:10:46,379
and
1608
00:10:46,379 --> 00:10:46,879
after
1609
00:10:46,879 --> 00:10:47,413
transfer.
1610
00:10:47,480 --> 00:10:47,713
So
1611
00:10:47,713 --> 00:10:47,913
now
1612
00:10:47,913 --> 00:10:48,080
we
1613
00:10:48,080 --> 00:10:48,280
have
1614
00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:48,614
this
1615
00:10:48,614 --> 00:10:48,914
high
1616
00:10:48,914 --> 00:10:49,382
quality
1617
00:10:49,415 --> 00:10:49,715
single
1618
00:10:49,715 --> 00:10:50,116
crystal
1619
00:10:50,149 --> 00:10:50,716
silicon
1620
00:10:50,716 --> 00:10:51,417
film.
1621
00:10:51,550 --> 00:10:51,751
And
1622
00:10:51,751 --> 00:10:51,984
then
1623
00:10:51,984 --> 00:10:52,151
we
1624
00:10:52,184 --> 00:10:52,918
fabricate
1625
00:10:52,952 --> 00:10:53,152
a
1626
00:10:53,152 --> 00:10:54,020
specialized
1627
00:10:54,020 --> 00:10:54,654
transistor
1628
00:10:54,654 --> 00:10:54,954
called
1629
00:10:54,987 --> 00:10:55,621
junction-less
1630
00:10:55,655 --> 00:10:56,555
transistor,
1631
00:10:56,589 --> 00:10:56,956
which
1632
00:10:56,956 --> 00:10:57,123
are
1633
00:10:57,123 --> 00:10:57,757
designed
1634
00:10:57,757 --> 00:10:57,957
to
1635
00:10:57,957 --> 00:10:58,357
achieve
1636
00:10:58,391 --> 00:10:58,658
high
1637
00:10:58,658 --> 00:10:59,625
performance
1638
00:10:59,692 --> 00:10:59,992
while
1639
00:10:59,992 --> 00:11:00,626
remaining
1640
00:11:00,626 --> 00:11:01,293
compatible
1641
00:11:01,293 --> 00:11:01,560
with
1642
00:11:01,560 --> 00:11:01,661
the
1643
00:11:01,661 --> 00:11:01,894
low
1644
00:11:01,894 --> 00:11:02,395
temperature
1645
00:11:02,395 --> 00:11:03,229
process,
1646
00:11:03,229 --> 00:11:03,462
which
1647
00:11:03,462 --> 00:11:03,663
going
1648
00:11:03,663 --> 00:11:03,796
to
1649
00:11:03,796 --> 00:11:04,230
stay
1650
00:11:04,230 --> 00:11:04,897
below
1651
00:11:04,897 --> 00:11:05,097
the
1652
00:11:05,097 --> 00:11:06,732
400°C
1653
00:11:06,799 --> 00:11:07,199
thermal
1654
00:11:07,199 --> 00:11:07,833
budget.
1655
00:11:07,833 --> 00:11:08,234
And
1656
00:11:08,234 --> 00:11:08,501
here
1657
00:11:08,501 --> 00:11:08,668
we
1658
00:11:08,668 --> 00:11:09,101
repeat
1659
00:11:09,101 --> 00:11:09,301
this
1660
00:11:09,301 --> 00:11:10,302
process
1661
00:11:10,302 --> 00:11:10,536
so
1662
00:11:10,536 --> 00:11:10,670
we
1663
00:11:10,670 --> 00:11:10,870
can
1664
00:11:10,870 --> 00:11:11,137
build
1665
00:11:11,137 --> 00:11:11,971
devices
1666
00:11:11,971 --> 00:11:12,304
on
1667
00:11:12,304 --> 00:11:12,705
different
1668
00:11:12,705 --> 00:11:13,105
layers.
1669
00:11:13,105 --> 00:11:13,305
And
1670
00:11:13,305 --> 00:11:13,539
then
1671
00:11:13,539 --> 00:11:13,739
we
1672
00:11:13,773 --> 00:11:14,240
connect
1673
00:11:14,240 --> 00:11:14,473
these
1674
00:11:14,473 --> 00:11:15,107
devices
1675
00:11:15,107 --> 00:11:15,708
using
1676
00:11:15,708 --> 00:11:16,342
vertical
1677
00:11:16,342 --> 00:11:17,109
interconnect
1678
00:11:17,109 --> 00:11:17,610
views.
1679
00:11:17,610 --> 00:11:17,910
So
1680
00:11:17,910 --> 00:11:18,077
we
1681
00:11:18,077 --> 00:11:18,277
can
1682
00:11:18,277 --> 00:11:18,577
have
1683
00:11:18,577 --> 00:11:19,478
functional
1684
00:11:19,545 --> 00:11:20,413
monolithic
1685
00:11:20,413 --> 00:11:21,080
3D
1686
00:11:21,113 --> 00:11:21,947
integrated
1687
00:11:21,947 --> 00:11:22,415
logic
1688
00:11:22,415 --> 00:11:23,015
circuits
1689
00:11:23,082 --> 00:11:23,482
counted.
1690
00:11:23,516 --> 00:11:23,849
Kinda
1691
00:11:23,849 --> 00:11:24,183
to
1692
00:11:24,183 --> 00:11:24,517
summarize,
1693
00:11:24,517 --> 00:11:24,750
in
1694
00:11:24,750 --> 00:11:25,384
traditional
1695
00:11:25,384 --> 00:11:26,452
manufacturing,
1696
00:11:26,452 --> 00:11:26,786
if
1697
00:11:26,786 --> 00:11:26,952
you're
1698
00:11:26,952 --> 00:11:27,186
trying
1699
00:11:27,186 --> 00:11:27,253
to
1700
00:11:27,253 --> 00:11:27,386
go
1701
00:11:27,420 --> 00:11:27,787
3D,
1702
00:11:27,820 --> 00:11:27,987
you
1703
00:11:27,987 --> 00:11:28,387
might
1704
00:11:28,421 --> 00:11:28,921
melt
1705
00:11:28,921 --> 00:11:29,155
or
1706
00:11:29,155 --> 00:11:29,588
otherwise
1707
00:11:29,588 --> 00:11:30,022
damage
1708
00:11:30,022 --> 00:11:30,156
the
1709
00:11:30,156 --> 00:11:30,456
lower
1710
00:11:30,456 --> 00:11:30,823
layers
1711
00:11:30,823 --> 00:11:30,990
as
1712
00:11:30,990 --> 00:11:31,157
you're
1713
00:11:31,157 --> 00:11:31,424
building
1714
00:11:31,424 --> 00:11:31,757
up.
1715
00:11:31,757 --> 00:11:32,224
And
1716
00:11:32,258 --> 00:11:32,758
your
1717
00:11:32,758 --> 00:11:33,359
solution
1718
00:11:33,359 --> 00:11:33,626
is
1719
00:11:33,626 --> 00:11:33,793
to
1720
00:11:33,826 --> 00:11:34,260
essentially
1721
00:11:34,260 --> 00:11:34,960
make
1722
00:11:35,027 --> 00:11:35,461
thinner
1723
00:11:35,461 --> 00:11:35,961
sheets
1724
00:11:35,961 --> 00:11:36,262
and
1725
00:11:36,262 --> 00:11:36,829
then
1726
00:11:36,896 --> 00:11:37,096
put
1727
00:11:37,096 --> 00:11:37,229
them
1728
00:11:37,229 --> 00:11:37,563
together
1729
00:11:37,563 --> 00:11:37,997
after
1730
00:11:37,997 --> 00:11:38,464
words.
1731
00:11:38,464 --> 00:11:38,664
And
1732
00:11:38,664 --> 00:11:38,798
that
1733
00:11:38,798 --> 00:11:38,898
way
1734
00:11:38,898 --> 00:11:39,065
you're
1735
00:11:39,065 --> 00:11:39,231
not
1736
00:11:39,231 --> 00:11:39,665
damaging
1737
00:11:39,665 --> 00:11:40,099
anything
1738
00:11:40,099 --> 00:11:40,833
underneath,
1739
00:11:40,833 --> 00:11:41,534
and
1740
00:11:41,600 --> 00:11:41,734
you're
1741
00:11:41,801 --> 00:11:42,001
kind
1742
00:11:42,001 --> 00:11:42,435
of
1743
00:11:42,535 --> 00:11:42,835
just
1744
00:11:42,835 --> 00:11:43,035
being
1745
00:11:43,035 --> 00:11:43,202
more
1746
00:11:43,202 --> 00:11:43,502
efficient
1747
00:11:43,502 --> 00:11:43,703
about
1748
00:11:43,703 --> 00:11:43,803
how
1749
00:11:43,803 --> 00:11:43,903
you're
1750
00:11:43,936 --> 00:11:44,103
going
1751
00:11:44,136 --> 00:11:44,336
about
1752
00:11:44,336 --> 00:11:44,637
getting
1753
00:11:44,637 --> 00:11:44,970
there.
1754
00:11:45,037 --> 00:11:45,237
You're
1755
00:11:45,237 --> 00:11:45,571
definitely
1756
00:11:45,571 --> 00:11:45,938
correct.
1757
00:11:46,138 --> 00:11:46,238
So
1758
00:11:46,238 --> 00:11:46,372
there's
1759
00:11:46,372 --> 00:11:46,472
a
1760
00:11:46,472 --> 00:11:46,739
major
1761
00:11:46,739 --> 00:11:47,139
challenge
1762
00:11:47,139 --> 00:11:47,506
over
1763
00:11:47,506 --> 00:11:47,740
here
1764
00:11:47,740 --> 00:11:47,940
is
1765
00:11:47,940 --> 00:11:48,074
to
1766
00:11:48,074 --> 00:11:48,507
control
1767
00:11:48,507 --> 00:11:48,774
the
1768
00:11:48,774 --> 00:11:49,375
temperature.
1769
00:11:49,375 --> 00:11:49,775
And
1770
00:11:49,842 --> 00:11:50,076
again,
1771
00:11:50,109 --> 00:11:50,242
as
1772
00:11:50,242 --> 00:11:50,309
a
1773
00:11:50,309 --> 00:11:50,710
summary,
1774
00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:51,143
we
1775
00:11:51,143 --> 00:11:51,343
did
1776
00:11:51,377 --> 00:11:51,544
two
1777
00:11:51,544 --> 00:11:51,811
things
1778
00:11:51,811 --> 00:11:51,944
to
1779
00:11:51,944 --> 00:11:52,111
do
1780
00:11:52,111 --> 00:11:52,211
it.
1781
00:11:52,545 --> 00:11:52,912
One
1782
00:11:52,912 --> 00:11:53,379
is
1783
00:11:53,379 --> 00:11:53,612
we
1784
00:11:53,612 --> 00:11:54,013
don't
1785
00:11:54,080 --> 00:11:54,280
try
1786
00:11:54,313 --> 00:11:54,413
to
1787
00:11:54,480 --> 00:11:54,714
grow
1788
00:11:54,747 --> 00:11:54,947
this
1789
00:11:54,947 --> 00:11:55,481
material
1790
00:11:55,481 --> 00:11:55,948
directly.
1791
00:11:55,981 --> 00:11:56,182
We
1792
00:11:56,215 --> 00:11:56,782
actually
1793
00:11:56,782 --> 00:11:57,316
transfer
1794
00:11:57,316 --> 00:11:57,516
this
1795
00:11:57,516 --> 00:11:58,250
material
1796
00:11:58,317 --> 00:11:58,584
from
1797
00:11:58,584 --> 00:11:58,984
another
1798
00:11:58,984 --> 00:11:59,251
donor
1799
00:11:59,251 --> 00:11:59,585
wafer.
1800
00:11:59,585 --> 00:11:59,785
And
1801
00:11:59,785 --> 00:11:59,985
we
1802
00:11:59,985 --> 00:12:00,619
transfer
1803
00:12:00,653 --> 00:12:00,820
a
1804
00:12:00,853 --> 00:12:01,020
kind
1805
00:12:01,020 --> 00:12:01,153
of
1806
00:12:01,220 --> 00:12:01,654
very
1807
00:12:01,654 --> 00:12:02,254
same
1808
00:12:02,321 --> 00:12:02,855
silicon
1809
00:12:02,988 --> 00:12:03,622
membrane.
1810
00:12:03,622 --> 00:12:03,789
And
1811
00:12:03,789 --> 00:12:03,956
it
1812
00:12:03,956 --> 00:12:04,156
has
1813
00:12:04,156 --> 00:12:04,390
many
1814
00:12:04,390 --> 00:12:04,957
benefits
1815
00:12:05,191 --> 00:12:05,491
compared
1816
00:12:05,491 --> 00:12:05,591
to
1817
00:12:05,591 --> 00:12:05,691
the
1818
00:12:05,691 --> 00:12:06,225
conventional
1819
00:12:06,225 --> 00:12:06,892
process.
1820
00:12:06,959 --> 00:12:07,093
And
1821
00:12:07,093 --> 00:12:07,259
then
1822
00:12:07,259 --> 00:12:07,359
the
1823
00:12:07,359 --> 00:12:07,793
second
1824
00:12:07,793 --> 00:12:08,494
is
1825
00:12:08,594 --> 00:12:08,961
after
1826
00:12:08,961 --> 00:12:09,462
transfer,
1827
00:12:09,762 --> 00:12:09,862
we
1828
00:12:09,895 --> 00:12:10,362
convert
1829
00:12:10,362 --> 00:12:10,563
them
1830
00:12:10,563 --> 00:12:11,230
into
1831
00:12:11,263 --> 00:12:11,464
a
1832
00:12:11,497 --> 00:12:11,831
novel
1833
00:12:11,864 --> 00:12:12,098
type
1834
00:12:12,098 --> 00:12:12,264
of
1835
00:12:12,264 --> 00:12:12,898
device
1836
00:12:12,932 --> 00:12:13,532
architecture
1837
00:12:13,532 --> 00:12:13,699
called
1838
00:12:13,699 --> 00:12:13,799
the
1839
00:12:13,799 --> 00:12:14,200
junction-less
1840
00:12:14,300 --> 00:12:15,101
transistors.
1841
00:12:15,334 --> 00:12:15,534
So
1842
00:12:15,534 --> 00:12:15,735
we
1843
00:12:15,735 --> 00:12:16,202
still
1844
00:12:16,202 --> 00:12:16,502
get
1845
00:12:16,502 --> 00:12:17,269
comparable
1846
00:12:17,269 --> 00:12:18,170
performance
1847
00:12:18,504 --> 00:12:18,771
with
1848
00:12:18,771 --> 00:12:19,371
conventional
1849
00:12:19,371 --> 00:12:19,839
silicon
1850
00:12:19,839 --> 00:12:20,473
transistors.
1851
00:12:20,473 --> 00:12:21,240
But
1852
00:12:21,774 --> 00:12:21,941
the
1853
00:12:21,941 --> 00:12:22,675
overall
1854
00:12:23,109 --> 00:12:23,976
manufacturing
1855
00:12:24,043 --> 00:12:24,610
temperature
1856
00:12:24,677 --> 00:12:24,944
can
1857
00:12:25,211 --> 00:12:25,511
be
1858
00:12:25,544 --> 00:12:25,945
kept
1859
00:12:25,945 --> 00:12:26,212
below
1860
00:12:26,212 --> 00:12:27,680
400°C.
1861
00:12:27,880 --> 00:12:28,214
Very
1862
00:12:28,214 --> 00:12:28,714
cool.
1863
00:12:28,748 --> 00:12:29,115
So
1864
00:12:29,148 --> 00:12:29,482
thinking
1865
00:12:29,482 --> 00:12:29,715
about
1866
00:12:29,715 --> 00:12:29,815
the
1867
00:12:29,815 --> 00:12:30,349
challenges
1868
00:12:30,349 --> 00:12:30,516
in
1869
00:12:30,516 --> 00:12:31,117
developing
1870
00:12:31,150 --> 00:12:31,417
what
1871
00:12:31,450 --> 00:12:31,650
kind
1872
00:12:31,650 --> 00:12:31,817
of
1873
00:12:31,851 --> 00:12:32,218
what
1874
00:12:32,218 --> 00:12:32,551
was
1875
00:12:32,551 --> 00:12:32,618
the
1876
00:12:32,618 --> 00:12:32,952
biggest
1877
00:12:32,952 --> 00:12:33,419
problems
1878
00:12:33,419 --> 00:12:33,786
getting
1879
00:12:33,786 --> 00:12:34,220
this
1880
00:12:34,220 --> 00:12:34,787
together
1881
00:12:34,820 --> 00:12:35,054
or
1882
00:12:35,054 --> 00:12:35,421
figuring
1883
00:12:35,421 --> 00:12:35,621
out
1884
00:12:35,654 --> 00:12:35,821
that
1885
00:12:35,821 --> 00:12:35,921
you
1886
00:12:35,921 --> 00:12:36,455
could
1887
00:12:36,522 --> 00:12:36,789
take
1888
00:12:36,789 --> 00:12:36,956
this
1889
00:12:36,956 --> 00:12:37,256
approach
1890
00:12:37,256 --> 00:12:37,356
to
1891
00:12:37,389 --> 00:12:37,590
make
1892
00:12:37,590 --> 00:12:37,690
it
1893
00:12:37,690 --> 00:12:38,257
happen?
1894
00:12:38,290 --> 00:12:38,491
There
1895
00:12:38,491 --> 00:12:38,591
are
1896
00:12:38,591 --> 00:12:38,891
many,
1897
00:12:38,891 --> 00:12:39,225
many
1898
00:12:39,258 --> 00:12:39,692
challenges.
1899
00:12:39,692 --> 00:12:39,892
We
1900
00:12:39,892 --> 00:12:40,292
actually
1901
00:12:40,292 --> 00:12:40,793
spent
1902
00:12:40,826 --> 00:12:41,227
about
1903
00:12:41,494 --> 00:12:41,660
5
1904
00:12:41,660 --> 00:12:41,861
or
1905
00:12:41,861 --> 00:12:42,027
6
1906
00:12:42,027 --> 00:12:42,495
years
1907
00:12:42,695 --> 00:12:42,795
to
1908
00:12:42,895 --> 00:12:42,995
to
1909
00:12:43,028 --> 00:12:43,229
make
1910
00:12:43,229 --> 00:12:43,395
it
1911
00:12:43,429 --> 00:12:43,896
work,
1912
00:12:43,896 --> 00:12:44,230
but
1913
00:12:44,230 --> 00:12:44,363
I
1914
00:12:44,363 --> 00:12:44,463
would
1915
00:12:44,463 --> 00:12:44,630
say
1916
00:12:44,663 --> 00:12:44,830
kind
1917
00:12:44,830 --> 00:12:44,930
of
1918
00:12:44,997 --> 00:12:45,131
like
1919
00:12:45,197 --> 00:12:45,331
one
1920
00:12:45,331 --> 00:12:45,531
of
1921
00:12:45,531 --> 00:12:45,698
the
1922
00:12:45,698 --> 00:12:46,132
most
1923
00:12:46,132 --> 00:12:46,799
important
1924
00:12:46,799 --> 00:12:47,199
challenge
1925
00:12:47,199 --> 00:12:47,433
we
1926
00:12:47,433 --> 00:12:47,733
have
1927
00:12:47,733 --> 00:12:47,867
in
1928
00:12:47,867 --> 00:12:47,933
the
1929
00:12:47,933 --> 00:12:48,667
process
1930
00:12:48,667 --> 00:12:49,101
is
1931
00:12:49,101 --> 00:12:49,268
to
1932
00:12:49,301 --> 00:12:49,869
ensure
1933
00:12:49,869 --> 00:12:50,035
the
1934
00:12:50,035 --> 00:12:50,669
quality
1935
00:12:50,669 --> 00:12:50,836
of
1936
00:12:50,836 --> 00:12:51,070
this
1937
00:12:51,070 --> 00:12:51,971
transferred
1938
00:12:52,238 --> 00:12:52,638
single
1939
00:12:52,638 --> 00:12:53,105
crystal
1940
00:12:53,105 --> 00:12:53,839
silicon
1941
00:12:53,873 --> 00:12:54,907
membranes.
1942
00:12:55,441 --> 00:12:55,775
So
1943
00:12:55,841 --> 00:12:56,275
those
1944
00:12:56,308 --> 00:12:57,176
membranes
1945
00:12:57,243 --> 00:12:58,144
incredibly
1946
00:12:58,144 --> 00:12:58,544
thin,
1947
00:12:58,544 --> 00:12:58,711
we're
1948
00:12:58,711 --> 00:12:58,911
talking
1949
00:12:58,911 --> 00:12:59,178
about
1950
00:12:59,178 --> 00:12:59,411
just
1951
00:12:59,411 --> 00:12:59,578
the
1952
00:12:59,578 --> 00:12:59,912
ten
1953
00:12:59,912 --> 00:13:00,579
nanometer
1954
00:13:00,579 --> 00:13:01,313
size.
1955
00:13:01,313 --> 00:13:01,547
But
1956
00:13:01,580 --> 00:13:01,914
at
1957
00:13:01,914 --> 00:13:02,014
the
1958
00:13:02,014 --> 00:13:02,214
same
1959
00:13:02,214 --> 00:13:02,615
time
1960
00:13:02,681 --> 00:13:03,149
after
1961
00:13:03,149 --> 00:13:03,983
transfer,
1962
00:13:04,016 --> 00:13:04,283
they
1963
00:13:04,283 --> 00:13:04,750
must
1964
00:13:04,750 --> 00:13:05,217
be
1965
00:13:05,251 --> 00:13:05,851
basically
1966
00:13:05,918 --> 00:13:06,452
defect
1967
00:13:06,452 --> 00:13:06,952
free
1968
00:13:06,952 --> 00:13:07,319
and
1969
00:13:07,586 --> 00:13:08,053
wrinkle
1970
00:13:08,053 --> 00:13:08,387
free
1971
00:13:08,420 --> 00:13:09,388
across
1972
00:13:09,555 --> 00:13:10,523
entire
1973
00:13:10,523 --> 00:13:11,056
wavefront.
1974
00:13:11,056 --> 00:13:11,423
Here
1975
00:13:11,490 --> 00:13:11,690
we're
1976
00:13:11,690 --> 00:13:12,024
talking
1977
00:13:12,024 --> 00:13:12,691
about
1978
00:13:12,758 --> 00:13:12,992
as
1979
00:13:12,992 --> 00:13:13,292
large
1980
00:13:13,292 --> 00:13:13,759
as
1981
00:13:13,793 --> 00:13:13,926
like
1982
00:13:13,993 --> 00:13:14,460
200
1983
00:13:14,460 --> 00:13:14,894
millimeter
1984
00:13:14,894 --> 00:13:15,461
wafers
1985
00:13:15,461 --> 00:13:15,661
in
1986
00:13:15,661 --> 00:13:16,428
diameter.
1987
00:13:16,462 --> 00:13:16,896
Right.
1988
00:13:16,962 --> 00:13:17,263
So
1989
00:13:17,296 --> 00:13:17,897
achieving
1990
00:13:17,897 --> 00:13:18,230
that
1991
00:13:18,230 --> 00:13:18,798
required
1992
00:13:18,798 --> 00:13:19,064
us
1993
00:13:19,064 --> 00:13:19,331
to
1994
00:13:19,398 --> 00:13:19,532
kind
1995
00:13:19,532 --> 00:13:19,698
of
1996
00:13:19,732 --> 00:13:20,432
understand
1997
00:13:20,432 --> 00:13:20,733
and
1998
00:13:20,733 --> 00:13:21,300
carefully
1999
00:13:21,300 --> 00:13:22,034
control
2000
00:13:22,134 --> 00:13:22,334
the
2001
00:13:22,401 --> 00:13:22,701
etching
2002
00:13:22,701 --> 00:13:23,269
chemistry,
2003
00:13:23,269 --> 00:13:23,402
the
2004
00:13:23,402 --> 00:13:23,869
physics,
2005
00:13:23,869 --> 00:13:24,103
and
2006
00:13:24,103 --> 00:13:24,403
also
2007
00:13:24,436 --> 00:13:24,637
the
2008
00:13:24,637 --> 00:13:24,904
thin
2009
00:13:24,904 --> 00:13:25,304
film
2010
00:13:25,304 --> 00:13:26,438
mechanics
2011
00:13:26,438 --> 00:13:26,572
of
2012
00:13:26,572 --> 00:13:26,772
the
2013
00:13:26,772 --> 00:13:27,306
entire
2014
00:13:27,573 --> 00:13:28,140
transfer
2015
00:13:28,140 --> 00:13:28,374
and
2016
00:13:28,374 --> 00:13:28,641
thin
2017
00:13:28,641 --> 00:13:28,874
film
2018
00:13:28,874 --> 00:13:29,675
preparation
2019
00:13:29,675 --> 00:13:30,709
process.
2020
00:13:30,876 --> 00:13:31,277
Well,
2021
00:13:31,277 --> 00:13:31,877
another
2022
00:13:31,911 --> 00:13:32,077
kind
2023
00:13:32,077 --> 00:13:32,144
of
2024
00:13:32,211 --> 00:13:32,611
major
2025
00:13:32,611 --> 00:13:33,345
challenge
2026
00:13:33,345 --> 00:13:33,913
is
2027
00:13:33,913 --> 00:13:34,346
to
2028
00:13:34,380 --> 00:13:35,381
minimize
2029
00:13:35,414 --> 00:13:35,948
the
2030
00:13:35,948 --> 00:13:37,016
parasitic
2031
00:13:37,082 --> 00:13:37,983
electrical
2032
00:13:37,983 --> 00:13:39,151
resistance
2033
00:13:39,218 --> 00:13:39,785
within
2034
00:13:39,785 --> 00:13:39,919
the
2035
00:13:39,919 --> 00:13:40,719
device,
2036
00:13:40,786 --> 00:13:41,187
right.
2037
00:13:41,220 --> 00:13:41,353
Now
2038
00:13:41,353 --> 00:13:41,720
remember
2039
00:13:41,720 --> 00:13:41,821
we
2040
00:13:41,821 --> 00:13:42,054
say
2041
00:13:42,054 --> 00:13:42,388
we
2042
00:13:42,388 --> 00:13:42,788
do
2043
00:13:42,822 --> 00:13:43,556
junction-less
2044
00:13:43,556 --> 00:13:44,156
transistor.
2045
00:13:44,156 --> 00:13:44,323
So
2046
00:13:44,323 --> 00:13:44,390
I
2047
00:13:44,390 --> 00:13:44,490
can
2048
00:13:44,557 --> 00:13:44,857
explain
2049
00:13:44,857 --> 00:13:44,990
a
2050
00:13:44,990 --> 00:13:45,191
little
2051
00:13:45,191 --> 00:13:45,357
bit
2052
00:13:45,391 --> 00:13:46,058
further
2053
00:13:46,091 --> 00:13:46,358
on
2054
00:13:46,392 --> 00:13:47,092
that
2055
00:13:47,226 --> 00:13:47,560
right.
2056
00:13:47,593 --> 00:13:47,860
And
2057
00:13:47,860 --> 00:13:48,060
this
2058
00:13:48,060 --> 00:13:48,227
is
2059
00:13:48,227 --> 00:13:48,661
basically
2060
00:13:48,661 --> 00:13:48,894
for
2061
00:13:48,894 --> 00:13:49,061
this
2062
00:13:49,061 --> 00:13:49,662
purpose.
2063
00:13:49,662 --> 00:13:50,029
So
2064
00:13:50,062 --> 00:13:50,262
in
2065
00:13:50,262 --> 00:13:50,830
order
2066
00:13:50,830 --> 00:13:51,463
to
2067
00:13:51,530 --> 00:13:52,097
minimize
2068
00:13:52,097 --> 00:13:52,298
this
2069
00:13:52,298 --> 00:13:53,032
parasitic
2070
00:13:53,032 --> 00:13:53,699
resistance
2071
00:13:53,699 --> 00:13:53,899
what
2072
00:13:53,899 --> 00:13:54,066
we
2073
00:13:54,066 --> 00:13:54,400
choose
2074
00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:54,500
to
2075
00:13:54,500 --> 00:13:54,934
do
2076
00:13:54,934 --> 00:13:55,601
is
2077
00:13:55,634 --> 00:13:56,035
we
2078
00:13:56,068 --> 00:13:56,402
dope
2079
00:13:56,402 --> 00:13:56,669
this
2080
00:13:56,669 --> 00:13:56,902
ten
2081
00:13:56,902 --> 00:13:57,436
nanometer
2082
00:13:57,469 --> 00:13:57,770
thick
2083
00:13:57,770 --> 00:13:58,571
silicon
2084
00:13:58,704 --> 00:13:59,104
very
2085
00:13:59,104 --> 00:13:59,939
uniformly
2086
00:14:00,039 --> 00:14:00,272
at
2087
00:14:00,272 --> 00:14:01,173
relatively
2088
00:14:01,240 --> 00:14:01,640
high
2089
00:14:01,674 --> 00:14:02,107
doping
2090
00:14:02,107 --> 00:14:02,975
concentration
2091
00:14:02,975 --> 00:14:03,275
and
2092
00:14:03,275 --> 00:14:03,542
higher
2093
00:14:03,576 --> 00:14:03,943
doping
2094
00:14:03,943 --> 00:14:05,144
concentration.
2095
00:14:05,177 --> 00:14:05,611
Help
2096
00:14:05,611 --> 00:14:05,878
us
2097
00:14:05,878 --> 00:14:06,011
to
2098
00:14:06,078 --> 00:14:06,478
make
2099
00:14:06,478 --> 00:14:06,879
better
2100
00:14:06,879 --> 00:14:07,546
electrical
2101
00:14:07,546 --> 00:14:08,347
contact
2102
00:14:08,347 --> 00:14:08,614
with
2103
00:14:08,614 --> 00:14:08,747
the
2104
00:14:08,747 --> 00:14:09,114
metal
2105
00:14:09,114 --> 00:14:09,682
electrodes
2106
00:14:09,682 --> 00:14:09,815
we
2107
00:14:09,815 --> 00:14:10,015
put
2108
00:14:10,015 --> 00:14:10,216
on
2109
00:14:10,216 --> 00:14:10,416
top
2110
00:14:10,416 --> 00:14:10,549
of
2111
00:14:10,549 --> 00:14:10,716
those
2112
00:14:10,716 --> 00:14:11,750
semiconductors,
2113
00:14:11,750 --> 00:14:12,017
which
2114
00:14:12,017 --> 00:14:12,184
we
2115
00:14:12,184 --> 00:14:12,551
call
2116
00:14:12,551 --> 00:14:12,952
as
2117
00:14:12,952 --> 00:14:13,152
the
2118
00:14:13,152 --> 00:14:13,519
source
2119
00:14:13,519 --> 00:14:13,652
and
2120
00:14:13,652 --> 00:14:13,986
drain
2121
00:14:13,986 --> 00:14:14,720
electrodes.
2122
00:14:14,753 --> 00:14:15,154
But
2123
00:14:15,187 --> 00:14:15,454
at
2124
00:14:15,454 --> 00:14:15,588
the
2125
00:14:15,588 --> 00:14:15,821
same
2126
00:14:15,821 --> 00:14:16,121
time,
2127
00:14:16,121 --> 00:14:16,255
when
2128
00:14:16,255 --> 00:14:16,455
you
2129
00:14:16,455 --> 00:14:16,722
do
2130
00:14:16,722 --> 00:14:17,122
it,
2131
00:14:17,122 --> 00:14:17,389
you
2132
00:14:17,389 --> 00:14:17,623
have
2133
00:14:17,623 --> 00:14:17,756
to
2134
00:14:17,756 --> 00:14:17,990
make
2135
00:14:18,023 --> 00:14:18,424
sure
2136
00:14:18,424 --> 00:14:18,858
this
2137
00:14:18,858 --> 00:14:19,191
silicon
2138
00:14:19,191 --> 00:14:19,992
film
2139
00:14:19,992 --> 00:14:20,793
itself,
2140
00:14:20,826 --> 00:14:21,060
which
2141
00:14:21,060 --> 00:14:21,227
we
2142
00:14:21,227 --> 00:14:21,460
call
2143
00:14:21,460 --> 00:14:21,660
this
2144
00:14:21,660 --> 00:14:21,794
the
2145
00:14:21,794 --> 00:14:22,494
semiconductor
2146
00:14:22,561 --> 00:14:22,895
body
2147
00:14:22,895 --> 00:14:23,562
thinness
2148
00:14:23,596 --> 00:14:23,829
to
2149
00:14:23,829 --> 00:14:24,063
be
2150
00:14:24,063 --> 00:14:24,296
thin
2151
00:14:24,296 --> 00:14:24,530
enough
2152
00:14:24,530 --> 00:14:25,097
of,
2153
00:14:25,097 --> 00:14:25,431
and
2154
00:14:25,431 --> 00:14:26,198
specifically
2155
00:14:26,198 --> 00:14:26,432
less
2156
00:14:26,432 --> 00:14:26,632
than
2157
00:14:26,665 --> 00:14:26,832
ten
2158
00:14:26,832 --> 00:14:27,333
nanometer
2159
00:14:27,333 --> 00:14:27,633
in
2160
00:14:27,633 --> 00:14:27,833
this
2161
00:14:27,833 --> 00:14:28,500
case,
2162
00:14:28,500 --> 00:14:28,801
so
2163
00:14:28,801 --> 00:14:29,268
that
2164
00:14:29,268 --> 00:14:29,468
we
2165
00:14:29,468 --> 00:14:29,735
can
2166
00:14:29,735 --> 00:14:30,436
still
2167
00:14:30,636 --> 00:14:31,270
carefully
2168
00:14:31,270 --> 00:14:31,737
control
2169
00:14:31,737 --> 00:14:31,971
their
2170
00:14:31,971 --> 00:14:32,538
electrical
2171
00:14:32,538 --> 00:14:33,472
properties
2172
00:14:33,472 --> 00:14:33,772
with
2173
00:14:33,772 --> 00:14:33,873
the
2174
00:14:33,873 --> 00:14:34,440
applied
2175
00:14:34,440 --> 00:14:34,673
gate
2176
00:14:34,673 --> 00:14:35,174
electric
2177
00:14:35,174 --> 00:14:35,741
field
2178
00:14:35,741 --> 00:14:36,242
from
2179
00:14:36,242 --> 00:14:36,342
the
2180
00:14:36,342 --> 00:14:36,609
top.
2181
00:14:36,642 --> 00:14:36,909
So
2182
00:14:36,942 --> 00:14:37,276
in
2183
00:14:37,276 --> 00:14:37,476
other
2184
00:14:37,476 --> 00:14:38,010
words,
2185
00:14:38,077 --> 00:14:38,310
or
2186
00:14:38,310 --> 00:14:38,577
device
2187
00:14:38,611 --> 00:14:38,878
still
2188
00:14:38,878 --> 00:14:39,078
going
2189
00:14:39,078 --> 00:14:39,144
to
2190
00:14:39,144 --> 00:14:39,612
function
2191
00:14:39,612 --> 00:14:39,879
as
2192
00:14:39,879 --> 00:14:40,145
a
2193
00:14:40,145 --> 00:14:40,479
high
2194
00:14:40,479 --> 00:14:41,347
performance
2195
00:14:41,380 --> 00:14:41,947
switch
2196
00:14:41,947 --> 00:14:42,281
and
2197
00:14:42,281 --> 00:14:42,815
amplifying
2198
00:14:42,815 --> 00:14:43,616
devices
2199
00:14:43,682 --> 00:14:43,883
as
2200
00:14:43,883 --> 00:14:44,083
what
2201
00:14:44,083 --> 00:14:44,216
I
2202
00:14:44,283 --> 00:14:44,950
described
2203
00:14:44,984 --> 00:14:45,818
previously.
2204
00:14:45,851 --> 00:14:46,051
And
2205
00:14:46,051 --> 00:14:46,518
basically
2206
00:14:46,518 --> 00:14:46,785
this
2207
00:14:46,785 --> 00:14:48,053
combination,
2208
00:14:48,153 --> 00:14:48,420
the
2209
00:14:48,420 --> 00:14:49,054
uniform
2210
00:14:49,054 --> 00:14:49,321
high
2211
00:14:49,355 --> 00:14:49,655
doping
2212
00:14:49,655 --> 00:14:50,556
concentration
2213
00:14:50,556 --> 00:14:50,856
and
2214
00:14:50,856 --> 00:14:51,657
extremely
2215
00:14:51,657 --> 00:14:51,957
thin
2216
00:14:51,957 --> 00:14:52,758
semiconductor
2217
00:14:52,758 --> 00:14:53,092
body
2218
00:14:53,158 --> 00:14:53,893
thickness
2219
00:14:54,226 --> 00:14:54,693
allow
2220
00:14:54,693 --> 00:14:54,894
us
2221
00:14:54,894 --> 00:14:55,027
to
2222
00:14:55,060 --> 00:14:55,828
maintain
2223
00:14:55,861 --> 00:14:56,095
high
2224
00:14:56,095 --> 00:14:56,462
device
2225
00:14:56,462 --> 00:14:57,363
performance
2226
00:14:57,396 --> 00:14:57,630
while
2227
00:14:57,630 --> 00:14:57,930
at
2228
00:14:57,930 --> 00:14:58,030
the
2229
00:14:58,030 --> 00:14:58,264
same
2230
00:14:58,264 --> 00:14:58,697
time
2231
00:14:58,731 --> 00:14:59,265
ensure
2232
00:14:59,265 --> 00:14:59,398
the
2233
00:14:59,398 --> 00:15:00,299
transistors
2234
00:15:00,299 --> 00:15:00,633
can
2235
00:15:00,633 --> 00:15:01,000
still
2236
00:15:01,033 --> 00:15:01,233
be
2237
00:15:01,233 --> 00:15:01,700
switched
2238
00:15:01,700 --> 00:15:02,234
off
2239
00:15:02,268 --> 00:15:03,602
appropriately
2240
00:15:03,903 --> 00:15:04,069
when
2241
00:15:04,069 --> 00:15:04,236
we
2242
00:15:04,236 --> 00:15:04,436
need
2243
00:15:04,436 --> 00:15:04,703
it.
2244
00:15:04,737 --> 00:15:05,237
So
2245
00:15:05,271 --> 00:15:05,638
moving
2246
00:15:05,638 --> 00:15:05,771
on
2247
00:15:05,771 --> 00:15:05,971
from
2248
00:15:05,971 --> 00:15:06,438
here.
2249
00:15:06,472 --> 00:15:06,639
I
2250
00:15:06,639 --> 00:15:06,705
want
2251
00:15:06,705 --> 00:15:06,772
to
2252
00:15:06,839 --> 00:15:06,972
think
2253
00:15:06,972 --> 00:15:07,373
about
2254
00:15:07,373 --> 00:15:07,706
getting
2255
00:15:07,706 --> 00:15:07,773
it
2256
00:15:07,773 --> 00:15:07,973
out
2257
00:15:07,973 --> 00:15:08,140
in
2258
00:15:08,140 --> 00:15:08,307
the
2259
00:15:08,307 --> 00:15:08,574
world
2260
00:15:08,574 --> 00:15:09,141
and
2261
00:15:09,141 --> 00:15:09,541
being
2262
00:15:09,541 --> 00:15:09,875
used
2263
00:15:09,875 --> 00:15:10,309
in
2264
00:15:10,309 --> 00:15:10,876
existing
2265
00:15:10,876 --> 00:15:11,343
silicon
2266
00:15:11,343 --> 00:15:12,011
foundries
2267
00:15:12,077 --> 00:15:12,211
is
2268
00:15:12,211 --> 00:15:12,378
this
2269
00:15:12,378 --> 00:15:12,478
a
2270
00:15:12,478 --> 00:15:12,945
technology
2271
00:15:12,945 --> 00:15:13,145
that
2272
00:15:13,145 --> 00:15:13,345
can
2273
00:15:13,345 --> 00:15:13,879
translate
2274
00:15:13,879 --> 00:15:14,146
very
2275
00:15:14,146 --> 00:15:14,747
easily,
2276
00:15:14,747 --> 00:15:15,114
and
2277
00:15:15,114 --> 00:15:15,214
what
2278
00:15:15,214 --> 00:15:15,347
are
2279
00:15:15,381 --> 00:15:15,547
kind
2280
00:15:15,547 --> 00:15:15,614
of
2281
00:15:15,681 --> 00:15:15,781
your
2282
00:15:15,781 --> 00:15:15,981
next
2283
00:15:15,981 --> 00:15:16,315
steps
2284
00:15:16,315 --> 00:15:16,448
in
2285
00:15:16,515 --> 00:15:16,782
making
2286
00:15:16,782 --> 00:15:16,949
that
2287
00:15:16,949 --> 00:15:17,583
happen?
2288
00:15:17,716 --> 00:15:18,150
That's
2289
00:15:18,150 --> 00:15:18,984
exactly
2290
00:15:18,984 --> 00:15:19,251
what
2291
00:15:19,251 --> 00:15:19,451
we
2292
00:15:19,451 --> 00:15:19,652
are
2293
00:15:19,652 --> 00:15:19,985
aiming
2294
00:15:19,985 --> 00:15:20,252
at
2295
00:15:20,252 --> 00:15:20,552
for
2296
00:15:20,552 --> 00:15:20,619
the
2297
00:15:20,619 --> 00:15:21,020
next
2298
00:15:21,020 --> 00:15:21,654
step.
2299
00:15:21,720 --> 00:15:21,954
So
2300
00:15:21,954 --> 00:15:22,254
first
2301
00:15:22,254 --> 00:15:22,354
of
2302
00:15:22,354 --> 00:15:22,454
all,
2303
00:15:22,454 --> 00:15:22,655
we're
2304
00:15:22,655 --> 00:15:23,322
definitely
2305
00:15:23,322 --> 00:15:23,923
encouraged
2306
00:15:23,923 --> 00:15:24,223
by
2307
00:15:24,223 --> 00:15:24,390
the
2308
00:15:24,390 --> 00:15:24,957
progress
2309
00:15:24,957 --> 00:15:25,224
we
2310
00:15:25,224 --> 00:15:25,424
have
2311
00:15:25,424 --> 00:15:25,791
already
2312
00:15:25,824 --> 00:15:26,025
made
2313
00:15:26,025 --> 00:15:26,225
so
2314
00:15:26,225 --> 00:15:26,558
far.
2315
00:15:26,592 --> 00:15:27,192
Right.
2316
00:15:27,259 --> 00:15:27,459
So
2317
00:15:27,459 --> 00:15:28,193
basically
2318
00:15:28,227 --> 00:15:28,394
in
2319
00:15:28,460 --> 00:15:28,761
here
2320
00:15:28,761 --> 00:15:28,894
we
2321
00:15:28,894 --> 00:15:29,228
have
2322
00:15:29,228 --> 00:15:30,029
demonstrated
2323
00:15:30,029 --> 00:15:30,296
that
2324
00:15:30,296 --> 00:15:30,596
our
2325
00:15:30,596 --> 00:15:31,230
technology
2326
00:15:31,263 --> 00:15:31,463
can
2327
00:15:31,463 --> 00:15:31,630
be
2328
00:15:31,630 --> 00:15:32,097
scaled
2329
00:15:32,097 --> 00:15:32,698
to
2330
00:15:32,798 --> 00:15:33,232
200
2331
00:15:33,232 --> 00:15:33,699
millimeter
2332
00:15:33,699 --> 00:15:34,500
wafers.
2333
00:15:34,533 --> 00:15:34,934
We
2334
00:15:34,934 --> 00:15:35,467
achieved
2335
00:15:35,534 --> 00:15:35,834
pretty
2336
00:15:35,834 --> 00:15:36,101
good
2337
00:15:36,101 --> 00:15:36,635
device
2338
00:15:36,635 --> 00:15:37,269
performance,
2339
00:15:37,269 --> 00:15:38,137
comparable
2340
00:15:38,137 --> 00:15:38,704
to
2341
00:15:38,737 --> 00:15:39,238
the
2342
00:15:39,371 --> 00:15:39,571
high
2343
00:15:39,571 --> 00:15:40,372
performance
2344
00:15:40,372 --> 00:15:41,340
conventional
2345
00:15:41,373 --> 00:15:41,840
silicon
2346
00:15:41,840 --> 00:15:42,441
transistors
2347
00:15:42,441 --> 00:15:42,574
we
2348
00:15:42,574 --> 00:15:42,841
call
2349
00:15:42,841 --> 00:15:43,509
MOSFET.
2350
00:15:43,509 --> 00:15:43,776
And
2351
00:15:43,776 --> 00:15:44,076
also
2352
00:15:44,076 --> 00:15:44,243
we
2353
00:15:44,243 --> 00:15:44,443
have
2354
00:15:44,476 --> 00:15:44,710
very
2355
00:15:44,710 --> 00:15:44,944
good
2356
00:15:44,944 --> 00:15:45,511
device
2357
00:15:45,544 --> 00:15:46,011
yield
2358
00:15:46,078 --> 00:15:46,545
average
2359
00:15:46,545 --> 00:15:46,812
about
2360
00:15:46,812 --> 00:15:48,280
98%,
2361
00:15:48,314 --> 00:15:48,547
which
2362
00:15:48,547 --> 00:15:48,681
is
2363
00:15:48,681 --> 00:15:48,948
very
2364
00:15:48,948 --> 00:15:49,581
impressive
2365
00:15:49,581 --> 00:15:50,115
considering
2366
00:15:50,115 --> 00:15:50,215
the
2367
00:15:50,215 --> 00:15:50,716
entire
2368
00:15:50,749 --> 00:15:51,116
thing
2369
00:15:51,150 --> 00:15:51,383
is
2370
00:15:51,383 --> 00:15:51,717
carried
2371
00:15:51,717 --> 00:15:51,984
out
2372
00:15:51,984 --> 00:15:52,584
in
2373
00:15:52,618 --> 00:15:53,218
academic
2374
00:15:53,218 --> 00:15:53,652
research
2375
00:15:53,652 --> 00:15:53,953
lab
2376
00:15:53,953 --> 00:15:54,320
rather
2377
00:15:54,320 --> 00:15:54,586
than
2378
00:15:54,586 --> 00:15:54,653
the
2379
00:15:54,653 --> 00:15:55,387
semiconductor
2380
00:15:55,387 --> 00:15:55,821
foundries
2381
00:15:55,821 --> 00:15:55,988
we
2382
00:15:55,988 --> 00:15:56,455
have
2383
00:15:56,522 --> 00:15:56,655
in
2384
00:15:56,655 --> 00:15:56,822
those
2385
00:15:56,822 --> 00:15:57,423
companies.
2386
00:15:57,423 --> 00:15:57,790
And
2387
00:15:57,790 --> 00:15:58,157
also
2388
00:15:58,190 --> 00:15:58,490
we
2389
00:15:58,490 --> 00:15:58,791
have
2390
00:15:58,824 --> 00:15:59,358
built
2391
00:15:59,391 --> 00:16:00,492
successfully
2392
00:16:00,559 --> 00:16:01,026
in
2393
00:16:01,026 --> 00:16:01,427
3D
2394
00:16:01,427 --> 00:16:02,027
integrated
2395
00:16:02,027 --> 00:16:02,494
circuits,
2396
00:16:02,494 --> 00:16:02,962
including
2397
00:16:02,962 --> 00:16:03,228
both
2398
00:16:03,228 --> 00:16:03,629
logic
2399
00:16:03,629 --> 00:16:04,263
circuits
2400
00:16:04,263 --> 00:16:04,563
and
2401
00:16:04,563 --> 00:16:05,030
also
2402
00:16:05,064 --> 00:16:05,531
memory
2403
00:16:05,597 --> 00:16:06,031
circuits.
2404
00:16:06,065 --> 00:16:06,265
And
2405
00:16:06,265 --> 00:16:06,398
you
2406
00:16:06,398 --> 00:16:06,465
are
2407
00:16:06,465 --> 00:16:07,199
100%
2408
00:16:07,199 --> 00:16:07,900
correct.
2409
00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:08,434
One
2410
00:16:08,434 --> 00:16:09,068
very
2411
00:16:09,068 --> 00:16:09,668
important
2412
00:16:09,668 --> 00:16:10,202
advantage
2413
00:16:10,202 --> 00:16:10,602
here
2414
00:16:10,602 --> 00:16:10,869
is
2415
00:16:10,869 --> 00:16:11,570
that
2416
00:16:11,570 --> 00:16:11,971
our
2417
00:16:11,971 --> 00:16:12,504
approach
2418
00:16:12,504 --> 00:16:13,138
use
2419
00:16:13,172 --> 00:16:13,706
single
2420
00:16:13,706 --> 00:16:14,473
crystalline
2421
00:16:14,506 --> 00:16:15,341
silicon,
2422
00:16:15,441 --> 00:16:15,774
and
2423
00:16:15,774 --> 00:16:16,041
single
2424
00:16:16,041 --> 00:16:16,475
crystal.
2425
00:16:16,475 --> 00:16:16,942
Silicon
2426
00:16:16,942 --> 00:16:17,242
is
2427
00:16:17,242 --> 00:16:17,743
already
2428
00:16:17,743 --> 00:16:17,876
the
2429
00:16:17,876 --> 00:16:18,544
foundation
2430
00:16:18,544 --> 00:16:18,711
of
2431
00:16:18,711 --> 00:16:18,811
the
2432
00:16:18,811 --> 00:16:19,311
entire
2433
00:16:19,311 --> 00:16:20,379
semiconductor
2434
00:16:20,412 --> 00:16:21,313
industry
2435
00:16:21,580 --> 00:16:21,814
in
2436
00:16:21,814 --> 00:16:22,548
comparison.
2437
00:16:22,548 --> 00:16:22,681
If
2438
00:16:22,681 --> 00:16:22,881
you
2439
00:16:22,881 --> 00:16:22,982
look
2440
00:16:23,015 --> 00:16:23,215
at
2441
00:16:23,215 --> 00:16:23,582
many
2442
00:16:23,582 --> 00:16:24,383
alternative
2443
00:16:24,383 --> 00:16:25,250
approaches
2444
00:16:25,250 --> 00:16:25,617
from
2445
00:16:25,617 --> 00:16:26,251
monolithic
2446
00:16:26,251 --> 00:16:26,618
3D
2447
00:16:26,618 --> 00:16:27,353
integration,
2448
00:16:27,353 --> 00:16:27,519
they
2449
00:16:27,553 --> 00:16:27,753
kind
2450
00:16:27,753 --> 00:16:27,853
of
2451
00:16:27,920 --> 00:16:28,320
rely
2452
00:16:28,320 --> 00:16:28,854
on
2453
00:16:28,854 --> 00:16:29,154
new
2454
00:16:29,154 --> 00:16:29,855
materials
2455
00:16:29,922 --> 00:16:30,189
such
2456
00:16:30,189 --> 00:16:30,756
as
2457
00:16:30,990 --> 00:16:31,256
metal
2458
00:16:31,290 --> 00:16:31,690
oxide
2459
00:16:31,690 --> 00:16:33,158
semiconductors,
2460
00:16:33,192 --> 00:16:33,559
single
2461
00:16:33,559 --> 00:16:33,692
wall
2462
00:16:33,692 --> 00:16:34,059
carbon
2463
00:16:34,059 --> 00:16:34,893
nanotubes,
2464
00:16:34,960 --> 00:16:35,227
or
2465
00:16:35,227 --> 00:16:35,594
metal
2466
00:16:35,995 --> 00:16:36,362
unite
2467
00:16:36,695 --> 00:16:37,162
2D
2468
00:16:37,162 --> 00:16:38,397
semiconductors,
2469
00:16:38,397 --> 00:16:38,664
which
2470
00:16:38,664 --> 00:16:38,897
can
2471
00:16:38,897 --> 00:16:39,231
face
2472
00:16:39,264 --> 00:16:39,832
additional
2473
00:16:39,832 --> 00:16:40,866
manufacturing
2474
00:16:40,866 --> 00:16:41,533
challenge.
2475
00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:42,067
And
2476
00:16:42,067 --> 00:16:42,501
because
2477
00:16:42,534 --> 00:16:42,835
our
2478
00:16:42,835 --> 00:16:43,502
approach
2479
00:16:43,836 --> 00:16:44,236
remain
2480
00:16:44,236 --> 00:16:44,770
compatible
2481
00:16:44,770 --> 00:16:45,104
with
2482
00:16:45,137 --> 00:16:45,637
silicon
2483
00:16:45,637 --> 00:16:45,971
based
2484
00:16:45,971 --> 00:16:47,272
manufacturing,
2485
00:16:47,673 --> 00:16:47,906
we
2486
00:16:47,906 --> 00:16:48,640
believe
2487
00:16:48,674 --> 00:16:48,907
it
2488
00:16:48,907 --> 00:16:49,508
offers
2489
00:16:49,541 --> 00:16:49,775
a
2490
00:16:49,775 --> 00:16:49,975
much
2491
00:16:49,975 --> 00:16:50,175
more
2492
00:16:50,175 --> 00:16:50,676
direct
2493
00:16:50,676 --> 00:16:51,810
pathway
2494
00:16:51,877 --> 00:16:52,311
toward
2495
00:16:52,344 --> 00:16:52,878
industry
2496
00:16:52,878 --> 00:16:53,812
adoption.
2497
00:16:53,879 --> 00:16:54,179
And
2498
00:16:54,179 --> 00:16:54,880
specifically,
2499
00:16:54,880 --> 00:16:55,114
we
2500
00:16:55,114 --> 00:16:55,314
have
2501
00:16:55,314 --> 00:16:55,748
already
2502
00:16:55,748 --> 00:16:56,482
received
2503
00:16:56,515 --> 00:16:57,149
interest
2504
00:16:57,149 --> 00:16:57,683
from
2505
00:16:57,683 --> 00:16:57,816
many
2506
00:16:57,816 --> 00:16:58,183
different
2507
00:16:58,183 --> 00:16:59,251
organizations
2508
00:16:59,251 --> 00:16:59,918
including
2509
00:17:00,152 --> 00:17:00,786
Samsung,
2510
00:17:00,819 --> 00:17:01,453
IBM,
2511
00:17:01,520 --> 00:17:02,221
TSMC,
2512
00:17:02,254 --> 00:17:02,621
MIT
2513
00:17:02,654 --> 00:17:03,055
Lincoln
2514
00:17:03,055 --> 00:17:03,622
Lab,
2515
00:17:03,789 --> 00:17:04,023
and
2516
00:17:04,023 --> 00:17:04,656
also
2517
00:17:04,790 --> 00:17:05,090
venture
2518
00:17:05,090 --> 00:17:05,457
capital
2519
00:17:05,457 --> 00:17:06,291
investors.
2520
00:17:06,358 --> 00:17:06,759
We're
2521
00:17:06,759 --> 00:17:07,059
very
2522
00:17:07,059 --> 00:17:07,593
excited
2523
00:17:07,593 --> 00:17:07,693
to
2524
00:17:07,693 --> 00:17:08,227
continue
2525
00:17:08,260 --> 00:17:08,660
working
2526
00:17:08,660 --> 00:17:08,894
with
2527
00:17:08,894 --> 00:17:09,361
our
2528
00:17:09,361 --> 00:17:09,862
industry
2529
00:17:09,862 --> 00:17:10,429
partners,
2530
00:17:10,429 --> 00:17:10,662
and
2531
00:17:10,662 --> 00:17:11,430
hopefully
2532
00:17:11,430 --> 00:17:11,663
we
2533
00:17:11,663 --> 00:17:11,930
can
2534
00:17:11,930 --> 00:17:12,231
move
2535
00:17:12,331 --> 00:17:12,531
our
2536
00:17:12,531 --> 00:17:13,198
technology
2537
00:17:13,198 --> 00:17:13,699
toward
2538
00:17:13,699 --> 00:17:14,867
commercialization
2539
00:17:14,867 --> 00:17:15,200
in
2540
00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:15,334
a
2541
00:17:15,334 --> 00:17:16,068
relatively
2542
00:17:16,068 --> 00:17:16,402
short
2543
00:17:16,435 --> 00:17:16,635
time
2544
00:17:16,668 --> 00:17:17,302
frame.
2545
00:17:17,336 --> 00:17:17,503
I
2546
00:17:17,503 --> 00:17:17,703
also
2547
00:17:17,703 --> 00:17:17,870
want
2548
00:17:17,870 --> 00:17:17,970
to
2549
00:17:17,970 --> 00:17:18,270
ask
2550
00:17:18,270 --> 00:17:18,370
you
2551
00:17:18,370 --> 00:17:18,771
about
2552
00:17:18,771 --> 00:17:19,138
your
2553
00:17:19,171 --> 00:17:19,671
NSF
2554
00:17:19,671 --> 00:17:20,105
support
2555
00:17:20,105 --> 00:17:20,272
and
2556
00:17:20,272 --> 00:17:20,639
grants
2557
00:17:20,639 --> 00:17:20,873
you've
2558
00:17:20,873 --> 00:17:21,373
received.
2559
00:17:21,373 --> 00:17:21,740
How
2560
00:17:21,740 --> 00:17:22,107
has
2561
00:17:22,107 --> 00:17:22,508
that
2562
00:17:22,508 --> 00:17:23,142
support
2563
00:17:23,142 --> 00:17:23,842
impacted
2564
00:17:23,842 --> 00:17:24,076
your
2565
00:17:24,076 --> 00:17:24,376
career
2566
00:17:24,376 --> 00:17:24,576
so
2567
00:17:24,576 --> 00:17:25,077
far?
2568
00:17:25,144 --> 00:17:25,511
NSF
2569
00:17:25,711 --> 00:17:25,978
has
2570
00:17:26,011 --> 00:17:26,478
always
2571
00:17:26,478 --> 00:17:26,712
been
2572
00:17:26,712 --> 00:17:26,812
one
2573
00:17:26,812 --> 00:17:26,979
of
2574
00:17:26,979 --> 00:17:27,179
the
2575
00:17:27,179 --> 00:17:27,746
most
2576
00:17:27,746 --> 00:17:28,280
important
2577
00:17:28,280 --> 00:17:28,714
supporter
2578
00:17:28,714 --> 00:17:28,814
of
2579
00:17:28,814 --> 00:17:28,981
my
2580
00:17:28,981 --> 00:17:29,348
research
2581
00:17:29,348 --> 00:17:29,982
programs
2582
00:17:30,015 --> 00:17:30,282
at
2583
00:17:30,282 --> 00:17:30,382
the
2584
00:17:30,382 --> 00:17:30,783
University
2585
00:17:30,783 --> 00:17:30,983
of
2586
00:17:30,983 --> 00:17:31,650
Illinois
2587
00:17:31,650 --> 00:17:32,217
and
2588
00:17:32,217 --> 00:17:32,551
this
2589
00:17:32,551 --> 00:17:33,385
particular
2590
00:17:33,385 --> 00:17:34,119
projects
2591
00:17:34,386 --> 00:17:34,753
leading
2592
00:17:34,787 --> 00:17:34,987
to
2593
00:17:34,987 --> 00:17:35,220
this
2594
00:17:35,220 --> 00:17:35,954
monolithic
2595
00:17:35,954 --> 00:17:36,255
3D
2596
00:17:36,255 --> 00:17:36,989
integration
2597
00:17:36,989 --> 00:17:37,189
of
2598
00:17:37,189 --> 00:17:37,656
silicon
2599
00:17:37,656 --> 00:17:38,690
transistors
2600
00:17:38,991 --> 00:17:39,191
has
2601
00:17:39,191 --> 00:17:39,425
been
2602
00:17:39,425 --> 00:17:40,025
supported
2603
00:17:40,025 --> 00:17:40,626
through
2604
00:17:40,659 --> 00:17:41,226
NSF
2605
00:17:41,293 --> 00:17:41,627
Future
2606
00:17:41,627 --> 00:17:41,760
of
2607
00:17:41,760 --> 00:17:42,461
Semiconductor
2608
00:17:42,461 --> 00:17:43,362
program,
2609
00:17:43,362 --> 00:17:43,562
as
2610
00:17:43,562 --> 00:17:43,796
well
2611
00:17:43,796 --> 00:17:44,296
as
2612
00:17:44,363 --> 00:17:44,596
the
2613
00:17:44,596 --> 00:17:44,830
EPMD,
2614
00:17:45,664 --> 00:17:45,898
which
2615
00:17:45,898 --> 00:17:46,231
stands
2616
00:17:46,231 --> 00:17:46,532
for,
2617
00:17:46,532 --> 00:17:46,665
I
2618
00:17:46,665 --> 00:17:47,032
believe,
2619
00:17:47,032 --> 00:17:47,866
electronics,
2620
00:17:47,866 --> 00:17:48,500
Photonics
2621
00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:48,667
and
2622
00:17:48,667 --> 00:17:49,268
Magnetic
2623
00:17:49,268 --> 00:17:49,802
Devices
2624
00:17:49,802 --> 00:17:50,669
program
2625
00:17:50,903 --> 00:17:51,537
within
2626
00:17:51,537 --> 00:17:51,637
the
2627
00:17:51,637 --> 00:17:52,104
Division
2628
00:17:52,104 --> 00:17:52,304
of
2629
00:17:52,304 --> 00:17:52,938
Electrical
2630
00:17:52,938 --> 00:17:53,672
Communication
2631
00:17:53,672 --> 00:17:53,872
and
2632
00:17:53,872 --> 00:17:54,173
Cyber
2633
00:17:54,173 --> 00:17:54,840
Systems.
2634
00:17:54,840 --> 00:17:55,140
But
2635
00:17:55,140 --> 00:17:55,340
I
2636
00:17:55,340 --> 00:17:55,674
would
2637
00:17:55,674 --> 00:17:55,874
like
2638
00:17:55,874 --> 00:17:55,974
to
2639
00:17:55,974 --> 00:17:56,575
emphasize
2640
00:17:56,575 --> 00:17:56,909
here,
2641
00:17:57,109 --> 00:17:57,676
beyond
2642
00:17:57,709 --> 00:17:58,544
funding
2643
00:17:58,677 --> 00:17:59,111
and
2644
00:17:59,111 --> 00:17:59,578
NSF
2645
00:17:59,578 --> 00:18:00,012
provides
2646
00:18:00,079 --> 00:18:00,412
actually
2647
00:18:00,412 --> 00:18:00,546
a
2648
00:18:00,546 --> 00:18:00,779
very
2649
00:18:00,779 --> 00:18:01,146
good
2650
00:18:01,180 --> 00:18:01,980
ecosystem
2651
00:18:02,014 --> 00:18:02,181
to
2652
00:18:02,214 --> 00:18:02,548
help
2653
00:18:02,548 --> 00:18:03,215
researchers
2654
00:18:03,215 --> 00:18:03,415
move
2655
00:18:03,415 --> 00:18:03,749
from
2656
00:18:03,749 --> 00:18:04,616
innovations
2657
00:18:04,616 --> 00:18:05,117
from
2658
00:18:05,117 --> 00:18:05,217
the
2659
00:18:05,217 --> 00:18:05,584
lab
2660
00:18:05,584 --> 00:18:06,185
toward
2661
00:18:06,318 --> 00:18:06,752
real
2662
00:18:06,752 --> 00:18:07,352
world
2663
00:18:07,352 --> 00:18:07,853
impacts.
2664
00:18:07,853 --> 00:18:08,353
This
2665
00:18:08,387 --> 00:18:08,654
might
2666
00:18:08,654 --> 00:18:08,787
be
2667
00:18:08,787 --> 00:18:08,854
a
2668
00:18:08,854 --> 00:18:09,054
little
2669
00:18:09,121 --> 00:18:09,254
bit
2670
00:18:09,254 --> 00:18:09,788
different
2671
00:18:09,788 --> 00:18:10,222
from
2672
00:18:10,255 --> 00:18:10,522
the
2673
00:18:10,522 --> 00:18:11,123
traditional
2674
00:18:11,356 --> 00:18:11,990
perspective
2675
00:18:11,990 --> 00:18:12,391
about
2676
00:18:12,424 --> 00:18:12,591
the
2677
00:18:12,591 --> 00:18:12,758
image
2678
00:18:12,758 --> 00:18:12,858
of
2679
00:18:13,158 --> 00:18:13,392
NSF,
2680
00:18:13,492 --> 00:18:13,759
but
2681
00:18:13,759 --> 00:18:14,193
that's
2682
00:18:14,193 --> 00:18:14,793
real
2683
00:18:15,094 --> 00:18:15,494
and
2684
00:18:15,494 --> 00:18:15,861
current
2685
00:18:15,861 --> 00:18:16,495
words.
2686
00:18:16,762 --> 00:18:16,962
For
2687
00:18:16,962 --> 00:18:17,463
example,
2688
00:18:17,463 --> 00:18:17,763
where
2689
00:18:17,763 --> 00:18:17,996
we're
2690
00:18:17,996 --> 00:18:18,297
working
2691
00:18:18,297 --> 00:18:18,630
with
2692
00:18:18,630 --> 00:18:18,831
all
2693
00:18:18,831 --> 00:18:18,931
the
2694
00:18:18,931 --> 00:18:19,731
industry
2695
00:18:20,032 --> 00:18:20,599
partners
2696
00:18:20,599 --> 00:18:20,833
I
2697
00:18:20,833 --> 00:18:21,500
mentioned
2698
00:18:21,700 --> 00:18:22,701
previously,
2699
00:18:22,734 --> 00:18:23,001
and
2700
00:18:23,035 --> 00:18:23,469
actually
2701
00:18:23,502 --> 00:18:23,836
through
2702
00:18:23,836 --> 00:18:24,002
the
2703
00:18:24,002 --> 00:18:24,303
center
2704
00:18:24,303 --> 00:18:24,470
for
2705
00:18:24,470 --> 00:18:24,970
Advanced
2706
00:18:24,970 --> 00:18:25,704
Semiconductor
2707
00:18:25,704 --> 00:18:26,038
Chips
2708
00:18:26,038 --> 00:18:26,505
with
2709
00:18:26,538 --> 00:18:27,306
Accelerated
2710
00:18:27,339 --> 00:18:28,273
Performance,
2711
00:18:28,273 --> 00:18:28,474
which
2712
00:18:28,474 --> 00:18:28,574
we
2713
00:18:28,574 --> 00:18:28,774
call
2714
00:18:28,774 --> 00:18:28,874
the
2715
00:18:28,907 --> 00:18:29,274
ASAP
2716
00:18:29,274 --> 00:18:29,575
center
2717
00:18:29,575 --> 00:18:29,908
over
2718
00:18:29,908 --> 00:18:30,309
here.
2719
00:18:30,309 --> 00:18:30,742
And
2720
00:18:30,742 --> 00:18:31,076
this
2721
00:18:31,076 --> 00:18:31,343
is
2722
00:18:31,376 --> 00:18:31,577
an
2723
00:18:32,211 --> 00:18:32,544
NSF
2724
00:18:32,544 --> 00:18:33,345
AUCRC
2725
00:18:33,545 --> 00:18:33,779
which
2726
00:18:33,779 --> 00:18:34,113
stands
2727
00:18:34,113 --> 00:18:34,580
for
2728
00:18:34,580 --> 00:18:35,147
Industry
2729
00:18:35,180 --> 00:18:36,014
University
2730
00:18:36,081 --> 00:18:37,282
Cooperative
2731
00:18:37,282 --> 00:18:37,783
Research
2732
00:18:37,783 --> 00:18:38,217
Center.
2733
00:18:38,217 --> 00:18:38,650
And
2734
00:18:38,650 --> 00:18:38,951
at
2735
00:18:38,951 --> 00:18:39,051
the
2736
00:18:39,051 --> 00:18:39,218
same
2737
00:18:39,218 --> 00:18:39,518
time,
2738
00:18:39,551 --> 00:18:39,818
we're
2739
00:18:39,818 --> 00:18:40,252
also
2740
00:18:40,319 --> 00:18:40,919
exploring
2741
00:18:40,953 --> 00:18:41,520
additional
2742
00:18:41,520 --> 00:18:42,421
opportunities
2743
00:18:42,421 --> 00:18:43,055
through,
2744
00:18:43,188 --> 00:18:43,355
for
2745
00:18:43,355 --> 00:18:43,722
example,
2746
00:18:43,722 --> 00:18:43,856
the
2747
00:18:43,856 --> 00:18:44,356
NSF
2748
00:18:44,389 --> 00:18:44,556
kind
2749
00:18:44,556 --> 00:18:44,623
of
2750
00:18:44,723 --> 00:18:45,357
translation
2751
00:18:45,357 --> 00:18:45,657
to
2752
00:18:45,691 --> 00:18:46,225
practice
2753
00:18:46,225 --> 00:18:46,825
programs
2754
00:18:46,825 --> 00:18:47,159
in
2755
00:18:47,159 --> 00:18:47,826
parallel.
2756
00:18:47,826 --> 00:18:48,260
And
2757
00:18:48,260 --> 00:18:48,560
this
2758
00:18:48,560 --> 00:18:48,794
is
2759
00:18:48,794 --> 00:18:49,194
really
2760
00:18:49,194 --> 00:18:49,294
the
2761
00:18:49,294 --> 00:18:49,795
result
2762
00:18:49,795 --> 00:18:50,262
of
2763
00:18:50,696 --> 00:18:50,762
a
2764
00:18:50,896 --> 00:18:51,663
multi-year
2765
00:18:51,663 --> 00:18:51,830
kind
2766
00:18:51,830 --> 00:18:51,964
of
2767
00:18:52,231 --> 00:18:52,631
multi
2768
00:18:52,631 --> 00:18:53,065
research
2769
00:18:53,065 --> 00:18:53,432
group
2770
00:18:53,465 --> 00:18:54,633
multidisciplinary
2771
00:18:54,633 --> 00:18:55,934
collaboration.
2772
00:18:56,034 --> 00:18:56,235
And
2773
00:18:56,235 --> 00:18:56,435
I
2774
00:18:56,435 --> 00:18:56,535
will
2775
00:18:56,535 --> 00:18:56,702
say
2776
00:18:56,702 --> 00:18:56,902
this
2777
00:18:56,902 --> 00:18:57,102
is
2778
00:18:57,102 --> 00:18:57,803
only
2779
00:18:57,803 --> 00:18:58,270
becomes
2780
00:18:58,270 --> 00:18:58,871
possible
2781
00:18:59,171 --> 00:18:59,671
under
2782
00:18:59,705 --> 00:18:59,838
the
2783
00:18:59,838 --> 00:19:00,305
supporting
2784
00:19:00,339 --> 00:19:00,939
framework
2785
00:19:00,939 --> 00:19:01,240
of
2786
00:19:01,273 --> 00:19:02,040
NSF.
2787
00:19:02,341 --> 00:19:02,541
Can
2788
00:19:02,541 --> 00:19:02,674
you
2789
00:19:02,674 --> 00:19:02,841
talk
2790
00:19:02,841 --> 00:19:02,908
a
2791
00:19:02,908 --> 00:19:03,075
little
2792
00:19:03,108 --> 00:19:03,242
bit
2793
00:19:03,242 --> 00:19:03,542
about
2794
00:19:03,542 --> 00:19:03,642
the
2795
00:19:03,675 --> 00:19:04,076
workforce
2796
00:19:04,076 --> 00:19:04,543
development
2797
00:19:04,543 --> 00:19:04,743
and
2798
00:19:04,743 --> 00:19:04,943
your
2799
00:19:04,943 --> 00:19:05,544
students?
2800
00:19:05,544 --> 00:19:05,811
How
2801
00:19:05,878 --> 00:19:06,078
are
2802
00:19:06,211 --> 00:19:06,378
the
2803
00:19:06,378 --> 00:19:06,778
students
2804
00:19:06,778 --> 00:19:07,079
getting
2805
00:19:07,079 --> 00:19:07,179
an
2806
00:19:07,179 --> 00:19:07,813
opportunity
2807
00:19:07,813 --> 00:19:07,946
to
2808
00:19:07,980 --> 00:19:08,213
look
2809
00:19:08,213 --> 00:19:08,380
at
2810
00:19:08,413 --> 00:19:08,680
what
2811
00:19:08,680 --> 00:19:08,981
might
2812
00:19:08,981 --> 00:19:09,181
be
2813
00:19:09,181 --> 00:19:09,481
ahead
2814
00:19:09,481 --> 00:19:09,681
for
2815
00:19:09,681 --> 00:19:10,082
them
2816
00:19:10,082 --> 00:19:10,549
by
2817
00:19:10,549 --> 00:19:10,983
running
2818
00:19:10,983 --> 00:19:11,150
through
2819
00:19:11,150 --> 00:19:11,316
this
2820
00:19:11,316 --> 00:19:12,117
program?
2821
00:19:12,151 --> 00:19:12,417
Right,
2822
00:19:12,451 --> 00:19:12,651
right.
2823
00:19:12,718 --> 00:19:12,918
This
2824
00:19:12,918 --> 00:19:13,018
is
2825
00:19:13,318 --> 00:19:13,619
very
2826
00:19:13,619 --> 00:19:14,219
important,
2827
00:19:14,253 --> 00:19:14,419
right.
2828
00:19:14,453 --> 00:19:14,586
So
2829
00:19:14,620 --> 00:19:14,953
unless
2830
00:19:15,154 --> 00:19:15,387
it's
2831
00:19:15,387 --> 00:19:15,721
not
2832
00:19:15,721 --> 00:19:15,988
just
2833
00:19:15,988 --> 00:19:16,388
about
2834
00:19:16,388 --> 00:19:16,922
developing
2835
00:19:16,922 --> 00:19:17,122
cool
2836
00:19:17,156 --> 00:19:17,823
technologies,
2837
00:19:17,823 --> 00:19:18,056
it's
2838
00:19:18,056 --> 00:19:18,357
also
2839
00:19:18,357 --> 00:19:18,757
about
2840
00:19:18,757 --> 00:19:19,258
developing
2841
00:19:19,258 --> 00:19:19,424
the
2842
00:19:19,424 --> 00:19:19,958
workforce
2843
00:19:19,958 --> 00:19:20,559
required
2844
00:19:20,559 --> 00:19:21,093
for
2845
00:19:21,426 --> 00:19:21,760
US
2846
00:19:21,793 --> 00:19:22,561
economy
2847
00:19:22,594 --> 00:19:23,061
at
2848
00:19:23,061 --> 00:19:23,362
large.
2849
00:19:23,362 --> 00:19:23,562
And
2850
00:19:23,562 --> 00:19:23,695
this
2851
00:19:23,695 --> 00:19:23,862
is
2852
00:19:23,862 --> 00:19:24,630
especially
2853
00:19:24,630 --> 00:19:25,130
important
2854
00:19:25,130 --> 00:19:25,264
for
2855
00:19:25,264 --> 00:19:25,397
the
2856
00:19:25,397 --> 00:19:26,131
semiconductor
2857
00:19:26,131 --> 00:19:26,598
industry.
2858
00:19:26,865 --> 00:19:27,065
If
2859
00:19:27,065 --> 00:19:27,533
you
2860
00:19:27,599 --> 00:19:27,866
look
2861
00:19:27,866 --> 00:19:28,033
at
2862
00:19:28,033 --> 00:19:28,133
the
2863
00:19:28,133 --> 00:19:28,667
report
2864
00:19:28,667 --> 00:19:28,934
from
2865
00:19:28,934 --> 00:19:29,034
the
2866
00:19:29,034 --> 00:19:29,334
Chips
2867
00:19:29,401 --> 00:19:29,701
act.
2868
00:19:29,735 --> 00:19:30,435
Overall,
2869
00:19:30,536 --> 00:19:30,736
if
2870
00:19:30,736 --> 00:19:30,869
we
2871
00:19:30,869 --> 00:19:31,069
want
2872
00:19:31,069 --> 00:19:31,236
to
2873
00:19:31,236 --> 00:19:31,470
bring
2874
00:19:31,470 --> 00:19:31,537
the
2875
00:19:31,537 --> 00:19:31,770
chip
2876
00:19:31,770 --> 00:19:32,538
manufacturing
2877
00:19:32,538 --> 00:19:32,905
design
2878
00:19:32,905 --> 00:19:33,105
back
2879
00:19:33,105 --> 00:19:33,238
to
2880
00:19:33,238 --> 00:19:33,305
the
2881
00:19:33,572 --> 00:19:34,039
states,
2882
00:19:34,173 --> 00:19:34,773
one
2883
00:19:34,773 --> 00:19:35,174
very
2884
00:19:35,174 --> 00:19:35,340
big
2885
00:19:35,340 --> 00:19:35,841
challenge
2886
00:19:35,841 --> 00:19:36,141
is
2887
00:19:36,141 --> 00:19:36,308
how
2888
00:19:36,308 --> 00:19:36,341
are
2889
00:19:36,341 --> 00:19:36,475
we
2890
00:19:36,475 --> 00:19:36,642
going
2891
00:19:36,642 --> 00:19:36,708
to
2892
00:19:36,708 --> 00:19:36,775
be
2893
00:19:36,775 --> 00:19:36,942
able
2894
00:19:36,942 --> 00:19:37,042
to
2895
00:19:37,075 --> 00:19:37,376
get
2896
00:19:37,442 --> 00:19:37,543
a
2897
00:19:37,543 --> 00:19:38,043
proper
2898
00:19:38,043 --> 00:19:38,477
number
2899
00:19:38,477 --> 00:19:38,977
of
2900
00:19:39,311 --> 00:19:39,545
from
2901
00:19:39,545 --> 00:19:40,412
technicians
2902
00:19:40,412 --> 00:19:41,013
to
2903
00:19:41,313 --> 00:19:41,580
staff
2904
00:19:41,580 --> 00:19:42,080
scientists
2905
00:19:42,114 --> 00:19:42,214
to
2906
00:19:42,281 --> 00:19:43,081
researchers
2907
00:19:43,115 --> 00:19:43,582
actually
2908
00:19:43,582 --> 00:19:43,882
been
2909
00:19:43,882 --> 00:19:44,283
working
2910
00:19:44,283 --> 00:19:44,416
in
2911
00:19:44,416 --> 00:19:44,616
the
2912
00:19:44,616 --> 00:19:45,250
field.
2913
00:19:45,317 --> 00:19:45,517
So
2914
00:19:45,551 --> 00:19:45,918
we're
2915
00:19:45,918 --> 00:19:46,185
trying
2916
00:19:46,185 --> 00:19:46,318
to
2917
00:19:46,318 --> 00:19:46,585
help
2918
00:19:46,618 --> 00:19:46,818
on
2919
00:19:46,818 --> 00:19:47,019
this
2920
00:19:47,019 --> 00:19:47,452
problem
2921
00:19:47,452 --> 00:19:47,853
from
2922
00:19:47,953 --> 00:19:48,187
two
2923
00:19:48,187 --> 00:19:48,820
perspectives.
2924
00:19:49,121 --> 00:19:49,254
So
2925
00:19:49,321 --> 00:19:49,721
one
2926
00:19:49,721 --> 00:19:50,255
is
2927
00:19:50,322 --> 00:19:50,756
this
2928
00:19:50,756 --> 00:19:51,256
specific
2929
00:19:51,256 --> 00:19:51,823
project
2930
00:19:51,857 --> 00:19:52,191
is
2931
00:19:52,224 --> 00:19:52,457
got
2932
00:19:52,457 --> 00:19:52,891
heavily
2933
00:19:52,891 --> 00:19:53,258
involved
2934
00:19:53,258 --> 00:19:53,492
with
2935
00:19:53,492 --> 00:19:53,792
micro
2936
00:19:53,792 --> 00:19:54,560
fabrication,
2937
00:19:54,560 --> 00:19:55,093
especially
2938
00:19:55,093 --> 00:19:55,227
the
2939
00:19:55,227 --> 00:19:55,460
micro
2940
00:19:55,460 --> 00:19:56,428
fabrication
2941
00:19:56,428 --> 00:19:56,662
of
2942
00:19:56,662 --> 00:19:57,496
conventional
2943
00:19:57,563 --> 00:19:57,763
or
2944
00:19:57,763 --> 00:19:58,530
semiconductor
2945
00:19:58,530 --> 00:19:58,997
silicon
2946
00:19:58,997 --> 00:19:59,665
devices.
2947
00:19:59,665 --> 00:19:59,998
So
2948
00:19:59,998 --> 00:20:00,332
all
2949
00:20:00,332 --> 00:20:00,465
the
2950
00:20:00,465 --> 00:20:01,200
undergraduate
2951
00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:01,633
students
2952
00:20:01,633 --> 00:20:01,733
and
2953
00:20:01,733 --> 00:20:02,100
graduate
2954
00:20:02,100 --> 00:20:02,634
students
2955
00:20:02,634 --> 00:20:03,335
directly
2956
00:20:03,402 --> 00:20:03,802
get
2957
00:20:03,835 --> 00:20:04,736
involved
2958
00:20:04,736 --> 00:20:04,903
in
2959
00:20:04,937 --> 00:20:05,170
this
2960
00:20:05,170 --> 00:20:05,971
project.
2961
00:20:06,038 --> 00:20:06,338
They
2962
00:20:06,338 --> 00:20:06,672
get
2963
00:20:06,705 --> 00:20:06,905
kind
2964
00:20:06,905 --> 00:20:07,072
of
2965
00:20:07,105 --> 00:20:07,439
hands
2966
00:20:07,439 --> 00:20:07,539
on
2967
00:20:07,539 --> 00:20:08,273
experience
2968
00:20:08,273 --> 00:20:08,707
about
2969
00:20:08,740 --> 00:20:09,341
working
2970
00:20:09,341 --> 00:20:09,741
inside
2971
00:20:09,741 --> 00:20:10,042
the
2972
00:20:10,042 --> 00:20:10,342
clean
2973
00:20:10,342 --> 00:20:10,642
room
2974
00:20:10,642 --> 00:20:10,943
environment,
2975
00:20:10,943 --> 00:20:11,310
about
2976
00:20:11,310 --> 00:20:11,610
making
2977
00:20:11,610 --> 00:20:11,810
those
2978
00:20:11,810 --> 00:20:12,678
microprocessor
2979
00:20:12,678 --> 00:20:13,078
chips.
2980
00:20:13,078 --> 00:20:13,478
And
2981
00:20:13,478 --> 00:20:13,679
they
2982
00:20:13,679 --> 00:20:14,346
can
2983
00:20:14,479 --> 00:20:14,913
set
2984
00:20:14,947 --> 00:20:15,681
directly
2985
00:20:16,014 --> 00:20:16,815
into
2986
00:20:16,882 --> 00:20:17,015
the
2987
00:20:17,082 --> 00:20:17,382
US
2988
00:20:17,382 --> 00:20:17,749
based
2989
00:20:17,749 --> 00:20:18,517
semiconductor
2990
00:20:18,517 --> 00:20:19,418
manufacturing
2991
00:20:19,418 --> 00:20:20,052
industry
2992
00:20:20,052 --> 00:20:20,252
in
2993
00:20:20,252 --> 00:20:20,385
the
2994
00:20:20,385 --> 00:20:21,119
future.
2995
00:20:21,353 --> 00:20:21,520
And
2996
00:20:21,553 --> 00:20:21,753
on
2997
00:20:21,753 --> 00:20:22,020
top
2998
00:20:22,020 --> 00:20:22,154
of
2999
00:20:22,187 --> 00:20:22,454
that,
3000
00:20:22,454 --> 00:20:22,621
I
3001
00:20:22,621 --> 00:20:22,754
would
3002
00:20:22,754 --> 00:20:22,955
like
3003
00:20:22,955 --> 00:20:23,055
to
3004
00:20:23,055 --> 00:20:23,989
emphasize,
3005
00:20:24,323 --> 00:20:24,556
as
3006
00:20:24,556 --> 00:20:24,790
part
3007
00:20:24,790 --> 00:20:24,890
of
3008
00:20:24,957 --> 00:20:25,190
this
3009
00:20:25,190 --> 00:20:25,591
Future
3010
00:20:25,591 --> 00:20:25,757
of
3011
00:20:25,757 --> 00:20:26,625
Semiconductors
3012
00:20:26,625 --> 00:20:27,392
program,
3013
00:20:27,392 --> 00:20:27,626
we
3014
00:20:27,626 --> 00:20:28,060
actually
3015
00:20:28,093 --> 00:20:28,393
work
3016
00:20:28,393 --> 00:20:28,694
with
3017
00:20:28,694 --> 00:20:29,194
local
3018
00:20:29,194 --> 00:20:29,761
community
3019
00:20:29,761 --> 00:20:30,195
college
3020
00:20:30,195 --> 00:20:30,462
called
3021
00:20:30,462 --> 00:20:30,996
Parkland
3022
00:20:30,996 --> 00:20:31,663
College.
3023
00:20:31,663 --> 00:20:31,897
So
3024
00:20:31,897 --> 00:20:32,097
we
3025
00:20:32,097 --> 00:20:32,397
build
3026
00:20:32,397 --> 00:20:32,698
a
3027
00:20:32,731 --> 00:20:33,465
semiconductor
3028
00:20:33,465 --> 00:20:34,299
manufacturing
3029
00:20:34,333 --> 00:20:35,100
technician
3030
00:20:35,100 --> 00:20:35,534
training
3031
00:20:35,534 --> 00:20:36,101
camp
3032
00:20:36,134 --> 00:20:36,501
during
3033
00:20:36,501 --> 00:20:36,602
the
3034
00:20:36,635 --> 00:20:37,135
summer.
3035
00:20:37,202 --> 00:20:37,603
And
3036
00:20:37,603 --> 00:20:38,070
during
3037
00:20:38,070 --> 00:20:38,470
this
3038
00:20:38,503 --> 00:20:38,737
this
3039
00:20:38,737 --> 00:20:39,104
training
3040
00:20:39,104 --> 00:20:39,638
camp,
3041
00:20:39,638 --> 00:20:39,871
we
3042
00:20:39,871 --> 00:20:40,439
provide
3043
00:20:40,439 --> 00:20:40,739
this
3044
00:20:40,772 --> 00:20:41,106
hands
3045
00:20:41,106 --> 00:20:41,273
on
3046
00:20:41,273 --> 00:20:41,974
semiconductor
3047
00:20:41,974 --> 00:20:42,741
manufacturing
3048
00:20:42,741 --> 00:20:43,675
experience,
3049
00:20:43,709 --> 00:20:43,976
not
3050
00:20:43,976 --> 00:20:44,243
just
3051
00:20:44,243 --> 00:20:44,376
the
3052
00:20:44,443 --> 00:20:44,643
to
3053
00:20:44,643 --> 00:20:45,077
our
3054
00:20:45,110 --> 00:20:45,677
undergraduate
3055
00:20:45,677 --> 00:20:46,011
students,
3056
00:20:46,144 --> 00:20:46,378
but
3057
00:20:46,378 --> 00:20:46,945
also
3058
00:20:46,945 --> 00:20:47,279
to
3059
00:20:47,279 --> 00:20:47,379
the
3060
00:20:47,379 --> 00:20:47,879
students
3061
00:20:47,879 --> 00:20:48,080
in
3062
00:20:48,080 --> 00:20:48,213
this
3063
00:20:48,213 --> 00:20:48,814
community
3064
00:20:48,814 --> 00:20:49,514
college.
3065
00:20:49,514 --> 00:20:49,781
So
3066
00:20:49,781 --> 00:20:49,982
they
3067
00:20:49,982 --> 00:20:50,215
got
3068
00:20:50,215 --> 00:20:50,349
the
3069
00:20:50,382 --> 00:20:51,116
opportunities
3070
00:20:51,116 --> 00:20:51,283
to
3071
00:20:51,316 --> 00:20:51,483
put
3072
00:20:51,483 --> 00:20:51,617
on
3073
00:20:51,617 --> 00:20:51,717
the
3074
00:20:51,750 --> 00:20:52,017
Bunny
3075
00:20:52,017 --> 00:20:52,451
series
3076
00:20:52,451 --> 00:20:52,851
and
3077
00:20:52,851 --> 00:20:53,118
get
3078
00:20:53,118 --> 00:20:53,252
into
3079
00:20:53,252 --> 00:20:53,385
the
3080
00:20:53,385 --> 00:20:53,552
clean
3081
00:20:53,552 --> 00:20:53,685
room,
3082
00:20:53,919 --> 00:20:54,453
fabricate
3083
00:20:54,453 --> 00:20:54,653
their
3084
00:20:54,653 --> 00:20:55,454
devices.
3085
00:20:55,454 --> 00:20:55,754
That's
3086
00:20:55,787 --> 00:20:56,021
one
3087
00:20:56,021 --> 00:20:56,588
additional
3088
00:20:56,588 --> 00:20:56,955
efforts
3089
00:20:57,222 --> 00:20:57,422
for
3090
00:20:57,422 --> 00:20:57,656
us
3091
00:20:57,656 --> 00:20:58,190
to,
3092
00:20:58,223 --> 00:20:58,490
on
3093
00:20:58,490 --> 00:20:58,690
one
3094
00:20:58,690 --> 00:20:58,991
hand,
3095
00:20:59,258 --> 00:20:59,691
sustain
3096
00:20:59,758 --> 00:20:59,825
the
3097
00:20:59,858 --> 00:21:00,392
workforce
3098
00:21:00,425 --> 00:21:01,460
pipeline
3099
00:21:01,627 --> 00:21:01,860
of
3100
00:21:01,860 --> 00:21:02,394
students
3101
00:21:02,394 --> 00:21:02,594
to
3102
00:21:02,594 --> 00:21:02,961
fill
3103
00:21:02,995 --> 00:21:03,195
all
3104
00:21:03,195 --> 00:21:03,295
the
3105
00:21:03,295 --> 00:21:03,829
technician
3106
00:21:03,829 --> 00:21:04,429
jobs
3107
00:21:04,429 --> 00:21:04,830
in
3108
00:21:04,830 --> 00:21:04,896
the
3109
00:21:04,896 --> 00:21:05,697
semiconductor
3110
00:21:05,697 --> 00:21:06,064
labs.
3111
00:21:06,064 --> 00:21:06,531
And
3112
00:21:06,531 --> 00:21:06,865
at
3113
00:21:06,865 --> 00:21:06,932
the
3114
00:21:06,932 --> 00:21:07,132
same
3115
00:21:07,132 --> 00:21:07,432
time,
3116
00:21:07,432 --> 00:21:07,599
we
3117
00:21:07,599 --> 00:21:07,866
hope
3118
00:21:07,866 --> 00:21:08,133
many
3119
00:21:08,133 --> 00:21:08,267
of
3120
00:21:08,267 --> 00:21:08,467
those
3121
00:21:08,467 --> 00:21:09,001
community
3122
00:21:09,034 --> 00:21:09,434
college
3123
00:21:09,434 --> 00:21:10,102
students,
3124
00:21:10,135 --> 00:21:10,502
after
3125
00:21:10,502 --> 00:21:10,669
they
3126
00:21:10,669 --> 00:21:10,902
got
3127
00:21:10,902 --> 00:21:11,637
experience
3128
00:21:11,637 --> 00:21:11,737
of
3129
00:21:11,737 --> 00:21:12,471
semiconductor
3130
00:21:12,471 --> 00:21:13,438
manufacturing,
3131
00:21:13,472 --> 00:21:13,572
they
3132
00:21:13,572 --> 00:21:13,872
could
3133
00:21:13,872 --> 00:21:14,139
get
3134
00:21:14,172 --> 00:21:14,706
interested
3135
00:21:14,706 --> 00:21:14,873
in
3136
00:21:14,906 --> 00:21:15,140
that.
3137
00:21:15,140 --> 00:21:15,374
And
3138
00:21:15,374 --> 00:21:15,774
then
3139
00:21:15,774 --> 00:21:16,074
maybe
3140
00:21:16,108 --> 00:21:16,742
50%
3141
00:21:16,742 --> 00:21:16,908
of
3142
00:21:16,908 --> 00:21:17,342
them
3143
00:21:17,376 --> 00:21:17,576
going
3144
00:21:17,576 --> 00:21:17,709
to
3145
00:21:17,709 --> 00:21:18,110
convert
3146
00:21:18,110 --> 00:21:18,277
to
3147
00:21:18,277 --> 00:21:18,510
our
3148
00:21:18,543 --> 00:21:18,744
own
3149
00:21:18,777 --> 00:21:19,077
under
3150
00:21:19,077 --> 00:21:19,478
graduate
3151
00:21:19,478 --> 00:21:20,145
students
3152
00:21:20,178 --> 00:21:20,412
and
3153
00:21:20,412 --> 00:21:20,912
pursue
3154
00:21:20,946 --> 00:21:21,546
degrees
3155
00:21:21,546 --> 00:21:21,947
in
3156
00:21:21,947 --> 00:21:22,614
related
3157
00:21:22,614 --> 00:21:23,181
areas
3158
00:21:23,181 --> 00:21:23,482
such
3159
00:21:23,482 --> 00:21:23,682
as
3160
00:21:23,949 --> 00:21:24,483
electrical
3161
00:21:24,483 --> 00:21:24,983
engineering,
3162
00:21:24,983 --> 00:21:25,384
computer
3163
00:21:25,384 --> 00:21:26,218
engineering
3164
00:21:26,251 --> 00:21:26,385
or
3165
00:21:26,385 --> 00:21:26,785
material
3166
00:21:26,785 --> 00:21:27,019
science
3167
00:21:27,019 --> 00:21:27,185
and
3168
00:21:27,185 --> 00:21:28,053
engineering.
3169
00:21:28,253 --> 00:21:28,587
For
3170
00:21:28,587 --> 00:21:28,720
my
3171
00:21:28,720 --> 00:21:28,920
last
3172
00:21:28,920 --> 00:21:29,254
question
3173
00:21:29,254 --> 00:21:29,554
today,
3174
00:21:29,554 --> 00:21:29,655
I
3175
00:21:29,655 --> 00:21:29,855
want
3176
00:21:29,855 --> 00:21:29,955
to
3177
00:21:29,988 --> 00:21:30,255
ask
3178
00:21:30,255 --> 00:21:30,455
you
3179
00:21:30,455 --> 00:21:30,789
about
3180
00:21:30,789 --> 00:21:30,956
the
3181
00:21:30,956 --> 00:21:31,590
future.
3182
00:21:31,590 --> 00:21:31,757
You
3183
00:21:31,757 --> 00:21:32,157
mentioned
3184
00:21:32,157 --> 00:21:32,291
you're
3185
00:21:32,291 --> 00:21:32,557
working
3186
00:21:32,557 --> 00:21:32,658
on
3187
00:21:32,658 --> 00:21:32,758
the
3188
00:21:32,758 --> 00:21:33,158
pathway
3189
00:21:33,158 --> 00:21:33,225
to
3190
00:21:33,258 --> 00:21:33,558
getting
3191
00:21:33,558 --> 00:21:33,825
this
3192
00:21:33,825 --> 00:21:33,992
out
3193
00:21:33,992 --> 00:21:34,192
into
3194
00:21:34,192 --> 00:21:34,293
the
3195
00:21:34,293 --> 00:21:34,559
world,
3196
00:21:34,559 --> 00:21:34,793
but
3197
00:21:34,793 --> 00:21:34,960
I
3198
00:21:34,960 --> 00:21:35,160
also
3199
00:21:35,193 --> 00:21:35,427
want
3200
00:21:35,427 --> 00:21:35,560
to
3201
00:21:35,594 --> 00:21:35,827
ask
3202
00:21:35,827 --> 00:21:35,961
you
3203
00:21:35,961 --> 00:21:36,194
about
3204
00:21:36,228 --> 00:21:36,461
other
3205
00:21:36,461 --> 00:21:36,762
things
3206
00:21:36,762 --> 00:21:36,962
you're
3207
00:21:36,962 --> 00:21:37,262
excited
3208
00:21:37,262 --> 00:21:37,362
to
3209
00:21:37,396 --> 00:21:37,596
work
3210
00:21:37,596 --> 00:21:37,796
on
3211
00:21:37,796 --> 00:21:37,996
over
3212
00:21:37,996 --> 00:21:38,096
the
3213
00:21:38,096 --> 00:21:38,297
next
3214
00:21:38,297 --> 00:21:38,530
couple
3215
00:21:38,597 --> 00:21:38,664
of
3216
00:21:38,664 --> 00:21:39,331
years.
3217
00:21:39,398 --> 00:21:39,698
So
3218
00:21:39,698 --> 00:21:39,998
my
3219
00:21:39,998 --> 00:21:40,299
group
3220
00:21:40,332 --> 00:21:40,532
has
3221
00:21:40,532 --> 00:21:40,899
always
3222
00:21:40,899 --> 00:21:41,133
been
3223
00:21:41,133 --> 00:21:41,533
working
3224
00:21:41,533 --> 00:21:42,034
on
3225
00:21:42,034 --> 00:21:43,035
microelectronics,
3226
00:21:43,035 --> 00:21:43,735
and
3227
00:21:43,802 --> 00:21:44,870
strategically
3228
00:21:44,903 --> 00:21:45,437
we're
3229
00:21:45,437 --> 00:21:45,704
trying
3230
00:21:45,704 --> 00:21:45,837
to
3231
00:21:45,837 --> 00:21:46,071
solve
3232
00:21:46,071 --> 00:21:46,171
the
3233
00:21:46,171 --> 00:21:46,772
problems
3234
00:21:46,772 --> 00:21:47,072
at
3235
00:21:47,072 --> 00:21:47,472
different
3236
00:21:47,472 --> 00:21:47,839
levels,
3237
00:21:47,873 --> 00:21:48,140
right?
3238
00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:48,507
I
3239
00:21:48,507 --> 00:21:48,740
would
3240
00:21:48,740 --> 00:21:49,241
say
3241
00:21:49,274 --> 00:21:49,508
this
3242
00:21:49,508 --> 00:21:49,975
particular
3243
00:21:49,975 --> 00:21:50,509
project
3244
00:21:50,509 --> 00:21:50,709
is
3245
00:21:50,709 --> 00:21:51,443
relatively
3246
00:21:51,476 --> 00:21:51,877
a
3247
00:21:52,077 --> 00:21:52,544
near-term
3248
00:21:52,577 --> 00:21:52,944
target,
3249
00:21:52,944 --> 00:21:53,211
because
3250
00:21:53,211 --> 00:21:53,345
we
3251
00:21:53,345 --> 00:21:53,612
think
3252
00:21:53,612 --> 00:21:53,812
it's
3253
00:21:53,812 --> 00:21:53,979
kind
3254
00:21:53,979 --> 00:21:54,112
of
3255
00:21:54,146 --> 00:21:54,313
like
3256
00:21:54,346 --> 00:21:55,080
closest
3257
00:21:55,080 --> 00:21:55,213
to
3258
00:21:55,280 --> 00:21:55,881
commercial
3259
00:21:55,881 --> 00:21:56,715
adoption,
3260
00:21:56,715 --> 00:21:57,349
converting
3261
00:21:57,349 --> 00:21:57,616
from
3262
00:21:57,616 --> 00:21:58,083
planar
3263
00:21:58,116 --> 00:21:58,417
2D
3264
00:21:58,417 --> 00:21:59,184
transistors
3265
00:21:59,184 --> 00:21:59,384
to
3266
00:21:59,418 --> 00:21:59,584
kind
3267
00:21:59,584 --> 00:21:59,651
of
3268
00:21:59,651 --> 00:21:59,751
like
3269
00:21:59,818 --> 00:22:00,218
3D
3270
00:22:00,218 --> 00:22:01,119
devices.
3271
00:22:01,186 --> 00:22:01,453
This
3272
00:22:01,453 --> 00:22:02,054
definitely
3273
00:22:02,054 --> 00:22:02,254
going
3274
00:22:02,254 --> 00:22:02,354
to
3275
00:22:02,354 --> 00:22:02,421
be
3276
00:22:02,421 --> 00:22:02,554
a
3277
00:22:02,754 --> 00:22:03,255
direction
3278
00:22:03,255 --> 00:22:03,388
to
3279
00:22:03,422 --> 00:22:03,955
go
3280
00:22:03,989 --> 00:22:04,389
and
3281
00:22:04,389 --> 00:22:04,723
believe
3282
00:22:04,723 --> 00:22:04,856
this
3283
00:22:04,856 --> 00:22:05,023
is
3284
00:22:05,023 --> 00:22:05,590
agreement
3285
00:22:05,590 --> 00:22:05,857
from
3286
00:22:05,857 --> 00:22:06,291
both
3287
00:22:06,358 --> 00:22:06,825
academy
3288
00:22:06,825 --> 00:22:07,092
and
3289
00:22:07,092 --> 00:22:07,659
industry
3290
00:22:07,659 --> 00:22:07,959
at
3291
00:22:07,959 --> 00:22:08,026
the
3292
00:22:08,026 --> 00:22:08,226
same
3293
00:22:08,226 --> 00:22:08,694
time.
3294
00:22:08,860 --> 00:22:09,261
Other
3295
00:22:09,294 --> 00:22:09,461
kind
3296
00:22:09,461 --> 00:22:09,594
of
3297
00:22:09,628 --> 00:22:09,995
exciting
3298
00:22:10,028 --> 00:22:10,295
things
3299
00:22:10,295 --> 00:22:10,595
we're
3300
00:22:10,595 --> 00:22:11,029
doing,
3301
00:22:11,029 --> 00:22:11,263
and
3302
00:22:11,263 --> 00:22:11,563
they're
3303
00:22:11,563 --> 00:22:12,097
also
3304
00:22:12,097 --> 00:22:12,664
supported
3305
00:22:12,664 --> 00:22:12,831
by
3306
00:22:12,864 --> 00:22:13,532
NSF.
3307
00:22:13,865 --> 00:22:14,333
One
3308
00:22:14,333 --> 00:22:14,933
is,
3309
00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:15,267
well,
3310
00:22:15,267 --> 00:22:15,500
how
3311
00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:15,901
about
3312
00:22:15,901 --> 00:22:16,234
we
3313
00:22:16,234 --> 00:22:16,435
have
3314
00:22:16,468 --> 00:22:16,735
better
3315
00:22:16,735 --> 00:22:17,502
integration
3316
00:22:17,502 --> 00:22:17,869
of
3317
00:22:17,869 --> 00:22:18,470
memory
3318
00:22:18,470 --> 00:22:18,837
with
3319
00:22:18,837 --> 00:22:19,538
computation,
3320
00:22:19,571 --> 00:22:19,971
right?
3321
00:22:20,038 --> 00:22:20,238
As
3322
00:22:20,238 --> 00:22:20,339
I
3323
00:22:20,339 --> 00:22:20,706
mentioned
3324
00:22:20,739 --> 00:22:21,440
previously,
3325
00:22:21,473 --> 00:22:21,773
the
3326
00:22:21,773 --> 00:22:22,040
data
3327
00:22:22,040 --> 00:22:22,908
communication
3328
00:22:22,941 --> 00:22:23,075
a
3329
00:22:23,075 --> 00:22:23,775
significant
3330
00:22:23,775 --> 00:22:24,543
bottleneck
3331
00:22:24,543 --> 00:22:24,876
for
3332
00:22:24,876 --> 00:22:25,177
AI
3333
00:22:25,210 --> 00:22:25,777
related
3334
00:22:25,777 --> 00:22:26,545
workload
3335
00:22:26,578 --> 00:22:27,179
center
3336
00:22:27,179 --> 00:22:27,713
projects.
3337
00:22:27,713 --> 00:22:27,913
What
3338
00:22:27,913 --> 00:22:28,146
we're
3339
00:22:28,146 --> 00:22:28,380
trying
3340
00:22:28,380 --> 00:22:28,513
to
3341
00:22:28,513 --> 00:22:28,814
do
3342
00:22:28,814 --> 00:22:29,181
is
3343
00:22:29,181 --> 00:22:29,281
to
3344
00:22:29,314 --> 00:22:29,815
develop
3345
00:22:29,815 --> 00:22:30,082
new
3346
00:22:30,082 --> 00:22:30,315
types
3347
00:22:30,315 --> 00:22:30,482
of
3348
00:22:30,482 --> 00:22:30,882
memory
3349
00:22:30,882 --> 00:22:31,616
devices
3350
00:22:31,616 --> 00:22:31,850
that
3351
00:22:31,850 --> 00:22:32,017
can
3352
00:22:32,017 --> 00:22:32,184
be
3353
00:22:32,184 --> 00:22:32,818
directly
3354
00:22:32,818 --> 00:22:33,452
integrated
3355
00:22:33,452 --> 00:22:33,652
on
3356
00:22:33,652 --> 00:22:33,919
top
3357
00:22:33,919 --> 00:22:34,119
of
3358
00:22:34,152 --> 00:22:34,353
a
3359
00:22:34,353 --> 00:22:34,986
silicon
3360
00:22:34,986 --> 00:22:35,620
backbone.
3361
00:22:35,620 --> 00:22:35,854
So
3362
00:22:35,854 --> 00:22:36,021
we
3363
00:22:36,021 --> 00:22:36,555
can
3364
00:22:36,588 --> 00:22:37,222
basically
3365
00:22:37,222 --> 00:22:37,522
launch
3366
00:22:37,522 --> 00:22:37,789
those
3367
00:22:37,789 --> 00:22:38,256
memory
3368
00:22:38,256 --> 00:22:39,057
devices
3369
00:22:39,057 --> 00:22:39,491
to
3370
00:22:39,558 --> 00:22:39,758
not
3371
00:22:39,758 --> 00:22:40,092
only
3372
00:22:40,092 --> 00:22:40,425
store
3373
00:22:40,425 --> 00:22:40,559
the
3374
00:22:40,559 --> 00:22:41,093
information,
3375
00:22:41,093 --> 00:22:41,360
but
3376
00:22:41,360 --> 00:22:41,793
also
3377
00:22:41,793 --> 00:22:42,394
process
3378
00:22:42,394 --> 00:22:42,494
the
3379
00:22:42,494 --> 00:22:43,495
information
3380
00:22:43,562 --> 00:22:43,829
at
3381
00:22:43,829 --> 00:22:43,962
the
3382
00:22:43,962 --> 00:22:44,162
same
3383
00:22:44,162 --> 00:22:44,396
time.
3384
00:22:44,396 --> 00:22:44,496
So
3385
00:22:44,496 --> 00:22:44,763
that's
3386
00:22:44,763 --> 00:22:44,963
going
3387
00:22:44,963 --> 00:22:45,030
to
3388
00:22:45,063 --> 00:22:45,797
dramatically
3389
00:22:45,797 --> 00:22:46,298
reduce
3390
00:22:46,298 --> 00:22:46,431
the
3391
00:22:46,431 --> 00:22:46,732
data
3392
00:22:46,732 --> 00:22:47,299
movements,
3393
00:22:47,332 --> 00:22:48,233
overheads
3394
00:22:48,266 --> 00:22:48,500
we
3395
00:22:48,500 --> 00:22:48,834
have
3396
00:22:48,834 --> 00:22:49,234
in
3397
00:22:49,234 --> 00:22:49,868
implementing
3398
00:22:49,901 --> 00:22:50,202
AI
3399
00:22:50,235 --> 00:22:51,069
workloads.
3400
00:22:51,136 --> 00:22:51,436
That's
3401
00:22:51,436 --> 00:22:51,670
very
3402
00:22:51,670 --> 00:22:52,371
exciting.
3403
00:22:52,504 --> 00:22:53,472
Another
3404
00:22:53,538 --> 00:22:54,072
area
3405
00:22:54,072 --> 00:22:54,272
we're
3406
00:22:54,272 --> 00:22:54,506
looking
3407
00:22:54,506 --> 00:22:54,773
at
3408
00:22:54,840 --> 00:22:55,440
actually
3409
00:22:55,440 --> 00:22:55,874
is
3410
00:22:56,141 --> 00:22:56,441
bio
3411
00:22:56,441 --> 00:22:57,175
electronics.
3412
00:22:57,442 --> 00:22:57,576
So
3413
00:22:57,642 --> 00:22:58,377
currently
3414
00:22:58,677 --> 00:22:58,944
we're
3415
00:22:58,944 --> 00:22:59,211
talking
3416
00:22:59,211 --> 00:22:59,711
about
3417
00:22:59,711 --> 00:23:00,579
artificial
3418
00:23:00,579 --> 00:23:01,513
intelligence,
3419
00:23:01,546 --> 00:23:01,780
which
3420
00:23:01,780 --> 00:23:01,947
is
3421
00:23:01,947 --> 00:23:02,347
great,
3422
00:23:02,381 --> 00:23:02,681
but
3423
00:23:02,714 --> 00:23:02,914
it's
3424
00:23:02,914 --> 00:23:03,115
still
3425
00:23:03,115 --> 00:23:03,749
artificial
3426
00:23:03,782 --> 00:23:03,982
right.
3427
00:23:03,982 --> 00:23:04,182
We're
3428
00:23:04,182 --> 00:23:04,416
talking
3429
00:23:04,416 --> 00:23:04,616
about
3430
00:23:04,683 --> 00:23:05,217
artificial
3431
00:23:05,217 --> 00:23:05,550
neural
3432
00:23:05,550 --> 00:23:06,184
networks
3433
00:23:06,218 --> 00:23:06,651
building
3434
00:23:06,651 --> 00:23:07,152
on
3435
00:23:07,152 --> 00:23:07,552
silicon
3436
00:23:07,552 --> 00:23:08,420
transistors,
3437
00:23:08,587 --> 00:23:09,721
microprocessors.
3438
00:23:09,755 --> 00:23:10,155
Another
3439
00:23:10,422 --> 00:23:10,655
very
3440
00:23:10,655 --> 00:23:11,056
exciting
3441
00:23:11,056 --> 00:23:11,757
projects.
3442
00:23:11,757 --> 00:23:12,057
We're
3443
00:23:12,057 --> 00:23:12,457
currently
3444
00:23:12,457 --> 00:23:13,258
performing
3445
00:23:13,558 --> 00:23:13,859
with
3446
00:23:13,859 --> 00:23:14,426
NSF
3447
00:23:14,426 --> 00:23:15,026
support
3448
00:23:15,060 --> 00:23:15,627
under
3449
00:23:15,627 --> 00:23:15,794
the
3450
00:23:15,794 --> 00:23:16,194
growing
3451
00:23:16,228 --> 00:23:16,895
convergence
3452
00:23:16,895 --> 00:23:17,796
program
3453
00:23:17,796 --> 00:23:18,063
is
3454
00:23:18,063 --> 00:23:18,163
to
3455
00:23:18,196 --> 00:23:18,430
say
3456
00:23:18,630 --> 00:23:19,064
whether
3457
00:23:19,064 --> 00:23:19,231
we
3458
00:23:19,231 --> 00:23:19,498
can
3459
00:23:19,498 --> 00:23:20,098
utilize
3460
00:23:20,132 --> 00:23:20,799
biological
3461
00:23:20,799 --> 00:23:21,099
neural
3462
00:23:21,099 --> 00:23:21,466
networks.
3463
00:23:21,466 --> 00:23:21,633
And
3464
00:23:21,633 --> 00:23:21,800
here
3465
00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:21,900
we
3466
00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:22,033
talk
3467
00:23:22,067 --> 00:23:22,300
about
3468
00:23:22,300 --> 00:23:22,734
real
3469
00:23:22,901 --> 00:23:23,468
neurons,
3470
00:23:23,502 --> 00:23:23,935
axons
3471
00:23:23,935 --> 00:23:24,136
and
3472
00:23:24,136 --> 00:23:24,803
synapse
3473
00:23:24,836 --> 00:23:25,003
to
3474
00:23:25,036 --> 00:23:25,704
performance
3475
00:23:25,737 --> 00:23:26,505
information
3476
00:23:26,505 --> 00:23:27,472
processing.
3477
00:23:27,506 --> 00:23:27,706
And
3478
00:23:27,706 --> 00:23:28,073
I
3479
00:23:28,073 --> 00:23:28,173
would
3480
00:23:28,173 --> 00:23:28,306
say
3481
00:23:28,306 --> 00:23:28,440
the
3482
00:23:28,440 --> 00:23:28,740
last
3483
00:23:28,774 --> 00:23:29,474
aspect
3484
00:23:29,474 --> 00:23:29,741
of
3485
00:23:29,741 --> 00:23:30,108
major
3486
00:23:30,108 --> 00:23:30,442
research
3487
00:23:30,442 --> 00:23:30,942
direction
3488
00:23:30,942 --> 00:23:31,042
in
3489
00:23:31,042 --> 00:23:31,243
my
3490
00:23:31,243 --> 00:23:31,543
research
3491
00:23:31,543 --> 00:23:32,110
group
3492
00:23:32,110 --> 00:23:32,577
is
3493
00:23:32,577 --> 00:23:32,778
to
3494
00:23:32,811 --> 00:23:33,011
look
3495
00:23:33,078 --> 00:23:33,178
at
3496
00:23:33,211 --> 00:23:33,378
kind
3497
00:23:33,378 --> 00:23:33,478
of
3498
00:23:33,512 --> 00:23:33,612
like
3499
00:23:33,612 --> 00:23:34,279
biomedical
3500
00:23:34,279 --> 00:23:35,180
applications.
3501
00:23:35,180 --> 00:23:35,480
So
3502
00:23:35,480 --> 00:23:35,547
the
3503
00:23:35,547 --> 00:23:36,314
monolithic
3504
00:23:36,314 --> 00:23:36,982
integration
3505
00:23:36,982 --> 00:23:37,315
has
3506
00:23:37,315 --> 00:23:37,549
great
3507
00:23:37,549 --> 00:23:38,150
potential
3508
00:23:38,183 --> 00:23:38,450
not
3509
00:23:38,450 --> 00:23:38,917
only
3510
00:23:38,917 --> 00:23:39,384
to
3511
00:23:39,418 --> 00:23:39,918
make
3512
00:23:39,951 --> 00:23:40,152
high
3513
00:23:40,152 --> 00:23:40,652
performance
3514
00:23:40,652 --> 00:23:41,119
computer
3515
00:23:41,119 --> 00:23:41,720
chips,
3516
00:23:41,753 --> 00:23:42,020
AI
3517
00:23:42,053 --> 00:23:42,854
accelerators.
3518
00:23:42,921 --> 00:23:43,121
It
3519
00:23:43,121 --> 00:23:43,388
could
3520
00:23:43,388 --> 00:23:43,755
also
3521
00:23:43,755 --> 00:23:43,989
be
3522
00:23:43,989 --> 00:23:44,923
important
3523
00:23:44,956 --> 00:23:45,424
backbone
3524
00:23:45,457 --> 00:23:46,258
technology
3525
00:23:46,258 --> 00:23:46,558
for
3526
00:23:46,558 --> 00:23:47,025
making
3527
00:23:47,025 --> 00:23:47,559
better
3528
00:23:47,559 --> 00:23:47,859
image
3529
00:23:47,859 --> 00:23:48,560
sensors
3530
00:23:48,560 --> 00:23:48,994
or
3531
00:23:49,428 --> 00:23:49,795
string
3532
00:23:49,795 --> 00:23:50,095
mapping
3533
00:23:50,095 --> 00:23:50,695
devices,
3534
00:23:50,695 --> 00:23:51,496
biomedical
3535
00:23:51,496 --> 00:23:52,230
impulse
3536
00:23:52,264 --> 00:23:52,597
and
3537
00:23:52,597 --> 00:23:52,898
solve
3538
00:23:52,898 --> 00:23:53,198
many
3539
00:23:53,598 --> 00:23:53,865
health
3540
00:23:53,865 --> 00:23:54,399
related
3541
00:23:54,399 --> 00:23:55,233
problems.
3542
00:23:55,267 --> 00:23:55,700
Special
3543
00:23:55,700 --> 00:23:56,001
thanks
3544
00:23:56,001 --> 00:23:56,067
to
3545
00:23:56,101 --> 00:23:56,401
Qing
3546
00:23:56,401 --> 00:23:56,735
Cao.
3547
00:23:56,735 --> 00:23:57,035
For
3548
00:23:57,035 --> 00:23:57,135
the
3549
00:23:57,135 --> 00:23:57,536
Discovery
3550
00:23:57,602 --> 00:23:57,903
Files,
3551
00:23:57,903 --> 00:23:58,069
I’m
3552
00:23:58,069 --> 00:23:58,270
Nate
3553
00:23:58,270 --> 00:23:58,670
Pottker.
3554
00:23:58,703 --> 00:23:58,937
Watch
3555
00:23:58,937 --> 00:23:59,171
video
3556
00:23:59,171 --> 00:23:59,504
versions
3557
00:23:59,504 --> 00:23:59,638
of
3558
00:23:59,638 --> 00:23:59,771
these
3559
00:23:59,771 --> 00:24:00,539
conversations
3560
00:24:00,539 --> 00:24:00,705
on
3561
00:24:00,705 --> 00:24:00,906
our
3562
00:24:00,939 --> 00:24:01,873
@NSFscience
3563
00:24:01,873 --> 00:24:02,174
YouTube
3564
00:24:02,174 --> 00:24:02,774
channel.
3565
00:24:02,841 --> 00:24:03,141
Please
3566
00:24:03,141 --> 00:24:03,542
subscribe
3567
00:24:03,542 --> 00:24:03,875
wherever
3568
00:24:03,875 --> 00:24:03,975
you
3569
00:24:03,975 --> 00:24:04,142
get
3570
00:24:04,142 --> 00:24:04,676
podcasts
3571
00:24:04,676 --> 00:24:04,776
and
3572
00:24:04,776 --> 00:24:04,910
if
3573
00:24:04,910 --> 00:24:04,976
you
3574
00:24:04,976 --> 00:24:05,143
like
3575
00:24:05,177 --> 00:24:05,343
our
3576
00:24:05,343 --> 00:24:05,911
program,
3577
00:24:05,911 --> 00:24:06,178
share
3578
00:24:06,178 --> 00:24:06,344
with
3579
00:24:06,344 --> 00:24:06,411
a
3580
00:24:06,411 --> 00:24:06,778
friend
3581
00:24:06,778 --> 00:24:07,078
and
3582
00:24:07,078 --> 00:24:07,479
consider
3583
00:24:07,479 --> 00:24:07,779
leaving
3584
00:24:07,779 --> 00:24:07,913
a
3585
00:24:07,913 --> 00:24:08,580
review.
3586
00:24:10,182 --> 00:24:10,682
Discover
3587
00:24:10,682 --> 00:24:10,816
how
3588
00:24:10,816 --> 00:24:10,916
the
3589
00:24:10,949 --> 00:24:11,216
U.S.
3590
00:24:11,216 --> 00:24:11,583
National
3591
00:24:11,583 --> 00:24:11,917
Science
3592
00:24:11,917 --> 00:24:12,350
Foundation
3593
00:24:12,350 --> 00:24:12,551
is
3594
00:24:12,551 --> 00:24:12,984
advancing
3595
00:24:12,984 --> 00:24:13,552
research
3596
00:24:13,552 --> 00:24:13,785
at
3597
00:24:13,785 --> 00:24:14,252
NSF.gov.
