Serpentinization Makes Jade

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Josh - Nov 2:
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Hello
.
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It's
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November
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2nd
.
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This
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is
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Dr.
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Stout
,
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and
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I
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would
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like
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to
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talk
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about
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how
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serpent
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modernization
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makes
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the
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jade
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for
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me
,
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but
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also
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may
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save
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the
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world
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and
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maybe
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the
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origin
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of
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life
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itself
.
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This
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is
40
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sort
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of
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a
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technical
44
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supplement
.
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I'm
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going
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to
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be
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talking
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about
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some
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things
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outside
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of
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my
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specialty
,
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my
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geology
,
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chemistry
,
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a
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range
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of
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really
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specialized
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technical
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information
.
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That
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is
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not
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my
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usual
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topic
,
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but
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I'm
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really
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interested
77
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in
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these
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subjects
,
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obviously
,
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because
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I
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like
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to
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carve
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jade
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and
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also
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because
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I'm
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interested
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in
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the
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origin
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of
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life
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and
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saving
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the
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world
.
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So
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what
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is
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serpentine
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is
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Asian
,
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so
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suspension
109
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is
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Asian
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is
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when
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water
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comes
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down
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from
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the
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surface
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and
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encounters
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a
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batch
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of
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iron
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containing
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rocks
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in
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the
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sort
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of
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a
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set
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set
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of
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conditions
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of
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decent
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amount
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of
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pressure
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and
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a
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high
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temperature
,
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but
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not
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too
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high
.
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And
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then
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the
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rock
,
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the
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iron
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in
156
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the
157
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rock
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becomes
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oxidized
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and
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the
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oxygen
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is
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coming
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from
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the
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water
.
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And
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so
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it
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releases
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hydrogen
.
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And
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so
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this
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was
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in
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the
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news
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recently
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where
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a
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new
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drill
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hole
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in
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France
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that
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was
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looking
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for
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natural
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gas
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actually
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found
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hydrogen
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instead
.
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And
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so
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this
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is
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very
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exciting
.
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And
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it
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may
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well
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be
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the
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saving
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of
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the
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world
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because
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it
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is
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clean
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hydrogen
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that
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doesn't
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need
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other
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forms
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of
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energy
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to
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produce
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it
.
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Obviously
,
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there's
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a
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little
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bit
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of
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energy
236
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in
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getting
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it
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out
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of
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the
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ground
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in
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the
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first
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place
.
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But
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other
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than
250
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that
,
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it
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00:01:53,763 --> 00:01:54,003
is
253
00:01:54,303 --> 00:01:54,483
the
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00:01:54,483 --> 00:01:55,023
perfect
255
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green
256
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energy
257
00:01:55,833 --> 00:01:56,193
source
.
258
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When
259
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you
260
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burn
261
00:01:56,763 --> 00:01:57,363
hydrogen
,
262
00:01:57,633 --> 00:01:57,813
it
263
00:01:57,813 --> 00:01:57,993
just
264
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combined
265
00:01:58,333 --> 00:01:58,443
with
266
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oxygen
267
00:01:58,863 --> 00:01:58,953
to
268
00:01:58,953 --> 00:01:59,133
make
269
00:01:59,133 --> 00:01:59,463
water
270
00:01:59,463 --> 00:01:59,823
again
.
271
00:01:59,823 --> 00:01:59,973
So
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00:01:59,973 --> 00:02:00,153
there's
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00:02:00,153 --> 00:02:00,303
no
274
00:02:00,303 --> 00:02:00,873
pollution
,
275
00:02:01,533 --> 00:02:01,713
there's
276
00:02:01,713 --> 00:02:01,833
no
277
00:02:01,833 --> 00:02:02,313
particulate
278
00:02:02,313 --> 00:02:02,763
matter
.
279
00:02:02,763 --> 00:02:03,033
It
280
00:02:03,033 --> 00:02:03,393
is
281
00:02:03,393 --> 00:02:03,663
just
282
00:02:03,663 --> 00:02:03,873
about
283
00:02:03,873 --> 00:02:03,963
the
284
00:02:03,963 --> 00:02:04,383
perfect
285
00:02:04,383 --> 00:02:04,773
fuel
.
286
00:02:05,073 --> 00:02:05,163
It
287
00:02:05,163 --> 00:02:05,313
has
288
00:02:05,313 --> 00:02:05,373
a
289
00:02:05,373 --> 00:02:05,613
couple
290
00:02:05,613 --> 00:02:05,703
of
291
00:02:05,703 --> 00:02:06,123
problems
292
00:02:06,123 --> 00:02:06,273
with
293
00:02:06,273 --> 00:02:06,723
storage
294
00:02:06,723 --> 00:02:06,813
and
295
00:02:06,813 --> 00:02:07,053
things
296
00:02:07,053 --> 00:02:07,263
like
297
00:02:07,263 --> 00:02:07,473
that
.
298
00:02:07,473 --> 00:02:07,653
It's
299
00:02:07,653 --> 00:02:07,953
very
,
300
00:02:07,953 --> 00:02:08,313
very
301
00:02:08,523 --> 00:02:09,033
bulky
.
302
00:02:09,903 --> 00:02:10,383
But
303
00:02:10,683 --> 00:02:10,833
in
304
00:02:10,833 --> 00:02:11,103
terms
305
00:02:11,103 --> 00:02:11,223
of
306
00:02:11,223 --> 00:02:11,553
just
307
00:02:11,553 --> 00:02:12,573
a
308
00:02:12,573 --> 00:02:12,933
perfect
309
00:02:12,933 --> 00:02:13,233
fuel
,
310
00:02:13,233 --> 00:02:13,353
it's
311
00:02:13,353 --> 00:02:13,563
really
312
00:02:13,563 --> 00:02:13,803
hard
313
00:02:13,803 --> 00:02:14,013
to
314
00:02:14,403 --> 00:02:14,843
beat
315
00:02:14,853 --> 00:02:15,243
the
316
00:02:15,603 --> 00:02:16,293
cleanness
317
00:02:16,293 --> 00:02:16,383
of
318
00:02:16,383 --> 00:02:16,893
hydrogen
.
319
00:02:18,003 --> 00:02:18,513
So
320
00:02:18,513 --> 00:02:18,873
why
321
00:02:18,873 --> 00:02:18,993
am
322
00:02:18,993 --> 00:02:19,083
I
323
00:02:19,083 --> 00:02:19,263
so
324
00:02:19,263 --> 00:02:19,653
interested
325
00:02:19,653 --> 00:02:19,743
in
326
00:02:19,743 --> 00:02:20,223
serpentine
327
00:02:20,223 --> 00:02:20,683
ization
?
328
00:02:22,503 --> 00:02:22,773
It
329
00:02:22,773 --> 00:02:23,223
happens
330
00:02:23,223 --> 00:02:23,493
really
331
00:02:23,493 --> 00:02:24,333
anywhere
.
332
00:02:24,723 --> 00:02:25,203
Water
333
00:02:25,203 --> 00:02:25,413
can
334
00:02:25,413 --> 00:02:26,163
encounter
335
00:02:26,163 --> 00:02:26,763
iron
,
336
00:02:27,213 --> 00:02:27,873
particularly
337
00:02:27,873 --> 00:02:28,143
in
338
00:02:28,143 --> 00:02:28,433
a
339
00:02:28,443 --> 00:02:29,343
silicates
340
00:02:30,483 --> 00:02:30,783
rock
341
00:02:30,783 --> 00:02:31,173
form
,
342
00:02:31,773 --> 00:02:31,983
and
343
00:02:31,983 --> 00:02:32,163
it's
344
00:02:32,163 --> 00:02:32,763
mimicking
345
00:02:32,763 --> 00:02:32,883
the
346
00:02:32,883 --> 00:02:33,183
same
347
00:02:33,183 --> 00:02:33,513
kind
348
00:02:33,513 --> 00:02:33,693
of
349
00:02:33,693 --> 00:02:34,443
actions
350
00:02:34,443 --> 00:02:34,743
that
351
00:02:34,743 --> 00:02:35,283
happen
352
00:02:35,583 --> 00:02:36,153
when
353
00:02:36,483 --> 00:02:37,083
life
354
00:02:37,083 --> 00:02:37,533
in
355
00:02:37,533 --> 00:02:38,073
a
356
00:02:38,373 --> 00:02:39,003
marsh
357
00:02:39,273 --> 00:02:39,693
or
358
00:02:39,933 --> 00:02:40,113
in
359
00:02:40,113 --> 00:02:40,173
a
360
00:02:40,173 --> 00:02:40,413
deep
361
00:02:40,413 --> 00:02:40,713
sea
362
00:02:40,713 --> 00:02:41,223
area
363
00:02:41,883 --> 00:02:42,423
also
364
00:02:42,423 --> 00:02:42,933
has
365
00:02:42,933 --> 00:02:43,443
iron
366
00:02:43,443 --> 00:02:44,013
encountering
367
00:02:44,013 --> 00:02:44,403
water
.
368
00:02:44,403 --> 00:02:44,793
So
369
00:02:45,333 --> 00:02:46,113
microbes
370
00:02:46,503 --> 00:02:47,013
in
371
00:02:47,553 --> 00:02:47,823
low
372
00:02:47,823 --> 00:02:48,333
oxygen
373
00:02:48,333 --> 00:02:48,453
or
374
00:02:48,453 --> 00:02:48,663
no
375
00:02:48,663 --> 00:02:49,053
oxygen
376
00:02:49,053 --> 00:02:49,713
environments
377
00:02:50,103 --> 00:02:50,433
can
378
00:02:50,433 --> 00:02:51,213
actually
379
00:02:51,213 --> 00:02:51,843
use
380
00:02:51,843 --> 00:02:52,473
iron
381
00:02:53,043 --> 00:02:53,553
and
382
00:02:53,553 --> 00:02:54,033
combine
383
00:02:54,033 --> 00:02:54,273
it
384
00:02:54,873 --> 00:02:55,023
in
385
00:02:55,023 --> 00:02:55,383
various
386
00:02:55,383 --> 00:02:55,653
ways
387
00:02:55,653 --> 00:02:55,773
with
388
00:02:55,773 --> 00:02:56,223
water
389
00:02:56,223 --> 00:02:56,463
as
390
00:02:56,463 --> 00:02:56,673
a
391
00:02:56,853 --> 00:02:57,123
form
392
00:02:57,123 --> 00:02:57,213
of
393
00:02:57,213 --> 00:02:57,693
energy
.
394
00:02:58,533 --> 00:02:59,133
Sometimes
395
00:02:59,133 --> 00:02:59,313
this
396
00:02:59,313 --> 00:02:59,463
is
397
00:02:59,463 --> 00:02:59,673
an
398
00:02:59,673 --> 00:03:00,243
abiotic
399
00:03:00,243 --> 00:03:00,693
process
400
00:03:00,693 --> 00:03:00,843
that
401
00:03:00,843 --> 00:03:01,323
releases
402
00:03:01,323 --> 00:03:01,893
hydrogen
403
00:03:02,223 --> 00:03:02,583
that
404
00:03:02,583 --> 00:03:02,973
the
405
00:03:04,983 --> 00:03:05,493
bacteria
406
00:03:05,493 --> 00:03:05,643
can
407
00:03:05,643 --> 00:03:05,763
then
408
00:03:05,763 --> 00:03:05,973
use
409
00:03:05,973 --> 00:03:06,513
themselves
.
410
00:03:06,513 --> 00:03:06,693
So
411
00:03:06,693 --> 00:03:06,813
it's
412
00:03:06,813 --> 00:03:07,053
also
413
00:03:07,053 --> 00:03:07,323
a
414
00:03:07,323 --> 00:03:07,593
form
415
00:03:07,593 --> 00:03:07,803
of
416
00:03:08,013 --> 00:03:08,373
food
417
00:03:08,373 --> 00:03:08,523
for
418
00:03:08,523 --> 00:03:08,613
the
419
00:03:08,613 --> 00:03:09,183
bacteria
420
00:03:09,483 --> 00:03:09,633
if
421
00:03:09,633 --> 00:03:09,813
it's
422
00:03:10,053 --> 00:03:10,683
abiotic
.
423
00:03:11,283 --> 00:03:11,433
But
424
00:03:11,433 --> 00:03:11,523
I
425
00:03:11,523 --> 00:03:11,943
suspect
426
00:03:11,943 --> 00:03:12,033
in
427
00:03:12,033 --> 00:03:12,243
many
428
00:03:12,243 --> 00:03:12,783
cases
429
00:03:12,783 --> 00:03:12,993
it
430
00:03:12,993 --> 00:03:13,173
is
431
00:03:13,173 --> 00:03:13,473
a
432
00:03:14,463 --> 00:03:15,243
biotic
433
00:03:15,243 --> 00:03:15,873
mediated
434
00:03:15,873 --> 00:03:16,533
process
435
00:03:16,893 --> 00:03:17,133
that
436
00:03:17,133 --> 00:03:17,553
is
437
00:03:18,873 --> 00:03:19,533
changing
438
00:03:21,423 --> 00:03:21,963
iron
439
00:03:22,393 --> 00:03:22,533
f
440
00:03:22,683 --> 00:03:23,013
e
441
00:03:23,373 --> 00:03:23,763
to
442
00:03:23,793 --> 00:03:24,393
oxidized
443
00:03:24,393 --> 00:03:24,783
forms
444
00:03:24,783 --> 00:03:25,173
first
,
445
00:03:25,173 --> 00:03:25,413
f
,
446
00:03:25,413 --> 00:03:25,523
e
447
00:03:25,533 --> 00:03:25,893
two
,
448
00:03:25,893 --> 00:03:26,013
and
449
00:03:26,013 --> 00:03:26,193
then
450
00:03:26,193 --> 00:03:27,003
fe3
.
451
00:03:27,663 --> 00:03:27,993
So
452
00:03:28,033 --> 00:03:28,743
the
453
00:03:28,773 --> 00:03:28,983
two
454
00:03:28,983 --> 00:03:29,523
forms
455
00:03:29,523 --> 00:03:29,883
of
456
00:03:31,353 --> 00:03:31,893
ferric
457
00:03:31,893 --> 00:03:32,043
and
458
00:03:32,043 --> 00:03:32,223
then
459
00:03:32,223 --> 00:03:32,763
ferrous
460
00:03:32,873 --> 00:03:33,463
iron
461
00:03:34,353 --> 00:03:34,623
that
462
00:03:34,623 --> 00:03:34,923
have
463
00:03:35,313 --> 00:03:35,613
very
464
00:03:35,613 --> 00:03:35,853
different
465
00:03:35,853 --> 00:03:36,243
looks
466
00:03:36,243 --> 00:03:36,543
and
467
00:03:36,543 --> 00:03:36,963
the
468
00:03:37,923 --> 00:03:38,303
fair
469
00:03:38,793 --> 00:03:39,243
ferric
470
00:03:39,243 --> 00:03:39,633
iron
,
471
00:03:39,633 --> 00:03:39,843
the
472
00:03:39,843 --> 00:03:40,563
fe2
473
00:03:40,563 --> 00:03:40,773
is
474
00:03:40,773 --> 00:03:41,193
red
,
475
00:03:41,463 --> 00:03:41,703
while
476
00:03:41,703 --> 00:03:42,063
ferrous
477
00:03:42,063 --> 00:03:42,453
iron
478
00:03:43,083 --> 00:03:43,623
becomes
479
00:03:43,923 --> 00:03:44,583
fe3
480
00:03:44,583 --> 00:03:44,673
and
481
00:03:44,673 --> 00:03:44,903
is
,
482
00:03:44,913 --> 00:03:45,273
is
,
483
00:03:45,273 --> 00:03:45,513
is
484
00:03:45,513 --> 00:03:45,903
green
.
485
00:03:45,903 --> 00:03:46,023
And
486
00:03:46,023 --> 00:03:46,203
that
487
00:03:46,203 --> 00:03:46,353
is
488
00:03:46,353 --> 00:03:46,563
what
489
00:03:46,563 --> 00:03:46,653
the
490
00:03:46,653 --> 00:03:47,013
green
491
00:03:47,013 --> 00:03:47,193
in
492
00:03:47,193 --> 00:03:47,493
my
493
00:03:47,493 --> 00:03:47,823
jade
494
00:03:47,823 --> 00:03:48,153
is
.
495
00:03:48,513 --> 00:03:48,663
So
496
00:03:48,663 --> 00:03:48,813
this
497
00:03:48,813 --> 00:03:48,933
is
498
00:03:48,933 --> 00:03:48,993
a
499
00:03:48,993 --> 00:03:49,773
process
500
00:03:50,403 --> 00:03:50,583
that
501
00:03:50,583 --> 00:03:50,703
is
502
00:03:50,703 --> 00:03:51,363
happening
503
00:03:51,723 --> 00:03:52,233
really
504
00:03:52,233 --> 00:03:53,043
everywhere
505
00:03:53,523 --> 00:03:53,673
that
506
00:03:53,673 --> 00:03:53,793
there
507
00:03:53,793 --> 00:03:53,913
is
508
00:03:53,913 --> 00:03:54,153
both
509
00:03:54,153 --> 00:03:54,603
water
510
00:03:54,603 --> 00:03:54,783
and
511
00:03:54,783 --> 00:03:55,203
iron
512
00:03:55,863 --> 00:03:56,463
and
513
00:03:56,553 --> 00:03:56,943
the
514
00:03:56,943 --> 00:03:57,483
bacteria
515
00:03:57,483 --> 00:03:57,603
are
516
00:03:57,603 --> 00:03:57,993
using
517
00:03:57,993 --> 00:03:58,263
these
518
00:03:58,263 --> 00:03:58,503
as
519
00:03:58,503 --> 00:03:58,893
energy
520
00:03:58,893 --> 00:03:59,223
forms
.
521
00:03:59,223 --> 00:03:59,313
And
522
00:03:59,313 --> 00:03:59,403
the
523
00:03:59,403 --> 00:03:59,823
interesting
524
00:03:59,823 --> 00:04:00,183
thing
525
00:04:00,183 --> 00:04:00,573
is
526
00:04:01,653 --> 00:04:01,863
there
527
00:04:01,863 --> 00:04:02,223
is
528
00:04:02,253 --> 00:04:02,663
a
529
00:04:03,303 --> 00:04:04,143
competition
530
00:04:04,143 --> 00:04:04,743
between
531
00:04:04,743 --> 00:04:05,253
abiotic
532
00:04:05,253 --> 00:04:06,033
processes
533
00:04:06,033 --> 00:04:06,833
and
534
00:04:06,843 --> 00:04:07,293
life
535
00:04:07,533 --> 00:04:07,803
and
536
00:04:07,803 --> 00:04:08,043
any
537
00:04:08,043 --> 00:04:08,463
energy
538
00:04:08,463 --> 00:04:08,643
that's
539
00:04:08,643 --> 00:04:08,853
just
540
00:04:08,853 --> 00:04:09,063
there
541
00:04:09,063 --> 00:04:09,153
to
542
00:04:09,153 --> 00:04:09,273
be
543
00:04:09,273 --> 00:04:09,933
scavenged
.
544
00:04:10,683 --> 00:04:11,193
Life
545
00:04:11,193 --> 00:04:11,433
would
546
00:04:11,433 --> 00:04:11,673
like
547
00:04:11,673 --> 00:04:11,793
to
548
00:04:11,793 --> 00:04:12,003
use
549
00:04:12,003 --> 00:04:12,153
it
,
550
00:04:12,153 --> 00:04:12,393
but
551
00:04:12,393 --> 00:04:12,873
sometimes
552
00:04:12,873 --> 00:04:12,963
it
553
00:04:12,963 --> 00:04:13,203
just
,
554
00:04:13,563 --> 00:04:13,683
you
555
00:04:13,683 --> 00:04:13,803
know
,
556
00:04:13,803 --> 00:04:14,073
things
557
00:04:14,073 --> 00:04:14,403
burn
558
00:04:14,403 --> 00:04:14,553
on
559
00:04:14,553 --> 00:04:14,703
their
560
00:04:14,703 --> 00:04:15,003
own
561
00:04:15,333 --> 00:04:15,723
without
562
00:04:15,723 --> 00:04:16,023
life
563
00:04:16,023 --> 00:04:16,233
being
564
00:04:16,233 --> 00:04:16,713
involved
565
00:04:16,713 --> 00:04:16,833
in
566
00:04:16,833 --> 00:04:17,463
oxidizing
567
00:04:17,463 --> 00:04:17,853
something
568
00:04:17,853 --> 00:04:18,003
or
569
00:04:18,753 --> 00:04:19,053
moving
570
00:04:19,053 --> 00:04:19,593
electrons
571
00:04:19,593 --> 00:04:19,953
around
.
572
00:04:20,973 --> 00:04:21,543
So
573
00:04:23,133 --> 00:04:23,343
in
574
00:04:23,343 --> 00:04:23,403
the
575
00:04:23,403 --> 00:04:23,583
in
576
00:04:23,583 --> 00:04:23,673
the
577
00:04:23,673 --> 00:04:23,883
deep
578
00:04:23,883 --> 00:04:24,333
sea
,
579
00:04:24,963 --> 00:04:25,143
it
580
00:04:25,143 --> 00:04:25,503
turns
581
00:04:25,503 --> 00:04:25,803
out
582
00:04:26,313 --> 00:04:26,523
and
583
00:04:26,543 --> 00:04:26,733
in
584
00:04:27,753 --> 00:04:27,843
in
585
00:04:27,843 --> 00:04:28,293
marshes
586
00:04:28,293 --> 00:04:28,413
and
587
00:04:28,413 --> 00:04:28,493
in
588
00:04:28,653 --> 00:04:28,893
where
589
00:04:29,013 --> 00:04:29,283
Yes
,
590
00:04:29,283 --> 00:04:29,553
again
591
00:04:29,553 --> 00:04:29,973
everywhere
592
00:04:29,973 --> 00:04:30,123
this
593
00:04:30,123 --> 00:04:30,243
is
594
00:04:30,243 --> 00:04:30,693
happening
,
595
00:04:31,413 --> 00:04:31,563
it
596
00:04:31,563 --> 00:04:31,863
turns
597
00:04:31,863 --> 00:04:32,103
out
598
00:04:32,103 --> 00:04:32,583
that
599
00:04:34,383 --> 00:04:35,013
under
600
00:04:36,693 --> 00:04:37,473
slightly
601
00:04:37,473 --> 00:04:37,863
acidic
602
00:04:37,863 --> 00:04:38,703
conditions
,
603
00:04:39,513 --> 00:04:40,173
bacteria
604
00:04:40,323 --> 00:04:40,533
can
605
00:04:40,533 --> 00:04:40,833
often
606
00:04:41,043 --> 00:04:41,793
produce
607
00:04:41,823 --> 00:04:42,273
the
608
00:04:42,663 --> 00:04:43,293
abiotic
609
00:04:43,623 --> 00:04:44,253
sources
.
610
00:04:44,643 --> 00:04:45,333
And
611
00:04:45,663 --> 00:04:46,023
then
612
00:04:46,023 --> 00:04:46,263
what
613
00:04:46,263 --> 00:04:46,443
they'll
614
00:04:46,443 --> 00:04:46,713
do
615
00:04:46,713 --> 00:04:46,923
is
616
00:04:46,923 --> 00:04:47,133
they'll
617
00:04:47,133 --> 00:04:47,613
turn
618
00:04:47,823 --> 00:04:48,393
F2
619
00:04:48,393 --> 00:04:48,483
to
620
00:04:48,483 --> 00:04:49,143
F3
.
621
00:04:49,143 --> 00:04:49,233
The
622
00:04:49,233 --> 00:04:49,443
part
623
00:04:49,443 --> 00:04:49,593
I'm
624
00:04:49,593 --> 00:04:49,983
particularly
625
00:04:49,983 --> 00:04:50,433
interested
626
00:04:50,433 --> 00:04:50,673
in
627
00:04:51,153 --> 00:04:51,453
and
628
00:04:51,453 --> 00:04:51,753
in
629
00:04:51,753 --> 00:04:51,933
the
630
00:04:51,933 --> 00:04:52,383
production
631
00:04:52,383 --> 00:04:52,503
of
632
00:04:52,503 --> 00:04:53,283
F3
,
633
00:04:53,283 --> 00:04:53,673
the
634
00:04:53,823 --> 00:04:54,153
iron
635
00:04:54,153 --> 00:04:54,543
becomes
636
00:04:54,543 --> 00:04:54,753
less
637
00:04:54,753 --> 00:04:55,143
toxic
638
00:04:55,143 --> 00:04:55,233
to
639
00:04:55,233 --> 00:04:55,323
the
640
00:04:55,323 --> 00:04:55,923
bacteria
,
641
00:04:56,223 --> 00:04:56,403
it
642
00:04:56,403 --> 00:04:57,003
becomes
643
00:04:57,723 --> 00:04:58,023
less
644
00:04:58,023 --> 00:04:58,683
soluble
645
00:04:58,953 --> 00:04:59,253
and
646
00:04:59,253 --> 00:04:59,343
it
647
00:04:59,343 --> 00:04:59,523
ends
648
00:04:59,523 --> 00:04:59,703
up
649
00:04:59,703 --> 00:04:59,973
ends
650
00:04:59,973 --> 00:05:00,063
up
651
00:05:00,063 --> 00:05:00,483
being
652
00:05:00,723 --> 00:05:01,323
excreted
653
00:05:01,323 --> 00:05:01,683
as
654
00:05:01,683 --> 00:05:01,913
a
655
00:05:02,043 --> 00:05:02,373
iron
656
00:05:02,373 --> 00:05:02,733
oxide
657
00:05:02,733 --> 00:05:02,823
and
658
00:05:02,823 --> 00:05:03,183
actually
659
00:05:03,393 --> 00:05:03,633
does
660
00:05:03,633 --> 00:05:03,813
these
661
00:05:03,813 --> 00:05:04,083
really
662
00:05:04,083 --> 00:05:04,323
weird
663
00:05:04,323 --> 00:05:04,623
things
.
664
00:05:04,623 --> 00:05:04,713
It
665
00:05:04,713 --> 00:05:04,923
makes
666
00:05:04,923 --> 00:05:05,103
these
667
00:05:05,103 --> 00:05:05,553
long
668
00:05:05,853 --> 00:05:06,423
braided
669
00:05:06,423 --> 00:05:07,323
strands
670
00:05:07,323 --> 00:05:07,653
as
671
00:05:07,653 --> 00:05:07,923
the
672
00:05:08,043 --> 00:05:08,613
bacteria
673
00:05:08,613 --> 00:05:08,763
get
674
00:05:08,763 --> 00:05:08,943
rid
675
00:05:08,943 --> 00:05:09,063
of
676
00:05:09,063 --> 00:05:09,183
the
677
00:05:09,183 --> 00:05:09,573
excess
678
00:05:09,573 --> 00:05:09,993
iron
.
679
00:05:10,473 --> 00:05:10,623
So
680
00:05:10,853 --> 00:05:11,063
as
681
00:05:11,073 --> 00:05:11,193
they're
682
00:05:11,193 --> 00:05:11,613
essentially
683
00:05:11,613 --> 00:05:11,973
eating
684
00:05:11,973 --> 00:05:12,483
iron
685
00:05:12,483 --> 00:05:12,843
there
,
686
00:05:12,843 --> 00:05:13,133
there
,
687
00:05:13,143 --> 00:05:13,473
there
,
688
00:05:13,473 --> 00:05:13,683
they're
689
00:05:13,713 --> 00:05:14,133
iron
690
00:05:14,133 --> 00:05:14,523
poop
,
691
00:05:14,793 --> 00:05:15,093
looks
692
00:05:15,093 --> 00:05:15,273
like
693
00:05:15,273 --> 00:05:15,693
long
694
00:05:15,693 --> 00:05:16,413
threads
695
00:05:17,283 --> 00:05:17,793
and
696
00:05:18,033 --> 00:05:18,333
this
697
00:05:18,333 --> 00:05:19,023
forms
698
00:05:19,353 --> 00:05:19,893
bacterial
699
00:05:19,893 --> 00:05:20,373
mats
.
700
00:05:20,823 --> 00:05:20,943
You
701
00:05:20,943 --> 00:05:21,063
might
702
00:05:21,063 --> 00:05:21,153
have
703
00:05:21,153 --> 00:05:21,393
actually
704
00:05:21,393 --> 00:05:21,663
seen
705
00:05:21,663 --> 00:05:21,963
this
706
00:05:22,413 --> 00:05:23,043
sometimes
707
00:05:23,043 --> 00:05:23,853
streams
708
00:05:24,513 --> 00:05:24,663
in
709
00:05:24,663 --> 00:05:24,723
the
710
00:05:24,723 --> 00:05:25,233
summertime
711
00:05:25,233 --> 00:05:25,353
as
712
00:05:25,353 --> 00:05:25,443
they're
713
00:05:25,443 --> 00:05:25,893
running
714
00:05:26,283 --> 00:05:26,913
low
.
715
00:05:27,153 --> 00:05:27,283
I
716
00:05:27,363 --> 00:05:27,483
will
717
00:05:27,483 --> 00:05:27,573
be
718
00:05:27,573 --> 00:05:27,663
a
719
00:05:27,663 --> 00:05:27,843
little
720
00:05:27,843 --> 00:05:27,993
bit
721
00:05:27,993 --> 00:05:28,503
acidic
722
00:05:28,503 --> 00:05:28,743
and
723
00:05:28,743 --> 00:05:28,863
you'll
724
00:05:28,863 --> 00:05:29,103
start
725
00:05:29,103 --> 00:05:29,223
to
726
00:05:29,223 --> 00:05:29,643
see
727
00:05:29,943 --> 00:05:30,033
a
728
00:05:30,063 --> 00:05:30,243
sort
729
00:05:30,243 --> 00:05:30,363
of
730
00:05:30,363 --> 00:05:30,693
red
731
00:05:30,693 --> 00:05:31,263
slime
732
00:05:31,263 --> 00:05:31,653
forming
733
00:05:31,653 --> 00:05:31,773
on
734
00:05:31,773 --> 00:05:31,833
the
735
00:05:31,833 --> 00:05:32,093
base
736
00:05:32,733 --> 00:05:33,093
bottom
737
00:05:33,093 --> 00:05:33,183
of
738
00:05:33,183 --> 00:05:33,273
the
739
00:05:33,273 --> 00:05:33,663
stream
740
00:05:33,903 --> 00:05:34,113
that
741
00:05:34,113 --> 00:05:34,203
is
742
00:05:34,203 --> 00:05:34,713
actually
743
00:05:34,923 --> 00:05:35,403
iron
744
00:05:35,973 --> 00:05:36,603
oxidizing
745
00:05:36,603 --> 00:05:37,113
bacteria
746
00:05:37,143 --> 00:05:37,413
making
747
00:05:37,413 --> 00:05:37,593
that
748
00:05:37,593 --> 00:05:37,983
reddish
749
00:05:37,983 --> 00:05:38,433
slime
.
750
00:05:38,733 --> 00:05:39,123
But
751
00:05:39,123 --> 00:05:39,483
in
752
00:05:39,723 --> 00:05:39,993
other
753
00:05:39,993 --> 00:05:40,473
conditions
754
00:05:40,473 --> 00:05:40,593
that
755
00:05:40,593 --> 00:05:40,743
would
756
00:05:40,743 --> 00:05:40,893
be
757
00:05:40,893 --> 00:05:41,433
green
.
758
00:05:41,433 --> 00:05:41,873
Now
,
759
00:05:42,273 --> 00:05:42,723
obviously
,
760
00:05:42,723 --> 00:05:42,783
you
761
00:05:42,783 --> 00:05:42,903
know
,
762
00:05:42,903 --> 00:05:43,053
in
763
00:05:43,053 --> 00:05:43,103
a
764
00:05:43,143 --> 00:05:43,293
in
765
00:05:43,293 --> 00:05:43,353
a
766
00:05:43,353 --> 00:05:43,713
stream
767
00:05:43,713 --> 00:05:43,803
on
768
00:05:43,803 --> 00:05:43,863
the
769
00:05:43,863 --> 00:05:44,313
surface
,
770
00:05:44,553 --> 00:05:44,613
you're
771
00:05:44,683 --> 00:05:44,793
going
772
00:05:44,793 --> 00:05:44,823
can
773
00:05:44,833 --> 00:05:44,923
have
774
00:05:44,923 --> 00:05:45,123
enough
775
00:05:45,123 --> 00:05:45,573
oxygen
776
00:05:45,573 --> 00:05:45,693
that
777
00:05:45,693 --> 00:05:45,783
it
778
00:05:45,783 --> 00:05:46,023
can
779
00:05:46,593 --> 00:05:47,013
form
780
00:05:47,913 --> 00:05:48,053
other
781
00:05:48,183 --> 00:05:48,453
other
782
00:05:48,453 --> 00:05:48,843
forms
783
00:05:48,843 --> 00:05:49,053
of
784
00:05:49,263 --> 00:05:49,653
of
785
00:05:49,653 --> 00:05:50,013
of
786
00:05:50,613 --> 00:05:50,973
iron
787
00:05:50,973 --> 00:05:51,483
oxide
.
788
00:05:51,483 --> 00:05:51,663
And
789
00:05:51,663 --> 00:05:51,903
then
790
00:05:51,903 --> 00:05:51,993
the
791
00:05:51,993 --> 00:05:52,263
green
792
00:05:52,263 --> 00:05:52,533
one
.
793
00:05:52,863 --> 00:05:53,043
But
794
00:05:53,043 --> 00:05:53,103
the
795
00:05:53,103 --> 00:05:53,373
green
796
00:05:53,373 --> 00:05:53,703
one
797
00:05:54,483 --> 00:05:55,083
happens
798
00:05:55,263 --> 00:05:56,073
preferentially
799
00:05:56,073 --> 00:05:56,553
under
800
00:05:56,673 --> 00:05:56,943
very
801
00:05:56,943 --> 00:05:57,303
deep
802
00:05:57,303 --> 00:05:58,023
conditions
,
803
00:05:58,833 --> 00:05:59,853
preferentially
804
00:06:00,123 --> 00:06:00,543
at
805
00:06:00,543 --> 00:06:01,113
about
806
00:06:02,853 --> 00:06:03,033
what
807
00:06:03,033 --> 00:06:03,123
is
808
00:06:03,123 --> 00:06:03,393
about
809
00:06:04,353 --> 00:06:05,133
18
810
00:06:05,463 --> 00:06:05,733
K
811
00:06:05,733 --> 00:06:06,153
bar
,
812
00:06:06,153 --> 00:06:06,543
which
813
00:06:06,753 --> 00:06:06,873
I
814
00:06:06,873 --> 00:06:07,023
had
815
00:06:07,023 --> 00:06:07,113
to
816
00:06:07,113 --> 00:06:07,353
look
817
00:06:07,353 --> 00:06:07,553
up
818
00:06:07,563 --> 00:06:07,623
at
,
819
00:06:07,623 --> 00:06:07,983
that's
820
00:06:08,193 --> 00:06:08,403
about
821
00:06:08,403 --> 00:06:09,903
18,000
822
00:06:10,143 --> 00:06:11,013
times
823
00:06:11,073 --> 00:06:11,883
14
824
00:06:11,883 --> 00:06:11,973
and
825
00:06:11,973 --> 00:06:12,033
a
826
00:06:12,033 --> 00:06:12,363
half
827
00:06:12,363 --> 00:06:13,113
pounds
828
00:06:13,743 --> 00:06:13,893
is
829
00:06:13,893 --> 00:06:14,043
the
830
00:06:14,043 --> 00:06:14,463
actual
831
00:06:14,463 --> 00:06:14,973
pressure
832
00:06:15,573 --> 00:06:16,053
comparing
833
00:06:16,053 --> 00:06:16,143
it
834
00:06:16,143 --> 00:06:16,233
to
835
00:06:16,233 --> 00:06:16,413
sort
836
00:06:16,413 --> 00:06:16,503
of
837
00:06:16,773 --> 00:06:17,223
PSI
.
838
00:06:17,463 --> 00:06:17,623
So
839
00:06:17,643 --> 00:06:17,943
pounds
840
00:06:17,943 --> 00:06:18,093
per
841
00:06:18,093 --> 00:06:18,363
square
842
00:06:18,363 --> 00:06:18,633
inch
843
00:06:19,803 --> 00:06:19,983
it
844
00:06:19,983 --> 00:06:20,103
would
845
00:06:20,103 --> 00:06:20,223
be
846
00:06:20,223 --> 00:06:21,363
18,000
847
00:06:21,633 --> 00:06:22,263
times
848
00:06:22,443 --> 00:06:23,043
14
849
00:06:23,043 --> 00:06:23,133
and
850
00:06:23,133 --> 00:06:23,193
a
851
00:06:23,193 --> 00:06:23,523
half
852
00:06:23,523 --> 00:06:23,613
to
853
00:06:23,613 --> 00:06:23,793
give
854
00:06:23,793 --> 00:06:23,903
you
855
00:06:23,913 --> 00:06:23,973
a
856
00:06:23,973 --> 00:06:24,333
total
857
00:06:24,333 --> 00:06:24,783
pressure
858
00:06:25,293 --> 00:06:25,443
and
859
00:06:25,443 --> 00:06:25,773
happens
860
00:06:25,793 --> 00:06:26,073
about
861
00:06:26,073 --> 00:06:26,553
300
862
00:06:26,823 --> 00:06:27,183
degrees
863
00:06:27,183 --> 00:06:27,813
centigrade
.
864
00:06:28,743 --> 00:06:28,983
So
865
00:06:28,983 --> 00:06:29,133
it's
866
00:06:29,133 --> 00:06:29,223
an
867
00:06:29,223 --> 00:06:29,403
eight
868
00:06:29,613 --> 00:06:29,823
K
869
00:06:29,823 --> 00:06:30,243
bar
870
00:06:30,243 --> 00:06:30,723
and
871
00:06:31,293 --> 00:06:31,773
300
872
00:06:31,983 --> 00:06:32,583
C
,
873
00:06:33,903 --> 00:06:34,113
so
874
00:06:34,113 --> 00:06:34,323
it's
875
00:06:34,563 --> 00:06:34,953
hot
,
876
00:06:34,953 --> 00:06:35,133
but
877
00:06:35,133 --> 00:06:35,343
not
878
00:06:35,343 --> 00:06:35,883
incredibly
879
00:06:35,883 --> 00:06:36,183
hot
.
880
00:06:36,513 --> 00:06:36,963
And
881
00:06:37,143 --> 00:06:37,413
these
882
00:06:37,413 --> 00:06:37,503
are
883
00:06:37,503 --> 00:06:37,983
temperatures
884
00:06:37,983 --> 00:06:38,103
that
885
00:06:38,103 --> 00:06:38,433
life
886
00:06:38,433 --> 00:06:38,703
might
887
00:06:38,703 --> 00:06:39,273
actually
888
00:06:39,273 --> 00:06:39,483
be
889
00:06:39,483 --> 00:06:39,723
able
890
00:06:39,723 --> 00:06:39,843
to
891
00:06:39,843 --> 00:06:40,223
exist
892
00:06:40,223 --> 00:06:40,293
at
893
00:06:40,293 --> 00:06:40,503
those
894
00:06:40,503 --> 00:06:40,983
pressures
.
895
00:06:40,983 --> 00:06:41,253
Water
896
00:06:41,253 --> 00:06:41,493
doesn't
897
00:06:41,493 --> 00:06:41,913
boil
.
898
00:06:41,913 --> 00:06:42,093
So
899
00:06:42,093 --> 00:06:42,303
the
900
00:06:42,403 --> 00:06:42,793
the
901
00:06:43,133 --> 00:06:43,563
cells
902
00:06:43,563 --> 00:06:43,803
wouldn't
903
00:06:43,803 --> 00:06:44,313
burst
.
904
00:06:44,733 --> 00:06:45,243
And
905
00:06:45,243 --> 00:06:45,603
if
906
00:06:45,783 --> 00:06:46,143
life
907
00:06:46,143 --> 00:06:46,263
is
908
00:06:46,263 --> 00:06:46,533
able
909
00:06:46,533 --> 00:06:47,013
to
910
00:06:48,663 --> 00:06:49,383
outcompete
911
00:06:49,383 --> 00:06:49,503
the
912
00:06:49,503 --> 00:06:50,073
abiotic
913
00:06:50,073 --> 00:06:50,493
factors
914
00:06:50,493 --> 00:06:50,673
under
915
00:06:50,673 --> 00:06:50,823
these
916
00:06:50,823 --> 00:06:51,603
circumstances
,
917
00:06:51,603 --> 00:06:51,843
it's
918
00:06:51,843 --> 00:06:51,993
a
919
00:06:51,993 --> 00:06:52,503
very
920
00:06:53,493 --> 00:06:53,943
useful
921
00:06:53,943 --> 00:06:54,213
form
922
00:06:54,213 --> 00:06:54,303
of
923
00:06:54,303 --> 00:06:54,663
energy
.
924
00:06:54,663 --> 00:06:54,843
So
925
00:06:54,843 --> 00:06:55,023
there
926
00:06:55,023 --> 00:06:55,233
is
927
00:06:55,643 --> 00:06:57,123
a
928
00:06:57,123 --> 00:06:57,603
ton
929
00:06:57,603 --> 00:06:58,023
of
930
00:06:59,133 --> 00:06:59,583
energy
931
00:06:59,583 --> 00:07:00,033
released
932
00:07:00,033 --> 00:07:00,123
in
933
00:07:00,123 --> 00:07:00,183
the
934
00:07:00,183 --> 00:07:00,663
process
935
00:07:00,663 --> 00:07:00,753
of
936
00:07:00,753 --> 00:07:01,353
oxidizing
937
00:07:01,353 --> 00:07:01,743
iron
.
938
00:07:02,673 --> 00:07:03,183
It's
939
00:07:03,433 --> 00:07:03,473
a
940
00:07:03,543 --> 00:07:03,843
very
941
00:07:03,843 --> 00:07:04,473
exothermic
942
00:07:04,473 --> 00:07:05,013
reaction
.
943
00:07:05,283 --> 00:07:05,643
And
944
00:07:05,643 --> 00:07:05,823
one
945
00:07:05,823 --> 00:07:05,943
of
946
00:07:05,943 --> 00:07:06,063
the
947
00:07:06,063 --> 00:07:06,693
interesting
948
00:07:06,963 --> 00:07:07,443
aspects
949
00:07:07,443 --> 00:07:07,563
of
950
00:07:07,563 --> 00:07:07,683
it
951
00:07:07,683 --> 00:07:07,923
is
952
00:07:07,923 --> 00:07:08,283
that
953
00:07:08,793 --> 00:07:09,063
as
954
00:07:09,063 --> 00:07:09,153
the
955
00:07:09,153 --> 00:07:09,543
reaction
956
00:07:09,543 --> 00:07:10,203
occurs
,
957
00:07:10,503 --> 00:07:10,713
it
958
00:07:10,713 --> 00:07:11,223
releases
959
00:07:11,223 --> 00:07:11,373
the
960
00:07:11,373 --> 00:07:11,883
heat
961
00:07:12,723 --> 00:07:13,023
to
962
00:07:13,023 --> 00:07:13,263
the
963
00:07:13,263 --> 00:07:13,773
to
964
00:07:14,373 --> 00:07:14,733
more
965
00:07:14,733 --> 00:07:14,793
or
966
00:07:14,793 --> 00:07:15,093
less
967
00:07:15,093 --> 00:07:15,213
the
968
00:07:15,213 --> 00:07:15,723
temperature
969
00:07:15,723 --> 00:07:15,873
that
970
00:07:15,873 --> 00:07:15,993
it
971
00:07:15,993 --> 00:07:16,563
needs
.
972
00:07:16,773 --> 00:07:16,983
And
973
00:07:16,983 --> 00:07:17,523
obviously
974
00:07:17,773 --> 00:07:17,983
there's
975
00:07:18,003 --> 00:07:18,333
different
976
00:07:18,333 --> 00:07:18,683
depths
977
00:07:18,753 --> 00:07:18,903
where
978
00:07:18,903 --> 00:07:18,993
you
979
00:07:18,993 --> 00:07:19,143
can
980
00:07:19,143 --> 00:07:19,473
find
981
00:07:19,473 --> 00:07:19,563
the
982
00:07:19,563 --> 00:07:19,713
right
983
00:07:19,713 --> 00:07:20,253
temperature
,
984
00:07:20,493 --> 00:07:20,703
but
985
00:07:20,703 --> 00:07:20,793
it
986
00:07:20,793 --> 00:07:21,153
makes
987
00:07:21,153 --> 00:07:21,303
its
988
00:07:21,303 --> 00:07:21,483
own
989
00:07:21,483 --> 00:07:21,753
heat
990
00:07:21,753 --> 00:07:21,903
and
991
00:07:21,903 --> 00:07:21,993
it
992
00:07:21,993 --> 00:07:22,593
releases
993
00:07:22,593 --> 00:07:22,803
about
994
00:07:22,803 --> 00:07:23,403
300
995
00:07:23,733 --> 00:07:24,213
degrees
996
00:07:24,213 --> 00:07:24,423
worth
997
00:07:24,423 --> 00:07:24,513
of
998
00:07:24,513 --> 00:07:24,663
heat
999
00:07:24,663 --> 00:07:24,753
and
1000
00:07:24,753 --> 00:07:24,843
it
1001
00:07:25,023 --> 00:07:25,383
delivered
1002
00:07:25,383 --> 00:07:25,533
about
1003
00:07:25,533 --> 00:07:25,863
300
1004
00:07:25,863 --> 00:07:26,103
degrees
,
1005
00:07:26,313 --> 00:07:26,903
303
1006
00:07:26,913 --> 00:07:27,333
50
.
1007
00:07:28,263 --> 00:07:28,503
So
1008
00:07:28,503 --> 00:07:28,593
if
1009
00:07:28,593 --> 00:07:28,683
it
1010
00:07:28,683 --> 00:07:28,893
gets
1011
00:07:28,893 --> 00:07:29,133
too
1012
00:07:29,133 --> 00:07:29,523
hot
,
1013
00:07:29,523 --> 00:07:29,823
the
1014
00:07:29,943 --> 00:07:30,273
process
1015
00:07:30,273 --> 00:07:30,573
slows
1016
00:07:30,573 --> 00:07:30,873
down
.
1017
00:07:30,873 --> 00:07:30,993
And
1018
00:07:30,993 --> 00:07:31,113
if
1019
00:07:31,113 --> 00:07:31,323
it
1020
00:07:31,533 --> 00:07:31,893
cools
1021
00:07:31,893 --> 00:07:32,223
down
,
1022
00:07:32,223 --> 00:07:32,313
the
1023
00:07:32,313 --> 00:07:32,643
process
1024
00:07:32,643 --> 00:07:32,943
slows
1025
00:07:32,943 --> 00:07:33,213
down
.
1026
00:07:33,393 --> 00:07:33,543
So
1027
00:07:33,543 --> 00:07:33,723
there's
1028
00:07:33,723 --> 00:07:33,813
an
1029
00:07:33,843 --> 00:07:34,293
optimal
1030
00:07:34,293 --> 00:07:34,833
temperature
,
1031
00:07:34,983 --> 00:07:35,163
but
1032
00:07:35,163 --> 00:07:35,313
it's
1033
00:07:35,313 --> 00:07:35,673
able
1034
00:07:35,673 --> 00:07:36,123
to
1035
00:07:37,263 --> 00:07:37,653
simply
1036
00:07:37,653 --> 00:07:37,923
because
1037
00:07:37,923 --> 00:07:38,013
the
1038
00:07:38,013 --> 00:07:38,373
process
1039
00:07:38,373 --> 00:07:38,883
exists
,
1040
00:07:39,223 --> 00:07:39,363
the
1041
00:07:39,453 --> 00:07:39,873
process
1042
00:07:39,873 --> 00:07:40,203
will
1043
00:07:40,653 --> 00:07:41,343
expand
1044
00:07:41,373 --> 00:07:41,493
the
1045
00:07:41,493 --> 00:07:41,973
region
1046
00:07:41,973 --> 00:07:42,063
of
1047
00:07:42,063 --> 00:07:42,183
that
1048
00:07:42,183 --> 00:07:42,513
optimal
1049
00:07:42,513 --> 00:07:42,903
temperature
1050
00:07:42,903 --> 00:07:43,053
by
1051
00:07:43,053 --> 00:07:43,683
producing
1052
00:07:43,683 --> 00:07:43,833
its
1053
00:07:43,833 --> 00:07:44,073
own
1054
00:07:44,073 --> 00:07:44,373
heat
.
1055
00:07:44,703 --> 00:07:44,883
So
1056
00:07:44,883 --> 00:07:44,973
it's
1057
00:07:44,973 --> 00:07:45,033
a
1058
00:07:45,033 --> 00:07:45,243
really
1059
00:07:45,243 --> 00:07:45,663
interesting
1060
00:07:45,663 --> 00:07:46,173
reaction
1061
00:07:46,233 --> 00:07:46,383
that
1062
00:07:46,383 --> 00:07:46,743
has
1063
00:07:46,923 --> 00:07:47,703
similarities
1064
00:07:47,703 --> 00:07:47,883
to
1065
00:07:47,883 --> 00:07:48,003
the
1066
00:07:48,003 --> 00:07:48,423
way
1067
00:07:49,113 --> 00:07:49,743
bodies
1068
00:07:49,743 --> 00:07:50,073
work
,
1069
00:07:50,073 --> 00:07:50,373
right
?
1070
00:07:50,373 --> 00:07:50,553
So
1071
00:07:50,553 --> 00:07:50,673
that
1072
00:07:50,673 --> 00:07:51,093
bodies
1073
00:07:51,093 --> 00:07:51,183
are
1074
00:07:51,183 --> 00:07:51,513
working
1075
00:07:51,513 --> 00:07:51,603
at
1076
00:07:51,603 --> 00:07:51,633
a
1077
00:07:51,633 --> 00:07:52,143
particular
1078
00:07:52,143 --> 00:07:52,713
temperature
1079
00:07:52,983 --> 00:07:53,253
at
1080
00:07:53,253 --> 00:07:53,553
which
1081
00:07:53,553 --> 00:07:53,763
they
1082
00:07:53,763 --> 00:07:54,033
work
1083
00:07:54,033 --> 00:07:54,303
best
1084
00:07:54,303 --> 00:07:54,423
to
1085
00:07:54,423 --> 00:07:54,903
produce
1086
00:07:54,903 --> 00:07:55,053
that
1087
00:07:55,053 --> 00:07:55,533
particular
1088
00:07:55,533 --> 00:07:56,073
temperature
.
1089
00:07:56,703 --> 00:07:56,893
It's
1090
00:07:57,073 --> 00:07:57,303
it's
1091
00:07:57,453 --> 00:07:57,593
a
1092
00:07:57,663 --> 00:07:58,593
homeostasis
.
1093
00:07:59,343 --> 00:07:59,853
And
1094
00:08:00,393 --> 00:08:00,573
there
1095
00:08:00,573 --> 00:08:00,723
is
1096
00:08:00,723 --> 00:08:01,353
also
1097
00:08:01,773 --> 00:08:02,133
a
1098
00:08:02,133 --> 00:08:02,823
changing
1099
00:08:02,823 --> 00:08:03,063
from
1100
00:08:03,063 --> 00:08:03,333
one
1101
00:08:03,333 --> 00:08:03,543
thing
1102
00:08:03,543 --> 00:08:03,663
to
1103
00:08:03,663 --> 00:08:03,973
another
1104
00:08:03,973 --> 00:08:04,053
and
1105
00:08:04,053 --> 00:08:04,413
changing
1106
00:08:04,413 --> 00:08:04,533
the
1107
00:08:04,533 --> 00:08:04,983
iron
1108
00:08:04,983 --> 00:08:05,553
into
1109
00:08:05,553 --> 00:08:05,943
the
1110
00:08:06,513 --> 00:08:06,933
iron
1111
00:08:06,933 --> 00:08:07,473
three
1112
00:08:07,473 --> 00:08:07,683
and
1113
00:08:07,683 --> 00:08:08,283
changing
1114
00:08:09,033 --> 00:08:09,393
taking
1115
00:08:09,393 --> 00:08:09,483
the
1116
00:08:09,483 --> 00:08:09,903
oxygen
1117
00:08:09,903 --> 00:08:09,993
out
1118
00:08:09,993 --> 00:08:10,053
of
1119
00:08:10,053 --> 00:08:10,143
the
1120
00:08:10,143 --> 00:08:10,533
water
1121
00:08:10,533 --> 00:08:10,743
and
1122
00:08:10,743 --> 00:08:11,133
releasing
1123
00:08:11,133 --> 00:08:11,613
hydrogen
.
1124
00:08:11,793 --> 00:08:12,063
That's
1125
00:08:12,063 --> 00:08:12,873
metabolism
.
1126
00:08:12,873 --> 00:08:13,053
So
1127
00:08:13,053 --> 00:08:13,353
there's
1128
00:08:13,353 --> 00:08:13,743
many
1129
00:08:13,983 --> 00:08:14,523
aspects
1130
00:08:14,523 --> 00:08:14,643
of
1131
00:08:14,643 --> 00:08:14,853
this
1132
00:08:14,853 --> 00:08:15,033
that
1133
00:08:15,033 --> 00:08:15,273
really
1134
00:08:15,273 --> 00:08:15,873
resemble
1135
00:08:16,443 --> 00:08:16,983
life
1136
00:08:16,983 --> 00:08:17,493
and
1137
00:08:18,093 --> 00:08:18,303
to
1138
00:08:18,303 --> 00:08:18,573
me
1139
00:08:18,573 --> 00:08:18,693
are
1140
00:08:18,693 --> 00:08:19,083
almost
1141
00:08:19,083 --> 00:08:19,313
a
,
1142
00:08:19,413 --> 00:08:19,623
you
1143
00:08:19,623 --> 00:08:19,833
know
,
1144
00:08:19,833 --> 00:08:20,343
interesting
1145
00:08:20,343 --> 00:08:20,583
way
1146
00:08:20,583 --> 00:08:20,703
of
1147
00:08:20,703 --> 00:08:21,033
thinking
1148
00:08:21,033 --> 00:08:21,393
about
1149
00:08:21,693 --> 00:08:22,243
how
1150
00:08:22,263 --> 00:08:22,383
the
1151
00:08:22,383 --> 00:08:22,683
earth
1152
00:08:23,373 --> 00:08:23,673
is
1153
00:08:23,673 --> 00:08:23,763
in
1154
00:08:23,763 --> 00:08:23,853
a
1155
00:08:23,853 --> 00:08:24,183
certain
1156
00:08:24,183 --> 00:08:24,483
way
1157
00:08:24,483 --> 00:08:25,023
alive
.
1158
00:08:25,143 --> 00:08:25,293
And
1159
00:08:25,293 --> 00:08:25,353
it
1160
00:08:25,353 --> 00:08:25,563
might
1161
00:08:25,563 --> 00:08:25,893
actually
1162
00:08:25,893 --> 00:08:26,043
be
1163
00:08:26,043 --> 00:08:26,343
life
,
1164
00:08:26,343 --> 00:08:26,433
it
1165
00:08:26,433 --> 00:08:26,643
might
1166
00:08:26,643 --> 00:08:27,033
actually
1167
00:08:27,033 --> 00:08:27,423
be
1168
00:08:27,573 --> 00:08:28,203
bacteria
1169
00:08:28,263 --> 00:08:28,623
helping
1170
00:08:28,623 --> 00:08:28,773
this
1171
00:08:28,773 --> 00:08:29,403
process
.
1172
00:08:29,403 --> 00:08:29,763
And
1173
00:08:30,273 --> 00:08:30,513
one
1174
00:08:30,513 --> 00:08:30,573
of
1175
00:08:30,573 --> 00:08:30,663
the
1176
00:08:30,663 --> 00:08:30,843
sort
1177
00:08:30,843 --> 00:08:30,933
of
1178
00:08:30,933 --> 00:08:31,503
interesting
1179
00:08:31,503 --> 00:08:31,923
side
1180
00:08:31,923 --> 00:08:32,343
things
1181
00:08:32,343 --> 00:08:32,673
about
1182
00:08:32,673 --> 00:08:33,003
this
1183
00:08:33,033 --> 00:08:33,453
is
1184
00:08:34,683 --> 00:08:35,193
serpentine
1185
00:08:35,193 --> 00:08:35,343
is
1186
00:08:35,343 --> 00:08:35,913
Asian
1187
00:08:36,123 --> 00:08:36,663
making
1188
00:08:36,663 --> 00:08:37,563
serpentine
1189
00:08:38,673 --> 00:08:39,423
involves
1190
00:08:39,693 --> 00:08:40,803
a
1191
00:08:40,803 --> 00:08:41,043
sort
1192
00:08:41,043 --> 00:08:41,133
of
1193
00:08:41,133 --> 00:08:41,903
fibrous
1194
00:08:41,923 --> 00:08:42,483
matted
1195
00:08:42,483 --> 00:08:42,903
look
1196
00:08:42,903 --> 00:08:43,263
to
1197
00:08:43,263 --> 00:08:43,623
the
1198
00:08:43,623 --> 00:08:44,013
the
1199
00:08:44,163 --> 00:08:44,883
resulting
1200
00:08:45,213 --> 00:08:45,783
minerals
,
1201
00:08:46,173 --> 00:08:46,533
particularly
1202
00:08:46,533 --> 00:08:46,893
jade
.
1203
00:08:46,893 --> 00:08:46,983
If
1204
00:08:46,983 --> 00:08:47,043
you
1205
00:08:47,043 --> 00:08:47,223
look
1206
00:08:47,223 --> 00:08:47,283
at
1207
00:08:47,283 --> 00:08:47,613
jade
,
1208
00:08:47,613 --> 00:08:47,733
it
1209
00:08:47,733 --> 00:08:47,943
looks
1210
00:08:47,943 --> 00:08:48,273
like
1211
00:08:48,993 --> 00:08:49,293
almost
1212
00:08:49,293 --> 00:08:49,443
like
1213
00:08:49,443 --> 00:08:49,863
felt
1214
00:08:49,863 --> 00:08:50,133
like
1215
00:08:50,133 --> 00:08:50,433
like
1216
00:08:50,433 --> 00:08:51,033
fibers
1217
00:08:51,033 --> 00:08:51,153
that
1218
00:08:51,153 --> 00:08:51,243
have
1219
00:08:51,243 --> 00:08:51,333
been
1220
00:08:51,333 --> 00:08:51,603
laid
1221
00:08:51,603 --> 00:08:51,903
down
1222
00:08:51,903 --> 00:08:52,263
flat
1223
00:08:52,263 --> 00:08:52,383
and
1224
00:08:52,383 --> 00:08:52,503
all
1225
00:08:52,503 --> 00:08:52,863
tangled
1226
00:08:52,863 --> 00:08:53,163
together
.
1227
00:08:53,163 --> 00:08:53,253
And
1228
00:08:53,253 --> 00:08:53,403
that's
1229
00:08:53,403 --> 00:08:53,553
what
1230
00:08:53,823 --> 00:08:54,153
gives
1231
00:08:54,153 --> 00:08:54,453
Jade
1232
00:08:54,453 --> 00:08:54,603
its
1233
00:08:54,603 --> 00:08:55,233
toughness
.
1234
00:08:56,073 --> 00:08:56,493
And
1235
00:08:56,493 --> 00:08:56,703
if
1236
00:08:56,703 --> 00:08:56,853
you
1237
00:08:56,853 --> 00:08:57,183
look
1238
00:08:57,183 --> 00:08:57,573
at
1239
00:08:57,813 --> 00:08:58,383
bacterial
1240
00:08:58,383 --> 00:08:58,803
mats
1241
00:08:58,803 --> 00:08:58,953
that
1242
00:08:58,953 --> 00:08:59,163
have
1243
00:08:59,163 --> 00:08:59,493
been
1244
00:08:59,763 --> 00:09:00,633
oxidizing
1245
00:09:00,633 --> 00:09:01,053
iron
1246
00:09:01,623 --> 00:09:01,923
as
1247
00:09:01,923 --> 00:09:02,133
these
1248
00:09:02,133 --> 00:09:02,643
threads
1249
00:09:02,643 --> 00:09:02,853
come
1250
00:09:02,853 --> 00:09:03,003
out
1251
00:09:03,003 --> 00:09:03,093
of
1252
00:09:03,093 --> 00:09:03,183
the
1253
00:09:03,183 --> 00:09:03,813
bacteria
,
1254
00:09:03,993 --> 00:09:04,173
they
1255
00:09:04,173 --> 00:09:04,533
also
1256
00:09:04,533 --> 00:09:05,073
form
1257
00:09:05,073 --> 00:09:05,343
these
1258
00:09:05,343 --> 00:09:05,883
kinds
1259
00:09:05,883 --> 00:09:06,243
of
1260
00:09:06,453 --> 00:09:07,053
matted
1261
00:09:07,533 --> 00:09:08,073
kinds
1262
00:09:08,073 --> 00:09:08,313
of
1263
00:09:08,463 --> 00:09:08,913
felted
1264
00:09:08,913 --> 00:09:09,333
looks
.
1265
00:09:09,753 --> 00:09:10,263
And
1266
00:09:10,503 --> 00:09:11,523
I
1267
00:09:11,523 --> 00:09:11,883
find
1268
00:09:11,883 --> 00:09:12,153
the
1269
00:09:12,153 --> 00:09:12,543
the
1270
00:09:13,533 --> 00:09:14,373
similarity
1271
00:09:14,373 --> 00:09:14,673
somewhat
1272
00:09:14,673 --> 00:09:15,153
compelling
.
1273
00:09:15,153 --> 00:09:15,213
I
1274
00:09:15,213 --> 00:09:15,363
mean
,
1275
00:09:15,363 --> 00:09:15,873
obviously
1276
00:09:15,873 --> 00:09:16,023
I
1277
00:09:16,023 --> 00:09:16,353
can't
1278
00:09:16,833 --> 00:09:17,133
prove
1279
00:09:17,133 --> 00:09:17,463
anything
1280
00:09:17,463 --> 00:09:17,733
because
1281
00:09:17,733 --> 00:09:17,853
they
1282
00:09:17,853 --> 00:09:18,123
happen
1283
00:09:18,123 --> 00:09:18,213
to
1284
00:09:18,213 --> 00:09:18,453
both
1285
00:09:18,453 --> 00:09:18,663
have
1286
00:09:18,663 --> 00:09:18,933
these
1287
00:09:19,173 --> 00:09:19,533
thin
1288
00:09:19,533 --> 00:09:19,923
matted
1289
00:09:19,923 --> 00:09:20,493
threads
.
1290
00:09:21,003 --> 00:09:21,183
But
1291
00:09:21,183 --> 00:09:21,303
it's
1292
00:09:21,303 --> 00:09:21,393
the
1293
00:09:21,393 --> 00:09:21,633
kind
1294
00:09:21,633 --> 00:09:21,723
of
1295
00:09:21,723 --> 00:09:21,963
thing
1296
00:09:21,963 --> 00:09:22,083
that
1297
00:09:22,083 --> 00:09:22,323
is
1298
00:09:22,323 --> 00:09:22,443
at
1299
00:09:22,443 --> 00:09:22,683
least
,
1300
00:09:22,683 --> 00:09:22,803
you
1301
00:09:22,803 --> 00:09:22,923
know
,
1302
00:09:22,923 --> 00:09:23,703
circumstantial
1303
00:09:23,703 --> 00:09:24,153
evidence
1304
00:09:24,153 --> 00:09:24,363
that
1305
00:09:24,363 --> 00:09:24,663
these
1306
00:09:24,663 --> 00:09:25,083
are
1307
00:09:25,293 --> 00:09:26,013
bacterial
1308
00:09:26,823 --> 00:09:27,663
mediated
1309
00:09:27,663 --> 00:09:28,413
reactions
1310
00:09:29,073 --> 00:09:29,553
that
1311
00:09:29,883 --> 00:09:30,303
might
1312
00:09:30,303 --> 00:09:30,723
be
1313
00:09:31,533 --> 00:09:32,313
producing
1314
00:09:32,313 --> 00:09:32,433
the
1315
00:09:32,433 --> 00:09:32,733
very
1316
00:09:32,733 --> 00:09:33,123
rocks
1317
00:09:33,123 --> 00:09:33,243
I
1318
00:09:33,243 --> 00:09:33,573
carve
,
1319
00:09:33,573 --> 00:09:33,753
which
1320
00:09:33,753 --> 00:09:33,813
I
1321
00:09:33,813 --> 00:09:34,023
find
1322
00:09:34,023 --> 00:09:34,293
very
1323
00:09:34,293 --> 00:09:34,863
interesting
.
1324
00:09:36,513 --> 00:09:36,903
The
1325
00:09:37,233 --> 00:09:37,623
the
1326
00:09:38,463 --> 00:09:39,033
matting
1327
00:09:39,033 --> 00:09:39,843
process
1328
00:09:40,653 --> 00:09:41,373
produces
1329
00:09:41,913 --> 00:09:42,423
iron
1330
00:09:42,423 --> 00:09:42,603
that
1331
00:09:42,603 --> 00:09:42,843
is
1332
00:09:43,083 --> 00:09:43,443
pretty
1333
00:09:43,443 --> 00:09:44,073
resistant
.
1334
00:09:44,703 --> 00:09:45,033
It's
1335
00:09:45,183 --> 00:09:45,993
insoluble
.
1336
00:09:45,993 --> 00:09:46,443
And
1337
00:09:47,013 --> 00:09:47,193
so
1338
00:09:47,193 --> 00:09:47,343
these
1339
00:09:47,343 --> 00:09:47,463
would
1340
00:09:47,463 --> 00:09:47,613
make
1341
00:09:47,613 --> 00:09:47,943
excellent
1342
00:09:47,943 --> 00:09:48,513
fossils
.
1343
00:09:48,783 --> 00:09:49,233
And
1344
00:09:49,413 --> 00:09:49,623
one
1345
00:09:49,623 --> 00:09:49,713
of
1346
00:09:49,713 --> 00:09:49,863
one
1347
00:09:49,863 --> 00:09:49,983
of
1348
00:09:49,983 --> 00:09:50,103
the
1349
00:09:50,103 --> 00:09:50,553
ideas
1350
00:09:50,553 --> 00:09:50,823
about
1351
00:09:50,823 --> 00:09:51,243
Jade
1352
00:09:51,243 --> 00:09:51,513
is
1353
00:09:51,513 --> 00:09:51,723
that
1354
00:09:51,723 --> 00:09:51,963
it's
1355
00:09:51,963 --> 00:09:52,413
often
1356
00:09:52,743 --> 00:09:52,983
what's
1357
00:09:52,983 --> 00:09:53,193
called
1358
00:09:53,193 --> 00:09:53,523
metal
1359
00:09:53,523 --> 00:09:54,033
somatic
.
1360
00:09:54,033 --> 00:09:54,123
It's
1361
00:09:54,123 --> 00:09:54,183
a
1362
00:09:54,183 --> 00:09:54,543
wonderful
1363
00:09:54,543 --> 00:09:54,903
world
1364
00:09:55,143 --> 00:09:55,593
word
1365
00:09:56,193 --> 00:09:56,703
meta
,
1366
00:09:56,703 --> 00:09:57,063
meaning
,
1367
00:09:57,063 --> 00:09:57,123
you
1368
00:09:57,123 --> 00:09:57,303
know
,
1369
00:09:57,303 --> 00:09:57,813
changing
1370
00:09:57,813 --> 00:09:57,873
or
1371
00:09:57,873 --> 00:09:58,113
going
1372
00:09:58,113 --> 00:09:58,563
beyond
1373
00:09:58,563 --> 00:09:58,803
and
1374
00:09:58,803 --> 00:09:59,313
somatic
1375
00:09:59,313 --> 00:09:59,553
meaning
1376
00:09:59,553 --> 00:10:00,033
body
1377
00:10:00,363 --> 00:10:00,633
and
1378
00:10:00,633 --> 00:10:00,753
it's
1379
00:10:00,753 --> 00:10:00,963
when
1380
00:10:00,963 --> 00:10:01,233
one
1381
00:10:01,233 --> 00:10:01,743
rock
1382
00:10:02,313 --> 00:10:02,913
replaces
1383
00:10:02,913 --> 00:10:03,243
another
1384
00:10:03,243 --> 00:10:03,693
rock
.
1385
00:10:04,023 --> 00:10:04,353
And
1386
00:10:04,353 --> 00:10:04,773
so
1387
00:10:05,133 --> 00:10:05,493
Jade
1388
00:10:05,493 --> 00:10:05,643
is
1389
00:10:05,643 --> 00:10:05,943
often
1390
00:10:05,943 --> 00:10:06,303
seen
1391
00:10:06,303 --> 00:10:06,483
as
1392
00:10:06,483 --> 00:10:06,873
being
1393
00:10:07,053 --> 00:10:07,283
metal
,
1394
00:10:07,293 --> 00:10:07,863
somatic
1395
00:10:08,463 --> 00:10:08,733
and
,
1396
00:10:08,823 --> 00:10:09,033
and
1397
00:10:09,033 --> 00:10:09,543
replacing
1398
00:10:09,543 --> 00:10:09,833
other
1399
00:10:09,843 --> 00:10:10,323
other
1400
00:10:10,323 --> 00:10:10,683
other
1401
00:10:10,683 --> 00:10:10,983
other
1402
00:10:10,983 --> 00:10:11,373
things
.
1403
00:10:11,373 --> 00:10:11,553
And
1404
00:10:11,823 --> 00:10:12,003
it
1405
00:10:12,003 --> 00:10:12,183
may
1406
00:10:12,183 --> 00:10:12,423
well
1407
00:10:12,423 --> 00:10:12,513
have
1408
00:10:12,513 --> 00:10:12,843
been
1409
00:10:13,173 --> 00:10:13,893
associated
1410
00:10:13,893 --> 00:10:14,013
with
1411
00:10:14,013 --> 00:10:14,193
this
1412
00:10:14,193 --> 00:10:14,463
kind
1413
00:10:14,463 --> 00:10:14,643
of
1414
00:10:14,823 --> 00:10:15,183
iron
1415
00:10:15,183 --> 00:10:15,603
matting
1416
00:10:15,933 --> 00:10:16,533
or
1417
00:10:17,193 --> 00:10:17,313
a
1418
00:10:17,313 --> 00:10:17,553
little
1419
00:10:17,553 --> 00:10:17,883
further
1420
00:10:17,883 --> 00:10:18,033
out
,
1421
00:10:18,033 --> 00:10:18,063
a
1422
00:10:18,063 --> 00:10:18,213
little
1423
00:10:18,213 --> 00:10:18,393
more
1424
00:10:18,393 --> 00:10:18,783
science
1425
00:10:18,783 --> 00:10:19,353
fictiony
,
1426
00:10:19,953 --> 00:10:20,193
the
1427
00:10:20,213 --> 00:10:20,913
silica
1428
00:10:20,913 --> 00:10:21,183
in
1429
00:10:21,183 --> 00:10:21,723
jade
1430
00:10:21,723 --> 00:10:21,903
and
1431
00:10:21,903 --> 00:10:22,023
the
1432
00:10:22,023 --> 00:10:22,413
iron
1433
00:10:22,413 --> 00:10:22,593
in
1434
00:10:22,593 --> 00:10:22,893
jade
1435
00:10:22,893 --> 00:10:23,673
together
1436
00:10:23,883 --> 00:10:24,453
might
1437
00:10:24,453 --> 00:10:24,993
be
1438
00:10:24,993 --> 00:10:25,383
some
1439
00:10:25,383 --> 00:10:25,743
sort
1440
00:10:25,743 --> 00:10:25,983
of
1441
00:10:26,343 --> 00:10:27,073
I
1442
00:10:27,513 --> 00:10:28,293
bacterial
1443
00:10:28,293 --> 00:10:28,653
or
1444
00:10:29,103 --> 00:10:29,763
living
,
1445
00:10:29,763 --> 00:10:30,033
let's
1446
00:10:30,033 --> 00:10:30,513
say
,
1447
00:10:31,053 --> 00:10:31,533
form
1448
00:10:31,533 --> 00:10:31,683
of
1449
00:10:31,683 --> 00:10:32,133
production
1450
00:10:32,133 --> 00:10:32,553
archaea
1451
00:10:32,553 --> 00:10:32,703
are
1452
00:10:32,703 --> 00:10:33,033
also
1453
00:10:33,033 --> 00:10:33,333
down
1454
00:10:33,333 --> 00:10:33,633
there
1455
00:10:33,843 --> 00:10:34,233
doing
1456
00:10:34,383 --> 00:10:34,593
some
1457
00:10:34,593 --> 00:10:34,683
of
1458
00:10:34,683 --> 00:10:34,893
these
1459
00:10:34,893 --> 00:10:35,253
things
1460
00:10:35,253 --> 00:10:35,403
and
1461
00:10:35,403 --> 00:10:35,553
there
1462
00:10:35,553 --> 00:10:35,793
may
1463
00:10:35,793 --> 00:10:36,123
well
1464
00:10:36,153 --> 00:10:36,513
be
1465
00:10:36,723 --> 00:10:37,023
other
1466
00:10:37,023 --> 00:10:37,353
forms
1467
00:10:37,353 --> 00:10:37,563
of
1468
00:10:37,893 --> 00:10:38,493
life
1469
00:10:39,093 --> 00:10:39,423
similar
1470
00:10:39,423 --> 00:10:39,513
to
1471
00:10:39,513 --> 00:10:39,723
life
1472
00:10:39,723 --> 00:10:39,843
that
1473
00:10:39,843 --> 00:10:39,933
we
1474
00:10:39,933 --> 00:10:40,183
know
1475
00:10:40,183 --> 00:10:40,263
we're
1476
00:10:40,263 --> 00:10:40,423
not
,
1477
00:10:40,443 --> 00:10:40,623
not
,
1478
00:10:40,623 --> 00:10:40,833
not
,
1479
00:10:40,833 --> 00:10:41,013
not
1480
00:10:41,013 --> 00:10:41,193
to
1481
00:10:41,193 --> 00:10:41,523
science
1482
00:10:41,523 --> 00:10:41,793
fiction
,
1483
00:10:42,183 --> 00:10:42,573
but
,
1484
00:10:42,753 --> 00:10:42,873
you
1485
00:10:42,873 --> 00:10:42,993
know
,
1486
00:10:42,993 --> 00:10:43,383
DNA
1487
00:10:43,383 --> 00:10:43,653
based
1488
00:10:43,653 --> 00:10:43,953
life
1489
00:10:43,953 --> 00:10:44,133
with
1490
00:10:44,133 --> 00:10:44,673
cells
1491
00:10:45,303 --> 00:10:45,513
that
1492
00:10:45,513 --> 00:10:45,633
we
1493
00:10:45,633 --> 00:10:45,783
don't
1494
00:10:45,783 --> 00:10:45,993
even
1495
00:10:45,993 --> 00:10:46,143
know
1496
00:10:46,143 --> 00:10:46,413
about
.
1497
00:10:46,413 --> 00:10:46,623
Right
.
1498
00:10:46,623 --> 00:10:46,803
So
1499
00:10:46,803 --> 00:10:47,193
archaea
1500
00:10:47,193 --> 00:10:47,283
were
1501
00:10:47,283 --> 00:10:47,493
only
1502
00:10:47,493 --> 00:10:47,763
found
1503
00:10:47,763 --> 00:10:47,823
in
1504
00:10:47,823 --> 00:10:47,913
the
1505
00:10:47,913 --> 00:10:48,513
seventies
.
1506
00:10:48,523 --> 00:10:48,753
Now
1507
00:10:48,753 --> 00:10:48,873
we're
1508
00:10:48,873 --> 00:10:49,293
realizing
1509
00:10:49,293 --> 00:10:49,443
they're
1510
00:10:49,443 --> 00:10:50,013
everywhere
.
1511
00:10:50,523 --> 00:10:50,703
But
1512
00:10:50,703 --> 00:10:50,793
there
1513
00:10:50,793 --> 00:10:50,973
could
1514
00:10:50,973 --> 00:10:51,183
well
1515
00:10:51,183 --> 00:10:51,333
be
1516
00:10:51,333 --> 00:10:51,633
things
1517
00:10:51,633 --> 00:10:51,753
that
1518
00:10:51,753 --> 00:10:51,933
are
1519
00:10:51,933 --> 00:10:52,323
down
1520
00:10:52,323 --> 00:10:52,563
there
1521
00:10:52,563 --> 00:10:52,653
that
1522
00:10:52,653 --> 00:10:52,803
we
1523
00:10:52,803 --> 00:10:53,013
don't
1524
00:10:53,013 --> 00:10:53,193
know
1525
00:10:53,193 --> 00:10:53,463
about
1526
00:10:53,463 --> 00:10:53,553
it
.
1527
00:10:53,553 --> 00:10:53,733
Those
1528
00:10:53,733 --> 00:10:54,243
pressures
1529
00:10:54,243 --> 00:10:54,333
and
1530
00:10:54,333 --> 00:10:54,483
those
1531
00:10:54,483 --> 00:10:55,113
temperatures
1532
00:10:55,373 --> 00:10:55,403
are
1533
00:10:56,403 --> 00:10:56,703
even
1534
00:10:56,703 --> 00:10:56,973
more
1535
00:10:56,973 --> 00:10:57,363
science
1536
00:10:57,363 --> 00:10:57,723
fiction
.
1537
00:10:57,723 --> 00:10:57,843
There
1538
00:10:57,843 --> 00:10:58,083
might
1539
00:10:58,083 --> 00:10:58,413
be
1540
00:10:58,743 --> 00:10:59,013
some
1541
00:10:59,013 --> 00:10:59,223
sort
1542
00:10:59,223 --> 00:10:59,463
of
1543
00:10:59,463 --> 00:10:59,793
thing
1544
00:10:59,793 --> 00:11:00,093
that's
1545
00:11:00,393 --> 00:11:01,143
involving
1546
00:11:01,593 --> 00:11:02,253
transformation
1547
00:11:02,253 --> 00:11:02,343
of
1548
00:11:02,343 --> 00:11:02,703
silica
1549
00:11:02,703 --> 00:11:03,123
itself
.
1550
00:11:03,123 --> 00:11:03,213
You
1551
00:11:03,213 --> 00:11:03,333
know
,
1552
00:11:03,333 --> 00:11:03,543
back
1553
00:11:03,543 --> 00:11:03,633
in
1554
00:11:03,633 --> 00:11:03,813
the
1555
00:11:04,353 --> 00:11:04,683
early
1556
00:11:04,683 --> 00:11:04,953
days
1557
00:11:04,953 --> 00:11:05,013
of
1558
00:11:05,013 --> 00:11:05,343
science
1559
00:11:05,343 --> 00:11:05,643
fiction
,
1560
00:11:05,643 --> 00:11:05,763
that
1561
00:11:05,763 --> 00:11:05,913
was
1562
00:11:05,913 --> 00:11:06,183
often
1563
00:11:06,183 --> 00:11:06,363
one
1564
00:11:06,363 --> 00:11:06,483
of
1565
00:11:06,733 --> 00:11:07,253
the
1566
00:11:07,353 --> 00:11:08,103
speculations
1567
00:11:08,103 --> 00:11:08,223
that
1568
00:11:08,223 --> 00:11:08,313
there
1569
00:11:08,313 --> 00:11:08,403
was
1570
00:11:08,403 --> 00:11:08,583
some
1571
00:11:08,583 --> 00:11:08,733
sort
1572
00:11:08,733 --> 00:11:08,823
of
1573
00:11:08,823 --> 00:11:09,273
silica
1574
00:11:09,273 --> 00:11:09,663
life
.
1575
00:11:10,353 --> 00:11:10,773
I'm
1576
00:11:10,773 --> 00:11:10,923
not
1577
00:11:10,923 --> 00:11:11,193
saying
1578
00:11:11,193 --> 00:11:11,343
there
1579
00:11:11,343 --> 00:11:11,493
is
1580
00:11:11,493 --> 00:11:11,853
Everything
1581
00:11:11,853 --> 00:11:12,003
I
1582
00:11:12,003 --> 00:11:12,333
see
1583
00:11:12,333 --> 00:11:12,513
could
1584
00:11:12,513 --> 00:11:12,843
easily
1585
00:11:12,843 --> 00:11:12,963
be
1586
00:11:12,963 --> 00:11:13,203
done
1587
00:11:13,203 --> 00:11:13,353
by
1588
00:11:13,353 --> 00:11:13,983
bacteria
,
1589
00:11:14,523 --> 00:11:14,673
but
1590
00:11:14,673 --> 00:11:14,913
it's
1591
00:11:15,123 --> 00:11:15,363
kind
1592
00:11:15,363 --> 00:11:15,423
of
1593
00:11:15,423 --> 00:11:15,663
fun
1594
00:11:15,663 --> 00:11:15,753
to
1595
00:11:15,753 --> 00:11:15,963
think
1596
00:11:15,963 --> 00:11:16,293
about
1597
00:11:16,293 --> 00:11:16,623
that
.
1598
00:11:18,753 --> 00:11:18,933
The
1599
00:11:18,933 --> 00:11:19,533
very
1600
00:11:20,403 --> 00:11:21,303
beginnings
1601
00:11:21,303 --> 00:11:21,843
of
1602
00:11:22,233 --> 00:11:22,563
of
1603
00:11:22,563 --> 00:11:22,893
of
1604
00:11:23,073 --> 00:11:23,643
life
1605
00:11:23,913 --> 00:11:24,273
may
1606
00:11:24,273 --> 00:11:24,393
have
1607
00:11:24,393 --> 00:11:24,993
involved
1608
00:11:25,263 --> 00:11:25,623
some
1609
00:11:25,623 --> 00:11:25,893
some
1610
00:11:25,893 --> 00:11:26,463
aspects
1611
00:11:26,463 --> 00:11:26,763
of
1612
00:11:27,213 --> 00:11:27,693
silica
1613
00:11:27,693 --> 00:11:28,293
chemistry
.
1614
00:11:28,983 --> 00:11:29,073
I
1615
00:11:29,073 --> 00:11:29,253
haven't
1616
00:11:29,253 --> 00:11:29,433
really
1617
00:11:29,433 --> 00:11:29,673
talked
1618
00:11:29,673 --> 00:11:29,883
about
1619
00:11:29,883 --> 00:11:30,063
that
1620
00:11:30,063 --> 00:11:30,303
part
1621
00:11:30,303 --> 00:11:30,423
of
1622
00:11:30,423 --> 00:11:30,573
it
1623
00:11:30,573 --> 00:11:30,693
or
1624
00:11:30,693 --> 00:11:31,053
why
1625
00:11:31,083 --> 00:11:31,443
why
1626
00:11:31,443 --> 00:11:31,563
I
1627
00:11:31,563 --> 00:11:31,743
keep
1628
00:11:31,743 --> 00:11:32,163
mentioning
1629
00:11:32,163 --> 00:11:32,343
this
1630
00:11:32,343 --> 00:11:32,463
at
1631
00:11:32,463 --> 00:11:32,553
the
1632
00:11:32,553 --> 00:11:32,973
beginning
1633
00:11:32,973 --> 00:11:33,093
of
1634
00:11:33,093 --> 00:11:33,393
life
,
1635
00:11:33,393 --> 00:11:33,573
not
1636
00:11:33,573 --> 00:11:33,903
just
1637
00:11:34,173 --> 00:11:34,533
something
1638
00:11:34,533 --> 00:11:34,953
producing
1639
00:11:34,953 --> 00:11:35,193
free
1640
00:11:35,193 --> 00:11:35,673
hydrogen
1641
00:11:35,673 --> 00:11:35,943
that'll
1642
00:11:36,183 --> 00:11:36,393
give
1643
00:11:36,393 --> 00:11:36,513
us
1644
00:11:36,513 --> 00:11:36,813
clean
1645
00:11:36,813 --> 00:11:37,353
energy
,
1646
00:11:38,013 --> 00:11:38,523
but
1647
00:11:39,993 --> 00:11:40,203
the
1648
00:11:40,203 --> 00:11:40,653
idea
1649
00:11:40,653 --> 00:11:40,953
is
1650
00:11:40,953 --> 00:11:41,283
that
1651
00:11:41,553 --> 00:11:41,793
when
1652
00:11:41,793 --> 00:11:41,973
this
1653
00:11:41,973 --> 00:11:42,483
hydrogen
1654
00:11:42,483 --> 00:11:42,603
is
1655
00:11:42,603 --> 00:11:43,353
produced
,
1656
00:11:43,713 --> 00:11:43,953
it's
1657
00:11:43,953 --> 00:11:44,253
often
1658
00:11:44,253 --> 00:11:44,883
produced
1659
00:11:45,573 --> 00:11:45,993
both
1660
00:11:45,993 --> 00:11:46,293
in
1661
00:11:46,503 --> 00:11:47,103
coastal
1662
00:11:47,463 --> 00:11:48,063
margins
1663
00:11:48,063 --> 00:11:48,363
and
1664
00:11:48,363 --> 00:11:48,693
at
1665
00:11:48,843 --> 00:11:49,023
sea
1666
00:11:49,023 --> 00:11:49,263
for
1667
00:11:49,593 --> 00:11:50,103
seafloor
1668
00:11:50,103 --> 00:11:50,493
spreading
1669
00:11:50,493 --> 00:11:50,943
areas
1670
00:11:51,183 --> 00:11:51,483
and
1671
00:11:51,483 --> 00:11:51,753
near
1672
00:11:51,753 --> 00:11:52,413
hydrothermal
1673
00:11:52,413 --> 00:11:52,893
vents
.
1674
00:11:53,523 --> 00:11:53,793
And
1675
00:11:53,793 --> 00:11:54,063
when
1676
00:11:54,453 --> 00:11:54,633
this
1677
00:11:54,633 --> 00:11:54,963
hydrogen
1678
00:11:54,963 --> 00:11:55,083
is
1679
00:11:55,083 --> 00:11:55,473
produced
,
1680
00:11:55,473 --> 00:11:55,623
it's
1681
00:11:55,623 --> 00:11:55,743
a
1682
00:11:55,743 --> 00:11:56,133
rich
1683
00:11:56,133 --> 00:11:56,463
source
1684
00:11:56,463 --> 00:11:56,583
of
1685
00:11:56,583 --> 00:11:57,033
food
1686
00:11:57,033 --> 00:11:57,483
for
1687
00:11:57,633 --> 00:11:58,293
bacteria
.
1688
00:11:58,533 --> 00:11:58,743
And
1689
00:11:58,743 --> 00:11:59,133
so
1690
00:11:59,313 --> 00:11:59,583
chemo
,
1691
00:11:59,583 --> 00:12:00,063
synthetic
1692
00:12:00,063 --> 00:12:00,643
bacteria
,
1693
00:12:00,643 --> 00:12:00,833
it's
1694
00:12:00,993 --> 00:12:01,383
bacteria
1695
00:12:01,383 --> 00:12:01,503
that
1696
00:12:01,503 --> 00:12:01,563
are
1697
00:12:01,563 --> 00:12:01,893
able
1698
00:12:01,893 --> 00:12:02,013
to
1699
00:12:02,013 --> 00:12:02,373
eat
1700
00:12:03,243 --> 00:12:03,813
chemicals
1701
00:12:03,813 --> 00:12:03,963
as
1702
00:12:03,963 --> 00:12:04,263
opposed
1703
00:12:04,263 --> 00:12:04,443
to
,
1704
00:12:04,443 --> 00:12:04,683
say
,
1705
00:12:04,683 --> 00:12:05,433
photosynthetic
1706
00:12:05,733 --> 00:12:06,183
bacteria
1707
00:12:06,183 --> 00:12:06,333
that
1708
00:12:06,333 --> 00:12:06,453
are
1709
00:12:06,663 --> 00:12:06,963
eating
1710
00:12:06,963 --> 00:12:07,323
life
1711
00:12:08,283 --> 00:12:08,583
sorry
,
1712
00:12:08,673 --> 00:12:09,003
heating
1713
00:12:09,003 --> 00:12:09,333
light
1714
00:12:11,403 --> 00:12:11,853
the
1715
00:12:12,153 --> 00:12:12,453
chemo
1716
00:12:12,453 --> 00:12:12,753
synthetic
1717
00:12:12,753 --> 00:12:13,473
bacteria
1718
00:12:13,473 --> 00:12:13,803
are
1719
00:12:13,803 --> 00:12:14,283
using
1720
00:12:15,423 --> 00:12:16,233
I
1721
00:12:16,533 --> 00:12:17,073
generally
1722
00:12:17,073 --> 00:12:17,343
assumed
1723
00:12:17,343 --> 00:12:17,403
to
1724
00:12:17,403 --> 00:12:17,523
be
1725
00:12:17,533 --> 00:12:18,243
abiotic
1726
00:12:18,243 --> 00:12:18,903
produced
1727
00:12:20,253 --> 00:12:20,703
chemicals
1728
00:12:20,703 --> 00:12:20,943
such
1729
00:12:20,943 --> 00:12:21,093
as
1730
00:12:21,303 --> 00:12:21,813
hydrogen
1731
00:12:22,353 --> 00:12:22,653
as
1732
00:12:22,653 --> 00:12:22,893
as
1733
00:12:22,893 --> 00:12:23,163
direct
1734
00:12:23,163 --> 00:12:23,583
sources
1735
00:12:23,583 --> 00:12:23,673
of
1736
00:12:23,673 --> 00:12:24,153
energy
.
1737
00:12:24,603 --> 00:12:24,813
I'm
1738
00:12:24,813 --> 00:12:25,173
wondering
1739
00:12:25,173 --> 00:12:25,293
if
1740
00:12:25,293 --> 00:12:25,713
this
1741
00:12:26,013 --> 00:12:26,523
hydrogen
1742
00:12:26,523 --> 00:12:26,793
isn't
1743
00:12:26,793 --> 00:12:27,333
also
1744
00:12:27,543 --> 00:12:28,083
being
1745
00:12:28,293 --> 00:12:28,773
produced
1746
00:12:28,773 --> 00:12:29,283
by
1747
00:12:29,883 --> 00:12:30,183
other
1748
00:12:30,273 --> 00:12:30,513
other
1749
00:12:30,513 --> 00:12:30,753
living
1750
00:12:30,753 --> 00:12:31,223
organisms
.
1751
00:12:31,233 --> 00:12:31,313
And
1752
00:12:31,323 --> 00:12:31,443
that
1753
00:12:31,443 --> 00:12:31,623
would
1754
00:12:31,893 --> 00:12:32,073
that
1755
00:12:32,073 --> 00:12:32,193
would
1756
00:12:32,193 --> 00:12:32,343
go
1757
00:12:32,343 --> 00:12:32,763
along
1758
00:12:32,763 --> 00:12:33,123
with
1759
00:12:33,573 --> 00:12:33,753
a
1760
00:12:33,753 --> 00:12:33,933
lot
1761
00:12:33,933 --> 00:12:34,053
of
1762
00:12:34,053 --> 00:12:34,113
the
1763
00:12:34,113 --> 00:12:34,263
way
1764
00:12:34,263 --> 00:12:34,563
life
1765
00:12:34,563 --> 00:12:34,863
works
,
1766
00:12:34,863 --> 00:12:35,033
right
?
1767
00:12:35,043 --> 00:12:35,283
Life
1768
00:12:35,283 --> 00:12:35,583
tends
1769
00:12:35,583 --> 00:12:35,973
to
1770
00:12:36,573 --> 00:12:37,113
make
1771
00:12:37,263 --> 00:12:37,563
its
1772
00:12:37,563 --> 00:12:37,803
own
1773
00:12:37,803 --> 00:12:38,373
habitat
,
1774
00:12:38,373 --> 00:12:38,583
right
?
1775
00:12:38,593 --> 00:12:39,423
It
1776
00:12:40,173 --> 00:12:40,593
life
1777
00:12:40,593 --> 00:12:40,893
makes
1778
00:12:40,893 --> 00:12:41,283
soil
1779
00:12:41,283 --> 00:12:41,403
that
1780
00:12:41,403 --> 00:12:41,763
plants
1781
00:12:41,763 --> 00:12:41,913
can
1782
00:12:41,913 --> 00:12:42,153
grow
1783
00:12:42,153 --> 00:12:42,423
in
,
1784
00:12:43,413 --> 00:12:43,773
plants
1785
00:12:43,773 --> 00:12:43,953
feed
1786
00:12:43,953 --> 00:12:44,073
the
1787
00:12:44,073 --> 00:12:44,343
animals
,
1788
00:12:44,343 --> 00:12:44,733
etc.
.
1789
00:12:44,733 --> 00:12:44,943
So
1790
00:12:45,243 --> 00:12:45,503
it
1791
00:12:45,573 --> 00:12:45,863
life
1792
00:12:45,873 --> 00:12:46,323
makes
1793
00:12:46,323 --> 00:12:46,443
the
1794
00:12:46,443 --> 00:12:46,893
habitat
1795
00:12:46,893 --> 00:12:47,073
for
1796
00:12:47,073 --> 00:12:47,583
itself
.
1797
00:12:48,183 --> 00:12:48,573
Perhaps
1798
00:12:48,573 --> 00:12:48,663
the
1799
00:12:48,663 --> 00:12:49,203
hydrogen
1800
00:12:49,203 --> 00:12:49,353
that
1801
00:12:49,353 --> 00:12:49,473
is
1802
00:12:49,473 --> 00:12:49,743
being
1803
00:12:49,743 --> 00:12:50,373
produced
1804
00:12:50,673 --> 00:12:51,063
is
1805
00:12:51,063 --> 00:12:51,573
actually
1806
00:12:51,573 --> 00:12:51,843
being
1807
00:12:51,843 --> 00:12:52,413
produced
1808
00:12:52,773 --> 00:12:53,403
by
1809
00:12:53,583 --> 00:12:54,093
bacteria
1810
00:12:54,093 --> 00:12:54,173
that
1811
00:12:54,183 --> 00:12:54,243
I
1812
00:12:54,243 --> 00:12:54,393
think
1813
00:12:54,393 --> 00:12:54,513
there
1814
00:12:54,513 --> 00:12:54,633
are
1815
00:12:54,633 --> 00:12:54,813
some
1816
00:12:54,813 --> 00:12:55,263
cases
1817
00:12:55,473 --> 00:12:55,653
where
1818
00:12:55,653 --> 00:12:55,803
that
1819
00:12:55,803 --> 00:12:55,983
is
1820
00:12:55,983 --> 00:12:56,553
definitely
1821
00:12:56,553 --> 00:12:56,643
the
1822
00:12:56,643 --> 00:12:57,033
case
1823
00:12:57,723 --> 00:12:57,933
and
1824
00:12:57,933 --> 00:12:58,093
that
1825
00:12:58,093 --> 00:12:58,473
these
1826
00:12:58,923 --> 00:12:59,193
this
1827
00:12:59,193 --> 00:12:59,643
hydrogen
1828
00:12:59,643 --> 00:12:59,793
then
1829
00:12:59,793 --> 00:13:00,423
provides
1830
00:13:01,053 --> 00:13:01,993
a
1831
00:13:02,013 --> 00:13:02,673
ecosystem
1832
00:13:02,673 --> 00:13:02,793
for
1833
00:13:02,793 --> 00:13:02,853
a
1834
00:13:02,853 --> 00:13:03,153
whole
1835
00:13:03,243 --> 00:13:03,693
wealth
1836
00:13:03,693 --> 00:13:03,813
of
1837
00:13:03,813 --> 00:13:04,023
other
1838
00:13:04,023 --> 00:13:04,503
bacteria
1839
00:13:04,503 --> 00:13:04,593
and
1840
00:13:04,593 --> 00:13:04,833
then
1841
00:13:05,013 --> 00:13:05,283
higher
1842
00:13:05,283 --> 00:13:05,583
forms
1843
00:13:05,583 --> 00:13:05,673
of
1844
00:13:05,673 --> 00:13:05,883
life
1845
00:13:05,883 --> 00:13:06,153
above
1846
00:13:06,153 --> 00:13:06,393
that
.
1847
00:13:06,693 --> 00:13:06,843
And
1848
00:13:06,843 --> 00:13:06,993
so
1849
00:13:06,993 --> 00:13:07,173
one
1850
00:13:07,173 --> 00:13:07,863
speculation
1851
00:13:07,863 --> 00:13:08,073
is
1852
00:13:08,073 --> 00:13:08,313
that
1853
00:13:08,313 --> 00:13:08,733
these
1854
00:13:09,393 --> 00:13:10,113
oases
1855
00:13:10,113 --> 00:13:10,383
of
1856
00:13:10,383 --> 00:13:10,683
of
1857
00:13:10,683 --> 00:13:10,953
of
1858
00:13:10,953 --> 00:13:11,343
life
1859
00:13:11,343 --> 00:13:11,583
may
1860
00:13:11,613 --> 00:13:11,973
have
1861
00:13:11,973 --> 00:13:12,873
provided
1862
00:13:13,653 --> 00:13:13,803
a
1863
00:13:13,803 --> 00:13:14,103
way
1864
00:13:14,103 --> 00:13:14,493
for
1865
00:13:14,493 --> 00:13:14,793
living
1866
00:13:14,793 --> 00:13:15,393
chemistry
1867
00:13:15,393 --> 00:13:15,573
to
1868
00:13:15,573 --> 00:13:15,993
develop
1869
00:13:15,993 --> 00:13:16,083
in
1870
00:13:16,083 --> 00:13:16,143
the
1871
00:13:16,143 --> 00:13:16,383
very
1872
00:13:16,383 --> 00:13:16,683
early
1873
00:13:16,683 --> 00:13:17,013
days
1874
00:13:17,013 --> 00:13:17,253
of
1875
00:13:17,253 --> 00:13:17,643
of
1876
00:13:17,643 --> 00:13:17,883
of
1877
00:13:17,883 --> 00:13:18,183
Earth
1878
00:13:18,903 --> 00:13:18,993
at
1879
00:13:18,993 --> 00:13:19,113
the
1880
00:13:19,113 --> 00:13:19,353
very
1881
00:13:19,353 --> 00:13:19,953
beginning
,
1882
00:13:20,673 --> 00:13:20,993
the
1883
00:13:21,333 --> 00:13:21,603
Earth
1884
00:13:21,603 --> 00:13:21,753
was
1885
00:13:21,753 --> 00:13:22,023
not
1886
00:13:22,023 --> 00:13:22,593
habitable
1887
00:13:22,983 --> 00:13:23,163
by
1888
00:13:23,163 --> 00:13:23,673
anything
,
1889
00:13:23,673 --> 00:13:23,943
by
1890
00:13:23,943 --> 00:13:24,153
any
1891
00:13:24,153 --> 00:13:24,363
any
1892
00:13:24,363 --> 00:13:24,693
forms
1893
00:13:24,693 --> 00:13:24,783
of
1894
00:13:24,783 --> 00:13:25,143
life
.
1895
00:13:25,833 --> 00:13:26,073
And
1896
00:13:26,073 --> 00:13:26,193
there
1897
00:13:26,193 --> 00:13:26,523
were
,
1898
00:13:26,823 --> 00:13:26,943
you
1899
00:13:26,943 --> 00:13:27,063
know
,
1900
00:13:27,063 --> 00:13:27,663
asteroids
1901
00:13:27,663 --> 00:13:27,903
hitting
1902
00:13:27,903 --> 00:13:28,053
all
1903
00:13:28,053 --> 00:13:28,143
the
1904
00:13:28,143 --> 00:13:28,443
time
,
1905
00:13:28,443 --> 00:13:28,803
comets
1906
00:13:28,803 --> 00:13:29,043
hitting
1907
00:13:29,043 --> 00:13:29,193
all
1908
00:13:29,193 --> 00:13:29,253
the
1909
00:13:29,253 --> 00:13:29,703
time
.
1910
00:13:30,243 --> 00:13:30,333
It
1911
00:13:30,333 --> 00:13:30,453
would
1912
00:13:30,453 --> 00:13:30,543
have
1913
00:13:30,543 --> 00:13:30,663
been
1914
00:13:30,663 --> 00:13:30,763
a
,
1915
00:13:30,873 --> 00:13:30,993
you
1916
00:13:30,993 --> 00:13:31,133
know
,
1917
00:13:31,473 --> 00:13:31,623
a
1918
00:13:31,623 --> 00:13:32,223
terrible
1919
00:13:32,223 --> 00:13:32,613
place
1920
00:13:32,613 --> 00:13:32,883
for
1921
00:13:32,883 --> 00:13:33,093
for
1922
00:13:33,093 --> 00:13:33,363
life
1923
00:13:33,363 --> 00:13:33,483
to
1924
00:13:33,483 --> 00:13:34,023
evolve
.
1925
00:13:34,353 --> 00:13:34,623
But
1926
00:13:34,623 --> 00:13:35,193
having
1927
00:13:35,193 --> 00:13:35,583
a
1928
00:13:35,733 --> 00:13:36,273
protective
1929
00:13:36,273 --> 00:13:36,693
blanket
1930
00:13:36,693 --> 00:13:36,813
of
1931
00:13:36,813 --> 00:13:36,903
an
1932
00:13:36,903 --> 00:13:37,293
ocean
1933
00:13:37,293 --> 00:13:37,413
on
1934
00:13:37,413 --> 00:13:37,713
top
1935
00:13:37,713 --> 00:13:37,833
of
1936
00:13:37,833 --> 00:13:38,073
you
1937
00:13:38,643 --> 00:13:38,883
would
1938
00:13:38,883 --> 00:13:39,003
have
1939
00:13:39,003 --> 00:13:39,213
would
1940
00:13:39,213 --> 00:13:39,393
have
1941
00:13:39,393 --> 00:13:40,053
allowed
1942
00:13:40,053 --> 00:13:40,473
life
1943
00:13:40,473 --> 00:13:40,713
to
1944
00:13:40,713 --> 00:13:41,163
exist
1945
00:13:41,163 --> 00:13:41,283
in
1946
00:13:41,283 --> 00:13:41,343
a
1947
00:13:41,673 --> 00:13:41,973
somewhat
1948
00:13:41,973 --> 00:13:42,153
more
1949
00:13:42,153 --> 00:13:42,693
stable
1950
00:13:42,693 --> 00:13:43,323
environment
.
1951
00:13:44,073 --> 00:13:44,163
The
1952
00:13:44,163 --> 00:13:44,463
problem
1953
00:13:44,463 --> 00:13:44,583
is
1954
00:13:44,583 --> 00:13:44,703
it's
1955
00:13:44,703 --> 00:13:44,883
not
1956
00:13:44,883 --> 00:13:45,273
exposed
1957
00:13:45,273 --> 00:13:45,363
to
1958
00:13:45,363 --> 00:13:45,513
any
1959
00:13:45,513 --> 00:13:45,933
sunlight
,
1960
00:13:45,933 --> 00:13:46,083
so
1961
00:13:46,083 --> 00:13:46,173
there
1962
00:13:46,173 --> 00:13:46,413
wouldn't
1963
00:13:46,413 --> 00:13:46,533
be
1964
00:13:46,533 --> 00:13:46,803
any
1965
00:13:47,013 --> 00:13:47,553
forms
1966
00:13:47,553 --> 00:13:47,943
of
1967
00:13:48,843 --> 00:13:49,503
energy
1968
00:13:49,503 --> 00:13:49,653
to
1969
00:13:49,653 --> 00:13:49,863
be
1970
00:13:49,863 --> 00:13:50,193
used
1971
00:13:50,193 --> 00:13:50,313
that
1972
00:13:50,313 --> 00:13:50,463
we
1973
00:13:50,463 --> 00:13:50,943
normally
1974
00:13:50,943 --> 00:13:51,213
think
1975
00:13:51,213 --> 00:13:51,423
of
.
1976
00:13:51,423 --> 00:13:51,663
As
1977
00:13:51,783 --> 00:13:51,873
you
1978
00:13:51,873 --> 00:13:52,053
know
,
1979
00:13:52,383 --> 00:13:52,803
everything
1980
00:13:52,803 --> 00:13:52,953
is
1981
00:13:53,283 --> 00:13:53,703
based
1982
00:13:53,703 --> 00:13:53,973
on
1983
00:13:54,713 --> 00:13:54,903
on
1984
00:13:54,933 --> 00:13:55,023
the
1985
00:13:55,023 --> 00:13:55,293
sun's
1986
00:13:55,293 --> 00:13:55,713
energy
.
1987
00:13:55,983 --> 00:13:56,133
So
1988
00:13:56,133 --> 00:13:56,193
it
1989
00:13:56,193 --> 00:13:56,313
would
1990
00:13:56,313 --> 00:13:56,463
have
1991
00:13:56,463 --> 00:13:56,553
to
1992
00:13:56,553 --> 00:13:56,763
be
1993
00:13:56,763 --> 00:13:56,913
the
1994
00:13:56,913 --> 00:13:57,183
chemo
,
1995
00:13:57,193 --> 00:13:57,663
synthetic
1996
00:13:57,663 --> 00:13:58,083
energy
.
1997
00:13:58,083 --> 00:13:58,233
And
1998
00:13:58,233 --> 00:13:58,593
so
1999
00:13:59,343 --> 00:13:59,703
one
2000
00:13:59,703 --> 00:13:59,823
of
2001
00:13:59,823 --> 00:14:00,393
the
2002
00:14:00,603 --> 00:14:01,143
leading
2003
00:14:01,143 --> 00:14:01,563
theories
2004
00:14:01,563 --> 00:14:01,713
for
2005
00:14:01,713 --> 00:14:01,803
the
2006
00:14:01,803 --> 00:14:02,163
beginning
2007
00:14:02,163 --> 00:14:02,283
of
2008
00:14:02,283 --> 00:14:02,583
life
2009
00:14:02,583 --> 00:14:02,703
is
2010
00:14:02,703 --> 00:14:02,823
that
2011
00:14:02,823 --> 00:14:02,943
it
2012
00:14:02,943 --> 00:14:03,363
happened
2013
00:14:03,363 --> 00:14:03,513
at
2014
00:14:03,513 --> 00:14:03,843
these
2015
00:14:05,373 --> 00:14:05,943
underwater
2016
00:14:05,943 --> 00:14:06,453
sites
.
2017
00:14:06,693 --> 00:14:07,233
Sometimes
2018
00:14:07,233 --> 00:14:07,603
people
2019
00:14:07,603 --> 00:14:07,663
have
,
2020
00:14:07,683 --> 00:14:07,863
say
,
2021
00:14:07,863 --> 00:14:08,403
hy
2022
00:14:08,403 --> 00:14:08,793
vents
,
2023
00:14:08,793 --> 00:14:08,913
or
2024
00:14:08,913 --> 00:14:08,973
it
2025
00:14:08,973 --> 00:14:09,153
could
2026
00:14:09,153 --> 00:14:09,393
be
2027
00:14:09,393 --> 00:14:09,843
ocean
2028
00:14:10,503 --> 00:14:10,983
seafloor
2029
00:14:10,983 --> 00:14:11,343
spreading
2030
00:14:11,343 --> 00:14:11,793
areas
2031
00:14:12,093 --> 00:14:12,693
where
2032
00:14:12,963 --> 00:14:13,143
it
2033
00:14:13,143 --> 00:14:13,383
was
2034
00:14:13,383 --> 00:14:13,533
it
2035
00:14:13,533 --> 00:14:13,683
was
2036
00:14:13,683 --> 00:14:14,253
stable
2037
00:14:14,253 --> 00:14:14,643
and
2038
00:14:15,723 --> 00:14:15,993
gave
2039
00:14:15,993 --> 00:14:16,053
a
2040
00:14:16,053 --> 00:14:16,353
place
2041
00:14:16,353 --> 00:14:16,503
for
2042
00:14:16,503 --> 00:14:16,773
life
2043
00:14:16,773 --> 00:14:16,983
to
2044
00:14:16,983 --> 00:14:17,493
develop
2045
00:14:17,493 --> 00:14:17,763
over
2046
00:14:17,763 --> 00:14:18,213
time
.
2047
00:14:19,173 --> 00:14:19,533
Another
2048
00:14:19,533 --> 00:14:19,743
really
2049
00:14:19,743 --> 00:14:20,163
interesting
2050
00:14:20,163 --> 00:14:20,373
thing
2051
00:14:20,373 --> 00:14:20,523
is
2052
00:14:20,523 --> 00:14:20,733
there's
2053
00:14:20,733 --> 00:14:20,883
been
2054
00:14:20,883 --> 00:14:21,453
periods
,
2055
00:14:22,083 --> 00:14:22,503
periodic
2056
00:14:22,923 --> 00:14:23,313
times
2057
00:14:23,313 --> 00:14:23,493
when
2058
00:14:23,493 --> 00:14:23,643
there
2059
00:14:23,643 --> 00:14:23,913
was
2060
00:14:25,023 --> 00:14:25,143
the
2061
00:14:25,173 --> 00:14:25,503
life
,
2062
00:14:25,803 --> 00:14:26,073
the
2063
00:14:26,073 --> 00:14:26,343
earth
2064
00:14:26,343 --> 00:14:26,493
was
2065
00:14:26,493 --> 00:14:26,913
covered
2066
00:14:26,913 --> 00:14:27,153
with
2067
00:14:27,153 --> 00:14:27,483
ice
2068
00:14:27,483 --> 00:14:27,603
and
2069
00:14:27,603 --> 00:14:28,083
snow
,
2070
00:14:28,413 --> 00:14:28,863
and
2071
00:14:28,863 --> 00:14:29,013
there
2072
00:14:29,013 --> 00:14:29,163
would
2073
00:14:29,163 --> 00:14:29,253
have
2074
00:14:29,253 --> 00:14:29,403
been
2075
00:14:29,403 --> 00:14:29,523
in
2076
00:14:29,523 --> 00:14:29,763
any
2077
00:14:29,763 --> 00:14:30,123
place
2078
00:14:30,123 --> 00:14:30,453
for
2079
00:14:30,543 --> 00:14:30,753
life
2080
00:14:30,753 --> 00:14:30,843
to
2081
00:14:30,843 --> 00:14:31,173
exist
2082
00:14:31,173 --> 00:14:31,263
on
2083
00:14:31,263 --> 00:14:31,353
the
2084
00:14:31,353 --> 00:14:31,893
surface
.
2085
00:14:32,223 --> 00:14:32,523
And
2086
00:14:32,523 --> 00:14:32,823
during
2087
00:14:32,823 --> 00:14:33,033
these
2088
00:14:33,033 --> 00:14:33,693
times
,
2089
00:14:34,023 --> 00:14:34,353
the
2090
00:14:34,353 --> 00:14:34,893
hydrothermal
2091
00:14:34,893 --> 00:14:35,193
vent
2092
00:14:35,193 --> 00:14:35,883
communities
2093
00:14:35,883 --> 00:14:36,123
and
2094
00:14:36,393 --> 00:14:36,783
these
2095
00:14:37,083 --> 00:14:37,413
chemo's
2096
00:14:37,413 --> 00:14:37,803
synthetic
2097
00:14:38,103 --> 00:14:38,283
vent
2098
00:14:38,283 --> 00:14:38,733
communities
2099
00:14:38,733 --> 00:14:38,913
may
2100
00:14:38,913 --> 00:14:39,183
well
2101
00:14:39,183 --> 00:14:39,543
have
2102
00:14:39,873 --> 00:14:40,353
been
2103
00:14:41,193 --> 00:14:41,403
a
2104
00:14:41,403 --> 00:14:41,613
way
2105
00:14:41,613 --> 00:14:41,763
for
2106
00:14:41,763 --> 00:14:42,033
life
2107
00:14:42,033 --> 00:14:42,123
to
2108
00:14:42,123 --> 00:14:42,903
survive
2109
00:14:43,173 --> 00:14:43,743
during
2110
00:14:43,743 --> 00:14:44,103
these
2111
00:14:44,103 --> 00:14:44,583
times
2112
00:14:44,583 --> 00:14:44,883
when
2113
00:14:45,123 --> 00:14:45,393
Earth
2114
00:14:45,393 --> 00:14:45,513
would
2115
00:14:45,513 --> 00:14:45,633
have
2116
00:14:45,633 --> 00:14:45,813
not
2117
00:14:45,813 --> 00:14:46,083
been
2118
00:14:46,293 --> 00:14:46,743
habitable
2119
00:14:46,743 --> 00:14:46,833
in
2120
00:14:46,833 --> 00:14:47,013
any
2121
00:14:47,013 --> 00:14:47,253
way
.
2122
00:14:47,253 --> 00:14:47,373
That
2123
00:14:47,373 --> 00:14:47,523
was
2124
00:14:47,523 --> 00:14:47,793
ice
2125
00:14:47,793 --> 00:14:47,943
from
2126
00:14:47,943 --> 00:14:48,153
pole
2127
00:14:48,153 --> 00:14:48,243
to
2128
00:14:48,243 --> 00:14:48,633
pole
.
2129
00:14:49,473 --> 00:14:49,803
So
2130
00:14:49,803 --> 00:14:50,223
it's
2131
00:14:50,223 --> 00:14:50,463
really
2132
00:14:50,463 --> 00:14:50,913
interesting
2133
00:14:50,913 --> 00:14:51,003
to
2134
00:14:51,003 --> 00:14:51,273
think
2135
00:14:51,273 --> 00:14:51,543
about
2136
00:14:51,543 --> 00:14:51,753
how
2137
00:14:51,753 --> 00:14:51,963
these
2138
00:14:51,963 --> 00:14:52,353
things
2139
00:14:52,353 --> 00:14:52,803
are
2140
00:14:52,983 --> 00:14:53,553
connected
.
2141
00:14:53,823 --> 00:14:54,343
Suspension
2142
00:14:54,363 --> 00:14:54,873
ization
,
2143
00:14:54,873 --> 00:14:55,113
the
2144
00:14:55,113 --> 00:14:55,473
the
2145
00:14:55,473 --> 00:14:55,683
the
2146
00:14:55,683 --> 00:14:56,463
formation
2147
00:14:56,463 --> 00:14:56,973
of
2148
00:14:57,633 --> 00:14:58,473
serpentine
2149
00:14:58,683 --> 00:14:59,553
releases
.
2150
00:14:59,703 --> 00:15:00,633
Naturally
2151
00:15:00,633 --> 00:15:01,293
hydrogen
,
2152
00:15:01,833 --> 00:15:02,043
it's
2153
00:15:02,043 --> 00:15:02,493
about
2154
00:15:03,393 --> 00:15:03,663
somewhere
2155
00:15:03,663 --> 00:15:03,873
around
2156
00:15:03,873 --> 00:15:03,903
a
2157
00:15:03,903 --> 00:15:04,203
half
,
2158
00:15:04,203 --> 00:15:04,323
a
2159
00:15:04,323 --> 00:15:04,593
half
2160
00:15:04,593 --> 00:15:04,653
a
2161
00:15:04,653 --> 00:15:05,013
gram
2162
00:15:05,013 --> 00:15:05,223
per
2163
00:15:05,223 --> 00:15:05,763
kilo
2164
00:15:05,763 --> 00:15:06,003
of
2165
00:15:06,003 --> 00:15:06,243
of
2166
00:15:06,243 --> 00:15:06,933
serpentine
,
2167
00:15:07,263 --> 00:15:07,623
of
2168
00:15:07,623 --> 00:15:08,063
hydrogen
2169
00:15:08,073 --> 00:15:08,193
that
2170
00:15:08,193 --> 00:15:08,403
gets
2171
00:15:08,403 --> 00:15:08,763
produced
2172
00:15:08,763 --> 00:15:08,853
and
2173
00:15:08,853 --> 00:15:09,003
that's
2174
00:15:09,003 --> 00:15:09,063
a
2175
00:15:09,063 --> 00:15:09,333
tonne
.
2176
00:15:09,333 --> 00:15:09,513
Right
.
2177
00:15:09,513 --> 00:15:09,753
So
2178
00:15:10,263 --> 00:15:10,653
rock
2179
00:15:10,653 --> 00:15:10,773
is
2180
00:15:10,773 --> 00:15:11,193
heavy
2181
00:15:11,343 --> 00:15:11,523
and
2182
00:15:11,523 --> 00:15:11,673
for
2183
00:15:11,673 --> 00:15:11,883
every
2184
00:15:11,883 --> 00:15:12,273
kilo
2185
00:15:12,273 --> 00:15:12,423
of
2186
00:15:12,423 --> 00:15:12,543
it
2187
00:15:12,543 --> 00:15:12,783
you're
2188
00:15:12,783 --> 00:15:12,903
going
2189
00:15:12,903 --> 00:15:12,963
to
2190
00:15:12,963 --> 00:15:13,143
get
2191
00:15:13,143 --> 00:15:13,503
a
2192
00:15:13,503 --> 00:15:13,803
half
,
2193
00:15:13,803 --> 00:15:13,853
a
2194
00:15:13,863 --> 00:15:14,103
half
2195
00:15:14,103 --> 00:15:14,463
gram
2196
00:15:14,463 --> 00:15:14,633
of
,
2197
00:15:14,763 --> 00:15:15,013
of
,
2198
00:15:15,113 --> 00:15:15,393
of
2199
00:15:15,393 --> 00:15:15,843
hydrogen
,
2200
00:15:15,843 --> 00:15:16,023
which
2201
00:15:16,023 --> 00:15:16,203
is
2202
00:15:16,893 --> 00:15:17,403
a
2203
00:15:17,403 --> 00:15:18,153
tremendous
,
2204
00:15:18,153 --> 00:15:18,873
tremendous
2205
00:15:20,673 --> 00:15:21,243
production
2206
00:15:21,243 --> 00:15:21,543
rate
.
2207
00:15:22,023 --> 00:15:22,173
So
2208
00:15:22,173 --> 00:15:22,323
this
2209
00:15:22,323 --> 00:15:22,443
is
,
2210
00:15:22,443 --> 00:15:22,623
this
2211
00:15:22,623 --> 00:15:22,833
is
,
2212
00:15:22,833 --> 00:15:23,073
this
2213
00:15:23,073 --> 00:15:23,253
is
2214
00:15:23,253 --> 00:15:23,853
a
2215
00:15:23,853 --> 00:15:24,093
very
2216
00:15:24,093 --> 00:15:24,753
hopeful
2217
00:15:25,833 --> 00:15:26,043
thing
2218
00:15:26,043 --> 00:15:26,163
to
2219
00:15:26,163 --> 00:15:26,343
think
2220
00:15:26,343 --> 00:15:26,643
about
.
2221
00:15:26,643 --> 00:15:27,083
And
2222
00:15:27,153 --> 00:15:27,273
it's
2223
00:15:27,273 --> 00:15:27,543
making
2224
00:15:27,543 --> 00:15:27,713
jade
2225
00:15:27,723 --> 00:15:27,843
for
2226
00:15:27,843 --> 00:15:27,993
me
,
2227
00:15:27,993 --> 00:15:28,143
which
2228
00:15:28,143 --> 00:15:28,263
is
2229
00:15:28,263 --> 00:15:28,473
just
2230
00:15:28,473 --> 00:15:28,983
wonderful
.
2231
00:15:29,883 --> 00:15:30,033
The
2232
00:15:30,033 --> 00:15:30,573
chemistry
2233
00:15:30,573 --> 00:15:30,753
is
2234
00:15:30,753 --> 00:15:31,013
is
2235
00:15:31,013 --> 00:15:31,293
is
2236
00:15:31,293 --> 00:15:31,533
very
2237
00:15:31,533 --> 00:15:32,043
involved
.
2238
00:15:32,043 --> 00:15:32,703
I
2239
00:15:32,703 --> 00:15:33,063
definitely
2240
00:15:33,063 --> 00:15:33,153
do
2241
00:15:33,153 --> 00:15:33,333
not
2242
00:15:33,333 --> 00:15:33,813
understand
2243
00:15:33,813 --> 00:15:33,963
all
2244
00:15:33,963 --> 00:15:34,083
the
2245
00:15:34,083 --> 00:15:34,503
aspects
2246
00:15:34,503 --> 00:15:34,623
of
2247
00:15:34,623 --> 00:15:34,743
it
,
2248
00:15:34,743 --> 00:15:34,893
but
2249
00:15:34,893 --> 00:15:35,073
it's
2250
00:15:35,313 --> 00:15:35,643
really
2251
00:15:35,643 --> 00:15:35,823
neat
2252
00:15:35,823 --> 00:15:36,123
to
2253
00:15:36,243 --> 00:15:36,573
see
2254
00:15:36,573 --> 00:15:36,693
all
2255
00:15:36,693 --> 00:15:36,783
the
2256
00:15:36,783 --> 00:15:37,053
bits
2257
00:15:37,053 --> 00:15:37,173
that
2258
00:15:37,173 --> 00:15:37,353
I
2259
00:15:37,353 --> 00:15:37,503
that
2260
00:15:37,503 --> 00:15:37,593
I
2261
00:15:37,593 --> 00:15:38,043
can
2262
00:15:38,043 --> 00:15:38,343
can
2263
00:15:38,343 --> 00:15:39,063
understand
2264
00:15:39,483 --> 00:15:39,753
when
2265
00:15:39,753 --> 00:15:39,903
I
,
2266
00:15:39,903 --> 00:15:40,053
when
2267
00:15:40,053 --> 00:15:40,143
I
2268
00:15:40,143 --> 00:15:40,443
notice
2269
00:15:40,453 --> 00:15:40,863
something
.
2270
00:15:40,863 --> 00:15:40,923
You
2271
00:15:40,923 --> 00:15:41,043
know
,
2272
00:15:41,043 --> 00:15:41,193
for
2273
00:15:41,193 --> 00:15:41,763
example
,
2274
00:15:42,573 --> 00:15:42,813
one
2275
00:15:42,813 --> 00:15:42,873
of
2276
00:15:42,873 --> 00:15:42,963
the
2277
00:15:42,963 --> 00:15:43,293
side
2278
00:15:43,293 --> 00:15:43,863
chains
2279
00:15:43,863 --> 00:15:44,013
is
2280
00:15:44,013 --> 00:15:44,403
making
2281
00:15:44,793 --> 00:15:45,303
something
2282
00:15:45,573 --> 00:15:45,963
called
2283
00:15:45,963 --> 00:15:46,893
magnesite
,
2284
00:15:47,043 --> 00:15:47,283
not
2285
00:15:47,283 --> 00:15:47,973
magnetite
.
2286
00:15:48,273 --> 00:15:48,453
And
2287
00:15:48,453 --> 00:15:48,543
I
2288
00:15:48,543 --> 00:15:48,663
would
2289
00:15:48,663 --> 00:15:48,783
have
2290
00:15:48,783 --> 00:15:48,963
thought
2291
00:15:48,963 --> 00:15:49,083
that
2292
00:15:49,083 --> 00:15:49,773
magnesite
2293
00:15:49,773 --> 00:15:50,043
was
2294
00:15:50,043 --> 00:15:50,313
almost
2295
00:15:50,313 --> 00:15:50,373
the
2296
00:15:50,373 --> 00:15:50,643
same
2297
00:15:50,643 --> 00:15:50,823
thing
2298
00:15:50,823 --> 00:15:50,913
as
2299
00:15:50,913 --> 00:15:51,453
magnetite
.
2300
00:15:51,453 --> 00:15:52,053
Magnetite
2301
00:15:52,053 --> 00:15:52,173
is
2302
00:15:52,173 --> 00:15:52,593
another
2303
00:15:53,823 --> 00:15:54,483
oxidized
2304
00:15:54,483 --> 00:15:54,843
form
2305
00:15:54,843 --> 00:15:55,053
of
2306
00:15:55,053 --> 00:15:55,473
of
2307
00:15:55,623 --> 00:15:56,043
iron
,
2308
00:15:56,343 --> 00:15:56,883
perhaps
2309
00:15:56,883 --> 00:15:57,393
produced
2310
00:15:57,843 --> 00:15:58,293
by
2311
00:15:59,013 --> 00:15:59,643
bacteria
.
2312
00:16:00,093 --> 00:16:00,243
There
2313
00:16:00,243 --> 00:16:00,393
are
2314
00:16:00,393 --> 00:16:00,873
bacteria
2315
00:16:00,873 --> 00:16:00,993
that
2316
00:16:00,993 --> 00:16:01,323
definitely
2317
00:16:01,323 --> 00:16:01,623
produce
2318
00:16:01,623 --> 00:16:02,163
magnetite
,
2319
00:16:02,343 --> 00:16:02,523
but
2320
00:16:02,523 --> 00:16:03,333
magnesite
2321
00:16:03,543 --> 00:16:03,723
is
2322
00:16:03,723 --> 00:16:03,783
a
2323
00:16:03,783 --> 00:16:04,773
magnesium
2324
00:16:06,003 --> 00:16:06,633
carbonate
.
2325
00:16:06,873 --> 00:16:07,113
And
2326
00:16:07,113 --> 00:16:07,353
so
2327
00:16:07,353 --> 00:16:08,013
magnesite
2328
00:16:08,013 --> 00:16:08,163
when
2329
00:16:08,163 --> 00:16:08,313
it
2330
00:16:08,313 --> 00:16:08,913
forms
2331
00:16:09,723 --> 00:16:09,993
is
2332
00:16:09,993 --> 00:16:10,173
going
2333
00:16:10,173 --> 00:16:10,263
to
2334
00:16:10,263 --> 00:16:10,533
be
2335
00:16:10,743 --> 00:16:11,133
taking
2336
00:16:11,253 --> 00:16:11,763
CO2
2337
00:16:11,763 --> 00:16:11,913
out
2338
00:16:11,913 --> 00:16:12,033
of
2339
00:16:12,033 --> 00:16:12,273
out
2340
00:16:12,273 --> 00:16:12,393
of
2341
00:16:12,393 --> 00:16:12,633
the
2342
00:16:12,753 --> 00:16:13,113
water
.
2343
00:16:13,353 --> 00:16:13,563
So
2344
00:16:13,563 --> 00:16:13,713
this
2345
00:16:13,713 --> 00:16:13,893
may
2346
00:16:13,893 --> 00:16:14,013
be
2347
00:16:14,013 --> 00:16:14,103
a
2348
00:16:14,103 --> 00:16:14,373
way
2349
00:16:14,373 --> 00:16:14,643
that
2350
00:16:14,793 --> 00:16:15,123
global
2351
00:16:15,123 --> 00:16:15,453
warming
2352
00:16:15,453 --> 00:16:15,603
can
2353
00:16:15,603 --> 00:16:15,693
be
2354
00:16:15,693 --> 00:16:16,083
addressed
2355
00:16:16,893 --> 00:16:17,073
as
2356
00:16:17,073 --> 00:16:17,343
well
,
2357
00:16:17,343 --> 00:16:17,613
that
2358
00:16:17,763 --> 00:16:18,033
the
2359
00:16:18,213 --> 00:16:18,723
carbonate
2360
00:16:18,723 --> 00:16:19,083
rocks
2361
00:16:19,083 --> 00:16:19,233
may
2362
00:16:19,233 --> 00:16:19,383
be
2363
00:16:19,383 --> 00:16:19,683
a
2364
00:16:19,683 --> 00:16:19,893
way
2365
00:16:19,893 --> 00:16:20,133
to
2366
00:16:20,283 --> 00:16:20,943
sequester
2367
00:16:21,213 --> 00:16:21,843
CO2
.
2368
00:16:22,173 --> 00:16:22,383
So
2369
00:16:22,383 --> 00:16:22,533
the
2370
00:16:22,533 --> 00:16:22,893
entire
2371
00:16:22,893 --> 00:16:23,463
process
2372
00:16:23,463 --> 00:16:23,783
is
2373
00:16:23,983 --> 00:16:24,283
is
2374
00:16:24,293 --> 00:16:25,043
is
2375
00:16:25,083 --> 00:16:25,563
wonderfully
2376
00:16:25,563 --> 00:16:26,163
interesting
.
2377
00:16:26,163 --> 00:16:26,673
And
,
2378
00:16:27,183 --> 00:16:27,303
you
2379
00:16:27,303 --> 00:16:27,453
know
,
2380
00:16:27,453 --> 00:16:27,603
in
2381
00:16:27,603 --> 00:16:27,663
the
2382
00:16:27,663 --> 00:16:27,963
news
2383
00:16:27,963 --> 00:16:28,443
today
2384
00:16:28,443 --> 00:16:28,563
and
2385
00:16:28,563 --> 00:16:28,653
as
2386
00:16:28,653 --> 00:16:29,043
related
2387
00:16:29,043 --> 00:16:29,493
to
2388
00:16:30,183 --> 00:16:30,783
evolution
2389
00:16:30,783 --> 00:16:30,933
in
2390
00:16:30,933 --> 00:16:31,443
general
,
2391
00:16:31,443 --> 00:16:31,563
the
2392
00:16:31,563 --> 00:16:32,013
development
2393
00:16:32,013 --> 00:16:32,133
of
2394
00:16:32,133 --> 00:16:32,403
life
,
2395
00:16:32,403 --> 00:16:32,493
the
2396
00:16:32,493 --> 00:16:32,823
beginning
2397
00:16:32,823 --> 00:16:32,913
of
2398
00:16:32,913 --> 00:16:33,273
life
.
2399
00:16:33,633 --> 00:16:33,993
And
2400
00:16:34,173 --> 00:16:34,353
I
2401
00:16:34,353 --> 00:16:34,563
thought
2402
00:16:34,563 --> 00:16:34,623
it
2403
00:16:34,623 --> 00:16:34,773
would
2404
00:16:34,773 --> 00:16:35,073
be
2405
00:16:35,283 --> 00:16:35,613
worth
2406
00:16:35,613 --> 00:16:35,943
talking
2407
00:16:35,943 --> 00:16:36,153
about
2408
00:16:36,153 --> 00:16:36,183
a
2409
00:16:36,183 --> 00:16:36,393
little
2410
00:16:36,393 --> 00:16:36,663
bit
2411
00:16:36,903 --> 00:16:37,103
as
2412
00:16:37,113 --> 00:16:37,293
sort
2413
00:16:37,293 --> 00:16:37,413
of
2414
00:16:37,413 --> 00:16:37,563
a
2415
00:16:37,833 --> 00:16:38,283
side
2416
00:16:38,313 --> 00:16:38,793
technical
2417
00:16:38,793 --> 00:16:39,033
note
2418
00:16:39,033 --> 00:16:39,333
before
2419
00:16:39,333 --> 00:16:39,453
we
2420
00:16:39,453 --> 00:16:39,723
get
2421
00:16:40,383 --> 00:16:40,773
back
2422
00:16:40,773 --> 00:16:41,133
to
2423
00:16:41,283 --> 00:16:41,493
some
2424
00:16:41,493 --> 00:16:41,553
of
2425
00:16:41,553 --> 00:16:41,703
my
2426
00:16:41,703 --> 00:16:42,033
other
2427
00:16:42,063 --> 00:16:42,333
other
2428
00:16:42,333 --> 00:16:42,933
discussions
.
2429
00:16:43,173 --> 00:16:43,413
Thank
2430
00:16:43,413 --> 00:16:43,563
you
.