WEBVTT
00:00:58.640 --> 00:01:03.280
So in the previous episode we stopped with the doorbell ringing.
00:01:03.679 --> 00:01:05.519
So someone's standing outside.
00:01:05.840 --> 00:01:07.439
They never enter, right?
00:01:07.679 --> 00:01:11.920
But as we mentioned before, inside everything changes.
00:01:12.400 --> 00:01:15.679
When that doorbell rings, you stop what you're doing.
00:01:15.920 --> 00:01:17.599
If you're sitting, you're up.
00:01:18.239 --> 00:01:20.079
Maybe the dog starts barking.
00:01:20.239 --> 00:01:22.159
Somebody else, I'll get it.
00:01:22.560 --> 00:01:28.079
One tiny event outside that house has created multiple events inside.
00:01:28.479 --> 00:01:34.079
That's a useful way to begin to think about certain cell surface receptors.
00:01:34.400 --> 00:01:39.840
The outside of a cell is separated from the inside by a membrane.
00:01:40.079 --> 00:01:42.719
And that membrane matters.
00:01:42.960 --> 00:01:46.879
It isn't simply a plastic wrap holding the cell together.
00:01:47.039 --> 00:01:51.359
It helps determine what gets in and what gets out.
00:01:51.840 --> 00:02:03.280
And we touched on this in previous episodes within the mitochondrial series where we talked about phospholipids and proteins within that cell membrane.
00:02:03.439 --> 00:02:06.560
So if you want a refresher, you can go back to that.
00:02:06.719 --> 00:02:25.120
But for those who kind of vaguely remember, the important thing to understand is you have that membrane, it is made up of phospholipids and proteins, and not only does it create a safe boundary for cells, it also determines what information crosses from one side to another.
00:02:25.439 --> 00:02:31.360
Many signaling molecules don't need to physically enter the cells to deliver their message.
00:02:31.680 --> 00:02:36.560
Instead, they bind to a receptor associated with the cell membrane.
00:02:36.800 --> 00:02:39.920
The receptor recognizes the signal.
00:02:40.240 --> 00:02:48.319
Something about that interaction changes that receptor, and that change begins events inside the cells.
00:02:48.800 --> 00:02:51.920
That's really extraordinary when you stop to think about it.
00:02:52.159 --> 00:02:58.399
The messenger may stay outside, yet enzymes inside can change.
00:02:58.719 --> 00:03:00.879
Proteins can change their behavior.
00:03:01.199 --> 00:03:02.800
Transporters can move.
00:03:03.039 --> 00:03:06.719
Eventually, even gene activity can change.
00:03:06.960 --> 00:03:08.079
It's almost like this.
00:03:08.240 --> 00:03:14.159
Think of it like the mailman coming to your door, knocking, and handing you a letter.
00:03:14.400 --> 00:03:23.680
They themselves may not enter your house, but the thing that they carry causes a multitude of things within that house to now start changing.
00:03:23.919 --> 00:03:27.439
That's kind of what I'm trying to get at with this.
00:03:28.719 --> 00:03:38.960
So, as I said, while the messenger stays outside, we see that receptor changes, we see those changes taking place, and eventually even gene activity can change.
00:03:39.199 --> 00:03:46.719
The message itself has crossed the membrane without the original messenger necessarily crossing with it.
00:03:47.120 --> 00:03:51.599
Now, not every signaling molecule works exactly like this.
00:03:51.840 --> 00:03:56.800
Some molecules can cross cell membranes and interact with receptors inside the cells.
00:03:57.039 --> 00:03:58.560
We'll talk about those later.
00:03:58.800 --> 00:04:06.879
But for now, stay with me, we're right at the membrane, because we've reached one of the most important ideas in biology.
00:04:07.199 --> 00:04:09.680
The hormone is outside.
00:04:09.919 --> 00:04:15.039
The receptor has received the message, but we're still missing something.
00:04:15.759 --> 00:04:22.319
How does that information travel from the receptor to everything else that needs to know?
00:04:22.800 --> 00:04:24.879
The receptor can't shout.
00:04:25.120 --> 00:04:26.879
It can't send an email.
00:04:27.120 --> 00:04:30.000
It needs a biochemical relay system.
00:04:30.319 --> 00:04:34.960
And that relay system has a name: signal transduction.
00:04:36.399 --> 00:05:01.279
I know this is kind of like a lot of science, but bear with me because once you kind of understand how these messages are moved across within ourselves, it'll make it so much easier to understand the disease process and the various treatments, especially when it comes to cancer and chronic disease, what we're trying to target, how we're trying to get that medicine from outside the cell into the cell in the most efficient way.
00:05:01.680 --> 00:05:03.840
So we'll keep talking about that.
00:05:04.000 --> 00:05:06.560
And next time we're following the message inside.
00:05:07.039 --> 00:05:08.000
See you then.
00:00:58.640 --> 00:01:03.280
So in the previous episode we stopped with the doorbell ringing.
00:01:03.679 --> 00:01:05.519
So someone's standing outside.
00:01:05.840 --> 00:01:07.439
They never enter, right?
00:01:07.679 --> 00:01:11.920
But as we mentioned before, inside everything changes.
00:01:12.400 --> 00:01:15.679
When that doorbell rings, you stop what you're doing.
00:01:15.920 --> 00:01:17.599
If you're sitting, you're up.
00:01:18.239 --> 00:01:20.079
Maybe the dog starts barking.
00:01:20.239 --> 00:01:22.159
Somebody else, I'll get it.
00:01:22.560 --> 00:01:28.079
One tiny event outside that house has created multiple events inside.
00:01:28.479 --> 00:01:34.079
That's a useful way to begin to think about certain cell surface receptors.
00:01:34.400 --> 00:01:39.840
The outside of a cell is separated from the inside by a membrane.
00:01:40.079 --> 00:01:42.719
And that membrane matters.
00:01:42.960 --> 00:01:46.879
It isn't simply a plastic wrap holding the cell together.
00:01:47.039 --> 00:01:51.359
It helps determine what gets in and what gets out.
00:01:51.840 --> 00:02:03.280
And we touched on this in previous episodes within the mitochondrial series where we talked about phospholipids and proteins within that cell membrane.
00:02:03.439 --> 00:02:06.560
So if you want a refresher, you can go back to that.
00:02:06.719 --> 00:02:25.120
But for those who kind of vaguely remember, the important thing to understand is you have that membrane, it is made up of phospholipids and proteins, and not only does it create a safe boundary for cells, it also determines what information crosses from one side to another.
00:02:25.439 --> 00:02:31.360
Many signaling molecules don't need to physically enter the cells to deliver their message.
00:02:31.680 --> 00:02:36.560
Instead, they bind to a receptor associated with the cell membrane.
00:02:36.800 --> 00:02:39.920
The receptor recognizes the signal.
00:02:40.240 --> 00:02:48.319
Something about that interaction changes that receptor, and that change begins events inside the cells.
00:02:48.800 --> 00:02:51.920
That's really extraordinary when you stop to think about it.
00:02:52.159 --> 00:02:58.399
The messenger may stay outside, yet enzymes inside can change.
00:02:58.719 --> 00:03:00.879
Proteins can change their behavior.
00:03:01.199 --> 00:03:02.800
Transporters can move.
00:03:03.039 --> 00:03:06.719
Eventually, even gene activity can change.
00:03:06.960 --> 00:03:08.079
It's almost like this.
00:03:08.240 --> 00:03:14.159
Think of it like the mailman coming to your door, knocking, and handing you a letter.
00:03:14.400 --> 00:03:23.680
They themselves may not enter your house, but the thing that they carry causes a multitude of things within that house to now start changing.
00:03:23.919 --> 00:03:27.439
That's kind of what I'm trying to get at with this.
00:03:28.719 --> 00:03:38.960
So, as I said, while the messenger stays outside, we see that receptor changes, we see those changes taking place, and eventually even gene activity can change.
00:03:39.199 --> 00:03:46.719
The message itself has crossed the membrane without the original messenger necessarily crossing with it.
00:03:47.120 --> 00:03:51.599
Now, not every signaling molecule works exactly like this.
00:03:51.840 --> 00:03:56.800
Some molecules can cross cell membranes and interact with receptors inside the cells.
00:03:57.039 --> 00:03:58.560
We'll talk about those later.
00:03:58.800 --> 00:04:06.879
But for now, stay with me, we're right at the membrane, because we've reached one of the most important ideas in biology.
00:04:07.199 --> 00:04:09.680
The hormone is outside.
00:04:09.919 --> 00:04:15.039
The receptor has received the message, but we're still missing something.
00:04:15.759 --> 00:04:22.319
How does that information travel from the receptor to everything else that needs to know?
00:04:22.800 --> 00:04:24.879
The receptor can't shout.
00:04:25.120 --> 00:04:26.879
It can't send an email.
00:04:27.120 --> 00:04:30.000
It needs a biochemical relay system.
00:04:30.319 --> 00:04:34.960
And that relay system has a name: signal transduction.
00:04:36.399 --> 00:05:01.279
I know this is kind of like a lot of science, but bear with me because once you kind of understand how these messages are moved across within ourselves, it'll make it so much easier to understand the disease process and the various treatments, especially when it comes to cancer and chronic disease, what we're trying to target, how we're trying to get that medicine from outside the cell into the cell in the most efficient way.
00:05:01.680 --> 00:05:03.840
So we'll keep talking about that.
00:05:04.000 --> 00:05:06.560
And next time we're following the message inside.
00:05:07.039 --> 00:05:08.000
See you then.
