Optimizing Our Transmission System

WEBVTT
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In late September, the U.S.
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Department of Energy's Office of Electricity announced it would help fund 31 grid improvement projects across 26 states as part of the department's SPARC initiative.
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This acronym really needs some help, by the way.
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Speed to power through accelerated reconductoring and other key advanced transmission technology upgrades.
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Shouldn't that be SPARCO KATU or something like that?
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Who comes up with these?
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Has the deep state run amok?
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At any rate, these are projects that don't involve creating whole new transmission rights of way and building out entirely new lines, but instead they're focused on enhancing the transmission system we have, flowing more power across the existing system with the help of new technologies.
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That matters a great deal because this country's way behind in creating the transmission capability we need to keep up with growing demand.
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Without permitting reform, this whole area is quite frankly a mess.
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It can take well over a decade to acquire the permits to construct new lines.
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As a recent egregious example, take the Sun Zia line, which connects 3,600 megawatts of New Mexico wind to Arizona and eventually California.
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That took 17 years to permit and build, with numerous state and federal agencies involved finally flowing first power this summer.
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Transmission lines generally involve condemning private property rights through eminent domain.
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The pitting of the general good, the collective good, against the rights of the individual landowner, well, that never goes over very well in this country.
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None of us would want new lines running through our neighborhoods.
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So we need to do more with what we have.
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The sad reality, as pointed out by a recent grid strategy study, showed that only about 1,500 miles of high voltage transmission lines have been built over the three-year period from 2022 to 2024.
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We need far more than that.
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To remedy this issue, the DOE will spend$1.9 billion, an amount that will catalyze an additional$3.35 billion in recipient cost fund sharing in order to make over 23,000 megawatts, 23 gigawatts, of additional transmission capability available.
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A number of technologies will be deployed to enhance this transmission.
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Project developers are anticipated to rebuild or reconduct over 1,500 miles of lines, and in addition, grant recipients will also deploy grid-enhancing technologies, so-called GETs, non-wire technologies such as dynamic line ratings, topology flow optimization, and advanced power flow controls across nearly 21,000 miles of lines.
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Taken together, the DOE has estimated that these types of so-called alternative transmission technologies have the potential to expand U.S.
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transmission capability by somewhere between 40 and 100 gigawatts.
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So the 23 gigawatts of improvements here would be a very good start if, in fact, it all comes to fruition.
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By the way, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has been coaxing grid operators to do this sort of thing for some time.
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In 2023, with FERC Order 2023, it encouraged them to consider such alternatives, but just encourage them.
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More recently, in Order 1920, put out in 2024, the FERC then told grid operators they had to evaluate and document whether cost-effective alternative transmission technologies, specifically GETS, the grid enhancing technologies, could resolve identified system needs before those companies would ever receive approval to proceed on building new transmission lines interstate.
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Let's take each of these alternative transmission technologies in turn and explain what they are and how they work.
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First, reconductoring.
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This is the process of hanging more efficient wires on existing lines.
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Most existing high voltage transmission technology today employs an old technology called alternative conductor steel reinforced or ACSR lines, in which aluminum strands surround a heavy steel core.
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The new advanced conductors employ smaller, composite-based and lighter cores.
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They allow for higher temperatures and the packing of more conductive aluminum in the same equivalent diameter.
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They include a trapezoidal design so there's no empty space between the strands of wires.
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This means they carry up to 2x the power.
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The main benefit then is they use existing transmission towers in most instances, and the rights of ways already exist, so no land acquisition and limited permitting processes.
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A really good study of the economic benefits of reconductoring came out of the Berkeley Haas School a few years ago.
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And that study summarized reconductoring as follows: quote, we find that large-scale reconductoring with advanced composite core conductors can cost-effectively double transmission capacity within existing right-of-way with limited additional permitting, unquote.
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This reconductoring tech's not new.
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Tens of thousands of miles of lines are used around the world.
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And even here, AEP and others have been deploying this technology for a while.
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And there are multiple manufacturers in the US and abroad as well.
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So that's not the issue.
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The bottom line, though, advanced reconductoring can double the capacity at less than half the cost of new lines in a fraction of the time.
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Okay, now let's move on to the so-called GETS, the grid enhancing technologies that don't involve the string of new wires.
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At most, they include sensors, software, some limited equipment, and a lot of IT.
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Let's start with dynamic line ratings.
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Today, transmission lines are assigned static ratings.
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They're meant to ensure that the lines can deliver X amount of energy during the hottest and calmest periods of the year.
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Transmission lines don't deal well with heat.
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The process of moving electricity through lines involves the creation of heat, and the more current you move through the wires, the more resistance you get with this associated heat.
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And if you double the current moving through the line, you quadruple the heat generated.
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But here's the thing: the same way that colder temps chill us down, temperatures can do the same thing to transmission lines.
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And wind is even more critical.
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We all know about wind chill factor in winter weather.
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Wind is very effective at wicking away transmission line heat.
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So DLRs, using a combination of sensors and software, create situational awareness with respect to the actual conditions you're moving your power through those lines in.
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It's like having an MRI on your wires.
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A study by Energy Holding Company AES demonstrated that on the coldest and windiest days, one can move up to or more than twice the juice through the same wires in significant average quantities across the entire winter.
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Spring and fall, you can also move a lot more, and even in the summer, except for those hottest and stillest days.
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And some of those sensors, by the way, they can be flown up and attached to the wires using drones.
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But what about topology flow optimization?
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What's going on there?
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Think about that like ways for the power grid.
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Normally, power flows on a path of least resistance, and frequently it gets bottled up by transmission constraints.
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So you can't always get the cheapest power to the load pockets, and you have to call for more expensive power, which creates congestion costs.
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But if you open up some breakers on the grid and close others, you can create detours and redirect electron traffic onto different transmission paths, so lower cost power can get to load pockets that would previously have been inaccessible.
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SPP and MISO, those two grids, both already use this tech, with SPP just gaining approval from the FERC this past month.
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Finally, there are advanced power flow controls.
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These adjust the characteristics of transmission lines so that power moves differently through the system.
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One can inject reactive power, for example, onto the system to shift more power from one overloaded line to another that still has ample capacity.
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In summary, the DOE grants are meant to stimulate something that frankly should have happened a long time ago in this country.
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The deployment of technologies and processes that will allow us to utilize our existing system far more efficiently.
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We're still going to have to build new lines, but in the meantime, this is a step closer to being smarter and adapting the infrastructure we already have.
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Well, thanks for watching, and we'll see you again soon.