Abstract Thought and the Birth of the Imagination

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Eric:
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Friday
,
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September
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29th
.
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And
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it
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is
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raining
.
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This
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is
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episode
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three
.
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Dr. Stout:
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All
15
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right
.
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This
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is
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Dr.
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Stout
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picking
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up
22
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where
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we
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left
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off
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last
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week
.
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We
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are
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talking
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about
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the
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growth
34
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of
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the
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brain
,
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how
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that
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related
40
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to
41
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change
42
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in
43
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diet
44
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from
45
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mostly
46
00:00:30,411 --> 00:00:31,221
carbohydrate
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based
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high
49
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fiber
50
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roots
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to
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a
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more
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meat
55
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rich
56
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diet
.
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Still
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a
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lot
60
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of
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digging
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for
63
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roots
,
64
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but
65
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now
66
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it's
67
00:00:42,231 --> 00:00:42,651
changing
68
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to
69
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sort
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of
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softer
72
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and
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higher
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calorie
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content
76
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meat
77
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and
78
00:00:47,541 --> 00:00:47,661
that
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this
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00:00:47,871 --> 00:00:48,141
was
81
00:00:48,261 --> 00:00:48,891
enabling
82
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a
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huge
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00:00:49,731 --> 00:00:50,271
expansion
85
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of
86
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brain
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growth
.
88
00:00:51,351 --> 00:00:51,561
And
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00:00:51,561 --> 00:00:51,951
so
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there
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00:00:52,911 --> 00:00:53,151
was
92
00:00:53,271 --> 00:00:53,601
the
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coevolution
94
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of
95
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our
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tools
97
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and
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our
99
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brains
.
100
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So
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we
102
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got
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tools
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that
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could
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get
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through
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hydes
109
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and
110
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get
111
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into
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bone
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marrow
114
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and
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supply
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the
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fat
118
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that
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our
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developing
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brains
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would
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have
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needed
125
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as
126
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infants
127
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and
128
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and
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toddlers
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as
131
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they're
132
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as
133
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they're
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expanding
135
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really
136
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rapidly
.
137
00:01:13,131 --> 00:01:13,581
So
138
00:01:15,201 --> 00:01:15,471
in
139
00:01:15,471 --> 00:01:16,131
evolution
,
140
00:01:16,131 --> 00:01:16,281
there
141
00:01:16,281 --> 00:01:16,371
are
142
00:01:16,371 --> 00:01:17,031
often
143
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major
144
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changes
145
00:01:18,381 --> 00:01:18,561
and
146
00:01:18,561 --> 00:01:18,921
then
147
00:01:19,011 --> 00:01:19,281
things
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sort
149
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of
150
00:01:19,581 --> 00:01:19,911
coast
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00:01:19,911 --> 00:01:20,241
along
152
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for
153
00:01:20,451 --> 00:01:20,511
a
154
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while
155
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and
156
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then
157
00:01:21,141 --> 00:01:21,321
there's
158
00:01:21,321 --> 00:01:21,561
more
159
00:01:21,561 --> 00:01:21,891
major
160
00:01:21,891 --> 00:01:22,491
changes
161
00:01:22,971 --> 00:01:23,091
in
162
00:01:23,091 --> 00:01:23,361
human
163
00:01:23,361 --> 00:01:23,781
evolution
.
164
00:01:23,781 --> 00:01:24,471
Interestingly
,
165
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the
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brain
167
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continued
168
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to
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00:01:26,121 --> 00:01:26,301
get
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larger
171
00:01:26,721 --> 00:01:26,991
over
172
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a
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long
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period
175
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of
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00:01:27,711 --> 00:01:28,161
time
,
177
00:01:28,401 --> 00:01:28,521
so
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00:01:28,521 --> 00:01:28,611
there
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00:01:28,611 --> 00:01:28,731
was
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00:01:28,731 --> 00:01:29,151
probably
181
00:01:29,151 --> 00:01:29,361
a
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00:01:29,571 --> 00:01:30,381
continuous
183
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improvement
184
00:01:31,281 --> 00:01:31,701
in
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the
186
00:01:32,001 --> 00:01:32,391
diet
.
187
00:01:32,391 --> 00:01:32,511
So
188
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we
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00:01:32,631 --> 00:01:32,751
would
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00:01:32,751 --> 00:01:32,841
have
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gone
192
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from
193
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being
194
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confrontational
195
00:01:34,941 --> 00:01:35,631
scavengers
196
00:01:35,631 --> 00:01:35,841
running
197
00:01:35,841 --> 00:01:35,961
out
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00:01:35,961 --> 00:01:36,051
to
199
00:01:36,051 --> 00:01:36,111
a
200
00:01:36,111 --> 00:01:36,321
piece
201
00:01:36,321 --> 00:01:36,411
of
202
00:01:36,411 --> 00:01:36,621
meat
203
00:01:36,621 --> 00:01:36,741
and
204
00:01:36,741 --> 00:01:37,101
scaring
205
00:01:37,101 --> 00:01:37,191
the
206
00:01:37,191 --> 00:01:37,611
hyenas
207
00:01:37,611 --> 00:01:38,061
away
208
00:01:38,631 --> 00:01:38,841
to
209
00:01:38,841 --> 00:01:39,291
actual
210
00:01:39,291 --> 00:01:39,861
hunters
.
211
00:01:40,161 --> 00:01:40,431
And
212
00:01:40,431 --> 00:01:40,761
so
213
00:01:40,761 --> 00:01:40,971
our
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00:01:40,971 --> 00:01:41,211
pre
215
00:01:41,211 --> 00:01:41,961
adaptations
216
00:01:41,961 --> 00:01:42,381
for
217
00:01:42,381 --> 00:01:42,681
being
218
00:01:42,681 --> 00:01:43,461
bipeds
,
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00:01:43,461 --> 00:01:43,641
for
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00:01:43,641 --> 00:01:43,851
being
221
00:01:43,851 --> 00:01:44,001
able
222
00:01:44,001 --> 00:01:44,091
to
223
00:01:44,091 --> 00:01:44,361
run
224
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long
225
00:01:44,601 --> 00:01:45,321
distances
226
00:01:45,561 --> 00:01:45,741
would
227
00:01:45,741 --> 00:01:45,861
have
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00:01:45,861 --> 00:01:46,101
allowed
229
00:01:46,101 --> 00:01:46,221
us
230
00:01:46,221 --> 00:01:46,311
to
231
00:01:46,311 --> 00:01:46,491
do
232
00:01:46,491 --> 00:01:46,761
things
233
00:01:46,761 --> 00:01:46,911
like
234
00:01:46,911 --> 00:01:47,811
confrontational
235
00:01:47,811 --> 00:01:48,531
scavenging
,
236
00:01:48,711 --> 00:01:48,881
not
237
00:01:48,891 --> 00:01:49,131
sorry
,
238
00:01:49,581 --> 00:01:49,821
not
239
00:01:49,821 --> 00:01:50,421
confrontational
,
240
00:01:50,421 --> 00:01:51,021
scavenging
,
241
00:01:51,351 --> 00:01:51,891
persistence
,
242
00:01:51,891 --> 00:01:52,251
hunting
.
243
00:01:52,551 --> 00:01:52,701
So
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00:01:52,701 --> 00:01:52,791
we
245
00:01:52,791 --> 00:01:52,881
would
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00:01:52,881 --> 00:01:52,971
have
247
00:01:52,971 --> 00:01:53,061
been
248
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able
249
00:01:53,211 --> 00:01:53,331
to
250
00:01:53,331 --> 00:01:53,511
just
251
00:01:53,511 --> 00:01:53,961
run
252
00:01:53,961 --> 00:01:54,201
at
253
00:01:54,201 --> 00:01:54,291
an
254
00:01:54,291 --> 00:01:54,831
animal
255
00:01:55,491 --> 00:01:55,941
until
256
00:01:55,941 --> 00:01:56,151
it
257
00:01:56,421 --> 00:01:56,931
collapsed
258
00:01:56,931 --> 00:01:57,081
from
259
00:01:57,081 --> 00:01:57,681
exhaustion
.
260
00:01:58,221 --> 00:01:58,491
So
261
00:01:58,491 --> 00:01:58,731
we
262
00:01:58,731 --> 00:01:58,971
are
263
00:02:00,741 --> 00:02:01,071
much
264
00:02:01,071 --> 00:02:01,251
like
265
00:02:01,251 --> 00:02:01,371
we
266
00:02:01,371 --> 00:02:01,611
have
267
00:02:01,611 --> 00:02:01,941
extra
268
00:02:01,941 --> 00:02:02,241
large
269
00:02:02,241 --> 00:02:02,601
brains
,
270
00:02:02,601 --> 00:02:02,721
which
271
00:02:02,721 --> 00:02:02,781
are
272
00:02:02,781 --> 00:02:02,931
what
273
00:02:02,931 --> 00:02:03,021
we
274
00:02:03,021 --> 00:02:03,381
notice
275
00:02:03,381 --> 00:02:03,531
all
276
00:02:03,531 --> 00:02:03,591
the
277
00:02:03,591 --> 00:02:03,981
time
.
278
00:02:04,281 --> 00:02:04,461
We
279
00:02:04,461 --> 00:02:04,551
are
280
00:02:04,551 --> 00:02:04,941
also
281
00:02:04,941 --> 00:02:06,501
unusually
282
00:02:06,951 --> 00:02:07,521
efficient
283
00:02:07,521 --> 00:02:07,791
at
284
00:02:07,791 --> 00:02:08,121
long
285
00:02:08,121 --> 00:02:08,511
distance
286
00:02:08,511 --> 00:02:09,021
movement
287
00:02:09,531 --> 00:02:09,681
in
288
00:02:09,681 --> 00:02:09,741
a
289
00:02:09,741 --> 00:02:10,071
way
290
00:02:10,071 --> 00:02:10,311
that
291
00:02:10,461 --> 00:02:10,761
at
292
00:02:10,761 --> 00:02:11,421
noon
293
00:02:11,421 --> 00:02:11,511
in
294
00:02:11,511 --> 00:02:11,601
the
295
00:02:11,601 --> 00:02:11,901
middle
296
00:02:11,901 --> 00:02:12,021
of
297
00:02:12,021 --> 00:02:12,111
the
298
00:02:12,111 --> 00:02:12,561
day
,
299
00:02:12,561 --> 00:02:12,681
if
300
00:02:12,681 --> 00:02:12,831
we
301
00:02:12,831 --> 00:02:13,161
chase
302
00:02:13,161 --> 00:02:13,221
a
303
00:02:13,221 --> 00:02:13,821
large
304
00:02:14,181 --> 00:02:14,781
gazelle
,
305
00:02:14,961 --> 00:02:15,201
we
306
00:02:15,201 --> 00:02:15,381
can
307
00:02:15,381 --> 00:02:15,621
run
308
00:02:15,621 --> 00:02:15,711
it
309
00:02:15,711 --> 00:02:15,831
to
310
00:02:15,831 --> 00:02:16,221
death
311
00:02:16,401 --> 00:02:16,551
and
312
00:02:16,551 --> 00:02:16,671
we
313
00:02:16,671 --> 00:02:16,791
would
314
00:02:16,791 --> 00:02:17,091
actually
315
00:02:17,091 --> 00:02:17,691
target
316
00:02:17,691 --> 00:02:17,991
the
317
00:02:18,261 --> 00:02:18,711
mature
318
00:02:18,711 --> 00:02:19,191
males
319
00:02:19,191 --> 00:02:19,461
because
320
00:02:19,461 --> 00:02:19,611
they're
321
00:02:19,611 --> 00:02:20,031
heavier
.
322
00:02:20,031 --> 00:02:20,151
It's
323
00:02:20,151 --> 00:02:20,451
harder
324
00:02:20,451 --> 00:02:20,571
for
325
00:02:20,571 --> 00:02:20,721
them
326
00:02:20,721 --> 00:02:20,811
to
327
00:02:20,811 --> 00:02:21,201
run
.
328
00:02:21,411 --> 00:02:21,561
And
329
00:02:21,561 --> 00:02:21,651
we
330
00:02:21,651 --> 00:02:21,771
do
331
00:02:21,771 --> 00:02:21,861
it
332
00:02:21,861 --> 00:02:22,131
right
333
00:02:22,131 --> 00:02:22,191
in
334
00:02:22,191 --> 00:02:22,251
the
335
00:02:22,251 --> 00:02:22,431
middle
336
00:02:22,431 --> 00:02:22,491
of
337
00:02:22,491 --> 00:02:22,551
the
338
00:02:22,551 --> 00:02:22,731
day
339
00:02:22,731 --> 00:02:22,821
when
340
00:02:22,821 --> 00:02:22,941
it's
341
00:02:22,941 --> 00:02:23,421
hottest
342
00:02:23,421 --> 00:02:23,541
for
343
00:02:23,541 --> 00:02:23,721
them
344
00:02:23,721 --> 00:02:23,961
because
345
00:02:23,961 --> 00:02:24,051
we're
346
00:02:24,051 --> 00:02:24,141
the
347
00:02:24,141 --> 00:02:24,321
only
348
00:02:24,321 --> 00:02:24,561
things
349
00:02:24,561 --> 00:02:24,681
that
350
00:02:24,681 --> 00:02:25,161
sweat
.
351
00:02:25,311 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
352
00:02:25,311 --> 00:02:25,491
How
353
00:02:25,491 --> 00:02:25,731
long
354
00:02:25,731 --> 00:02:25,941
how
355
00:02:25,941 --> 00:02:26,241
long
356
00:02:26,241 --> 00:02:26,391
did
357
00:02:26,391 --> 00:02:26,661
this
358
00:02:26,931 --> 00:02:27,111
did
359
00:02:27,111 --> 00:02:27,321
this
360
00:02:27,321 --> 00:02:27,891
transition
361
00:02:27,891 --> 00:02:28,251
take
362
00:02:28,251 --> 00:02:28,551
from
.
363
00:02:28,551 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
364
00:02:28,551 --> 00:02:28,701
So
365
00:02:28,701 --> 00:02:28,881
this
366
00:02:28,881 --> 00:02:29,001
is
367
00:02:29,001 --> 00:02:29,331
probably
368
00:02:29,331 --> 00:02:29,451
the
369
00:02:29,451 --> 00:02:29,871
next
370
00:02:30,111 --> 00:02:30,891
million
371
00:02:30,891 --> 00:02:31,071
and
372
00:02:31,071 --> 00:02:31,131
a
373
00:02:31,131 --> 00:02:31,551
half
374
00:02:31,551 --> 00:02:32,091
years
.
375
00:02:32,811 --> 00:02:33,111
Things
376
00:02:33,111 --> 00:02:33,201
are
377
00:02:33,201 --> 00:02:33,531
going
378
00:02:33,531 --> 00:02:33,831
almost
379
00:02:33,831 --> 00:02:34,551
logarithmic
380
00:02:34,671 --> 00:02:35,211
faster
.
381
00:02:35,211 --> 00:02:35,421
So
382
00:02:35,561 --> 00:02:36,451
it's
383
00:02:36,471 --> 00:02:36,801
4
384
00:02:36,801 --> 00:02:37,131
million
385
00:02:37,131 --> 00:02:37,521
years
,
386
00:02:37,521 --> 00:02:37,671
then
387
00:02:37,671 --> 00:02:37,821
it's
388
00:02:37,821 --> 00:02:38,131
2
389
00:02:38,131 --> 00:02:38,451
million
390
00:02:38,451 --> 00:02:39,021
years
.
391
00:02:39,261 --> 00:02:39,441
And
392
00:02:39,441 --> 00:02:39,501
the
393
00:02:39,501 --> 00:02:39,741
next
394
00:02:39,741 --> 00:02:39,891
thing
395
00:02:39,891 --> 00:02:39,981
we're
396
00:02:39,981 --> 00:02:40,101
going
397
00:02:40,101 --> 00:02:40,161
to
398
00:02:40,161 --> 00:02:40,221
be
399
00:02:40,221 --> 00:02:40,491
looking
400
00:02:40,491 --> 00:02:40,581
at
401
00:02:40,581 --> 00:02:40,671
is
402
00:02:40,671 --> 00:02:41,541
200,000
403
00:02:41,541 --> 00:02:41,931
years
.
404
00:02:42,201 --> 00:02:42,441
So
405
00:02:42,441 --> 00:02:42,501
it
406
00:02:42,501 --> 00:02:42,711
was
,
407
00:02:42,951 --> 00:02:43,041
you
408
00:02:43,041 --> 00:02:43,191
know
,
409
00:02:43,191 --> 00:02:43,491
first
410
00:02:43,491 --> 00:02:43,611
is
411
00:02:43,611 --> 00:02:44,121
doubling
412
00:02:44,121 --> 00:02:44,211
and
413
00:02:44,211 --> 00:02:44,331
then
414
00:02:44,331 --> 00:02:44,421
it's
415
00:02:44,421 --> 00:02:44,811
powers
416
00:02:44,811 --> 00:02:44,871
of
417
00:02:44,871 --> 00:02:45,321
ten
.
418
00:02:45,951 --> 00:02:46,221
Things
419
00:02:46,221 --> 00:02:46,311
are
420
00:02:46,311 --> 00:02:46,581
going
421
00:02:46,581 --> 00:02:46,941
much
,
422
00:02:46,941 --> 00:02:47,181
much
423
00:02:47,181 --> 00:02:47,721
faster
.
424
00:02:47,991 --> 00:02:48,111
So
425
00:02:48,111 --> 00:02:48,201
the
426
00:02:48,201 --> 00:02:48,411
brain
427
00:02:48,411 --> 00:02:48,471
is
428
00:02:48,471 --> 00:02:48,711
getting
429
00:02:48,711 --> 00:02:49,011
bigger
,
430
00:02:49,011 --> 00:02:49,131
we're
431
00:02:49,131 --> 00:02:49,581
having
432
00:02:49,911 --> 00:02:50,181
more
433
00:02:50,181 --> 00:02:50,961
capabilities
434
00:02:51,471 --> 00:02:51,621
and
435
00:02:51,621 --> 00:02:51,711
then
436
00:02:51,711 --> 00:02:51,801
we
437
00:02:51,801 --> 00:02:52,221
discover
438
00:02:52,221 --> 00:02:52,791
fire
439
00:02:53,031 --> 00:02:53,271
and
440
00:02:53,271 --> 00:02:53,451
so
441
00:02:53,451 --> 00:02:53,841
fire
442
00:02:53,841 --> 00:02:54,291
becomes
443
00:02:54,471 --> 00:02:54,681
one
444
00:02:54,681 --> 00:02:54,801
of
445
00:02:54,801 --> 00:02:54,981
our
446
00:02:54,981 --> 00:02:55,251
other
447
00:02:55,251 --> 00:02:55,671
tools
448
00:02:55,671 --> 00:02:55,791
that
449
00:02:55,791 --> 00:02:56,061
we
450
00:02:56,061 --> 00:02:56,691
co-evolved
451
00:02:56,691 --> 00:02:56,991
with
.
452
00:02:57,261 --> 00:02:57,471
And
453
00:02:57,471 --> 00:02:57,861
between
454
00:02:57,861 --> 00:02:58,221
that
455
00:02:58,221 --> 00:02:58,641
and
456
00:02:58,641 --> 00:02:58,971
the
457
00:02:59,211 --> 00:02:59,331
the
458
00:02:59,331 --> 00:02:59,631
stone
459
00:02:59,631 --> 00:03:00,081
tools
460
00:03:00,381 --> 00:03:00,891
are
461
00:03:01,731 --> 00:03:02,061
our
462
00:03:02,061 --> 00:03:02,541
ability
463
00:03:02,541 --> 00:03:02,691
to
464
00:03:02,691 --> 00:03:03,171
digest
465
00:03:03,171 --> 00:03:03,651
food
466
00:03:03,651 --> 00:03:04,011
starts
467
00:03:04,011 --> 00:03:04,131
to
468
00:03:04,131 --> 00:03:04,611
improve
.
469
00:03:04,611 --> 00:03:04,791
We're
470
00:03:04,791 --> 00:03:05,031
able
471
00:03:05,031 --> 00:03:05,151
to
472
00:03:05,151 --> 00:03:05,451
get
473
00:03:05,451 --> 00:03:05,841
food
474
00:03:05,841 --> 00:03:06,381
digested
475
00:03:06,381 --> 00:03:06,741
essentially
476
00:03:06,741 --> 00:03:07,161
outside
477
00:03:07,161 --> 00:03:07,251
of
478
00:03:07,251 --> 00:03:07,341
our
479
00:03:07,341 --> 00:03:07,671
bodies
.
480
00:03:07,671 --> 00:03:07,791
We
481
00:03:07,791 --> 00:03:08,121
mash
482
00:03:08,121 --> 00:03:08,211
it
483
00:03:08,211 --> 00:03:08,451
up
,
484
00:03:08,721 --> 00:03:08,931
we
485
00:03:08,931 --> 00:03:09,201
cook
486
00:03:09,201 --> 00:03:09,411
it
487
00:03:09,891 --> 00:03:10,041
up
488
00:03:10,041 --> 00:03:10,301
until
489
00:03:10,641 --> 00:03:10,971
fire
.
490
00:03:10,971 --> 00:03:11,301
Everything
491
00:03:11,301 --> 00:03:11,391
had
492
00:03:11,391 --> 00:03:11,511
been
493
00:03:11,511 --> 00:03:11,871
raw
.
494
00:03:12,171 --> 00:03:12,441
And
495
00:03:12,441 --> 00:03:12,621
so
496
00:03:12,621 --> 00:03:13,131
now
497
00:03:13,371 --> 00:03:13,521
what
498
00:03:13,521 --> 00:03:13,881
fire
499
00:03:13,881 --> 00:03:14,121
does
500
00:03:14,121 --> 00:03:14,271
for
501
00:03:14,271 --> 00:03:14,451
you
502
00:03:14,451 --> 00:03:14,571
is
503
00:03:14,571 --> 00:03:14,691
it
504
00:03:14,691 --> 00:03:15,021
breaks
505
00:03:15,021 --> 00:03:15,321
apart
.
506
00:03:15,321 --> 00:03:15,411
The
507
00:03:15,411 --> 00:03:15,771
food
508
00:03:15,771 --> 00:03:15,981
makes
509
00:03:15,981 --> 00:03:16,071
it
510
00:03:16,071 --> 00:03:16,371
much
511
00:03:16,371 --> 00:03:16,701
easier
512
00:03:16,701 --> 00:03:16,821
to
513
00:03:16,851 --> 00:03:17,451
absorb
.
514
00:03:17,451 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
515
00:03:17,451 --> 00:03:17,721
Even
516
00:03:17,721 --> 00:03:17,811
the
517
00:03:17,811 --> 00:03:18,051
meat
518
00:03:18,051 --> 00:03:18,231
had
519
00:03:18,231 --> 00:03:18,381
been
520
00:03:18,381 --> 00:03:18,711
raw
.
521
00:03:18,801 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
522
00:03:18,801 --> 00:03:19,131
Even
523
00:03:19,131 --> 00:03:19,221
the
524
00:03:19,221 --> 00:03:19,431
meat
525
00:03:19,431 --> 00:03:19,521
had
526
00:03:19,521 --> 00:03:19,671
been
527
00:03:19,671 --> 00:03:19,851
raw
,
528
00:03:19,851 --> 00:03:19,971
and
529
00:03:19,971 --> 00:03:20,061
we
530
00:03:20,061 --> 00:03:20,241
might
531
00:03:20,241 --> 00:03:20,331
have
532
00:03:20,451 --> 00:03:20,751
cut
533
00:03:20,751 --> 00:03:20,871
it
534
00:03:20,871 --> 00:03:20,961
and
535
00:03:20,961 --> 00:03:21,351
pounded
536
00:03:21,351 --> 00:03:21,441
it
537
00:03:21,441 --> 00:03:21,501
a
538
00:03:21,501 --> 00:03:21,741
little
539
00:03:21,741 --> 00:03:21,931
bit
540
00:03:21,931 --> 00:03:22,101
to
541
00:03:22,131 --> 00:03:22,311
to
542
00:03:22,311 --> 00:03:22,701
soften
543
00:03:22,701 --> 00:03:22,791
it
544
00:03:22,791 --> 00:03:22,971
up
.
545
00:03:22,971 --> 00:03:23,091
But
,
546
00:03:23,091 --> 00:03:23,181
you
547
00:03:23,181 --> 00:03:23,301
know
,
548
00:03:23,301 --> 00:03:23,391
we
549
00:03:23,391 --> 00:03:23,511
have
550
00:03:23,511 --> 00:03:23,691
that
551
00:03:23,961 --> 00:03:24,351
saying
552
00:03:24,351 --> 00:03:24,561
sit
553
00:03:24,561 --> 00:03:24,831
around
554
00:03:24,831 --> 00:03:24,921
and
555
00:03:24,921 --> 00:03:25,131
chew
556
00:03:25,131 --> 00:03:25,251
the
557
00:03:25,251 --> 00:03:25,581
fat
.
558
00:03:25,581 --> 00:03:25,971
Everything
559
00:03:25,971 --> 00:03:26,121
was
560
00:03:26,121 --> 00:03:26,481
really
,
561
00:03:26,481 --> 00:03:26,751
really
562
00:03:26,751 --> 00:03:27,171
tough
.
563
00:03:27,441 --> 00:03:27,651
And
564
00:03:27,651 --> 00:03:27,951
certainly
565
00:03:27,951 --> 00:03:28,281
anything
566
00:03:28,281 --> 00:03:28,371
you
567
00:03:28,371 --> 00:03:28,641
pulled
568
00:03:28,641 --> 00:03:28,821
off
569
00:03:28,821 --> 00:03:28,911
of
570
00:03:28,911 --> 00:03:28,971
a
571
00:03:28,971 --> 00:03:29,331
dried
572
00:03:29,331 --> 00:03:29,751
carcass
573
00:03:29,751 --> 00:03:29,901
on
574
00:03:29,901 --> 00:03:29,961
the
575
00:03:30,051 --> 00:03:30,591
Serengeti
576
00:03:30,591 --> 00:03:30,741
that
577
00:03:30,741 --> 00:03:30,801
the
578
00:03:30,801 --> 00:03:31,191
hyenas
579
00:03:31,191 --> 00:03:31,431
hadn't
580
00:03:31,431 --> 00:03:31,761
taken
581
00:03:31,761 --> 00:03:32,001
yet
582
00:03:32,181 --> 00:03:32,361
was
583
00:03:32,361 --> 00:03:32,481
going
584
00:03:32,481 --> 00:03:32,541
to
585
00:03:32,541 --> 00:03:32,601
be
586
00:03:32,601 --> 00:03:32,871
kind
587
00:03:32,871 --> 00:03:32,931
of
588
00:03:32,931 --> 00:03:33,261
dry
589
00:03:33,261 --> 00:03:33,381
and
590
00:03:33,381 --> 00:03:33,801
tough
.
591
00:03:34,071 --> 00:03:34,251
And
592
00:03:34,251 --> 00:03:34,491
so
593
00:03:34,491 --> 00:03:34,981
we
594
00:03:35,061 --> 00:03:35,241
were
595
00:03:35,241 --> 00:03:35,601
really
596
00:03:35,601 --> 00:03:35,781
good
597
00:03:35,781 --> 00:03:35,841
at
598
00:03:35,841 --> 00:03:36,261
chewing
.
599
00:03:36,261 --> 00:03:36,381
We
600
00:03:36,381 --> 00:03:36,531
had
601
00:03:36,531 --> 00:03:36,651
the
602
00:03:36,651 --> 00:03:36,981
extra
603
00:03:36,981 --> 00:03:37,341
thick
604
00:03:37,611 --> 00:03:38,031
teeth
.
605
00:03:38,601 --> 00:03:38,811
But
606
00:03:38,811 --> 00:03:39,141
now
,
607
00:03:39,141 --> 00:03:39,801
interestingly
,
608
00:03:39,801 --> 00:03:39,951
our
609
00:03:39,951 --> 00:03:40,191
teeth
610
00:03:40,191 --> 00:03:40,401
start
611
00:03:40,401 --> 00:03:40,491
to
612
00:03:40,491 --> 00:03:40,611
get
613
00:03:40,611 --> 00:03:41,061
smaller
614
00:03:41,061 --> 00:03:41,421
again
.
615
00:03:42,171 --> 00:03:42,411
And
616
00:03:42,411 --> 00:03:42,861
so
617
00:03:42,891 --> 00:03:43,351
I
618
00:03:43,791 --> 00:03:44,061
we
619
00:03:44,061 --> 00:03:44,271
don't
620
00:03:44,271 --> 00:03:44,481
have
621
00:03:44,481 --> 00:03:44,571
the
622
00:03:44,571 --> 00:03:44,811
same
623
00:03:44,811 --> 00:03:45,051
teeth
624
00:03:45,051 --> 00:03:45,171
as
625
00:03:45,171 --> 00:03:45,261
the
626
00:03:45,261 --> 00:03:46,131
Australopithecines
627
00:03:46,131 --> 00:03:46,521
have
,
628
00:03:46,701 --> 00:03:46,911
but
629
00:03:46,911 --> 00:03:47,061
they're
630
00:03:47,061 --> 00:03:47,511
still
631
00:03:47,511 --> 00:03:47,931
thicker
632
00:03:47,931 --> 00:03:48,291
than
633
00:03:48,591 --> 00:03:49,191
and
634
00:03:49,191 --> 00:03:49,671
larger
635
00:03:49,671 --> 00:03:50,001
than
636
00:03:50,001 --> 00:03:50,181
a
637
00:03:50,181 --> 00:03:50,421
chimp
638
00:03:50,421 --> 00:03:50,541
would
639
00:03:50,541 --> 00:03:50,811
have
640
00:03:50,931 --> 00:03:51,141
to
641
00:03:51,381 --> 00:03:51,981
flatter
642
00:03:51,981 --> 00:03:52,161
for
643
00:03:52,161 --> 00:03:52,731
grinding
.
644
00:03:54,021 --> 00:03:54,201
So
645
00:03:54,201 --> 00:03:54,291
our
646
00:03:54,291 --> 00:03:54,681
diets
647
00:03:54,681 --> 00:03:54,831
have
648
00:03:54,831 --> 00:03:55,401
changed
,
649
00:03:55,401 --> 00:03:55,551
but
650
00:03:55,551 --> 00:03:55,641
it's
651
00:03:55,641 --> 00:03:56,001
still
652
00:03:56,001 --> 00:03:56,541
really
653
00:03:56,871 --> 00:03:57,321
tough
.
654
00:03:58,071 --> 00:03:58,361
And
655
00:03:58,441 --> 00:03:58,671
and
656
00:03:58,681 --> 00:03:59,121
we
657
00:03:59,121 --> 00:03:59,241
we
658
00:03:59,241 --> 00:03:59,331
have
659
00:03:59,331 --> 00:03:59,391
a
660
00:03:59,391 --> 00:03:59,631
lot
661
00:03:59,631 --> 00:03:59,751
of
662
00:03:59,751 --> 00:04:00,471
exercise
663
00:04:00,471 --> 00:04:00,561
in
664
00:04:00,561 --> 00:04:00,681
our
665
00:04:00,681 --> 00:04:01,011
mouth
.
666
00:04:01,011 --> 00:04:01,191
Our
667
00:04:01,491 --> 00:04:01,671
our
668
00:04:01,671 --> 00:04:02,031
jaws
669
00:04:02,031 --> 00:04:02,121
are
670
00:04:02,121 --> 00:04:02,451
thick
671
00:04:02,451 --> 00:04:02,571
and
672
00:04:02,571 --> 00:04:03,051
strong
673
00:04:03,051 --> 00:04:03,141
and
674
00:04:03,141 --> 00:04:03,291
our
675
00:04:03,291 --> 00:04:03,681
facial
676
00:04:03,681 --> 00:04:04,161
muscles
677
00:04:04,491 --> 00:04:04,911
are
678
00:04:05,081 --> 00:04:06,111
are
,
679
00:04:06,381 --> 00:04:06,471
you
680
00:04:06,471 --> 00:04:06,651
know
,
681
00:04:06,651 --> 00:04:07,221
designed
682
00:04:07,221 --> 00:04:07,551
for
683
00:04:07,551 --> 00:04:07,821
being
684
00:04:07,821 --> 00:04:07,971
able
685
00:04:07,971 --> 00:04:08,061
to
686
00:04:08,061 --> 00:04:08,361
bite
687
00:04:08,361 --> 00:04:08,661
through
688
00:04:08,661 --> 00:04:09,081
a
689
00:04:09,081 --> 00:04:09,381
bow
690
00:04:09,381 --> 00:04:09,471
in
691
00:04:09,471 --> 00:04:09,681
order
692
00:04:09,681 --> 00:04:09,891
to
693
00:04:10,071 --> 00:04:10,431
rip
694
00:04:10,431 --> 00:04:10,671
meat
695
00:04:10,671 --> 00:04:10,941
off
696
00:04:10,971 --> 00:04:11,241
using
697
00:04:11,241 --> 00:04:11,361
our
698
00:04:11,361 --> 00:04:11,721
teeth
699
00:04:12,231 --> 00:04:12,441
from
700
00:04:12,441 --> 00:04:12,711
something
701
00:04:12,711 --> 00:04:12,861
that's
702
00:04:12,861 --> 00:04:13,161
already
703
00:04:13,161 --> 00:04:13,581
partially
704
00:04:13,581 --> 00:04:14,001
dried
.
705
00:04:14,391 --> 00:04:14,571
But
706
00:04:14,571 --> 00:04:14,721
with
707
00:04:14,721 --> 00:04:15,171
fire
,
708
00:04:15,381 --> 00:04:15,591
we're
709
00:04:15,591 --> 00:04:15,891
able
710
00:04:15,891 --> 00:04:16,341
to
711
00:04:16,551 --> 00:04:17,061
soften
712
00:04:17,061 --> 00:04:17,691
everything
713
00:04:17,901 --> 00:04:18,171
and
714
00:04:18,171 --> 00:04:18,651
start
715
00:04:19,221 --> 00:04:19,641
cooking
.
716
00:04:19,911 --> 00:04:20,151
And
717
00:04:20,151 --> 00:04:20,391
so
718
00:04:20,391 --> 00:04:20,481
it
719
00:04:20,481 --> 00:04:20,811
probably
720
00:04:20,811 --> 00:04:20,931
was
721
00:04:20,931 --> 00:04:21,201
first
722
00:04:21,201 --> 00:04:21,891
roasting
,
723
00:04:22,221 --> 00:04:22,701
maybe
724
00:04:22,701 --> 00:04:22,881
some
725
00:04:22,881 --> 00:04:23,271
boiling
726
00:04:23,271 --> 00:04:23,811
later
,
727
00:04:24,171 --> 00:04:24,471
putting
,
728
00:04:24,471 --> 00:04:24,561
you
729
00:04:24,561 --> 00:04:24,801
know
,
730
00:04:24,831 --> 00:04:24,941
a
731
00:04:24,951 --> 00:04:25,281
tuber
732
00:04:25,281 --> 00:04:25,551
under
733
00:04:25,551 --> 00:04:25,671
a
734
00:04:25,671 --> 00:04:26,061
fire
735
00:04:26,061 --> 00:04:26,301
to
736
00:04:26,301 --> 00:04:26,461
to
737
00:04:26,481 --> 00:04:26,631
let
738
00:04:26,631 --> 00:04:26,721
it
739
00:04:26,721 --> 00:04:27,231
soften
.
740
00:04:27,621 --> 00:04:27,801
And
741
00:04:27,801 --> 00:04:27,921
this
742
00:04:27,921 --> 00:04:28,011
is
743
00:04:28,011 --> 00:04:28,401
also
744
00:04:28,941 --> 00:04:29,781
detoxifying
.
745
00:04:29,781 --> 00:04:29,841
A
746
00:04:29,841 --> 00:04:30,021
lot
747
00:04:30,021 --> 00:04:30,111
of
748
00:04:30,111 --> 00:04:30,561
plants
749
00:04:30,561 --> 00:04:30,621
a
750
00:04:30,621 --> 00:04:30,741
lot
751
00:04:30,741 --> 00:04:30,801
of
752
00:04:30,801 --> 00:04:31,191
plants
753
00:04:31,191 --> 00:04:31,581
have
754
00:04:32,151 --> 00:04:32,481
anti
755
00:04:32,481 --> 00:04:32,991
nutritional
756
00:04:32,991 --> 00:04:33,531
factors
757
00:04:33,531 --> 00:04:33,621
that
758
00:04:33,621 --> 00:04:33,741
will
759
00:04:33,741 --> 00:04:34,281
actually
760
00:04:35,601 --> 00:04:35,871
you
761
00:04:35,871 --> 00:04:35,951
could
762
00:04:35,991 --> 00:04:36,171
if
763
00:04:36,171 --> 00:04:36,261
you
764
00:04:36,261 --> 00:04:36,381
were
765
00:04:36,381 --> 00:04:36,681
eating
766
00:04:36,681 --> 00:04:36,981
nothing
767
00:04:36,981 --> 00:04:37,131
but
768
00:04:37,131 --> 00:04:37,701
soybeans
769
00:04:37,701 --> 00:04:38,061
raw
,
770
00:04:38,091 --> 00:04:38,211
you
771
00:04:38,211 --> 00:04:38,361
would
772
00:04:38,361 --> 00:04:38,601
starve
773
00:04:38,601 --> 00:04:38,691
to
774
00:04:38,691 --> 00:04:38,991
death
.
775
00:04:39,351 --> 00:04:39,501
They
776
00:04:39,501 --> 00:04:39,621
would
777
00:04:39,621 --> 00:04:39,951
actually
778
00:04:39,951 --> 00:04:40,401
block
779
00:04:40,401 --> 00:04:40,551
their
780
00:04:40,551 --> 00:04:40,761
own
781
00:04:40,761 --> 00:04:41,271
absorption
782
00:04:41,271 --> 00:04:41,361
of
783
00:04:41,361 --> 00:04:41,691
food
.
784
00:04:42,291 --> 00:04:42,441
They
785
00:04:42,441 --> 00:04:42,621
have
786
00:04:42,621 --> 00:04:42,861
things
787
00:04:42,861 --> 00:04:43,011
that
788
00:04:43,251 --> 00:04:43,881
destroy
789
00:04:43,881 --> 00:04:44,571
proteins
790
00:04:44,871 --> 00:04:45,291
and
791
00:04:45,441 --> 00:04:45,891
prevent
792
00:04:45,891 --> 00:04:46,311
themselves
793
00:04:46,311 --> 00:04:46,461
from
794
00:04:46,461 --> 00:04:46,701
getting
795
00:04:46,701 --> 00:04:47,001
eaten
.
796
00:04:47,001 --> 00:04:47,361
So
797
00:04:47,541 --> 00:04:47,901
raw
798
00:04:47,901 --> 00:04:48,351
foods
799
00:04:48,351 --> 00:04:48,501
were
800
00:04:48,501 --> 00:04:48,921
certainly
801
00:04:48,921 --> 00:04:49,071
our
802
00:04:49,071 --> 00:04:49,611
history
,
803
00:04:49,611 --> 00:04:49,791
but
804
00:04:49,791 --> 00:04:49,911
it's
805
00:04:49,911 --> 00:04:50,181
not
806
00:04:50,181 --> 00:04:50,331
what
807
00:04:50,331 --> 00:04:50,451
we
808
00:04:50,451 --> 00:04:50,661
ended
809
00:04:50,661 --> 00:04:50,781
up
810
00:04:50,781 --> 00:04:51,261
evolving
811
00:04:51,261 --> 00:04:51,591
for
.
812
00:04:52,161 --> 00:04:52,311
We
813
00:04:52,311 --> 00:04:52,851
evolved
814
00:04:52,851 --> 00:04:53,151
to
815
00:04:53,151 --> 00:04:53,421
eat
,
816
00:04:53,421 --> 00:04:54,051
partially
817
00:04:54,051 --> 00:04:54,711
digested
818
00:04:54,711 --> 00:04:55,191
foods
,
819
00:04:55,191 --> 00:04:55,311
the
820
00:04:55,311 --> 00:04:55,521
stuff
821
00:04:55,521 --> 00:04:55,671
that
822
00:04:55,671 --> 00:04:55,791
have
823
00:04:55,791 --> 00:04:56,211
pounded
824
00:04:56,211 --> 00:04:56,391
with
825
00:04:56,391 --> 00:04:56,661
our
826
00:04:56,661 --> 00:04:56,871
with
827
00:04:56,871 --> 00:04:57,141
our
828
00:04:58,521 --> 00:04:58,761
our
829
00:04:58,761 --> 00:04:59,301
tools
830
00:04:59,301 --> 00:04:59,601
and
831
00:04:59,601 --> 00:04:59,721
had
832
00:04:59,721 --> 00:04:59,781
it
833
00:04:59,781 --> 00:05:00,171
been
834
00:05:00,471 --> 00:05:00,981
softened
835
00:05:00,981 --> 00:05:01,101
and
836
00:05:01,101 --> 00:05:01,491
cooked
.
837
00:05:03,351 --> 00:05:03,651
So
838
00:05:03,651 --> 00:05:03,771
our
839
00:05:03,771 --> 00:05:04,071
brains
840
00:05:04,071 --> 00:05:04,161
are
841
00:05:04,161 --> 00:05:04,401
getting
842
00:05:04,401 --> 00:05:04,941
larger
843
00:05:05,121 --> 00:05:05,301
and
844
00:05:05,301 --> 00:05:05,401
as
845
00:05:05,421 --> 00:05:05,481
at
846
00:05:05,481 --> 00:05:05,541
the
847
00:05:05,541 --> 00:05:05,901
same
848
00:05:05,901 --> 00:05:06,321
time
849
00:05:06,321 --> 00:05:06,471
as
850
00:05:06,471 --> 00:05:06,591
our
851
00:05:06,591 --> 00:05:07,131
stomach
852
00:05:07,131 --> 00:05:07,341
is
853
00:05:07,341 --> 00:05:07,641
getting
854
00:05:07,641 --> 00:05:08,511
smaller
855
00:05:09,201 --> 00:05:09,411
and
856
00:05:09,411 --> 00:05:09,861
so
857
00:05:10,251 --> 00:05:10,461
we're
858
00:05:10,461 --> 00:05:10,761
able
859
00:05:10,761 --> 00:05:11,121
to
860
00:05:11,361 --> 00:05:12,051
digest
861
00:05:12,051 --> 00:05:12,171
the
862
00:05:12,171 --> 00:05:12,711
food
863
00:05:12,711 --> 00:05:12,891
as
864
00:05:12,891 --> 00:05:13,401
efficiently
.
865
00:05:13,401 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
866
00:05:13,401 --> 00:05:13,671
Why
867
00:05:13,671 --> 00:05:13,821
is
868
00:05:13,821 --> 00:05:13,971
our
869
00:05:13,971 --> 00:05:14,301
stomach
870
00:05:14,301 --> 00:05:14,541
getting
871
00:05:14,541 --> 00:05:14,991
smaller
?
872
00:05:15,171 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
873
00:05:15,171 --> 00:05:15,441
Our
874
00:05:15,441 --> 00:05:15,831
stomach
875
00:05:15,831 --> 00:05:15,951
is
876
00:05:15,951 --> 00:05:16,221
getting
877
00:05:16,221 --> 00:05:17,001
smaller
878
00:05:17,001 --> 00:05:17,451
because
879
00:05:17,451 --> 00:05:17,601
we're
880
00:05:17,601 --> 00:05:17,931
able
881
00:05:17,931 --> 00:05:18,081
to
882
00:05:18,081 --> 00:05:18,261
give
883
00:05:18,261 --> 00:05:18,381
it
884
00:05:18,501 --> 00:05:18,921
pre
885
00:05:18,921 --> 00:05:19,521
processed
886
00:05:19,521 --> 00:05:19,851
food
.
887
00:05:19,851 --> 00:05:19,941
It
888
00:05:19,941 --> 00:05:20,121
doesn't
889
00:05:20,121 --> 00:05:20,271
have
890
00:05:20,271 --> 00:05:20,361
to
891
00:05:20,361 --> 00:05:20,601
do
892
00:05:20,601 --> 00:05:20,721
as
893
00:05:20,721 --> 00:05:20,961
much
894
00:05:20,961 --> 00:05:21,351
work
.
895
00:05:21,921 --> 00:05:22,191
And
896
00:05:22,191 --> 00:05:22,581
so
897
00:05:22,581 --> 00:05:22,791
we
898
00:05:22,791 --> 00:05:23,031
don't
899
00:05:23,031 --> 00:05:23,271
end
900
00:05:23,271 --> 00:05:23,421
up
901
00:05:23,421 --> 00:05:24,021
needing
902
00:05:24,021 --> 00:05:24,531
any
903
00:05:24,681 --> 00:05:25,101
more
904
00:05:25,101 --> 00:05:25,701
calories
905
00:05:25,701 --> 00:05:25,881
just
906
00:05:25,881 --> 00:05:25,971
to
907
00:05:25,971 --> 00:05:26,211
sit
908
00:05:26,211 --> 00:05:26,331
and
909
00:05:26,331 --> 00:05:27,021
exist
910
00:05:27,381 --> 00:05:27,621
than
911
00:05:27,621 --> 00:05:27,741
we
912
00:05:27,741 --> 00:05:27,921
did
913
00:05:27,921 --> 00:05:28,401
before
.
914
00:05:28,401 --> 00:05:28,611
Even
915
00:05:28,611 --> 00:05:28,731
though
916
00:05:28,731 --> 00:05:28,851
our
917
00:05:28,851 --> 00:05:29,451
brain
918
00:05:29,661 --> 00:05:29,871
is
919
00:05:29,871 --> 00:05:30,081
now
920
00:05:30,081 --> 00:05:30,411
taking
921
00:05:30,411 --> 00:05:30,711
almost
922
00:05:30,711 --> 00:05:30,771
a
923
00:05:30,771 --> 00:05:31,101
fifth
924
00:05:31,101 --> 00:05:31,221
of
925
00:05:31,221 --> 00:05:31,341
our
926
00:05:31,341 --> 00:05:31,611
total
927
00:05:31,611 --> 00:05:32,271
calories
,
928
00:05:32,511 --> 00:05:32,841
we
929
00:05:32,841 --> 00:05:33,351
have
930
00:05:33,621 --> 00:05:34,011
turned
931
00:05:34,011 --> 00:05:34,131
our
932
00:05:34,131 --> 00:05:34,461
brain
933
00:05:34,461 --> 00:05:34,611
into
934
00:05:34,611 --> 00:05:34,821
this
935
00:05:34,821 --> 00:05:35,331
freakish
936
00:05:35,331 --> 00:05:35,781
organ
937
00:05:35,991 --> 00:05:36,171
that
938
00:05:36,171 --> 00:05:36,381
is
939
00:05:36,411 --> 00:05:37,131
absorbing
940
00:05:37,131 --> 00:05:37,491
all
941
00:05:37,491 --> 00:05:37,611
of
942
00:05:37,611 --> 00:05:37,761
our
943
00:05:37,761 --> 00:05:38,301
energy
.
944
00:05:38,511 --> 00:05:38,691
And
945
00:05:38,691 --> 00:05:38,811
what
946
00:05:38,811 --> 00:05:38,991
we've
947
00:05:38,991 --> 00:05:39,171
done
948
00:05:39,171 --> 00:05:39,261
is
949
00:05:39,261 --> 00:05:39,411
we've
950
00:05:39,411 --> 00:05:39,891
reduced
951
00:05:39,891 --> 00:05:40,011
our
952
00:05:40,011 --> 00:05:40,341
stomach
953
00:05:40,341 --> 00:05:40,821
size
.
954
00:05:41,091 --> 00:05:41,331
And
955
00:05:41,331 --> 00:05:41,661
so
956
00:05:41,661 --> 00:05:41,901
the
957
00:05:41,901 --> 00:05:42,651
overall
958
00:05:42,861 --> 00:05:43,491
cost
959
00:05:43,491 --> 00:05:43,701
of
960
00:05:43,701 --> 00:05:44,451
existence
961
00:05:44,961 --> 00:05:45,141
has
962
00:05:45,141 --> 00:05:45,501
switched
963
00:05:45,501 --> 00:05:45,891
from
964
00:05:46,101 --> 00:05:46,581
being
965
00:05:46,581 --> 00:05:47,151
associated
966
00:05:47,151 --> 00:05:47,391
with
967
00:05:47,391 --> 00:05:48,171
digestion
968
00:05:48,351 --> 00:05:48,621
to
969
00:05:48,621 --> 00:05:49,041
being
970
00:05:49,041 --> 00:05:49,671
associated
971
00:05:49,671 --> 00:05:49,971
with
,
972
00:05:50,241 --> 00:05:50,361
you
973
00:05:50,361 --> 00:05:50,481
know
,
974
00:05:50,481 --> 00:05:50,931
supplying
975
00:05:50,931 --> 00:05:50,991
the
976
00:05:51,141 --> 00:05:51,411
brain
977
00:05:51,411 --> 00:05:51,531
with
978
00:05:51,531 --> 00:05:52,011
glucose
979
00:05:52,011 --> 00:05:53,001
and
980
00:05:53,001 --> 00:05:53,481
oxygen
981
00:00:00,-01 --> 00:05:54,111
.
So
982
00:00:00,-01 --> 00:00:00,-01
983
00:05:54,141 --> 00:05:54,291
that's
984
00:05:54,291 --> 00:05:54,381
our
985
00:05:54,381 --> 00:05:54,681
main
986
00:05:54,861 --> 00:05:55,461
metabolic
987
00:05:55,461 --> 00:05:55,911
cost
.
988
00:05:58,131 --> 00:05:58,371
So
989
00:05:58,371 --> 00:05:58,491
our
990
00:05:58,491 --> 00:05:58,821
brains
991
00:05:58,821 --> 00:05:58,941
have
992
00:05:58,941 --> 00:05:59,061
been
993
00:05:59,061 --> 00:05:59,601
growing
,
994
00:06:00,411 --> 00:06:00,911
our
995
00:06:01,191 --> 00:06:01,561
our
996
00:06:01,611 --> 00:06:01,911
tools
997
00:06:01,911 --> 00:06:02,031
have
998
00:06:02,031 --> 00:06:02,121
been
999
00:06:02,121 --> 00:06:02,781
improving
1000
00:06:03,501 --> 00:06:03,861
and
1001
00:06:03,861 --> 00:06:04,011
you're
1002
00:06:04,011 --> 00:06:04,261
seeing
1003
00:06:04,261 --> 00:06:04,281
a
1004
00:06:04,281 --> 00:06:04,851
continuous
1005
00:06:04,851 --> 00:06:05,421
improvement
1006
00:06:05,421 --> 00:06:05,821
in
1007
00:06:05,871 --> 00:06:06,081
what
1008
00:06:06,081 --> 00:06:06,231
would
1009
00:06:06,231 --> 00:06:06,711
be
1010
00:06:06,921 --> 00:06:07,011
the
1011
00:06:07,011 --> 00:06:07,401
language
1012
00:06:07,401 --> 00:06:07,761
areas
.
1013
00:06:07,761 --> 00:06:07,911
So
1014
00:06:07,911 --> 00:06:08,001
the
1015
00:06:08,001 --> 00:06:08,271
left
1016
00:06:08,271 --> 00:06:08,421
hand
1017
00:06:08,421 --> 00:06:08,721
side
1018
00:06:08,721 --> 00:06:08,781
of
1019
00:06:08,781 --> 00:06:08,871
the
1020
00:06:08,871 --> 00:06:09,441
brain
,
1021
00:06:10,101 --> 00:06:10,611
the
1022
00:06:10,611 --> 00:06:10,971
lowering
1023
00:06:10,971 --> 00:06:11,031
of
1024
00:06:11,031 --> 00:06:11,121
the
1025
00:06:11,121 --> 00:06:11,601
larynx
,
1026
00:06:11,601 --> 00:06:11,811
so
1027
00:06:11,811 --> 00:06:12,081
that
1028
00:06:12,291 --> 00:06:12,411
we're
1029
00:06:12,411 --> 00:06:12,591
able
1030
00:06:12,591 --> 00:06:12,831
to
1031
00:06:13,071 --> 00:06:13,371
form
1032
00:06:13,371 --> 00:06:13,731
words
1033
00:06:13,731 --> 00:06:14,061
more
1034
00:06:14,211 --> 00:06:14,751
clearly
.
1035
00:06:16,041 --> 00:06:16,251
But
1036
00:06:16,251 --> 00:06:16,341
our
1037
00:06:16,341 --> 00:06:16,641
tools
1038
00:06:16,641 --> 00:06:16,701
of
1039
00:06:16,701 --> 00:06:16,791
them
1040
00:06:16,791 --> 00:06:17,151
remain
1041
00:06:17,151 --> 00:06:17,601
roughly
1042
00:06:17,601 --> 00:06:17,721
the
1043
00:06:17,721 --> 00:06:18,111
same
1044
00:06:18,111 --> 00:06:18,351
for
1045
00:06:18,351 --> 00:06:18,471
the
1046
00:06:18,471 --> 00:06:18,861
last
1047
00:06:18,861 --> 00:06:19,151
2
1048
00:06:19,151 --> 00:06:19,431
million
1049
00:06:19,431 --> 00:06:19,731
years
.
1050
00:06:19,731 --> 00:06:19,941
They're
1051
00:06:20,121 --> 00:06:20,301
they're
1052
00:06:20,301 --> 00:06:20,721
basically
1053
00:06:20,721 --> 00:06:20,991
hand
1054
00:06:20,991 --> 00:06:21,351
axes
,
1055
00:06:21,351 --> 00:06:21,501
their
1056
00:06:21,501 --> 00:06:21,741
hand
1057
00:06:21,741 --> 00:06:22,041
axes
1058
00:06:22,041 --> 00:06:22,131
and
1059
00:06:22,131 --> 00:06:22,821
choppers
1060
00:06:23,451 --> 00:06:23,811
and
1061
00:06:23,811 --> 00:06:24,531
varieties
1062
00:06:24,531 --> 00:06:24,651
of
1063
00:06:24,651 --> 00:06:24,921
those
1064
00:06:25,041 --> 00:06:25,251
hand
1065
00:06:25,251 --> 00:06:25,641
axes
.
1066
00:06:25,641 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
1067
00:06:25,641 --> 00:06:26,151
Meaning
1068
00:06:26,151 --> 00:06:26,601
meaning
1069
00:06:26,601 --> 00:06:26,901
just
1070
00:06:27,711 --> 00:06:28,161
carved
1071
00:06:28,161 --> 00:06:28,491
pieces
1072
00:06:28,491 --> 00:06:28,551
of
1073
00:06:28,551 --> 00:06:28,941
stone
.
1074
00:06:29,161 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
1075
00:06:29,161 --> 00:06:29,841
A
1076
00:06:29,841 --> 00:06:30,291
large
1077
00:06:30,291 --> 00:06:30,741
stone
1078
00:06:30,741 --> 00:06:30,951
about
1079
00:06:30,951 --> 00:06:31,041
the
1080
00:06:31,041 --> 00:06:31,371
size
1081
00:06:31,371 --> 00:06:31,431
of
1082
00:06:31,431 --> 00:06:31,491
a
1083
00:06:31,491 --> 00:06:31,791
cell
1084
00:06:31,791 --> 00:06:32,151
phone
1085
00:06:32,151 --> 00:06:32,301
that's
1086
00:06:32,301 --> 00:06:32,721
sharp
1087
00:06:32,721 --> 00:06:32,961
all
1088
00:06:32,961 --> 00:06:33,021
the
1089
00:06:33,021 --> 00:06:33,171
way
1090
00:06:33,171 --> 00:06:33,831
around
.
1091
00:06:34,131 --> 00:06:34,311
And
1092
00:06:34,311 --> 00:06:34,461
that
,
1093
00:06:34,461 --> 00:06:34,641
I
1094
00:06:34,641 --> 00:06:35,181
speculate
,
1095
00:06:35,181 --> 00:06:35,391
was
1096
00:06:35,391 --> 00:06:35,751
used
1097
00:06:35,751 --> 00:06:35,931
for
1098
00:06:35,931 --> 00:06:36,501
throwing
1099
00:06:36,621 --> 00:06:37,131
mostly
1100
00:06:37,131 --> 00:06:37,671
against
1101
00:06:38,151 --> 00:06:38,571
members
1102
00:06:38,571 --> 00:06:38,691
of
1103
00:06:38,691 --> 00:06:38,781
our
1104
00:06:38,781 --> 00:06:38,961
own
1105
00:06:38,961 --> 00:06:39,471
species
.
1106
00:06:39,471 --> 00:06:39,621
They
1107
00:06:39,621 --> 00:06:39,771
were
1108
00:06:39,771 --> 00:06:40,101
our
1109
00:06:40,461 --> 00:06:41,301
anti-personnel
1110
00:06:41,301 --> 00:06:41,601
weapons
.
1111
00:06:41,601 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
1112
00:06:41,601 --> 00:06:41,721
It's
1113
00:06:41,721 --> 00:06:41,901
not
1114
00:06:41,901 --> 00:06:42,051
it's
1115
00:06:42,051 --> 00:06:42,171
not
1116
00:06:42,171 --> 00:06:42,471
something
1117
00:06:42,471 --> 00:06:42,591
on
1118
00:06:42,591 --> 00:06:42,651
a
1119
00:06:42,651 --> 00:06:43,011
stick
1120
00:06:43,011 --> 00:06:43,221
like
1121
00:06:43,221 --> 00:06:43,311
an
1122
00:06:43,311 --> 00:06:43,611
axe
,
1123
00:06:43,611 --> 00:06:43,881
not
.
1124
00:06:43,881 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
1125
00:06:43,881 --> 00:06:44,211
Something
1126
00:06:44,211 --> 00:06:44,361
on
1127
00:06:44,361 --> 00:06:44,421
a
1128
00:06:44,421 --> 00:06:44,751
stick
.
1129
00:06:45,051 --> 00:06:45,141
And
1130
00:06:45,141 --> 00:06:45,291
then
1131
00:06:45,291 --> 00:06:45,651
starting
1132
00:06:45,651 --> 00:06:46,341
around
1133
00:06:46,341 --> 00:06:47,331
300,000
1134
00:06:47,331 --> 00:06:47,541
years
1135
00:06:47,541 --> 00:06:47,751
ago
,
1136
00:06:47,751 --> 00:06:48,471
200,000
1137
00:06:48,471 --> 00:06:48,651
years
1138
00:06:48,651 --> 00:06:48,831
ago
,
1139
00:06:48,831 --> 00:06:49,581
depending
1140
00:06:50,211 --> 00:06:51,111
where
1141
00:06:51,111 --> 00:06:51,231
and
1142
00:06:51,231 --> 00:06:51,651
when
1143
00:06:51,981 --> 00:06:52,321
I
1144
00:06:52,491 --> 00:06:52,701
we
1145
00:06:52,701 --> 00:06:52,941
start
1146
00:06:52,941 --> 00:06:53,001
to
1147
00:06:53,001 --> 00:06:53,361
develop
1148
00:06:53,361 --> 00:06:53,991
spears
.
1149
00:06:54,291 --> 00:06:54,501
And
1150
00:06:54,501 --> 00:06:54,711
so
1151
00:06:54,711 --> 00:06:54,921
there's
1152
00:06:54,921 --> 00:06:55,311
another
1153
00:06:55,311 --> 00:06:55,881
transition
.
1154
00:06:55,881 --> 00:06:55,971
And
1155
00:06:55,971 --> 00:06:56,091
this
1156
00:06:56,091 --> 00:06:56,151
is
1157
00:06:56,151 --> 00:06:56,241
the
1158
00:06:56,241 --> 00:06:56,721
transition
1159
00:06:56,721 --> 00:06:56,811
to
1160
00:06:56,811 --> 00:06:56,871
the
1161
00:06:56,871 --> 00:06:57,141
middle
1162
00:06:57,141 --> 00:06:57,441
stone
1163
00:06:57,441 --> 00:06:57,591
age
.
1164
00:06:57,591 --> 00:06:57,711
This
1165
00:06:57,711 --> 00:06:57,831
is
1166
00:06:57,831 --> 00:06:58,101
when
1167
00:06:58,701 --> 00:06:59,331
Neanderthals
1168
00:06:59,331 --> 00:06:59,391
are
1169
00:06:59,391 --> 00:07:00,201
developing
,
1170
00:07:00,201 --> 00:07:00,501
when
1171
00:07:00,501 --> 00:07:01,131
Denisovans
1172
00:07:01,131 --> 00:07:01,191
are
1173
00:07:01,191 --> 00:07:01,971
developing
,
1174
00:07:02,511 --> 00:07:02,661
and
1175
00:07:02,661 --> 00:07:02,811
it's
1176
00:07:02,811 --> 00:07:02,961
when
1177
00:07:02,961 --> 00:07:03,111
we're
1178
00:07:03,111 --> 00:07:03,411
starting
1179
00:07:03,411 --> 00:07:03,501
to
1180
00:07:03,501 --> 00:07:03,741
see
1181
00:07:03,741 --> 00:07:03,821
the
1182
00:07:04,101 --> 00:07:04,221
the
1183
00:07:04,221 --> 00:07:04,581
first
1184
00:07:04,581 --> 00:07:05,001
evidence
1185
00:07:05,001 --> 00:07:05,091
of
1186
00:07:05,091 --> 00:07:05,631
spears
1187
00:07:05,631 --> 00:07:05,961
in
1188
00:07:06,231 --> 00:07:06,441
in
1189
00:07:06,441 --> 00:07:06,951
Africa
.
1190
00:07:07,221 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
1191
00:07:07,221 --> 00:07:07,671
So
1192
00:07:08,421 --> 00:07:08,541
we
1193
00:07:08,541 --> 00:07:08,751
just
1194
00:07:08,751 --> 00:07:09,111
jumped
1195
00:07:09,111 --> 00:07:09,201
a
1196
00:07:09,201 --> 00:07:09,501
bunch
1197
00:07:09,501 --> 00:07:09,591
of
1198
00:07:09,591 --> 00:07:09,891
time
.
1199
00:07:09,891 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
1200
00:07:09,891 --> 00:07:10,101
Yeah
.
1201
00:07:10,101 --> 00:07:10,251
So
1202
00:07:10,251 --> 00:07:10,341
we
1203
00:07:10,341 --> 00:07:10,521
went
1204
00:07:10,521 --> 00:07:10,941
from
1205
00:07:10,941 --> 00:07:11,251
2
1206
00:07:11,251 --> 00:07:11,571
million
1207
00:07:11,571 --> 00:07:11,811
years
1208
00:07:11,811 --> 00:07:12,051
ago
,
1209
00:07:12,051 --> 00:07:12,171
we
1210
00:07:12,201 --> 00:07:12,531
suddenly
1211
00:07:12,531 --> 00:07:12,711
get
1212
00:07:12,711 --> 00:07:13,401
brains
1213
00:07:13,731 --> 00:07:14,481
maybe
1214
00:07:14,481 --> 00:07:14,721
a
1215
00:07:14,721 --> 00:07:14,961
million
1216
00:07:14,961 --> 00:07:15,201
years
1217
00:07:15,201 --> 00:07:15,441
ago
,
1218
00:07:15,441 --> 00:07:15,561
we're
1219
00:07:15,561 --> 00:07:15,831
getting
1220
00:07:15,831 --> 00:07:16,461
fire
.
1221
00:07:17,421 --> 00:07:17,691
And
1222
00:07:17,691 --> 00:07:18,141
then
1223
00:07:18,321 --> 00:07:18,561
around
1224
00:07:18,561 --> 00:07:19,341
300,000
1225
00:07:19,341 --> 00:07:19,551
years
1226
00:07:19,551 --> 00:07:19,941
ago
,
1227
00:07:19,941 --> 00:07:20,151
we're
1228
00:07:20,151 --> 00:07:20,481
starting
1229
00:07:20,481 --> 00:07:20,571
to
1230
00:07:20,571 --> 00:07:20,721
get
1231
00:07:20,721 --> 00:07:21,171
spears
.
1232
00:07:21,171 --> 00:07:21,261
And
1233
00:07:21,261 --> 00:07:21,411
this
1234
00:07:21,411 --> 00:07:21,591
this
1235
00:07:21,591 --> 00:07:21,711
is
1236
00:07:21,711 --> 00:07:22,011
another
1237
00:07:22,011 --> 00:07:22,221
big
1238
00:07:22,221 --> 00:07:22,551
change
.
1239
00:07:22,551 --> 00:07:22,721
So
1240
00:07:22,761 --> 00:07:22,911
now
1241
00:07:22,911 --> 00:07:23,061
we
1242
00:07:23,061 --> 00:07:23,421
have
1243
00:07:23,631 --> 00:07:23,781
the
1244
00:07:23,781 --> 00:07:24,231
ability
1245
00:07:24,231 --> 00:07:24,621
to
1246
00:07:24,831 --> 00:07:25,221
have
,
1247
00:07:25,911 --> 00:07:26,001
you
1248
00:07:26,001 --> 00:07:26,181
know
,
1249
00:07:26,361 --> 00:07:26,661
keep
1250
00:07:26,661 --> 00:07:27,051
someone
1251
00:07:27,051 --> 00:07:27,191
in
1252
00:07:27,381 --> 00:07:27,711
far
1253
00:07:27,711 --> 00:07:27,981
away
1254
00:07:27,981 --> 00:07:28,191
from
1255
00:07:28,191 --> 00:07:28,341
us
1256
00:07:28,341 --> 00:07:28,491
with
1257
00:07:28,491 --> 00:07:28,611
our
1258
00:07:28,611 --> 00:07:29,061
spear
.
1259
00:07:30,051 --> 00:07:30,501
And
1260
00:07:30,501 --> 00:07:30,651
this
1261
00:07:30,651 --> 00:07:30,741
is
1262
00:07:30,741 --> 00:07:31,341
probably
1263
00:07:31,341 --> 00:07:31,641
also
1264
00:07:31,641 --> 00:07:32,061
related
1265
00:07:32,061 --> 00:07:32,361
to
1266
00:07:32,361 --> 00:07:33,051
changes
1267
00:07:33,051 --> 00:07:33,501
in
1268
00:07:33,501 --> 00:07:33,711
in
1269
00:07:33,711 --> 00:07:34,281
stature
.
1270
00:07:34,281 --> 00:07:34,701
So
1271
00:07:35,241 --> 00:07:35,961
male
1272
00:07:35,961 --> 00:07:36,491
Australia
,
1273
00:07:36,621 --> 00:07:36,711
the
1274
00:07:36,711 --> 00:07:37,011
scenes
1275
00:07:37,011 --> 00:07:37,071
are
1276
00:07:37,071 --> 00:07:37,401
twice
1277
00:07:37,401 --> 00:07:37,491
the
1278
00:07:37,491 --> 00:07:37,791
size
1279
00:07:37,791 --> 00:07:37,881
of
1280
00:07:37,881 --> 00:07:38,541
females
.
1281
00:07:39,081 --> 00:07:39,351
Homo
1282
00:07:39,351 --> 00:07:39,951
erectus
1283
00:07:39,951 --> 00:07:40,401
is
,
1284
00:07:40,401 --> 00:07:40,521
you
1285
00:07:40,521 --> 00:07:40,641
know
,
1286
00:07:40,641 --> 00:07:41,031
15
,
1287
00:07:41,051 --> 00:07:41,631
20%
1288
00:07:41,631 --> 00:07:41,931
larger
1289
00:07:41,931 --> 00:07:42,081
than
1290
00:07:42,081 --> 00:07:42,141
the
1291
00:07:42,141 --> 00:07:42,471
female
.
1292
00:07:42,471 --> 00:07:42,591
So
1293
00:07:42,591 --> 00:07:42,681
we're
1294
00:07:42,681 --> 00:07:42,891
getting
1295
00:07:42,891 --> 00:07:43,341
closer
1296
00:07:43,341 --> 00:07:43,731
to
1297
00:07:43,911 --> 00:07:44,061
the
1298
00:07:44,061 --> 00:07:44,571
modern
1299
00:07:44,571 --> 00:07:45,201
differences
.
1300
00:07:45,501 --> 00:07:46,011
And
1301
00:07:46,491 --> 00:07:47,031
assuming
1302
00:07:47,031 --> 00:07:47,211
that
1303
00:07:47,211 --> 00:07:47,421
we
1304
00:07:47,901 --> 00:07:48,261
didn't
1305
00:07:48,261 --> 00:07:48,771
stop
1306
00:07:48,801 --> 00:07:49,281
competing
1307
00:07:49,281 --> 00:07:49,401
for
1308
00:07:49,401 --> 00:07:50,001
females
,
1309
00:07:50,181 --> 00:07:50,601
why
1310
00:07:50,601 --> 00:07:50,751
would
1311
00:07:50,751 --> 00:07:50,841
the
1312
00:07:50,841 --> 00:07:51,381
males
1313
00:07:51,381 --> 00:07:51,771
have
1314
00:07:51,951 --> 00:07:52,491
become
1315
00:07:53,031 --> 00:07:53,271
more
1316
00:07:53,271 --> 00:07:53,541
equal
1317
00:07:53,541 --> 00:07:53,631
in
1318
00:07:53,631 --> 00:07:53,901
size
1319
00:07:53,901 --> 00:07:53,991
to
1320
00:07:53,991 --> 00:07:54,051
the
1321
00:07:54,051 --> 00:07:54,351
females
?
1322
00:07:54,351 --> 00:07:54,441
We
1323
00:07:54,441 --> 00:07:54,711
didn't
,
1324
00:07:54,711 --> 00:07:54,891
I
1325
00:07:54,891 --> 00:07:55,101
don't
1326
00:07:55,101 --> 00:07:55,461
think
,
1327
00:07:55,461 --> 00:07:55,791
switched
1328
00:07:55,791 --> 00:07:56,181
to
1329
00:07:56,721 --> 00:07:56,841
a
1330
00:07:56,841 --> 00:07:57,411
monogamous
1331
00:07:57,411 --> 00:07:58,041
relationship
1332
00:07:58,041 --> 00:07:58,191
where
1333
00:07:58,191 --> 00:07:58,461
there's
1334
00:07:58,461 --> 00:07:58,671
no
1335
00:07:58,671 --> 00:07:58,881
male
1336
00:07:58,881 --> 00:07:59,091
male
1337
00:07:59,091 --> 00:07:59,781
competition
.
1338
00:08:00,051 --> 00:08:00,171
I
1339
00:08:00,171 --> 00:08:00,381
think
1340
00:08:00,381 --> 00:08:00,501
what
1341
00:08:00,501 --> 00:08:00,921
happened
1342
00:08:00,921 --> 00:08:01,191
is
1343
00:08:01,341 --> 00:08:01,551
we
1344
00:08:01,581 --> 00:08:01,941
switched
1345
00:08:01,941 --> 00:08:02,061
the
1346
00:08:02,061 --> 00:08:02,571
competition
1347
00:08:02,571 --> 00:08:02,661
to
1348
00:08:02,661 --> 00:08:02,991
something
1349
00:08:02,991 --> 00:08:03,141
done
1350
00:08:03,141 --> 00:08:03,261
with
1351
00:08:03,261 --> 00:08:03,711
spears
.
1352
00:08:03,711 --> 00:08:03,831
And
1353
00:08:03,831 --> 00:08:04,221
so
1354
00:08:04,791 --> 00:08:05,091
like
1355
00:08:05,091 --> 00:08:05,211
what
1356
00:08:05,211 --> 00:08:05,391
we'd
1357
00:08:05,391 --> 00:08:05,841
seen
1358
00:08:05,841 --> 00:08:05,991
in
1359
00:08:05,991 --> 00:08:06,081
the
1360
00:08:06,081 --> 00:08:06,681
transition
1361
00:08:06,681 --> 00:08:07,011
to
1362
00:08:07,011 --> 00:08:07,311
hand
1363
00:08:07,311 --> 00:08:07,791
axes
,
1364
00:08:07,971 --> 00:08:08,211
we're
1365
00:08:08,211 --> 00:08:08,571
using
1366
00:08:08,571 --> 00:08:08,751
our
1367
00:08:08,751 --> 00:08:09,321
tools
1368
00:08:09,321 --> 00:08:09,561
as
1369
00:08:09,561 --> 00:08:09,621
a
1370
00:08:09,621 --> 00:08:10,011
way
1371
00:08:10,011 --> 00:08:10,401
of
1372
00:08:11,001 --> 00:08:11,421
fighting
1373
00:08:11,421 --> 00:08:11,601
each
1374
00:08:11,601 --> 00:08:11,871
other
1375
00:08:11,871 --> 00:08:12,021
and
1376
00:08:12,021 --> 00:08:12,531
display
.
1377
00:08:12,531 --> 00:08:12,681
So
1378
00:08:12,681 --> 00:08:12,801
you
1379
00:08:12,801 --> 00:08:13,071
wave
1380
00:08:13,071 --> 00:08:13,161
the
1381
00:08:13,161 --> 00:08:13,431
spear
1382
00:08:13,431 --> 00:08:13,521
in
1383
00:08:13,521 --> 00:08:13,611
the
1384
00:08:13,611 --> 00:08:13,791
air
1385
00:08:13,791 --> 00:08:13,911
and
1386
00:08:13,911 --> 00:08:14,151
someone
1387
00:08:14,151 --> 00:08:14,421
backs
1388
00:08:14,421 --> 00:08:14,661
up
.
1389
00:08:14,871 --> 00:08:15,051
But
1390
00:08:15,051 --> 00:08:15,321
again
,
1391
00:08:15,321 --> 00:08:15,411
you
1392
00:08:15,411 --> 00:08:15,561
can
1393
00:08:15,561 --> 00:08:15,741
have
1394
00:08:15,741 --> 00:08:16,241
war
.
1395
00:08:16,491 --> 00:08:16,791
Bunch
1396
00:08:16,791 --> 00:08:16,881
of
1397
00:08:16,881 --> 00:08:17,151
guys
1398
00:08:17,151 --> 00:08:17,271
with
1399
00:08:17,271 --> 00:08:17,651
spears
1400
00:08:17,661 --> 00:08:17,781
are
1401
00:08:17,781 --> 00:08:17,991
so
1402
00:08:17,991 --> 00:08:18,171
much
1403
00:08:18,171 --> 00:08:18,321
more
1404
00:08:18,321 --> 00:08:18,681
effective
1405
00:08:18,681 --> 00:08:18,801
than
1406
00:08:18,801 --> 00:08:18,861
a
1407
00:08:18,861 --> 00:08:19,071
bunch
1408
00:08:19,071 --> 00:08:19,131
of
1409
00:08:19,131 --> 00:08:19,401
people
1410
00:08:19,401 --> 00:08:19,521
with
1411
00:08:19,521 --> 00:08:19,731
just
1412
00:08:19,731 --> 00:08:19,971
hand
1413
00:08:19,971 --> 00:08:20,421
axes
.
1414
00:08:20,721 --> 00:08:20,931
So
1415
00:08:20,931 --> 00:08:21,111
this
1416
00:08:21,111 --> 00:08:21,201
is
1417
00:08:21,201 --> 00:08:21,291
a
1418
00:08:21,291 --> 00:08:21,861
technology
1419
00:08:21,861 --> 00:08:21,981
that
1420
00:08:21,981 --> 00:08:22,311
spreads
,
1421
00:08:22,311 --> 00:08:22,851
spreads
1422
00:08:22,851 --> 00:08:23,091
pretty
1423
00:08:23,091 --> 00:08:23,751
rapidly
1424
00:08:24,201 --> 00:08:24,381
and
1425
00:08:24,381 --> 00:08:24,501
you
1426
00:08:24,501 --> 00:08:24,711
see
1427
00:08:24,711 --> 00:08:24,921
it
1428
00:08:25,461 --> 00:08:26,181
reinvented
1429
00:08:26,181 --> 00:08:26,271
in
1430
00:08:26,271 --> 00:08:26,571
several
1431
00:08:26,571 --> 00:08:26,781
different
1432
00:08:26,781 --> 00:08:27,141
places
.
1433
00:08:27,141 --> 00:08:27,261
So
1434
00:08:27,261 --> 00:08:27,381
it's
1435
00:08:27,381 --> 00:08:27,741
happening
1436
00:08:27,741 --> 00:08:27,861
in
1437
00:08:27,861 --> 00:08:28,161
Europe
1438
00:08:28,161 --> 00:08:28,281
with
1439
00:08:28,281 --> 00:08:28,341
the
1440
00:08:28,341 --> 00:08:28,971
Neanderthals
,
1441
00:08:28,971 --> 00:08:29,091
it's
1442
00:08:29,091 --> 00:08:29,451
happening
1443
00:08:29,451 --> 00:08:29,571
in
1444
00:08:29,571 --> 00:08:29,871
Asia
.
1445
00:08:30,171 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
1446
00:08:30,171 --> 00:08:30,361
So
1447
00:08:30,471 --> 00:08:30,591
it's
1448
00:08:30,621 --> 00:08:30,951
being
1449
00:08:30,951 --> 00:08:31,461
passed
1450
00:08:31,461 --> 00:08:31,971
along
1451
00:08:31,971 --> 00:08:32,241
and
1452
00:08:32,241 --> 00:08:32,691
also
1453
00:08:32,691 --> 00:08:32,991
being
1454
00:08:32,991 --> 00:08:33,591
invented
1455
00:08:33,591 --> 00:08:33,931
sponges
,
1456
00:08:34,011 --> 00:08:34,251
right
?
1457
00:08:34,431 --> 00:08:34,761
As
1458
00:08:34,761 --> 00:08:35,091
as
1459
00:08:35,091 --> 00:08:35,151
the
1460
00:08:35,151 --> 00:08:35,451
same
1461
00:08:35,451 --> 00:08:35,631
time
.
1462
00:08:35,661 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
1463
00:08:35,661 --> 00:08:35,901
As
1464
00:08:35,901 --> 00:08:36,021
our
1465
00:08:36,021 --> 00:08:36,441
brains
1466
00:08:36,441 --> 00:08:36,621
get
1467
00:08:36,621 --> 00:08:36,981
bigger
,
1468
00:08:36,981 --> 00:08:37,131
we
1469
00:08:37,131 --> 00:08:37,491
figure
1470
00:08:37,491 --> 00:08:37,731
out
1471
00:08:37,731 --> 00:08:37,851
that
1472
00:08:37,851 --> 00:08:37,911
a
1473
00:08:37,911 --> 00:08:38,211
sharp
1474
00:08:38,211 --> 00:08:38,511
stone
1475
00:08:38,511 --> 00:08:38,601
on
1476
00:08:38,601 --> 00:08:38,691
a
1477
00:08:38,691 --> 00:08:39,021
stick
1478
00:08:39,021 --> 00:08:39,171
is
1479
00:08:39,171 --> 00:08:39,201
a
1480
00:08:39,201 --> 00:08:39,651
huge
1481
00:08:39,651 --> 00:08:40,011
reach
1482
00:08:40,011 --> 00:08:40,521
advantage
.
1483
00:08:40,521 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
1484
00:08:40,521 --> 00:08:40,791
So
1485
00:08:40,791 --> 00:08:41,031
can
1486
00:08:41,031 --> 00:08:41,151
I
1487
00:08:41,151 --> 00:08:41,391
ask
1488
00:08:41,391 --> 00:08:41,601
you
,
1489
00:08:41,751 --> 00:08:42,201
you
1490
00:08:42,201 --> 00:08:42,501
just
1491
00:08:42,501 --> 00:08:42,711
you
1492
00:08:42,711 --> 00:08:43,161
discussed
1493
00:08:43,161 --> 00:08:43,851
why
,
1494
00:08:43,881 --> 00:08:44,031
you
1495
00:08:44,031 --> 00:08:44,181
know
,
1496
00:08:44,181 --> 00:08:44,301
and
1497
00:08:44,301 --> 00:08:44,631
how
1498
00:08:44,631 --> 00:08:44,751
our
1499
00:08:44,751 --> 00:08:45,261
jaws
1500
00:08:45,261 --> 00:08:46,011
became
1501
00:08:46,011 --> 00:08:46,251
what
1502
00:08:46,251 --> 00:08:46,401
they
1503
00:08:46,401 --> 00:08:46,551
are
1504
00:08:46,551 --> 00:08:46,641
in
1505
00:08:46,641 --> 00:08:46,761
our
1506
00:08:46,761 --> 00:08:47,121
facial
1507
00:08:47,121 --> 00:08:47,361
structure
.
1508
00:08:47,541 --> 00:08:47,991
Why
1509
00:08:47,991 --> 00:08:48,171
did
1510
00:08:48,171 --> 00:08:48,351
we
1511
00:08:48,351 --> 00:08:48,651
start
1512
00:08:48,771 --> 00:08:49,401
devoting
1513
00:08:49,401 --> 00:08:49,641
so
1514
00:08:49,641 --> 00:08:49,971
much
1515
00:08:50,271 --> 00:08:50,451
of
1516
00:08:50,451 --> 00:08:50,751
our
1517
00:08:50,781 --> 00:08:51,141
so
1518
00:08:52,011 --> 00:08:52,161
a
1519
00:08:52,161 --> 00:08:52,491
large
1520
00:08:52,491 --> 00:08:52,971
quantity
1521
00:08:52,971 --> 00:08:53,061
of
1522
00:08:53,061 --> 00:08:53,151
our
1523
00:08:53,151 --> 00:08:53,691
calories
1524
00:08:53,691 --> 00:08:53,871
to
1525
00:08:53,871 --> 00:08:53,991
our
1526
00:08:53,991 --> 00:08:54,411
brains
?
1527
00:08:54,411 --> 00:08:54,771
Why
1528
00:08:54,771 --> 00:08:54,921
did
1529
00:08:54,921 --> 00:08:55,011
the
1530
00:08:55,011 --> 00:08:55,371
brains
1531
00:08:55,371 --> 00:08:55,731
develop
1532
00:08:55,731 --> 00:08:55,821
the
1533
00:08:55,821 --> 00:08:56,001
way
1534
00:08:56,001 --> 00:08:56,151
that
1535
00:08:56,151 --> 00:08:56,331
they
1536
00:08:56,331 --> 00:08:56,541
did
?
1537
00:08:56,541 --> 00:08:56,751
Was
1538
00:08:56,751 --> 00:08:56,871
it
?
1539
00:08:56,871 --> 00:08:57,231
Well
.
1540
00:08:57,651 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
1541
00:08:57,651 --> 00:08:58,371
A
1542
00:08:58,371 --> 00:08:58,701
large
1543
00:08:58,701 --> 00:08:59,091
brain
1544
00:08:59,091 --> 00:08:59,571
was
1545
00:08:59,571 --> 00:08:59,691
the
1546
00:08:59,691 --> 00:08:59,901
new
1547
00:08:59,901 --> 00:09:00,471
adaptation
.
1548
00:09:00,471 --> 00:09:00,621
It's
1549
00:09:00,621 --> 00:09:00,741
like
1550
00:09:00,741 --> 00:09:00,801
a
1551
00:09:00,801 --> 00:09:01,161
birds
1552
00:09:01,161 --> 00:09:01,491
wing
.
1553
00:09:01,491 --> 00:09:01,791
So
1554
00:09:01,881 --> 00:09:02,361
we
1555
00:09:02,361 --> 00:09:02,571
have
1556
00:09:02,571 --> 00:09:02,631
a
1557
00:09:02,631 --> 00:09:02,871
new
1558
00:09:02,871 --> 00:09:02,951
a
1559
00:09:02,961 --> 00:09:03,321
large
1560
00:09:03,321 --> 00:09:03,681
brain
1561
00:09:03,681 --> 00:09:03,981
because
1562
00:09:03,981 --> 00:09:04,071
it
1563
00:09:04,071 --> 00:09:04,491
allows
1564
00:09:04,491 --> 00:09:04,611
us
1565
00:09:04,611 --> 00:09:04,761
to
1566
00:09:04,761 --> 00:09:04,971
get
1567
00:09:04,971 --> 00:09:05,181
more
1568
00:09:05,181 --> 00:09:05,931
resources
,
1569
00:09:06,141 --> 00:09:06,411
but
1570
00:09:06,411 --> 00:09:06,561
we
1571
00:09:06,561 --> 00:09:06,801
need
1572
00:09:06,801 --> 00:09:07,041
those
1573
00:09:07,041 --> 00:09:07,641
resources
1574
00:09:07,641 --> 00:09:07,761
to
1575
00:09:07,761 --> 00:09:08,091
feed
1576
00:09:08,091 --> 00:09:08,181
the
1577
00:09:08,181 --> 00:09:08,511
large
1578
00:09:08,511 --> 00:09:08,901
brain
.
1579
00:09:08,901 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
1580
00:09:08,901 --> 00:09:09,221
So
1581
00:09:10,041 --> 00:09:10,761
thinking
1582
00:09:11,121 --> 00:09:11,451
was
1583
00:09:11,451 --> 00:09:11,721
more
1584
00:09:11,721 --> 00:09:12,231
important
1585
00:09:12,231 --> 00:09:12,621
now
1586
00:09:12,621 --> 00:09:12,801
in
1587
00:09:12,801 --> 00:09:13,131
getting
1588
00:09:13,131 --> 00:09:13,461
food
.
1589
00:09:13,641 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
1590
00:09:13,641 --> 00:09:14,201
Absolutely
1591
00:09:14,211 --> 00:09:14,281
was
1592
00:09:14,301 --> 00:09:14,391
the
1593
00:09:14,391 --> 00:09:14,721
only
1594
00:09:14,721 --> 00:09:14,961
way
1595
00:09:14,961 --> 00:09:15,141
we
1596
00:09:15,141 --> 00:09:15,321
could
1597
00:09:15,321 --> 00:09:15,561
make
1598
00:09:15,561 --> 00:09:15,651
the
1599
00:09:15,651 --> 00:09:16,041
tools
1600
00:09:16,041 --> 00:09:16,131
that
1601
00:09:16,131 --> 00:09:16,251
we
1602
00:09:16,251 --> 00:09:16,371
were
1603
00:09:16,371 --> 00:09:16,671
making
.
1604
00:09:16,671 --> 00:09:16,791
We
1605
00:09:16,791 --> 00:09:16,941
had
1606
00:09:16,941 --> 00:09:17,001
to
1607
00:09:17,001 --> 00:09:17,331
pass
1608
00:09:17,331 --> 00:09:17,601
these
1609
00:09:17,601 --> 00:09:18,201
ideas
1610
00:09:18,201 --> 00:09:18,531
along
1611
00:09:18,531 --> 00:09:18,651
to
1612
00:09:18,651 --> 00:09:18,831
each
1613
00:09:18,831 --> 00:09:19,131
other
.
1614
00:09:19,251 --> 00:09:19,461
We
1615
00:09:19,461 --> 00:09:19,611
had
1616
00:09:19,611 --> 00:09:19,701
to
1617
00:09:19,701 --> 00:09:20,031
have
1618
00:09:20,241 --> 00:09:21,291
concepts
.
1619
00:09:21,441 --> 00:09:21,651
We
1620
00:09:21,651 --> 00:09:21,861
had
1621
00:09:21,861 --> 00:09:21,921
to
1622
00:09:21,921 --> 00:09:22,131
have
1623
00:09:22,131 --> 00:09:22,371
some
1624
00:09:22,371 --> 00:09:22,731
way
1625
00:09:22,731 --> 00:09:23,091
of
1626
00:09:23,091 --> 00:09:23,271
of
1627
00:09:23,271 --> 00:09:23,871
explaining
1628
00:09:23,871 --> 00:09:24,351
things
.
1629
00:09:24,501 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
1630
00:09:24,501 --> 00:09:24,941
A
1631
00:09:24,951 --> 00:09:25,341
better
1632
00:09:25,341 --> 00:09:25,911
brain
1633
00:09:25,911 --> 00:09:26,571
actually
1634
00:09:26,901 --> 00:09:27,381
was
1635
00:09:28,551 --> 00:09:28,821
led
1636
00:09:28,821 --> 00:09:28,941
to
1637
00:09:28,941 --> 00:09:29,331
greater
1638
00:09:29,331 --> 00:09:30,021
survival
,
1639
00:09:30,111 --> 00:09:30,521
right
?
1640
00:09:30,651 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
1641
00:09:30,651 --> 00:09:30,921
And
1642
00:09:31,311 --> 00:09:31,821
now
1643
00:09:31,821 --> 00:09:32,541
most
1644
00:09:32,661 --> 00:09:33,351
predators
1645
00:09:33,351 --> 00:09:33,591
tend
1646
00:09:33,591 --> 00:09:33,681
to
1647
00:09:33,681 --> 00:09:33,801
be
1648
00:09:33,801 --> 00:09:34,431
smarter
1649
00:09:34,431 --> 00:09:34,641
than
1650
00:09:34,641 --> 00:09:35,301
most
1651
00:09:35,301 --> 00:09:35,631
prey
1652
00:09:36,201 --> 00:09:36,801
animals
,
1653
00:09:37,641 --> 00:09:37,821
just
1654
00:09:37,821 --> 00:09:37,941
sort
1655
00:09:37,941 --> 00:09:38,031
of
1656
00:09:38,031 --> 00:09:38,121
as
1657
00:09:38,121 --> 00:09:38,181
a
1658
00:09:38,181 --> 00:09:38,661
general
1659
00:09:38,661 --> 00:09:39,021
rule
,
1660
00:09:39,531 --> 00:09:39,651
you
1661
00:09:39,651 --> 00:09:39,771
know
,
1662
00:09:39,771 --> 00:09:39,981
a
1663
00:09:39,981 --> 00:09:40,281
killer
1664
00:09:40,281 --> 00:09:40,521
whale
1665
00:09:40,521 --> 00:09:40,611
is
1666
00:09:40,611 --> 00:09:40,731
going
1667
00:09:40,731 --> 00:09:40,791
to
1668
00:09:40,791 --> 00:09:41,031
be
1669
00:09:41,181 --> 00:09:41,661
smarter
1670
00:09:41,661 --> 00:09:41,781
than
1671
00:09:41,781 --> 00:09:41,841
a
1672
00:09:41,841 --> 00:09:42,081
blue
1673
00:09:42,231 --> 00:09:42,681
whale
.
1674
00:09:42,741 --> 00:09:43,161
And
,
1675
00:09:43,401 --> 00:09:43,551
you
1676
00:09:43,551 --> 00:09:43,721
know
,
1677
00:09:43,731 --> 00:09:43,791
a
1678
00:09:43,791 --> 00:09:44,211
coyote
1679
00:09:44,211 --> 00:09:44,271
is
1680
00:09:44,271 --> 00:09:44,391
going
1681
00:09:44,391 --> 00:09:44,451
to
1682
00:09:44,451 --> 00:09:44,541
be
1683
00:09:44,541 --> 00:09:44,871
smarter
1684
00:09:44,871 --> 00:09:45,021
than
1685
00:09:45,021 --> 00:09:45,051
a
1686
00:09:45,051 --> 00:09:45,411
deer
.
1687
00:09:46,521 --> 00:09:47,001
But
1688
00:09:48,651 --> 00:09:49,341
we
1689
00:09:49,371 --> 00:09:49,761
push
1690
00:09:49,771 --> 00:09:50,091
that
1691
00:09:50,091 --> 00:09:50,301
to
1692
00:09:50,301 --> 00:09:50,391
a
1693
00:09:50,391 --> 00:09:51,021
much
1694
00:09:51,321 --> 00:09:51,711
higher
1695
00:09:51,711 --> 00:09:52,041
level
1696
00:09:52,041 --> 00:09:52,221
where
1697
00:09:52,221 --> 00:09:52,431
we
1698
00:09:52,581 --> 00:09:52,701
were
1699
00:09:52,701 --> 00:09:53,271
becoming
1700
00:09:54,411 --> 00:09:54,801
social
1701
00:09:54,801 --> 00:09:55,431
predators
1702
00:09:55,431 --> 00:09:55,581
that
1703
00:09:55,581 --> 00:09:56,181
required
1704
00:09:56,361 --> 00:09:56,751
social
1705
00:09:56,751 --> 00:09:57,561
interactions
.
1706
00:09:57,861 --> 00:09:58,071
And
1707
00:09:58,071 --> 00:09:58,191
our
1708
00:09:58,191 --> 00:09:58,701
hunting
1709
00:09:59,061 --> 00:09:59,571
became
1710
00:09:59,571 --> 00:09:59,961
our
1711
00:10:00,111 --> 00:10:00,561
main
1712
00:10:00,561 --> 00:10:00,771
way
1713
00:10:00,771 --> 00:10:00,891
of
1714
00:10:00,891 --> 00:10:01,101
getting
1715
00:10:01,101 --> 00:10:01,581
calories
.
1716
00:10:01,631 --> 00:10:02,391
A
1717
00:10:03,141 --> 00:10:03,411
hunter
1718
00:10:03,411 --> 00:10:03,951
gatherer
1719
00:10:03,951 --> 00:10:04,161
on
1720
00:10:04,161 --> 00:10:04,311
her
1721
00:10:04,311 --> 00:10:04,791
own
1722
00:10:04,791 --> 00:10:05,091
could
1723
00:10:05,091 --> 00:10:05,751
support
1724
00:10:06,711 --> 00:10:06,951
her
1725
00:10:06,951 --> 00:10:07,641
offspring
,
1726
00:10:09,201 --> 00:10:09,891
maybe
1727
00:10:09,891 --> 00:10:10,551
barely
.
1728
00:10:10,551 --> 00:10:10,761
Right
.
1729
00:10:10,761 --> 00:10:11,031
So
1730
00:10:11,211 --> 00:10:11,421
you
1731
00:10:11,421 --> 00:10:11,571
need
1732
00:10:11,571 --> 00:10:11,751
about
1733
00:10:11,751 --> 00:10:12,321
1500
1734
00:10:12,321 --> 00:10:12,741
calories
1735
00:10:12,741 --> 00:10:12,771
a
1736
00:10:12,771 --> 00:10:13,101
day
.
1737
00:10:13,221 --> 00:10:13,491
That's
1738
00:10:13,491 --> 00:10:13,731
about
1739
00:10:13,731 --> 00:10:13,851
what
1740
00:10:13,851 --> 00:10:13,971
you
1741
00:10:13,971 --> 00:10:14,121
can
1742
00:10:14,121 --> 00:10:14,481
gather
1743
00:10:14,481 --> 00:10:14,601
in
1744
00:10:14,601 --> 00:10:14,661
a
1745
00:10:14,661 --> 00:10:14,871
day
.
1746
00:10:14,871 --> 00:10:14,991
If
1747
00:10:14,991 --> 00:10:15,111
you're
1748
00:10:15,111 --> 00:10:15,471
working
1749
00:10:15,471 --> 00:10:15,801
hard
,
1750
00:10:15,801 --> 00:10:16,191
particularly
1751
00:10:16,191 --> 00:10:16,341
with
1752
00:10:16,341 --> 00:10:16,401
a
1753
00:10:16,401 --> 00:10:16,821
toddler
1754
00:10:16,821 --> 00:10:16,911
in
1755
00:10:16,911 --> 00:10:17,211
tow
,
1756
00:10:17,211 --> 00:10:17,301
it
1757
00:10:17,301 --> 00:10:17,481
might
1758
00:10:17,481 --> 00:10:17,601
be
1759
00:10:17,601 --> 00:10:17,811
only
1760
00:10:17,811 --> 00:10:18,021
about
1761
00:10:18,021 --> 00:10:18,281
a
1762
00:10:18,281 --> 00:10:18,531
thousand
.
1763
00:10:18,711 --> 00:10:18,891
So
1764
00:10:18,891 --> 00:10:18,981
you
1765
00:10:18,981 --> 00:10:19,101
would
1766
00:10:19,101 --> 00:10:19,731
slowly
1767
00:10:19,731 --> 00:10:20,181
starve
1768
00:10:20,181 --> 00:10:20,271
to
1769
00:10:20,271 --> 00:10:20,631
death
1770
00:10:20,631 --> 00:10:20,781
if
1771
00:10:20,781 --> 00:10:20,871
you
1772
00:10:20,871 --> 00:10:20,991
were
1773
00:10:20,991 --> 00:10:21,201
trying
1774
00:10:21,201 --> 00:10:21,291
to
1775
00:10:21,291 --> 00:10:21,591
gather
1776
00:10:21,591 --> 00:10:21,741
your
1777
00:10:21,741 --> 00:10:21,891
own
1778
00:10:21,891 --> 00:10:22,251
food
.
1779
00:10:22,581 --> 00:10:22,761
So
1780
00:10:22,761 --> 00:10:22,851
you
1781
00:10:22,851 --> 00:10:23,091
need
1782
00:10:23,091 --> 00:10:23,541
someone
1783
00:10:23,541 --> 00:10:23,661
who
1784
00:10:23,661 --> 00:10:23,841
can
1785
00:10:23,841 --> 00:10:24,081
bring
1786
00:10:24,081 --> 00:10:24,261
meat
.
1787
00:10:24,261 --> 00:10:24,411
Now
1788
00:10:24,411 --> 00:10:24,561
that
1789
00:10:24,561 --> 00:10:24,831
might
1790
00:10:24,831 --> 00:10:25,191
be
1791
00:10:26,451 --> 00:10:26,661
the
1792
00:10:26,661 --> 00:10:27,081
male
1793
00:10:27,081 --> 00:10:27,321
and
1794
00:10:27,321 --> 00:10:27,411
the
1795
00:10:27,411 --> 00:10:27,801
female
1796
00:10:27,801 --> 00:10:28,131
working
1797
00:10:28,131 --> 00:10:28,461
together
1798
00:10:28,461 --> 00:10:28,551
to
1799
00:10:28,551 --> 00:10:28,681
get
1800
00:10:28,731 --> 00:10:29,001
get
1801
00:10:29,001 --> 00:10:29,391
meat
.
1802
00:10:29,601 --> 00:10:29,721
It
1803
00:10:29,721 --> 00:10:29,901
could
1804
00:10:29,901 --> 00:10:30,021
be
1805
00:10:30,021 --> 00:10:30,291
just
1806
00:10:30,291 --> 00:10:30,351
the
1807
00:10:30,351 --> 00:10:30,561
male
1808
00:10:30,561 --> 00:10:30,651
on
1809
00:10:30,651 --> 00:10:30,801
their
1810
00:10:30,801 --> 00:10:31,131
own
.
1811
00:10:31,701 --> 00:10:31,881
Up
1812
00:10:31,881 --> 00:10:32,121
until
1813
00:10:32,121 --> 00:10:32,631
recently
,
1814
00:10:32,631 --> 00:10:32,751
we
1815
00:10:32,751 --> 00:10:33,051
tended
1816
00:10:33,051 --> 00:10:33,111
to
1817
00:10:33,111 --> 00:10:33,351
think
1818
00:10:33,351 --> 00:10:33,441
of
1819
00:10:33,441 --> 00:10:33,531
it
1820
00:10:33,531 --> 00:10:33,651
as
1821
00:10:33,651 --> 00:10:33,861
just
1822
00:10:33,861 --> 00:10:33,951
the
1823
00:10:33,951 --> 00:10:34,191
male
1824
00:10:34,191 --> 00:10:34,281
on
1825
00:10:34,281 --> 00:10:34,401
their
1826
00:10:34,401 --> 00:10:34,611
own
.
1827
00:10:34,611 --> 00:10:34,761
But
1828
00:10:34,761 --> 00:10:34,821
it
1829
00:10:34,821 --> 00:10:35,181
turns
1830
00:10:35,181 --> 00:10:35,421
out
1831
00:10:35,421 --> 00:10:35,661
that
1832
00:10:35,931 --> 00:10:36,381
females
1833
00:10:36,381 --> 00:10:36,861
working
,
1834
00:10:37,161 --> 00:10:37,581
as
,
1835
00:10:37,581 --> 00:10:37,701
you
1836
00:10:37,701 --> 00:10:37,861
know
,
1837
00:10:38,031 --> 00:10:38,391
part
1838
00:10:38,391 --> 00:10:38,511
of
1839
00:10:38,511 --> 00:10:38,781
the
1840
00:10:39,351 --> 00:10:39,681
group
1841
00:10:39,681 --> 00:10:40,161
pushing
1842
00:10:40,161 --> 00:10:40,611
animals
1843
00:10:40,611 --> 00:10:40,941
towards
1844
00:10:40,941 --> 00:10:41,061
the
1845
00:10:41,061 --> 00:10:41,571
hunters
1846
00:10:41,781 --> 00:10:41,991
would
1847
00:10:41,991 --> 00:10:42,081
have
1848
00:10:42,081 --> 00:10:42,171
been
1849
00:10:42,171 --> 00:10:42,231
a
1850
00:10:42,231 --> 00:10:42,621
typical
1851
00:10:42,621 --> 00:10:43,101
way
1852
00:10:43,431 --> 00:10:43,761
that
1853
00:10:43,761 --> 00:10:43,971
a
1854
00:10:43,971 --> 00:10:44,181
whole
1855
00:10:44,181 --> 00:10:44,721
tribe
1856
00:10:44,721 --> 00:10:45,261
together
1857
00:10:45,261 --> 00:10:45,411
would
1858
00:10:45,411 --> 00:10:45,501
have
1859
00:10:45,501 --> 00:10:45,771
been
1860
00:10:46,581 --> 00:10:47,031
gathering
1861
00:10:47,031 --> 00:10:47,541
resources
.
1862
00:10:47,541 --> 00:10:47,691
So
1863
00:10:47,691 --> 00:10:47,991
again
,
1864
00:10:47,991 --> 00:10:48,141
it's
1865
00:10:48,141 --> 00:10:48,381
it's
1866
00:10:48,381 --> 00:10:48,861
social
1867
00:10:48,861 --> 00:10:49,581
interaction
1868
00:10:50,181 --> 00:10:50,811
combined
1869
00:10:50,811 --> 00:10:51,141
with
1870
00:10:51,291 --> 00:10:51,621
hunting
1871
00:10:51,621 --> 00:10:52,071
ability
,
1872
00:10:52,071 --> 00:10:52,461
combined
1873
00:10:52,461 --> 00:10:52,551
with
1874
00:10:52,551 --> 00:10:53,031
language
,
1875
00:10:53,031 --> 00:10:53,331
combined
1876
00:10:53,331 --> 00:10:53,451
with
1877
00:10:53,451 --> 00:10:53,841
tools
.
1878
00:10:54,081 --> 00:10:54,261
So
1879
00:10:54,261 --> 00:10:54,561
all
1880
00:10:54,561 --> 00:10:54,651
the
1881
00:10:54,651 --> 00:10:55,161
advantages
1882
00:10:55,161 --> 00:10:55,311
we've
1883
00:10:55,311 --> 00:10:55,521
already
1884
00:10:55,521 --> 00:10:55,851
seen
1885
00:10:55,851 --> 00:10:56,001
with
1886
00:10:56,001 --> 00:10:56,511
brains
1887
00:10:56,511 --> 00:10:56,631
are
1888
00:10:56,631 --> 00:10:56,841
now
1889
00:10:56,841 --> 00:10:57,141
coming
1890
00:10:57,141 --> 00:10:57,651
together
1891
00:10:58,251 --> 00:10:58,461
with
1892
00:10:58,461 --> 00:10:59,031
fire
1893
00:10:59,031 --> 00:10:59,411
AMD
1894
00:10:59,691 --> 00:11:00,111
and
1895
00:11:00,111 --> 00:11:00,231
our
1896
00:11:00,231 --> 00:11:00,801
stones
1897
00:11:00,801 --> 00:11:01,161
to
1898
00:11:01,341 --> 00:11:01,521
give
1899
00:11:01,521 --> 00:11:01,761
us
1900
00:11:02,001 --> 00:11:02,631
new
1901
00:11:02,631 --> 00:11:03,171
advantage
1902
00:11:03,171 --> 00:11:03,351
is
1903
00:11:03,351 --> 00:11:03,831
forgetting
1904
00:11:03,831 --> 00:11:04,551
calories
,
1905
00:11:04,791 --> 00:11:05,241
which
1906
00:11:05,241 --> 00:11:05,601
allows
1907
00:11:05,601 --> 00:11:05,721
us
1908
00:11:05,721 --> 00:11:05,811
to
1909
00:11:05,811 --> 00:11:05,961
get
1910
00:11:05,961 --> 00:11:06,231
bigger
1911
00:11:06,231 --> 00:11:06,591
brains
.
1912
00:11:06,591 --> 00:11:06,741
So
1913
00:11:06,741 --> 00:11:06,921
this
1914
00:11:06,921 --> 00:11:07,041
is
1915
00:11:07,041 --> 00:11:07,161
a
1916
00:11:07,161 --> 00:11:07,911
continuous
1917
00:11:07,911 --> 00:11:08,301
push
1918
00:11:08,511 --> 00:11:08,781
towards
1919
00:11:08,781 --> 00:11:09,201
larger
1920
00:11:09,201 --> 00:11:09,291
and
1921
00:11:09,291 --> 00:11:09,561
larger
1922
00:11:09,561 --> 00:11:09,861
brains
.
1923
00:11:09,861 --> 00:11:10,041
It's
,
1924
00:11:10,041 --> 00:11:10,161
you
1925
00:11:10,161 --> 00:11:10,311
know
,
1926
00:11:10,311 --> 00:11:10,551
something
1927
00:11:10,551 --> 00:11:10,671
that
1928
00:11:10,671 --> 00:11:10,791
was
1929
00:11:10,791 --> 00:11:11,061
going
1930
00:11:11,061 --> 00:11:11,361
on
1931
00:11:11,571 --> 00:11:11,841
with
1932
00:11:11,841 --> 00:11:12,171
very
1933
00:11:12,201 --> 00:11:12,441
heavy
1934
00:11:12,441 --> 00:11:12,841
selection
.
1935
00:11:12,841 --> 00:11:13,071
Whoever
1936
00:11:13,071 --> 00:11:13,191
was
1937
00:11:13,191 --> 00:11:13,701
smartest
1938
00:11:13,941 --> 00:11:14,121
had
1939
00:11:14,121 --> 00:11:14,301
more
1940
00:11:14,301 --> 00:11:14,811
babies
.
1941
00:11:15,201 --> 00:11:15,411
And
1942
00:11:15,411 --> 00:11:15,531
so
1943
00:11:15,531 --> 00:11:15,711
that
1944
00:11:15,711 --> 00:11:15,891
was
,
1945
00:11:15,891 --> 00:11:15,981
you
1946
00:11:15,981 --> 00:11:16,161
know
,
1947
00:11:16,341 --> 00:11:17,121
the
1948
00:11:17,121 --> 00:11:17,721
definition
1949
00:11:17,721 --> 00:11:17,901
of
1950
00:11:18,111 --> 00:11:18,651
Darwinian
1951
00:11:18,651 --> 00:11:19,191
fitness
.
1952
00:11:20,661 --> 00:11:20,871
And
1953
00:11:20,871 --> 00:11:21,051
then
1954
00:11:21,291 --> 00:11:22,221
somewhere
,
1955
00:11:22,581 --> 00:11:23,091
somewhere
1956
00:11:23,091 --> 00:11:23,391
around
1957
00:11:23,391 --> 00:11:24,291
150
,
1958
00:11:24,321 --> 00:11:24,561
maybe
1959
00:11:24,561 --> 00:11:25,311
200,000
1960
00:11:25,311 --> 00:11:25,551
years
1961
00:11:25,551 --> 00:11:25,941
ago
,
1962
00:11:26,121 --> 00:11:26,571
well
1963
00:11:26,571 --> 00:11:26,781
into
1964
00:11:26,781 --> 00:11:26,871
the
1965
00:11:26,871 --> 00:11:27,141
middle
1966
00:11:27,141 --> 00:11:27,801
Paleolithic
,
1967
00:11:27,801 --> 00:11:28,251
after
1968
00:11:28,251 --> 00:11:28,401
we'd
1969
00:11:28,401 --> 00:11:28,611
had
1970
00:11:28,611 --> 00:11:29,031
spears
1971
00:11:29,031 --> 00:11:29,541
already
,
1972
00:11:30,021 --> 00:11:30,351
things
1973
00:11:30,351 --> 00:11:30,711
started
1974
00:11:30,711 --> 00:11:30,801
to
1975
00:11:30,801 --> 00:11:31,161
change
1976
00:11:31,161 --> 00:11:31,491
again
.
1977
00:11:31,491 --> 00:11:31,581
And
1978
00:11:31,581 --> 00:11:31,701
we
1979
00:11:31,701 --> 00:11:31,941
don't
1980
00:11:31,941 --> 00:11:32,091
know
1981
00:11:32,091 --> 00:11:33,081
exactly
1982
00:11:33,351 --> 00:11:33,771
what
1983
00:11:33,771 --> 00:11:33,981
was
1984
00:11:33,981 --> 00:11:34,431
happening
.
1985
00:11:34,431 --> 00:11:34,581
For
1986
00:11:34,581 --> 00:11:34,641
a
1987
00:11:34,641 --> 00:11:35,061
while
1988
00:11:35,061 --> 00:11:35,181
there
1989
00:11:35,181 --> 00:11:35,361
was
1990
00:11:35,361 --> 00:11:35,571
this
1991
00:11:35,571 --> 00:11:35,871
sort
1992
00:11:35,871 --> 00:11:35,961
of
1993
00:11:35,961 --> 00:11:36,441
wonderful
1994
00:11:36,441 --> 00:11:36,801
theory
1995
00:11:36,801 --> 00:11:36,921
that
1996
00:11:36,921 --> 00:11:37,011
there
1997
00:11:37,011 --> 00:11:37,131
was
1998
00:11:37,131 --> 00:11:37,191
a
1999
00:11:37,191 --> 00:11:37,461
point
2000
00:11:37,461 --> 00:11:38,121
mutation
2001
00:11:38,331 --> 00:11:38,541
in
2002
00:11:38,541 --> 00:11:38,631
the
2003
00:11:38,631 --> 00:11:39,141
language
2004
00:11:39,141 --> 00:11:39,621
gene
2005
00:11:39,801 --> 00:11:40,071
and
2006
00:11:40,071 --> 00:11:40,191
that
2007
00:11:40,191 --> 00:11:40,401
this
2008
00:11:40,401 --> 00:11:40,491
had
2009
00:11:40,491 --> 00:11:40,791
given
2010
00:11:40,791 --> 00:11:41,121
us
2011
00:11:41,451 --> 00:11:41,571
the
2012
00:11:41,571 --> 00:11:42,021
ability
2013
00:11:42,021 --> 00:11:42,111
to
2014
00:11:42,111 --> 00:11:42,351
have
2015
00:11:42,351 --> 00:11:42,891
abstract
2016
00:11:42,891 --> 00:11:43,251
thought
.
2017
00:11:43,821 --> 00:11:44,001
But
2018
00:11:44,001 --> 00:11:44,041
it
2019
00:11:44,061 --> 00:11:44,271
now
2020
00:11:44,271 --> 00:11:44,391
it's
2021
00:11:44,391 --> 00:11:44,661
looking
2022
00:11:44,661 --> 00:11:44,871
like
2023
00:11:44,871 --> 00:11:44,961
there
2024
00:11:44,961 --> 00:11:45,201
was
2025
00:11:45,561 --> 00:11:46,041
probably
2026
00:11:46,041 --> 00:11:46,401
several
2027
00:11:46,401 --> 00:11:46,941
mutations
2028
00:11:46,941 --> 00:11:47,151
over
2029
00:11:47,151 --> 00:11:47,211
a
2030
00:11:47,211 --> 00:11:47,571
longer
2031
00:11:47,571 --> 00:11:47,871
period
2032
00:11:47,871 --> 00:11:47,961
of
2033
00:11:47,961 --> 00:11:48,351
time
,
2034
00:11:48,501 --> 00:11:48,831
which
2035
00:11:49,041 --> 00:11:49,641
probably
2036
00:11:49,641 --> 00:11:49,851
is
2037
00:11:49,851 --> 00:11:50,241
more
2038
00:11:50,241 --> 00:11:50,721
real
2039
00:11:50,721 --> 00:11:50,871
if
2040
00:11:50,871 --> 00:11:51,081
you
2041
00:11:51,081 --> 00:11:51,231
if
2042
00:11:51,231 --> 00:11:51,351
you
2043
00:11:51,351 --> 00:11:51,561
think
2044
00:11:51,561 --> 00:11:51,801
about
2045
00:11:51,801 --> 00:11:51,981
how
2046
00:11:51,981 --> 00:11:52,251
things
2047
00:11:52,251 --> 00:11:52,581
happen
,
2048
00:11:52,851 --> 00:11:52,971
it's
2049
00:11:52,971 --> 00:11:53,271
usually
2050
00:11:53,271 --> 00:11:53,451
not
2051
00:11:53,451 --> 00:11:53,541
a
2052
00:11:53,541 --> 00:11:53,721
bolt
2053
00:11:53,721 --> 00:11:53,901
from
2054
00:11:53,901 --> 00:11:53,961
the
2055
00:11:53,961 --> 00:11:54,231
blue
2056
00:11:54,231 --> 00:11:54,351
that
2057
00:11:54,351 --> 00:11:54,561
makes
2058
00:11:54,561 --> 00:11:54,921
everything
2059
00:11:54,921 --> 00:11:55,221
happen
2060
00:11:55,221 --> 00:11:55,341
all
2061
00:11:55,341 --> 00:11:55,401
at
2062
00:11:55,401 --> 00:11:55,821
once
.
2063
00:11:56,631 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
2064
00:11:56,631 --> 00:11:57,081
What
2065
00:11:57,141 --> 00:11:57,561
caused
2066
00:11:57,561 --> 00:11:57,891
these
2067
00:11:58,131 --> 00:11:58,671
several
2068
00:11:58,671 --> 00:11:59,361
mutations
2069
00:11:59,361 --> 00:11:59,571
over
2070
00:11:59,571 --> 00:11:59,841
time
?
2071
00:11:59,841 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
2072
00:11:59,841 --> 00:12:00,141
Well
,
2073
00:12:00,291 --> 00:12:00,501
what
2074
00:12:00,501 --> 00:12:01,041
causes
2075
00:12:01,041 --> 00:12:01,671
mutations
2076
00:12:01,671 --> 00:12:02,021
is
,
2077
00:12:02,021 --> 00:12:02,291
is
,
2078
00:12:02,291 --> 00:12:02,771
is
2079
00:12:03,021 --> 00:12:03,621
random
2080
00:12:03,621 --> 00:12:04,011
chance
2081
00:12:04,011 --> 00:12:04,431
Cosmic
2082
00:12:04,431 --> 00:12:04,881
rays
2083
00:12:04,941 --> 00:12:05,181
hit
2084
00:12:05,181 --> 00:12:05,331
your
2085
00:12:05,331 --> 00:12:05,781
DNA
2086
00:12:05,781 --> 00:12:05,901
and
2087
00:12:05,901 --> 00:12:06,261
something
2088
00:12:06,261 --> 00:12:06,651
changes
.
2089
00:12:06,651 --> 00:12:06,891
Most
2090
00:12:06,891 --> 00:12:06,951
of
2091
00:12:06,951 --> 00:12:07,011
the
2092
00:12:07,011 --> 00:12:07,251
time
2093
00:12:07,251 --> 00:12:07,401
it's
2094
00:12:07,401 --> 00:12:07,821
bad
.
2095
00:12:08,181 --> 00:12:08,541
But
2096
00:12:08,751 --> 00:12:09,021
these
2097
00:12:09,021 --> 00:12:09,351
were
2098
00:12:09,351 --> 00:12:09,531
what
2099
00:12:09,531 --> 00:12:09,621
are
2100
00:12:09,621 --> 00:12:09,861
known
2101
00:12:09,861 --> 00:12:10,011
as
2102
00:12:10,011 --> 00:12:10,521
missense
2103
00:12:10,521 --> 00:12:11,031
mutations
.
2104
00:12:11,031 --> 00:12:11,121
So
2105
00:12:11,121 --> 00:12:11,211
they
2106
00:12:11,211 --> 00:12:11,421
didn't
2107
00:12:11,421 --> 00:12:11,661
change
2108
00:12:11,661 --> 00:12:11,731
it
2109
00:12:11,731 --> 00:12:11,811
to
2110
00:12:11,821 --> 00:12:12,111
something
2111
00:12:12,111 --> 00:12:12,261
that
2112
00:12:12,261 --> 00:12:12,591
didn't
2113
00:12:12,591 --> 00:12:12,861
work
.
2114
00:12:12,861 --> 00:12:12,921
It
2115
00:12:12,921 --> 00:12:13,191
changed
2116
00:12:13,191 --> 00:12:13,281
it
2117
00:12:13,281 --> 00:12:13,491
to
2118
00:12:13,761 --> 00:12:13,941
a
2119
00:12:13,941 --> 00:12:14,331
different
2120
00:12:14,331 --> 00:12:14,871
kind
2121
00:12:14,871 --> 00:12:15,021
of
2122
00:12:15,021 --> 00:12:15,321
amino
2123
00:12:15,321 --> 00:12:15,651
acid
.
2124
00:12:15,651 --> 00:12:15,861
So
2125
00:12:15,861 --> 00:12:16,041
from
2126
00:12:16,041 --> 00:12:16,191
one
2127
00:12:16,191 --> 00:12:16,461
amino
2128
00:12:16,461 --> 00:12:16,671
acid
2129
00:12:16,671 --> 00:12:16,761
to
2130
00:12:16,761 --> 00:12:17,151
another
,
2131
00:12:17,331 --> 00:12:17,511
and
2132
00:12:17,511 --> 00:12:17,661
now
2133
00:12:17,661 --> 00:12:17,811
you've
2134
00:12:17,811 --> 00:12:17,991
got
2135
00:12:17,991 --> 00:12:18,111
to
2136
00:12:18,171 --> 00:12:18,381
got
2137
00:12:18,381 --> 00:12:18,441
to
2138
00:12:18,441 --> 00:12:18,591
know
2139
00:12:18,601 --> 00:12:19,041
an
2140
00:12:19,041 --> 00:12:19,761
enzyme
2141
00:12:19,761 --> 00:12:20,031
that's
2142
00:12:20,031 --> 00:12:20,301
doing
2143
00:12:20,301 --> 00:12:20,571
something
2144
00:12:20,571 --> 00:12:20,751
else
2145
00:12:20,751 --> 00:12:21,291
entirely
.
2146
00:12:21,501 --> 00:12:21,681
So
2147
00:12:21,681 --> 00:12:21,741
the
2148
00:12:21,741 --> 00:12:22,431
FOXP2
2149
00:12:22,431 --> 00:12:22,761
region
2150
00:12:22,761 --> 00:12:22,851
of
2151
00:12:22,851 --> 00:12:22,941
the
2152
00:12:22,941 --> 00:12:23,361
gene
,
2153
00:12:23,401 --> 00:12:23,661
a
2154
00:12:23,901 --> 00:12:24,231
region
2155
00:12:24,231 --> 00:12:24,321
of
2156
00:12:24,321 --> 00:12:24,561
the
2157
00:12:24,951 --> 00:12:25,581
genome
,
2158
00:12:25,881 --> 00:12:26,271
is
2159
00:12:26,271 --> 00:12:26,631
a
2160
00:12:27,051 --> 00:12:27,861
collection
2161
00:12:27,861 --> 00:12:27,951
of
2162
00:12:27,951 --> 00:12:28,671
regulatory
2163
00:12:28,671 --> 00:12:29,211
genes
.
2164
00:12:29,811 --> 00:12:29,991
It's
2165
00:12:29,991 --> 00:12:30,201
not
2166
00:12:30,201 --> 00:12:30,381
just
2167
00:12:30,381 --> 00:12:30,591
a
2168
00:12:30,591 --> 00:12:30,831
sort
2169
00:12:30,831 --> 00:12:30,981
of
2170
00:12:31,221 --> 00:12:31,731
single
2171
00:12:31,731 --> 00:12:32,061
speech
2172
00:12:32,061 --> 00:12:32,391
gene
2173
00:12:32,391 --> 00:12:32,541
that
2174
00:12:32,541 --> 00:12:32,721
gives
2175
00:12:32,721 --> 00:12:32,811
you
2176
00:12:32,811 --> 00:12:33,561
imagination
,
2177
00:12:33,561 --> 00:12:33,711
but
2178
00:12:33,711 --> 00:12:33,891
it's
2179
00:12:33,891 --> 00:12:34,401
rather
2180
00:12:34,401 --> 00:12:34,731
a
2181
00:12:35,361 --> 00:12:35,591
a
2182
00:12:36,141 --> 00:12:36,591
region
2183
00:12:36,591 --> 00:12:36,771
that
2184
00:12:36,771 --> 00:12:37,761
controls
2185
00:12:37,761 --> 00:12:38,151
brain
2186
00:12:38,151 --> 00:12:38,841
development
2187
00:12:38,841 --> 00:12:39,081
in
2188
00:12:39,081 --> 00:12:39,771
general
.
2189
00:12:40,041 --> 00:12:40,311
And
2190
00:12:40,311 --> 00:12:40,671
so
2191
00:12:40,544 --> 00:12:40,754
any
2192
00:12:40,754 --> 00:12:41,414
mutations
2193
00:12:41,414 --> 00:12:41,684
in
2194
00:12:41,684 --> 00:12:41,924
the
2195
00:12:42,144 --> 00:12:42,614
in
2196
00:12:42,614 --> 00:12:42,854
these
2197
00:12:42,854 --> 00:12:43,034
in
2198
00:12:43,034 --> 00:12:43,304
these
2199
00:12:43,544 --> 00:12:43,964
brain
2200
00:12:43,964 --> 00:12:44,654
development
2201
00:12:45,224 --> 00:12:45,974
regions
2202
00:12:46,304 --> 00:12:46,754
of
2203
00:12:46,754 --> 00:12:46,844
the
2204
00:12:46,844 --> 00:12:47,354
genome
2205
00:12:47,354 --> 00:12:47,624
tend
2206
00:12:47,624 --> 00:12:47,684
to
2207
00:12:47,684 --> 00:12:47,924
be
2208
00:12:47,924 --> 00:12:48,314
really
2209
00:12:48,314 --> 00:12:48,584
bad
.
2210
00:12:48,584 --> 00:12:48,674
And
2211
00:12:48,674 --> 00:12:48,824
that's
2212
00:12:48,824 --> 00:12:48,914
how
2213
00:12:48,914 --> 00:12:49,004
we
2214
00:12:49,004 --> 00:12:49,274
found
2215
00:12:49,274 --> 00:12:49,334
the
2216
00:12:49,334 --> 00:12:49,904
FOXP2
2217
00:12:49,904 --> 00:12:50,174
gene
.
2218
00:12:50,174 --> 00:12:50,264
There
2219
00:12:50,264 --> 00:12:50,354
was
2220
00:12:50,354 --> 00:12:50,474
some
2221
00:12:50,474 --> 00:12:50,954
mutations
2222
00:12:50,954 --> 00:12:51,074
in
2223
00:12:51,074 --> 00:12:51,164
it
2224
00:12:51,164 --> 00:12:51,284
and
2225
00:12:51,284 --> 00:12:51,554
people
2226
00:12:51,554 --> 00:12:51,764
couldn't
2227
00:12:51,764 --> 00:12:52,004
speak
2228
00:12:52,004 --> 00:12:52,514
correctly
,
2229
00:12:52,694 --> 00:12:52,904
but
2230
00:12:52,904 --> 00:12:53,054
their
2231
00:12:53,054 --> 00:12:53,714
nonspeech
2232
00:12:53,714 --> 00:12:54,284
intelligence
2233
00:12:54,284 --> 00:12:54,524
hadn't
2234
00:12:54,524 --> 00:12:54,764
gone
2235
00:12:54,764 --> 00:12:55,094
down
.
2236
00:12:55,094 --> 00:12:55,184
It
2237
00:12:55,184 --> 00:12:55,334
was
2238
00:12:55,334 --> 00:12:55,724
just
2239
00:12:55,784 --> 00:12:56,204
regarding
2240
00:12:56,204 --> 00:12:56,654
speech
.
2241
00:12:56,984 --> 00:12:57,164
So
2242
00:12:57,164 --> 00:12:57,284
we
2243
00:12:57,284 --> 00:12:57,704
realized
2244
00:12:57,704 --> 00:12:57,794
that
2245
00:12:57,794 --> 00:12:57,914
there
2246
00:12:57,914 --> 00:12:58,034
is
2247
00:12:58,034 --> 00:12:58,124
an
2248
00:12:58,124 --> 00:12:58,484
actual
2249
00:12:58,484 --> 00:12:59,354
separation
2250
00:12:59,594 --> 00:13:00,044
between
2251
00:13:00,044 --> 00:13:00,734
speech
2252
00:13:00,734 --> 00:13:00,974
and
2253
00:13:00,974 --> 00:13:01,724
intelligence
2254
00:13:01,724 --> 00:13:01,874
in
2255
00:13:01,874 --> 00:13:02,174
terms
2256
00:13:02,174 --> 00:13:02,294
of
2257
00:13:02,294 --> 00:13:02,474
what
2258
00:13:02,474 --> 00:13:02,594
you
2259
00:13:02,594 --> 00:13:02,864
can
2260
00:13:03,104 --> 00:13:03,674
measure
.
2261
00:13:05,234 --> 00:13:05,774
And
2262
00:13:05,984 --> 00:13:06,284
so
2263
00:13:06,314 --> 00:13:06,644
that
2264
00:13:06,644 --> 00:13:06,824
was
2265
00:13:06,824 --> 00:13:06,944
why
2266
00:13:06,944 --> 00:13:07,184
people
2267
00:13:07,184 --> 00:13:07,424
started
2268
00:13:07,424 --> 00:13:07,754
looking
2269
00:13:07,754 --> 00:13:07,904
into
2270
00:13:07,904 --> 00:13:08,084
this
2271
00:13:08,084 --> 00:13:08,474
region
2272
00:13:08,774 --> 00:13:08,984
and
2273
00:13:08,984 --> 00:13:09,314
found
2274
00:13:09,314 --> 00:13:09,434
out
2275
00:13:09,434 --> 00:13:09,554
that
2276
00:13:09,554 --> 00:13:09,764
there
2277
00:13:09,764 --> 00:13:09,884
were
2278
00:13:09,884 --> 00:13:10,334
unique
2279
00:13:10,334 --> 00:13:10,934
adaptations
2280
00:13:10,934 --> 00:13:11,024
that
2281
00:13:11,024 --> 00:13:11,174
made
2282
00:13:11,174 --> 00:13:11,294
us
2283
00:13:11,294 --> 00:13:11,624
different
2284
00:13:11,624 --> 00:13:11,774
from
2285
00:13:11,774 --> 00:13:11,834
the
2286
00:13:11,834 --> 00:13:12,644
chimpanzees
2287
00:13:12,644 --> 00:13:12,884
in
2288
00:13:12,884 --> 00:13:12,974
the
2289
00:13:12,974 --> 00:13:13,514
FOXP2
2290
00:13:13,514 --> 00:13:13,844
region
2291
00:13:13,844 --> 00:13:13,934
and
2292
00:13:13,934 --> 00:13:14,054
that
2293
00:13:14,054 --> 00:13:14,144
they
2294
00:13:14,144 --> 00:13:14,264
were
2295
00:13:14,264 --> 00:13:14,924
highly
2296
00:13:14,924 --> 00:13:15,344
selected
2297
00:13:15,344 --> 00:13:15,644
for
2298
00:13:15,914 --> 00:13:16,124
if
2299
00:13:16,124 --> 00:13:16,244
they
2300
00:13:16,244 --> 00:13:16,754
changed
2301
00:13:16,754 --> 00:13:16,874
in
2302
00:13:16,874 --> 00:13:17,054
any
2303
00:13:17,054 --> 00:13:17,594
way
.
2304
00:13:17,594 --> 00:13:17,834
You
2305
00:13:17,834 --> 00:13:18,044
did
2306
00:13:18,044 --> 00:13:18,284
not
2307
00:13:18,284 --> 00:13:18,614
pass
2308
00:13:18,614 --> 00:13:18,794
on
2309
00:13:18,794 --> 00:13:19,004
those
2310
00:13:19,004 --> 00:13:19,454
genes
.
2311
00:13:20,414 --> 00:13:21,134
And
2312
00:13:21,854 --> 00:13:22,064
some
2313
00:13:22,064 --> 00:13:22,124
of
2314
00:13:22,124 --> 00:13:22,184
the
2315
00:13:22,184 --> 00:13:22,574
original
2316
00:13:22,574 --> 00:13:23,174
studies
,
2317
00:13:23,174 --> 00:13:23,354
the
2318
00:13:23,354 --> 00:13:23,654
problem
2319
00:13:23,654 --> 00:13:23,834
was
2320
00:13:23,834 --> 00:13:23,954
they
2321
00:13:23,954 --> 00:13:24,164
only
2322
00:13:24,164 --> 00:13:24,344
looked
2323
00:13:24,344 --> 00:13:24,434
at
2324
00:13:24,434 --> 00:13:25,274
Europeans
2325
00:13:25,484 --> 00:13:25,664
and
2326
00:13:25,664 --> 00:13:25,754
it
2327
00:13:25,754 --> 00:13:26,024
turns
2328
00:13:26,024 --> 00:13:26,144
out
2329
00:13:26,144 --> 00:13:26,264
that
2330
00:13:26,264 --> 00:13:26,774
Europeans
2331
00:13:26,774 --> 00:13:26,864
had
2332
00:13:26,864 --> 00:13:27,014
gone
2333
00:13:27,014 --> 00:13:27,164
through
2334
00:13:27,164 --> 00:13:27,224
a
2335
00:13:27,224 --> 00:13:27,704
population
2336
00:13:27,704 --> 00:13:28,334
bottleneck
.
2337
00:13:28,664 --> 00:13:28,844
So
2338
00:13:28,844 --> 00:13:28,964
it
2339
00:13:28,964 --> 00:13:29,264
looked
2340
00:13:29,264 --> 00:13:29,654
like
2341
00:13:29,654 --> 00:13:29,864
that
2342
00:13:29,864 --> 00:13:30,134
these
2343
00:13:30,134 --> 00:13:30,494
genes
2344
00:13:30,494 --> 00:13:30,584
had
2345
00:13:30,584 --> 00:13:30,734
been
2346
00:13:30,734 --> 00:13:31,124
selected
2347
00:13:31,124 --> 00:13:31,334
for
2348
00:13:31,364 --> 00:13:31,574
much
2349
00:13:31,574 --> 00:13:31,724
more
2350
00:13:31,724 --> 00:13:32,594
recently
2351
00:13:32,804 --> 00:13:33,314
rather
2352
00:13:33,314 --> 00:13:33,764
than
2353
00:13:34,004 --> 00:13:34,754
reality
,
2354
00:13:34,754 --> 00:13:34,934
which
2355
00:13:35,444 --> 00:13:35,564
they
2356
00:13:35,564 --> 00:13:35,744
were
.
2357
00:13:35,744 --> 00:13:35,864
They
2358
00:13:35,864 --> 00:13:35,984
were
2359
00:13:36,044 --> 00:13:36,434
older
2360
00:13:36,434 --> 00:13:36,794
genes
.
2361
00:13:36,824 --> 00:13:37,244
Now
2362
00:13:37,244 --> 00:13:37,454
it
2363
00:13:37,454 --> 00:13:37,754
does
2364
00:13:37,754 --> 00:13:38,194
appear
2365
00:13:38,204 --> 00:13:38,284
that
2366
00:13:38,524 --> 00:13:38,734
there
2367
00:13:38,744 --> 00:13:38,864
is
2368
00:13:38,864 --> 00:13:39,524
another
2369
00:13:39,524 --> 00:13:40,064
portion
2370
00:13:40,064 --> 00:13:40,184
of
2371
00:13:40,184 --> 00:13:40,874
FOXP2
,
2372
00:13:40,874 --> 00:13:41,264
not
2373
00:13:41,264 --> 00:13:41,354
the
2374
00:13:41,354 --> 00:13:41,594
ones
2375
00:13:41,594 --> 00:13:41,684
that
2376
00:13:41,694 --> 00:13:42,104
originally
2377
00:13:42,104 --> 00:13:42,644
found
2378
00:13:43,004 --> 00:13:43,184
that
2379
00:13:43,184 --> 00:13:43,274
it
2380
00:13:43,274 --> 00:13:43,604
seems
2381
00:13:43,604 --> 00:13:43,694
to
2382
00:13:43,694 --> 00:13:43,964
have
2383
00:13:43,964 --> 00:13:44,174
some
2384
00:13:44,174 --> 00:13:44,684
overall
2385
00:13:44,684 --> 00:13:45,254
regulatory
2386
00:13:45,254 --> 00:13:45,734
function
,
2387
00:13:45,734 --> 00:13:45,914
which
2388
00:13:45,914 --> 00:13:46,064
is
2389
00:13:46,064 --> 00:13:46,544
also
2390
00:13:46,544 --> 00:13:46,874
seeming
2391
00:13:46,874 --> 00:13:46,964
to
2392
00:13:46,964 --> 00:13:47,264
be
2393
00:13:47,474 --> 00:13:48,164
relatively
2394
00:13:48,164 --> 00:13:48,644
recent
.
2395
00:13:48,644 --> 00:13:48,824
But
2396
00:13:48,824 --> 00:13:49,004
the
2397
00:13:49,004 --> 00:13:49,454
authors
2398
00:13:49,454 --> 00:13:49,604
were
2399
00:13:49,604 --> 00:13:49,844
not
2400
00:13:49,844 --> 00:13:50,144
going
2401
00:13:50,144 --> 00:13:50,234
to
2402
00:13:50,234 --> 00:13:50,804
speculate
2403
00:13:50,804 --> 00:13:51,194
about
2404
00:13:51,374 --> 00:13:52,064
exactly
2405
00:13:52,064 --> 00:13:52,484
where
2406
00:13:52,484 --> 00:13:52,694
or
2407
00:13:52,694 --> 00:13:52,964
when
2408
00:13:52,964 --> 00:13:53,084
it
2409
00:13:53,084 --> 00:13:53,174
had
2410
00:13:53,174 --> 00:13:53,624
happened
,
2411
00:13:53,894 --> 00:13:54,164
like
2412
00:13:54,164 --> 00:13:54,254
the
2413
00:13:54,254 --> 00:13:54,524
people
2414
00:13:54,524 --> 00:13:54,704
had
2415
00:13:54,704 --> 00:13:54,824
with
2416
00:13:54,824 --> 00:13:54,944
the
2417
00:13:54,944 --> 00:13:55,244
earlier
2418
00:13:55,244 --> 00:13:55,544
gene
.
2419
00:13:55,544 --> 00:13:55,634
They
2420
00:13:55,634 --> 00:13:55,994
decided
2421
00:13:55,994 --> 00:13:56,174
not
2422
00:13:56,174 --> 00:13:56,404
to
2423
00:13:56,474 --> 00:13:56,684
not
2424
00:13:56,684 --> 00:13:56,774
to
2425
00:13:56,774 --> 00:13:56,954
go
2426
00:13:56,954 --> 00:13:57,104
that
2427
00:13:57,104 --> 00:13:57,404
far
,
2428
00:13:57,764 --> 00:13:57,944
but
2429
00:13:57,944 --> 00:13:58,034
it
2430
00:13:58,034 --> 00:13:58,304
seems
2431
00:13:58,304 --> 00:13:58,424
as
2432
00:13:58,424 --> 00:13:58,634
though
2433
00:13:58,634 --> 00:13:58,884
there
2434
00:13:58,904 --> 00:13:59,084
is
2435
00:13:59,084 --> 00:13:59,234
a
2436
00:13:59,234 --> 00:13:59,834
continuous
2437
00:13:59,834 --> 00:14:00,194
series
2438
00:14:00,194 --> 00:14:00,434
of
2439
00:14:00,434 --> 00:14:00,854
of
2440
00:14:01,094 --> 00:14:01,784
mutations
2441
00:14:01,784 --> 00:14:01,914
in
2442
00:14:01,914 --> 00:14:01,994
the
2443
00:14:01,994 --> 00:14:02,354
language
2444
00:14:02,354 --> 00:14:02,804
region
2445
00:14:02,804 --> 00:14:02,984
of
2446
00:14:02,984 --> 00:14:03,104
our
2447
00:14:03,104 --> 00:14:03,644
genome
2448
00:14:04,094 --> 00:14:04,754
and
2449
00:14:05,114 --> 00:14:05,504
that
2450
00:14:05,564 --> 00:14:05,804
some
2451
00:14:05,804 --> 00:14:05,924
of
2452
00:14:05,924 --> 00:14:06,194
these
2453
00:14:06,194 --> 00:14:06,374
were
2454
00:14:06,374 --> 00:14:06,974
happening
2455
00:14:07,334 --> 00:14:07,874
probably
2456
00:14:07,874 --> 00:14:08,534
during
2457
00:14:08,534 --> 00:14:08,984
the
2458
00:14:09,134 --> 00:14:09,404
Middle
2459
00:14:09,404 --> 00:14:10,154
Paleolithic
.
2460
00:14:10,334 --> 00:14:10,574
Some
2461
00:14:10,574 --> 00:14:10,664
of
2462
00:14:10,664 --> 00:14:10,754
the
2463
00:14:10,754 --> 00:14:11,054
genes
2464
00:14:11,054 --> 00:14:11,174
you
2465
00:14:11,174 --> 00:14:11,624
find
2466
00:14:11,624 --> 00:14:12,044
in
2467
00:14:12,584 --> 00:14:13,304
Neanderthals
,
2468
00:14:13,304 --> 00:14:13,464
which
2469
00:14:13,464 --> 00:14:13,544
were
2470
00:14:13,544 --> 00:14:13,904
outside
2471
00:14:13,904 --> 00:14:14,024
of
2472
00:14:14,024 --> 00:14:14,504
Africa
2473
00:14:14,504 --> 00:14:14,684
as
2474
00:14:14,684 --> 00:14:14,894
well
2475
00:14:14,894 --> 00:14:15,014
as
2476
00:14:15,014 --> 00:14:15,224
the
2477
00:14:15,224 --> 00:14:15,614
African
2478
00:14:15,614 --> 00:14:16,244
populations
.
2479
00:14:16,244 --> 00:14:16,334
So
2480
00:14:16,334 --> 00:14:16,424
it
2481
00:14:16,424 --> 00:14:16,604
means
2482
00:14:16,604 --> 00:14:16,694
it
2483
00:14:16,694 --> 00:14:16,844
had
2484
00:14:16,844 --> 00:14:16,964
to
2485
00:14:16,964 --> 00:14:17,054
have
2486
00:14:17,054 --> 00:14:17,174
been
2487
00:14:17,174 --> 00:14:17,594
before
2488
00:14:17,594 --> 00:14:17,684
the
2489
00:14:17,684 --> 00:14:18,074
split
.
2490
00:14:19,424 --> 00:14:19,724
But
2491
00:14:19,724 --> 00:14:20,084
then
2492
00:14:20,084 --> 00:14:20,234
when
2493
00:14:20,234 --> 00:14:20,354
we
2494
00:14:20,354 --> 00:14:20,804
actually
2495
00:14:20,804 --> 00:14:21,254
left
2496
00:14:21,254 --> 00:14:21,854
Africa
,
2497
00:14:22,574 --> 00:14:23,414
we
2498
00:14:24,284 --> 00:14:24,464
when
2499
00:14:24,464 --> 00:14:24,584
we
2500
00:14:24,584 --> 00:14:25,034
interbred
2501
00:14:25,034 --> 00:14:25,214
with
2502
00:14:25,244 --> 00:14:25,814
Neanderthals
,
2503
00:14:25,814 --> 00:14:25,934
we
2504
00:14:25,934 --> 00:14:26,054
did
2505
00:14:26,054 --> 00:14:26,264
not
2506
00:14:26,264 --> 00:14:26,504
take
2507
00:14:26,504 --> 00:14:26,654
their
2508
00:14:26,654 --> 00:14:27,014
language
2509
00:14:27,014 --> 00:14:27,374
genes
.
2510
00:14:27,704 --> 00:14:28,184
All
2511
00:14:28,184 --> 00:14:28,484
of
2512
00:14:28,484 --> 00:14:28,904
the
2513
00:14:29,174 --> 00:14:29,594
language
2514
00:14:29,594 --> 00:14:29,924
genes
2515
00:14:29,924 --> 00:14:30,074
that
2516
00:14:30,074 --> 00:14:30,404
modern
2517
00:14:30,404 --> 00:14:30,704
humans
2518
00:14:30,704 --> 00:14:31,154
have
2519
00:14:31,514 --> 00:14:32,084
stayed
2520
00:14:32,084 --> 00:14:32,324
from
,
2521
00:14:32,324 --> 00:14:32,594
the
2522
00:14:33,164 --> 00:14:33,584
genes
2523
00:14:33,584 --> 00:14:33,704
that
2524
00:14:33,704 --> 00:14:33,854
we
2525
00:14:33,854 --> 00:14:34,274
developed
2526
00:14:34,274 --> 00:14:34,394
in
2527
00:14:34,394 --> 00:14:34,874
Africa
,
2528
00:14:35,474 --> 00:14:35,654
we
2529
00:14:35,654 --> 00:14:35,774
did
2530
00:14:35,774 --> 00:14:36,134
not
2531
00:14:36,134 --> 00:14:36,554
cross
2532
00:14:36,554 --> 00:14:36,764
out
2533
00:14:36,764 --> 00:14:37,034
any
2534
00:14:37,034 --> 00:14:37,154
of
2535
00:14:37,154 --> 00:14:37,424
those
2536
00:14:37,424 --> 00:14:37,694
genes
.
2537
00:14:37,694 --> 00:14:37,934
So
2538
00:14:37,934 --> 00:14:38,144
we
2539
00:14:38,144 --> 00:14:38,504
have
2540
00:14:38,654 --> 00:14:39,254
several
2541
00:14:39,254 --> 00:14:39,904
skin
2542
00:14:39,914 --> 00:14:40,664
hair
2543
00:14:40,934 --> 00:14:41,264
immune
2544
00:14:41,264 --> 00:14:41,684
system
2545
00:14:41,684 --> 00:14:42,044
genes
2546
00:14:42,044 --> 00:14:42,164
that
2547
00:14:42,164 --> 00:14:42,374
come
2548
00:14:42,374 --> 00:14:42,554
from
2549
00:14:42,554 --> 00:14:43,244
Neanderthals
2550
00:14:43,484 --> 00:14:43,784
and
,
2551
00:14:44,504 --> 00:14:44,594
you
2552
00:14:44,594 --> 00:14:44,774
know
,
2553
00:14:45,104 --> 00:14:45,734
populations
2554
00:14:45,734 --> 00:14:45,824
that
2555
00:14:45,824 --> 00:14:45,914
are
2556
00:14:45,914 --> 00:14:46,274
not
2557
00:14:46,274 --> 00:14:46,634
from
2558
00:14:46,634 --> 00:14:47,384
sub-Sahara
.
2559
00:14:47,594 --> 00:14:47,924
So
2560
00:14:47,924 --> 00:14:48,044
the
2561
00:14:48,044 --> 00:14:48,344
people
2562
00:14:48,344 --> 00:14:48,614
left
2563
00:14:48,614 --> 00:14:49,214
Africa
,
2564
00:14:49,544 --> 00:14:49,904
they
2565
00:14:49,904 --> 00:14:50,384
crossbred
2566
00:14:50,384 --> 00:14:50,474
with
2567
00:14:50,474 --> 00:14:51,314
Neanderthals
,
2568
00:14:51,314 --> 00:14:51,734
got
2569
00:14:51,764 --> 00:14:51,974
a
2570
00:14:52,064 --> 00:14:52,334
whole
2571
00:14:52,334 --> 00:14:52,484
set
2572
00:14:52,484 --> 00:14:52,574
of
2573
00:14:52,574 --> 00:14:52,724
new
2574
00:14:52,724 --> 00:14:53,114
genes
,
2575
00:14:53,114 --> 00:14:53,294
but
2576
00:14:53,294 --> 00:14:53,744
not
2577
00:14:53,744 --> 00:14:53,834
the
2578
00:14:53,834 --> 00:14:54,194
language
2579
00:14:54,194 --> 00:14:54,464
gene
.
2580
00:14:54,674 --> 00:14:54,854
So
2581
00:14:54,854 --> 00:14:55,244
whatever
2582
00:14:55,244 --> 00:14:55,334
it
2583
00:14:55,334 --> 00:14:55,514
is
2584
00:14:55,514 --> 00:14:55,664
that
2585
00:14:55,664 --> 00:14:55,904
we
2586
00:14:55,904 --> 00:14:56,444
have
2587
00:14:56,714 --> 00:14:57,374
Neanderthals
2588
00:14:57,374 --> 00:14:57,794
didn't
2589
00:14:57,794 --> 00:14:58,124
have
2590
00:14:58,124 --> 00:14:58,364
is
2591
00:14:58,364 --> 00:14:58,874
highly
2592
00:14:58,874 --> 00:14:59,414
conserved
.
2593
00:14:59,414 --> 00:14:59,894
Region
2594
00:15:00,104 --> 00:15:00,314
did
2595
00:15:00,314 --> 00:15:00,584
not
2596
00:15:00,584 --> 00:15:01,394
crossbreed
2597
00:15:01,754 --> 00:15:01,984
with
2598
00:15:02,004 --> 00:15:02,534
Neanderthals
.
2599
00:15:02,534 --> 00:15:02,894
Anytime
2600
00:15:02,894 --> 00:15:02,954
it
2601
00:15:02,954 --> 00:15:03,314
did
,
2602
00:15:03,314 --> 00:15:03,584
those
2603
00:15:03,584 --> 00:15:03,914
people
2604
00:15:03,914 --> 00:15:04,274
got
2605
00:15:04,274 --> 00:15:04,724
selected
2606
00:15:04,724 --> 00:15:05,054
out
.
2607
00:15:05,354 --> 00:15:05,624
We
2608
00:15:05,624 --> 00:15:06,524
maintained
2609
00:15:06,524 --> 00:15:07,124
our
2610
00:15:07,154 --> 00:15:07,534
language
2611
00:15:07,544 --> 00:15:07,814
gene
2612
00:15:07,814 --> 00:15:08,294
intact
2613
00:15:08,294 --> 00:15:08,474
with
2614
00:15:08,564 --> 00:15:08,714
with
2615
00:15:08,714 --> 00:15:08,984
no
2616
00:15:08,984 --> 00:15:09,884
modifications
.
2617
00:15:10,574 --> 00:15:10,754
So
2618
00:15:10,754 --> 00:15:11,144
that's
2619
00:15:11,354 --> 00:15:11,504
an
2620
00:15:11,504 --> 00:15:11,894
important
2621
00:15:11,894 --> 00:15:12,404
indication
2622
00:15:12,404 --> 00:15:12,554
that
2623
00:15:12,554 --> 00:15:13,154
it's
2624
00:15:13,784 --> 00:15:14,264
vital
2625
00:15:14,264 --> 00:15:14,414
to
2626
00:15:14,414 --> 00:15:14,594
who
2627
00:15:14,594 --> 00:15:14,804
we
2628
00:15:14,804 --> 00:15:15,164
are
.
2629
00:15:15,944 --> 00:15:16,184
And
2630
00:15:16,184 --> 00:15:16,364
so
2631
00:15:16,364 --> 00:15:16,554
what
2632
00:15:16,554 --> 00:15:16,634
do
2633
00:15:16,634 --> 00:15:16,754
you
2634
00:15:16,754 --> 00:15:17,024
see
2635
00:15:17,024 --> 00:15:17,474
happening
2636
00:15:17,474 --> 00:15:18,104
culturally
2637
00:15:18,104 --> 00:15:18,254
that
2638
00:15:18,254 --> 00:15:19,034
coincides
2639
00:15:19,034 --> 00:15:19,274
with
2640
00:15:19,424 --> 00:15:19,664
this
2641
00:15:19,664 --> 00:15:20,024
change
2642
00:15:20,024 --> 00:15:20,114
in
2643
00:15:20,114 --> 00:15:20,174
the
2644
00:15:20,174 --> 00:15:20,804
FOXP2
2645
00:15:20,804 --> 00:15:21,254
region
?
2646
00:15:21,704 --> 00:15:21,854
You
2647
00:15:21,854 --> 00:15:22,124
start
2648
00:15:22,124 --> 00:15:22,214
to
2649
00:15:22,214 --> 00:15:22,544
see
2650
00:15:22,544 --> 00:15:22,994
things
2651
00:15:22,994 --> 00:15:23,234
that
2652
00:15:23,234 --> 00:15:23,954
indicate
2653
00:15:23,954 --> 00:15:24,284
a
2654
00:15:24,284 --> 00:15:25,124
higher
2655
00:15:25,394 --> 00:15:25,844
level
2656
00:15:25,844 --> 00:15:25,934
of
2657
00:15:25,934 --> 00:15:26,534
conception
,
2658
00:15:26,534 --> 00:15:27,044
abstract
2659
00:15:27,044 --> 00:15:27,404
thought
.
2660
00:15:28,094 --> 00:15:28,544
So
2661
00:15:28,664 --> 00:15:28,844
this
2662
00:15:28,844 --> 00:15:28,934
is
2663
00:15:28,934 --> 00:15:29,054
when
2664
00:15:29,054 --> 00:15:29,174
we
2665
00:15:29,174 --> 00:15:29,294
get
2666
00:15:29,294 --> 00:15:29,384
the
2667
00:15:29,384 --> 00:15:29,804
first
2668
00:15:29,804 --> 00:15:30,164
art
.
2669
00:15:30,164 --> 00:15:30,434
So
2670
00:15:30,434 --> 00:15:30,674
art
2671
00:15:30,674 --> 00:15:31,004
starts
2672
00:15:31,004 --> 00:15:31,214
about
2673
00:15:31,214 --> 00:15:31,844
80,000
2674
00:15:31,874 --> 00:15:32,144
years
2675
00:15:32,144 --> 00:15:32,564
ago
,
2676
00:15:32,804 --> 00:15:33,074
and
2677
00:15:33,104 --> 00:15:33,254
it's
2678
00:15:33,254 --> 00:15:33,524
very
2679
00:15:33,524 --> 00:15:33,804
simple
.
2680
00:15:33,804 --> 00:15:33,854
It
2681
00:15:33,854 --> 00:15:34,004
looks
2682
00:15:34,004 --> 00:15:34,124
like
2683
00:15:34,124 --> 00:15:34,184
a
2684
00:15:34,184 --> 00:15:34,484
hash
2685
00:15:34,484 --> 00:15:34,964
tag
2686
00:15:35,174 --> 00:15:35,594
made
2687
00:15:35,594 --> 00:15:35,774
of
2688
00:15:35,774 --> 00:15:35,954
some
2689
00:15:35,954 --> 00:15:36,704
scratches
2690
00:15:36,704 --> 00:15:37,004
on
2691
00:15:37,004 --> 00:15:37,124
a
2692
00:15:37,124 --> 00:15:37,394
piece
2693
00:15:37,394 --> 00:15:37,544
of
2694
00:15:37,544 --> 00:15:37,814
red
2695
00:15:37,814 --> 00:15:38,294
stone
.
2696
00:15:39,224 --> 00:15:39,764
But
2697
00:15:40,184 --> 00:15:40,394
we
2698
00:15:40,394 --> 00:15:40,634
think
2699
00:15:40,634 --> 00:15:40,814
that
2700
00:15:40,814 --> 00:15:41,084
we
2701
00:15:41,084 --> 00:15:41,204
were
2702
00:15:41,204 --> 00:15:41,594
probably
2703
00:15:41,594 --> 00:15:42,014
painting
2704
00:15:42,014 --> 00:15:42,194
each
2705
00:15:42,194 --> 00:15:42,434
other
2706
00:15:42,434 --> 00:15:42,524
at
2707
00:15:42,524 --> 00:15:42,674
this
2708
00:15:42,674 --> 00:15:43,094
time
.
2709
00:15:43,604 --> 00:15:43,934
And
2710
00:15:43,934 --> 00:15:44,024
the
2711
00:15:44,024 --> 00:15:44,744
technology
2712
00:15:44,744 --> 00:15:44,864
that
2713
00:15:44,864 --> 00:15:44,954
you
2714
00:15:44,954 --> 00:15:45,224
start
2715
00:15:45,224 --> 00:15:45,344
to
2716
00:15:45,344 --> 00:15:45,674
see
.
2717
00:15:45,674 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
2718
00:15:45,674 --> 00:15:45,974
Painting
2719
00:15:45,974 --> 00:15:46,144
each
2720
00:15:46,154 --> 00:15:46,274
other
2721
00:15:46,274 --> 00:15:46,304
really
2722
00:15:46,314 --> 00:15:46,484
mean
.
2723
00:15:46,484 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
2724
00:15:46,484 --> 00:15:46,844
Painting
,
2725
00:15:46,844 --> 00:15:47,144
body
2726
00:15:47,144 --> 00:15:47,504
painting
.
2727
00:15:47,954 --> 00:15:48,064
Yeah
.
2728
00:15:48,124 --> 00:15:48,364
So
2729
00:15:48,734 --> 00:15:49,094
so
2730
00:15:49,094 --> 00:15:49,304
we
2731
00:15:49,304 --> 00:15:49,604
find
2732
00:15:49,604 --> 00:15:49,754
these
2733
00:15:49,754 --> 00:15:50,504
palettes
2734
00:15:50,804 --> 00:15:51,014
with
2735
00:15:51,014 --> 00:15:51,254
red
2736
00:15:51,254 --> 00:15:51,704
ochre
,
2737
00:15:51,704 --> 00:15:51,914
which
2738
00:15:51,914 --> 00:15:52,004
is
2739
00:15:52,004 --> 00:15:52,064
a
2740
00:15:52,064 --> 00:15:52,334
great
2741
00:15:52,334 --> 00:15:52,844
paint
,
2742
00:15:52,844 --> 00:15:53,144
but
2743
00:15:53,144 --> 00:15:53,234
we
2744
00:15:53,234 --> 00:15:53,414
don't
2745
00:15:53,414 --> 00:15:53,654
find
2746
00:15:53,654 --> 00:15:53,714
it
2747
00:15:53,714 --> 00:15:54,014
painted
2748
00:15:54,014 --> 00:15:54,104
on
2749
00:15:54,104 --> 00:15:54,194
the
2750
00:15:54,194 --> 00:15:54,524
walls
2751
00:15:54,524 --> 00:15:54,824
yet
.
2752
00:15:55,634 --> 00:15:56,054
So
2753
00:15:56,054 --> 00:15:56,584
we
2754
00:15:56,584 --> 00:15:56,704
were
2755
00:15:56,744 --> 00:15:57,284
purposely
2756
00:15:57,284 --> 00:15:58,064
collecting
2757
00:15:58,304 --> 00:15:58,814
paint
2758
00:15:59,204 --> 00:15:59,444
and
2759
00:15:59,444 --> 00:15:59,744
then
2760
00:15:59,744 --> 00:16:00,074
putting
2761
00:16:00,074 --> 00:16:00,164
it
2762
00:16:00,164 --> 00:16:00,434
into
2763
00:16:00,434 --> 00:16:00,494
a
2764
00:16:00,494 --> 00:16:00,794
little
2765
00:16:00,974 --> 00:16:01,484
shell
2766
00:16:01,484 --> 00:16:01,604
to
2767
00:16:01,604 --> 00:16:01,874
hold
2768
00:16:01,874 --> 00:16:01,964
the
2769
00:16:01,964 --> 00:16:02,354
paint
.
2770
00:16:02,684 --> 00:16:02,924
And
2771
00:16:02,924 --> 00:16:03,074
we
2772
00:16:03,074 --> 00:16:03,374
were
2773
00:16:03,494 --> 00:16:04,124
scratching
2774
00:16:04,124 --> 00:16:04,694
patterns
2775
00:16:04,694 --> 00:16:04,784
in
2776
00:16:04,784 --> 00:16:04,874
the
2777
00:16:04,874 --> 00:16:05,264
stone
2778
00:16:05,264 --> 00:16:05,384
you
2779
00:16:05,384 --> 00:16:05,594
got
2780
00:16:05,594 --> 00:16:05,684
the
2781
00:16:05,684 --> 00:16:05,954
paint
2782
00:16:05,954 --> 00:16:06,374
from
,
2783
00:16:06,764 --> 00:16:07,214
but
2784
00:16:07,214 --> 00:16:07,454
there's
2785
00:16:07,454 --> 00:16:07,604
no
2786
00:16:07,604 --> 00:16:07,874
paint
2787
00:16:07,874 --> 00:16:07,964
on
2788
00:16:07,964 --> 00:16:08,054
the
2789
00:16:08,054 --> 00:16:08,384
walls
2790
00:16:08,384 --> 00:16:08,594
yet
.
2791
00:16:08,594 --> 00:16:08,864
So
2792
00:16:08,864 --> 00:16:09,014
we
2793
00:16:09,014 --> 00:16:09,284
assume
2794
00:16:09,284 --> 00:16:09,374
that
2795
00:16:09,374 --> 00:16:09,494
we
2796
00:16:09,494 --> 00:16:09,584
are
2797
00:16:09,584 --> 00:16:09,914
painting
2798
00:16:09,914 --> 00:16:10,094
each
2799
00:16:10,094 --> 00:16:10,424
other
2800
00:16:10,424 --> 00:16:10,564
or
2801
00:16:10,574 --> 00:16:10,814
maybe
2802
00:16:10,814 --> 00:16:11,054
stone
2803
00:16:11,054 --> 00:16:11,714
artifacts
2804
00:16:11,714 --> 00:16:11,954
or
2805
00:16:12,494 --> 00:16:12,634
sorry
,
2806
00:16:13,034 --> 00:16:13,334
sorry
,
2807
00:16:13,334 --> 00:16:13,424
you
2808
00:16:13,424 --> 00:16:13,604
know
,
2809
00:16:13,604 --> 00:16:14,174
or
2810
00:16:14,174 --> 00:16:14,414
maybe
2811
00:16:14,414 --> 00:16:14,684
wooden
2812
00:16:14,684 --> 00:16:15,194
things
,
2813
00:16:15,854 --> 00:16:16,034
but
2814
00:16:16,034 --> 00:16:16,424
something
,
2815
00:16:16,424 --> 00:16:16,754
something
2816
00:16:16,754 --> 00:16:16,874
that
2817
00:16:16,874 --> 00:16:16,994
was
2818
00:16:16,994 --> 00:16:17,204
not
2819
00:16:17,204 --> 00:16:17,294
the
2820
00:16:17,294 --> 00:16:17,624
cave
2821
00:16:17,624 --> 00:16:17,894
walls
2822
00:16:17,894 --> 00:16:18,074
yet
.
2823
00:16:18,074 --> 00:16:18,134
So
2824
00:16:18,134 --> 00:16:18,224
we
2825
00:16:18,224 --> 00:16:18,374
don't
2826
00:16:18,374 --> 00:16:18,524
have
2827
00:16:18,524 --> 00:16:18,884
evidence
2828
00:16:18,884 --> 00:16:18,974
of
2829
00:16:18,974 --> 00:16:19,244
that
.
2830
00:16:19,544 --> 00:16:19,844
B
2831
00:16:19,844 --> 00:16:19,964
the
2832
00:16:19,964 --> 00:16:20,234
art
2833
00:16:20,234 --> 00:16:20,414
is
2834
00:16:20,414 --> 00:16:20,714
there
.
2835
00:16:20,714 --> 00:16:20,894
And
2836
00:16:20,894 --> 00:16:21,104
with
2837
00:16:21,104 --> 00:16:21,254
the
2838
00:16:21,254 --> 00:16:21,554
art
2839
00:16:21,554 --> 00:16:21,704
you
2840
00:16:21,704 --> 00:16:21,974
see
2841
00:16:21,974 --> 00:16:22,394
advanced
2842
00:16:22,394 --> 00:16:23,114
technologies
2843
00:16:23,114 --> 00:16:23,414
like
2844
00:16:23,414 --> 00:16:24,164
fishhooks
2845
00:16:24,434 --> 00:16:24,734
and
2846
00:16:24,734 --> 00:16:25,454
needles
2847
00:16:25,784 --> 00:16:25,964
and
2848
00:16:25,964 --> 00:16:26,294
both
.
2849
00:16:26,294 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
2850
00:16:26,294 --> 00:16:26,354
Of
2851
00:16:26,354 --> 00:16:26,444
these
2852
00:16:26,444 --> 00:16:26,654
all
2853
00:16:26,654 --> 00:16:26,774
of
2854
00:16:26,774 --> 00:16:26,954
this
2855
00:16:26,954 --> 00:16:27,344
happens
2856
00:16:27,344 --> 00:16:27,434
at
2857
00:16:27,434 --> 00:16:27,524
the
2858
00:16:27,524 --> 00:16:27,744
same
.
2859
00:16:27,744 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
2860
00:16:27,744 --> 00:16:27,824
Time
.
2861
00:16:27,824 --> 00:16:28,004
All
2862
00:16:28,004 --> 00:16:28,094
of
2863
00:16:28,094 --> 00:16:28,274
this
2864
00:16:28,274 --> 00:16:28,664
happens
2865
00:16:28,664 --> 00:16:28,724
at
2866
00:16:28,724 --> 00:16:28,814
the
2867
00:16:28,814 --> 00:16:29,114
same
2868
00:16:29,114 --> 00:16:29,474
time
.
2869
00:16:29,774 --> 00:16:29,924
So
2870
00:16:29,924 --> 00:16:30,044
this
2871
00:16:30,044 --> 00:16:30,164
is
,
2872
00:16:30,164 --> 00:16:30,464
again
,
2873
00:16:30,464 --> 00:16:30,644
sort
2874
00:16:30,644 --> 00:16:30,704
of
2875
00:16:30,704 --> 00:16:30,794
the
2876
00:16:30,794 --> 00:16:31,724
coevolution
2877
00:16:31,724 --> 00:16:31,904
of
2878
00:16:31,904 --> 00:16:32,024
our
2879
00:16:32,024 --> 00:16:32,894
technology
2880
00:16:32,894 --> 00:16:33,074
and
2881
00:16:33,074 --> 00:16:33,164
our
2882
00:16:33,164 --> 00:16:34,034
imagination
2883
00:16:34,034 --> 00:16:34,304
and
2884
00:16:34,304 --> 00:16:34,484
our
2885
00:16:34,484 --> 00:16:34,964
diet
.
2886
00:16:35,414 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
2887
00:16:35,414 --> 00:16:35,864
So
2888
00:16:36,404 --> 00:16:36,734
with
2889
00:16:37,034 --> 00:16:37,274
this
2890
00:16:37,274 --> 00:16:37,574
this
2891
00:16:37,574 --> 00:16:37,874
this
2892
00:16:37,874 --> 00:16:38,684
development
2893
00:16:38,984 --> 00:16:39,314
in
2894
00:16:39,364 --> 00:16:39,554
in
2895
00:16:39,644 --> 00:16:40,664
imagination
2896
00:16:40,674 --> 00:16:41,354
and
2897
00:16:41,714 --> 00:16:42,374
essentially
2898
00:16:42,374 --> 00:16:43,004
theoretical
2899
00:16:43,004 --> 00:16:43,364
thought
2900
00:16:43,364 --> 00:16:43,634
that's
2901
00:16:43,634 --> 00:16:44,384
transformed
2902
00:16:44,384 --> 00:16:44,864
into
2903
00:16:45,284 --> 00:16:45,494
the
2904
00:16:45,494 --> 00:16:45,824
things
2905
00:16:45,824 --> 00:16:45,974
that
2906
00:16:45,974 --> 00:16:46,424
exist
,
2907
00:16:47,354 --> 00:16:47,594
this
2908
00:16:47,594 --> 00:16:47,864
didn't
2909
00:16:47,864 --> 00:16:48,314
happen
.
2910
00:16:48,554 --> 00:16:48,764
This
2911
00:16:48,764 --> 00:16:48,974
isn't
2912
00:16:48,974 --> 00:16:49,394
one
2913
00:16:49,394 --> 00:16:49,934
thing
.
2914
00:16:50,174 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
2915
00:16:50,174 --> 00:16:50,354
It
2916
00:16:50,354 --> 00:16:50,624
wasn't
2917
00:16:50,624 --> 00:16:50,864
one
2918
00:16:50,864 --> 00:16:51,164
thing
.
2919
00:16:51,164 --> 00:16:51,224
It
2920
00:16:51,224 --> 00:16:51,374
was
2921
00:16:51,374 --> 00:16:51,494
it
2922
00:16:51,494 --> 00:16:51,614
was
2923
00:16:51,614 --> 00:16:51,674
a
2924
00:16:51,674 --> 00:16:52,484
progression
.
2925
00:16:52,694 --> 00:16:52,934
But
2926
00:16:53,034 --> 00:16:53,534
once
2927
00:16:53,534 --> 00:16:53,624
it
2928
00:16:53,624 --> 00:16:53,744
had
2929
00:16:53,744 --> 00:16:53,894
all
2930
00:16:53,894 --> 00:16:54,194
come
2931
00:16:54,194 --> 00:16:54,794
together
,
2932
00:16:55,004 --> 00:16:55,274
then
2933
00:16:55,274 --> 00:16:55,364
it
2934
00:16:55,364 --> 00:16:55,814
stayed
2935
00:16:55,814 --> 00:16:55,934
the
2936
00:16:55,934 --> 00:16:56,294
same
.
2937
00:16:56,294 --> 00:16:56,444
Then
2938
00:16:56,444 --> 00:16:56,504
it
2939
00:16:56,504 --> 00:16:56,684
was
2940
00:16:56,684 --> 00:16:57,014
heavily
2941
00:16:57,014 --> 00:16:57,464
selected
2942
00:16:57,464 --> 00:16:57,674
for
2943
00:16:57,674 --> 00:16:58,004
whatever
2944
00:16:58,004 --> 00:16:58,514
series
2945
00:16:58,514 --> 00:16:58,604
of
2946
00:16:58,604 --> 00:16:59,024
genes
2947
00:16:59,024 --> 00:16:59,234
we
2948
00:16:59,234 --> 00:16:59,654
got
2949
00:17:00,174 --> 00:17:00,644
were
2950
00:17:00,644 --> 00:17:01,064
really
2951
00:17:01,064 --> 00:17:01,514
important
.
2952
00:17:01,514 --> 00:17:01,724
So
2953
00:17:01,814 --> 00:17:01,934
for
2954
00:17:01,934 --> 00:17:02,294
example
,
2955
00:17:02,654 --> 00:17:02,774
there
2956
00:17:02,774 --> 00:17:03,044
seems
2957
00:17:03,044 --> 00:17:03,134
to
2958
00:17:03,134 --> 00:17:03,224
be
2959
00:17:03,224 --> 00:17:03,284
a
2960
00:17:03,284 --> 00:17:04,004
protein
2961
00:17:04,334 --> 00:17:04,604
that
2962
00:17:04,604 --> 00:17:04,784
is
2963
00:17:04,784 --> 00:17:05,354
not
2964
00:17:05,354 --> 00:17:06,134
expressed
2965
00:17:06,284 --> 00:17:06,524
in
2966
00:17:06,524 --> 00:17:07,004
humans
,
2967
00:17:07,004 --> 00:17:07,184
that
2968
00:17:07,184 --> 00:17:07,514
is
2969
00:17:07,514 --> 00:17:08,024
expressed
2970
00:17:08,024 --> 00:17:08,144
in
2971
00:17:08,144 --> 00:17:08,894
chimpanzees
2972
00:17:08,894 --> 00:17:09,014
that
2973
00:17:09,014 --> 00:17:09,134
was
2974
00:17:09,134 --> 00:17:09,554
selected
2975
00:17:09,554 --> 00:17:09,734
for
2976
00:17:09,734 --> 00:17:09,824
at
2977
00:17:09,824 --> 00:17:09,974
this
2978
00:17:09,974 --> 00:17:10,664
particular
2979
00:17:10,664 --> 00:17:11,144
time
.
2980
00:17:12,134 --> 00:17:12,554
That
2981
00:17:12,914 --> 00:17:13,244
seems
2982
00:17:13,244 --> 00:17:13,334
to
2983
00:17:13,334 --> 00:17:13,454
be
2984
00:17:13,454 --> 00:17:13,694
really
2985
00:17:13,694 --> 00:17:14,114
important
.
2986
00:17:14,114 --> 00:17:14,264
It's
2987
00:17:14,264 --> 00:17:14,324
a
2988
00:17:14,324 --> 00:17:14,894
regulatory
2989
00:17:14,894 --> 00:17:15,104
gene
.
2990
00:17:15,104 --> 00:17:15,224
We
2991
00:17:15,224 --> 00:17:15,464
don't
2992
00:17:15,464 --> 00:17:15,614
know
2993
00:17:15,614 --> 00:17:16,094
exactly
2994
00:17:16,094 --> 00:17:16,244
what
2995
00:17:16,244 --> 00:17:16,334
it
2996
00:17:16,334 --> 00:17:16,694
does
2997
00:17:16,694 --> 00:17:16,814
and
2998
00:17:16,814 --> 00:17:16,964
it's
2999
00:17:16,964 --> 00:17:17,264
next
3000
00:17:17,264 --> 00:17:17,444
to
3001
00:17:17,444 --> 00:17:18,314
FOXP2
.
3002
00:17:18,494 --> 00:17:18,674
And
3003
00:17:18,674 --> 00:17:18,824
so
3004
00:17:18,824 --> 00:17:18,884
it
3005
00:17:18,884 --> 00:17:19,124
seems
3006
00:17:19,124 --> 00:17:19,184
to
3007
00:17:19,184 --> 00:17:19,274
be
3008
00:17:19,274 --> 00:17:19,604
involved
3009
00:17:19,604 --> 00:17:19,724
with
3010
00:17:19,724 --> 00:17:20,084
all
3011
00:17:20,084 --> 00:17:20,174
of
3012
00:17:20,174 --> 00:17:20,834
FOXP2
.
3013
00:17:20,834 --> 00:17:20,984
So
3014
00:17:20,984 --> 00:17:21,074
it's
3015
00:17:21,074 --> 00:17:21,164
the
3016
00:17:21,164 --> 00:17:21,614
way
3017
00:17:21,824 --> 00:17:21,944
the
3018
00:17:21,944 --> 00:17:22,274
genes
3019
00:17:22,274 --> 00:17:22,424
get
3020
00:17:22,424 --> 00:17:23,204
expressed
3021
00:17:23,504 --> 00:17:23,894
and
.
3022
00:17:23,954 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
3023
00:17:23,954 --> 00:17:24,164
We
3024
00:17:24,164 --> 00:17:24,404
know
3025
00:17:24,404 --> 00:17:24,554
it's
3026
00:17:24,554 --> 00:17:25,124
involved
,
3027
00:17:25,124 --> 00:17:25,334
but
3028
00:17:25,334 --> 00:17:25,544
we
3029
00:17:25,544 --> 00:17:26,024
just
3030
00:17:26,024 --> 00:17:26,324
don't
.
3031
00:17:26,324 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
3032
00:17:26,324 --> 00:17:26,534
Know
.
3033
00:17:26,564 --> 00:17:26,894
Not
3034
00:17:26,894 --> 00:17:27,104
yet
.
3035
00:17:27,104 --> 00:17:27,234
There's
3036
00:17:27,434 --> 00:17:27,584
well
,
3037
00:17:27,584 --> 00:17:27,734
there's
3038
00:17:27,734 --> 00:17:27,884
too
3039
00:17:27,884 --> 00:17:28,094
many
3040
00:17:28,094 --> 00:17:28,364
things
3041
00:17:28,364 --> 00:17:28,724
because
3042
00:17:28,874 --> 00:17:29,444
regulatory
3043
00:17:29,444 --> 00:17:29,744
genes
3044
00:17:29,744 --> 00:17:29,894
can
3045
00:17:29,894 --> 00:17:30,104
have
3046
00:17:30,104 --> 00:17:30,344
other
3047
00:17:30,344 --> 00:17:30,884
regulatory
3048
00:17:30,884 --> 00:17:31,184
genes
3049
00:17:31,184 --> 00:17:31,304
that
3050
00:17:31,304 --> 00:17:31,724
regulate
3051
00:17:31,724 --> 00:17:31,934
them
3052
00:17:32,594 --> 00:17:33,014
and
,
3053
00:17:33,434 --> 00:17:33,944
and
3054
00:17:33,944 --> 00:17:34,094
then
3055
00:17:34,094 --> 00:17:34,214
they
3056
00:17:34,214 --> 00:17:34,664
regulate
3057
00:17:34,664 --> 00:17:34,874
other
3058
00:17:34,874 --> 00:17:35,174
things
,
3059
00:17:35,174 --> 00:17:35,324
which
3060
00:17:35,324 --> 00:17:35,534
might
3061
00:17:35,534 --> 00:17:35,774
be
3062
00:17:35,774 --> 00:17:36,104
genes
3063
00:17:36,104 --> 00:17:36,224
that
3064
00:17:36,224 --> 00:17:36,584
regulate
3065
00:17:36,844 --> 00:17:37,274
everyone
.
3066
00:17:37,274 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
3067
00:17:37,274 --> 00:17:37,664
Answers
3068
00:17:37,664 --> 00:17:37,784
to
3069
00:17:37,784 --> 00:17:38,024
some
3070
00:17:38,024 --> 00:17:38,264
one
.
3071
00:17:38,264 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
3072
00:17:38,264 --> 00:17:38,564
Yeah
,
3073
00:17:38,564 --> 00:17:39,074
exactly
.
3074
00:17:39,074 --> 00:17:39,254
So
3075
00:17:39,254 --> 00:17:39,524
it's
3076
00:17:39,524 --> 00:17:39,754
it's
3077
00:17:39,794 --> 00:17:39,854
a
3078
00:17:39,854 --> 00:17:40,034
whole
3079
00:17:40,034 --> 00:17:40,424
bunch
3080
00:17:40,424 --> 00:17:40,784
of
,
3081
00:17:41,144 --> 00:17:41,234
you
3082
00:17:41,234 --> 00:17:41,384
know
,
3083
00:17:41,384 --> 00:17:41,894
feedback
3084
00:17:41,894 --> 00:17:42,404
loops
.
3085
00:17:42,734 --> 00:17:43,424
And
3086
00:17:43,964 --> 00:17:44,234
there
3087
00:17:44,234 --> 00:17:44,414
was
3088
00:17:44,414 --> 00:17:44,504
a
3089
00:17:44,534 --> 00:17:45,014
bunch
3090
00:17:45,014 --> 00:17:45,254
of
3091
00:17:45,254 --> 00:17:45,974
mutations
3092
00:17:45,974 --> 00:17:46,154
and
3093
00:17:46,154 --> 00:17:46,304
then
3094
00:17:46,304 --> 00:17:46,424
they
3095
00:17:46,424 --> 00:17:46,724
stayed
3096
00:17:46,724 --> 00:17:47,174
fixed
3097
00:17:47,174 --> 00:17:47,744
essentially
.
3098
00:17:47,984 --> 00:17:48,194
And
3099
00:17:48,194 --> 00:17:48,314
there
3100
00:17:48,314 --> 00:17:48,464
is
3101
00:17:48,464 --> 00:17:48,824
some
3102
00:17:49,334 --> 00:17:50,174
variation
,
3103
00:17:50,354 --> 00:17:50,564
but
3104
00:17:50,564 --> 00:17:50,684
they
3105
00:17:50,684 --> 00:17:50,894
tend
3106
00:17:50,894 --> 00:17:50,954
to
3107
00:17:50,954 --> 00:17:51,044
be
3108
00:17:51,044 --> 00:17:51,164
in
3109
00:17:51,164 --> 00:17:51,734
regions
3110
00:17:51,734 --> 00:17:52,064
that
3111
00:17:52,064 --> 00:17:52,244
are
3112
00:17:52,244 --> 00:17:52,574
not
3113
00:17:52,574 --> 00:17:52,694
the
3114
00:17:52,694 --> 00:17:52,964
key
3115
00:17:52,964 --> 00:17:53,564
regulatory
3116
00:17:53,564 --> 00:17:54,044
sites
.
3117
00:17:55,334 --> 00:17:55,664
So
3118
00:17:55,664 --> 00:17:56,084
anyway
,
3119
00:17:56,084 --> 00:17:56,234
we're
3120
00:17:56,234 --> 00:17:56,984
developing
3121
00:17:57,674 --> 00:17:58,034
things
3122
00:17:58,034 --> 00:17:58,334
like
3123
00:17:58,544 --> 00:17:59,054
fishhooks
.
3124
00:17:59,054 --> 00:17:59,234
And
3125
00:17:59,234 --> 00:17:59,354
if
3126
00:17:59,354 --> 00:17:59,444
you
3127
00:17:59,444 --> 00:17:59,624
think
3128
00:17:59,624 --> 00:17:59,984
about
3129
00:18:00,434 --> 00:18:00,524
if
3130
00:18:00,524 --> 00:18:00,584
you
3131
00:18:00,584 --> 00:18:00,734
think
3132
00:18:00,734 --> 00:18:00,944
about
3133
00:18:00,944 --> 00:18:01,064
what
3134
00:18:01,064 --> 00:18:01,484
official
3135
00:18:01,484 --> 00:18:01,724
can
3136
00:18:01,724 --> 00:18:02,174
do
3137
00:18:02,594 --> 00:18:02,804
and
3138
00:18:02,804 --> 00:18:02,984
what
3139
00:18:02,984 --> 00:18:03,104
it
3140
00:18:03,104 --> 00:18:03,944
involves
,
3141
00:18:04,124 --> 00:18:04,304
this
3142
00:18:04,304 --> 00:18:04,394
is
3143
00:18:04,394 --> 00:18:04,544
where
3144
00:18:04,544 --> 00:18:04,634
you
3145
00:18:04,634 --> 00:18:04,964
really
3146
00:18:04,964 --> 00:18:05,174
get
3147
00:18:05,174 --> 00:18:05,294
the
3148
00:18:05,294 --> 00:18:05,804
grasp
3149
00:18:05,804 --> 00:18:06,014
of
,
3150
00:18:06,014 --> 00:18:06,314
of
3151
00:18:06,314 --> 00:18:06,494
of
3152
00:18:06,494 --> 00:18:06,554
the
3153
00:18:06,554 --> 00:18:06,944
development
3154
00:18:06,944 --> 00:18:07,664
imagination
.
3155
00:18:08,114 --> 00:18:08,324
You
3156
00:18:08,324 --> 00:18:08,504
have
3157
00:18:08,504 --> 00:18:08,594
to
3158
00:18:08,594 --> 00:18:09,164
imagine
3159
00:18:09,164 --> 00:18:09,254
a
3160
00:18:09,254 --> 00:18:09,674
fish
3161
00:18:09,674 --> 00:18:09,794
in
3162
00:18:09,794 --> 00:18:09,884
the
3163
00:18:09,884 --> 00:18:10,184
water
3164
00:18:10,184 --> 00:18:10,304
that
3165
00:18:10,304 --> 00:18:10,424
you
3166
00:18:10,424 --> 00:18:10,694
can't
3167
00:18:10,694 --> 00:18:11,114
see
.
3168
00:18:11,474 --> 00:18:11,654
You
3169
00:18:11,654 --> 00:18:11,834
have
3170
00:18:11,834 --> 00:18:11,954
to
3171
00:18:11,954 --> 00:18:12,464
imagine
3172
00:18:12,464 --> 00:18:12,674
what
3173
00:18:12,674 --> 00:18:12,854
that
3174
00:18:12,854 --> 00:18:13,154
fish
3175
00:18:13,154 --> 00:18:13,274
is
3176
00:18:13,274 --> 00:18:13,424
going
3177
00:18:13,424 --> 00:18:13,514
to
3178
00:18:13,514 --> 00:18:13,874
eat
,
3179
00:18:13,934 --> 00:18:14,114
what
3180
00:18:14,114 --> 00:18:14,204
it
3181
00:18:14,204 --> 00:18:14,564
wants
,
3182
00:18:14,564 --> 00:18:14,804
what
3183
00:18:14,804 --> 00:18:14,894
it
3184
00:18:14,894 --> 00:18:15,314
wants
,
3185
00:18:15,314 --> 00:18:15,794
exactly
3186
00:18:15,794 --> 00:18:16,004
where
3187
00:18:16,004 --> 00:18:16,094
it
3188
00:18:16,094 --> 00:18:16,484
lives
,
3189
00:18:16,484 --> 00:18:16,724
what
3190
00:18:16,724 --> 00:18:16,814
it
3191
00:18:16,814 --> 00:18:17,264
wants
.
3192
00:18:17,384 --> 00:18:17,594
Because
3193
00:18:17,594 --> 00:18:17,684
the
3194
00:18:17,684 --> 00:18:17,894
fish
3195
00:18:17,894 --> 00:18:18,044
aren't
3196
00:18:18,044 --> 00:18:18,584
everywhere
.
3197
00:18:18,584 --> 00:18:18,704
They're
3198
00:18:18,704 --> 00:18:18,794
in
3199
00:18:18,794 --> 00:18:18,854
a
3200
00:18:18,854 --> 00:18:19,304
particular
3201
00:18:19,304 --> 00:18:19,694
spot
.
3202
00:18:19,694 --> 00:18:19,844
They're
3203
00:18:19,844 --> 00:18:20,084
living
3204
00:18:20,084 --> 00:18:20,324
next
3205
00:18:20,324 --> 00:18:20,414
to
3206
00:18:20,414 --> 00:18:20,714
that
3207
00:18:20,714 --> 00:18:21,104
rock
3208
00:18:21,104 --> 00:18:21,344
over
3209
00:18:21,344 --> 00:18:21,644
there
3210
00:18:21,644 --> 00:18:21,854
and
3211
00:18:21,854 --> 00:18:22,004
you
3212
00:18:22,004 --> 00:18:22,184
have
3213
00:18:22,184 --> 00:18:22,304
to
3214
00:18:22,304 --> 00:18:22,784
find
3215
00:18:22,784 --> 00:18:22,934
them
3216
00:18:22,934 --> 00:18:23,234
without
3217
00:18:23,234 --> 00:18:23,654
seeing
3218
00:18:23,654 --> 00:18:23,924
them
3219
00:18:24,194 --> 00:18:24,404
and
3220
00:18:24,404 --> 00:18:24,614
then
3221
00:18:24,614 --> 00:18:25,154
somehow
3222
00:18:25,154 --> 00:18:25,334
get
3223
00:18:25,334 --> 00:18:25,394
it
3224
00:18:25,394 --> 00:18:25,544
to
3225
00:18:25,544 --> 00:18:25,904
bite
3226
00:18:25,904 --> 00:18:26,054
at
3227
00:18:26,054 --> 00:18:26,204
your
3228
00:18:26,204 --> 00:18:26,644
fishhook
.
3229
00:18:26,654 --> 00:18:26,774
So
3230
00:18:26,774 --> 00:18:26,864
you
3231
00:18:26,864 --> 00:18:26,984
have
3232
00:18:26,984 --> 00:18:27,074
to
3233
00:18:27,344 --> 00:18:27,674
find
3234
00:18:27,674 --> 00:18:27,764
the
3235
00:18:27,764 --> 00:18:28,094
food
3236
00:18:28,094 --> 00:18:28,214
it
3237
00:18:28,214 --> 00:18:28,454
wants
3238
00:18:28,454 --> 00:18:28,544
to
3239
00:18:28,544 --> 00:18:28,814
eat
.
3240
00:18:29,264 --> 00:18:29,414
You
3241
00:18:29,414 --> 00:18:29,594
then
3242
00:18:29,594 --> 00:18:29,804
have
3243
00:18:29,804 --> 00:18:29,924
to
3244
00:18:29,924 --> 00:18:30,254
make
3245
00:18:30,264 --> 00:18:31,424
a
3246
00:18:31,874 --> 00:18:32,054
some
3247
00:18:32,054 --> 00:18:32,234
sort
3248
00:18:32,234 --> 00:18:32,324
of
3249
00:18:32,324 --> 00:18:32,744
line
3250
00:18:32,744 --> 00:18:32,864
to
3251
00:18:32,864 --> 00:18:33,134
connect
3252
00:18:33,134 --> 00:18:33,284
that
3253
00:18:33,284 --> 00:18:33,704
fishhook
3254
00:18:33,854 --> 00:18:34,004
to
3255
00:18:34,004 --> 00:18:34,214
some
3256
00:18:34,214 --> 00:18:34,424
sort
3257
00:18:34,424 --> 00:18:34,514
of
3258
00:18:34,514 --> 00:18:34,934
pole
3259
00:18:34,934 --> 00:18:35,474
or
3260
00:18:35,474 --> 00:18:35,744
way
3261
00:18:35,744 --> 00:18:35,864
to
3262
00:18:35,864 --> 00:18:36,044
get
3263
00:18:36,044 --> 00:18:36,194
that
3264
00:18:36,194 --> 00:18:36,554
fishhook
3265
00:18:36,554 --> 00:18:36,734
out
3266
00:18:36,734 --> 00:18:36,974
there
.
3267
00:18:37,214 --> 00:18:37,424
All
3268
00:18:37,424 --> 00:18:37,514
of
3269
00:18:37,514 --> 00:18:37,694
these
3270
00:18:37,694 --> 00:18:37,934
things
.
3271
00:18:37,934 --> 00:18:38,024
It's
3272
00:18:38,024 --> 00:18:38,084
a
3273
00:18:38,084 --> 00:18:38,864
multistep
3274
00:18:38,864 --> 00:18:39,434
process
.
3275
00:18:39,614 --> 00:18:40,154
Before
3276
00:18:40,154 --> 00:18:40,274
you
3277
00:18:40,274 --> 00:18:40,484
have
3278
00:18:40,484 --> 00:18:40,544
a
3279
00:18:40,544 --> 00:18:41,024
fish
,
3280
00:18:41,204 --> 00:18:41,504
right
3281
00:18:41,504 --> 00:18:41,744
to
3282
00:18:41,744 --> 00:18:42,044
to
3283
00:18:42,044 --> 00:18:42,194
if
3284
00:18:42,194 --> 00:18:42,284
you
3285
00:18:42,284 --> 00:18:42,434
want
3286
00:18:42,434 --> 00:18:42,524
to
3287
00:18:42,524 --> 00:18:42,734
get
3288
00:18:42,734 --> 00:18:42,944
into
3289
00:18:42,944 --> 00:18:43,004
a
3290
00:18:43,004 --> 00:18:43,544
carcass
,
3291
00:18:43,694 --> 00:18:43,904
all
3292
00:18:43,904 --> 00:18:43,994
you
3293
00:18:43,994 --> 00:18:44,144
need
3294
00:18:44,144 --> 00:18:44,264
is
3295
00:18:44,264 --> 00:18:44,324
a
3296
00:18:44,324 --> 00:18:44,624
sharp
3297
00:18:44,624 --> 00:18:44,864
rock
.
3298
00:18:44,864 --> 00:18:44,954
You
3299
00:18:44,954 --> 00:18:45,104
can
3300
00:18:45,104 --> 00:18:45,434
see
3301
00:18:45,434 --> 00:18:45,524
the
3302
00:18:45,524 --> 00:18:45,914
carcass
3303
00:18:45,914 --> 00:18:46,094
right
3304
00:18:46,094 --> 00:18:46,184
in
3305
00:18:46,184 --> 00:18:46,364
front
3306
00:18:46,364 --> 00:18:46,424
of
3307
00:18:46,424 --> 00:18:46,664
you
.
3308
00:18:46,844 --> 00:18:47,024
You
3309
00:18:47,024 --> 00:18:47,354
know
,
3310
00:18:47,354 --> 00:18:47,474
you
3311
00:18:47,474 --> 00:18:47,624
need
3312
00:18:47,624 --> 00:18:47,714
to
3313
00:18:47,714 --> 00:18:47,924
cut
3314
00:18:47,924 --> 00:18:48,074
it
.
3315
00:18:48,284 --> 00:18:48,494
You've
3316
00:18:48,494 --> 00:18:48,674
got
3317
00:18:48,674 --> 00:18:48,734
a
3318
00:18:48,734 --> 00:18:49,034
rock
3319
00:18:49,034 --> 00:18:49,124
in
3320
00:18:49,124 --> 00:18:49,244
your
3321
00:18:49,244 --> 00:18:49,574
hand
.
3322
00:18:49,574 --> 00:18:49,784
You
3323
00:18:49,784 --> 00:18:49,964
just
3324
00:18:49,964 --> 00:18:50,234
break
3325
00:18:50,234 --> 00:18:50,384
that
3326
00:18:50,384 --> 00:18:50,684
rock
,
3327
00:18:50,684 --> 00:18:50,804
you
3328
00:18:50,804 --> 00:18:51,014
cut
3329
00:18:51,014 --> 00:18:51,104
the
3330
00:18:51,104 --> 00:18:51,434
carcass
.
3331
00:18:51,434 --> 00:18:51,734
Everything
3332
00:18:51,734 --> 00:18:51,854
is
3333
00:18:51,854 --> 00:18:52,094
very
3334
00:18:52,094 --> 00:18:52,634
direct
.
3335
00:18:53,294 --> 00:18:53,444
But
3336
00:18:53,444 --> 00:18:53,714
now
3337
00:18:53,714 --> 00:18:54,014
things
3338
00:18:54,014 --> 00:18:54,134
are
3339
00:18:54,134 --> 00:18:54,404
much
3340
00:18:54,404 --> 00:18:54,554
more
3341
00:18:54,554 --> 00:18:55,034
abstract
.
3342
00:18:55,104 --> 00:18:55,294
They're
3343
00:18:55,554 --> 00:18:55,704
they're
3344
00:18:55,844 --> 00:18:56,294
stepping
3345
00:18:56,294 --> 00:18:56,564
back
3346
00:18:56,564 --> 00:18:56,714
up
3347
00:18:57,524 --> 00:18:57,674
to
3348
00:18:57,674 --> 00:18:58,094
another
3349
00:18:58,094 --> 00:18:58,454
level
.
3350
00:18:58,964 --> 00:18:59,264
Same
3351
00:18:59,264 --> 00:18:59,444
thing
.
3352
00:18:59,444 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
3353
00:18:59,444 --> 00:18:59,744
Within
3354
00:19:00,224 --> 00:19:01,094
200,000
3355
00:19:01,094 --> 00:19:01,364
years
.
3356
00:19:02,354 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
3357
00:19:02,354 --> 00:19:02,574
Or
3358
00:19:02,594 --> 00:19:02,744
No
,
3359
00:19:02,744 --> 00:19:02,864
that
3360
00:19:02,864 --> 00:19:03,044
took
3361
00:19:03,044 --> 00:19:03,244
a
3362
00:19:03,244 --> 00:19:03,434
million
3363
00:19:03,434 --> 00:19:03,524
and
3364
00:19:03,524 --> 00:19:03,584
a
3365
00:19:03,584 --> 00:19:03,914
half
.
3366
00:19:03,914 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
3367
00:19:03,914 --> 00:19:04,144
Years
3368
00:19:04,154 --> 00:19:04,244
to
3369
00:19:04,244 --> 00:19:04,394
get
3370
00:19:04,664 --> 00:19:04,994
from
.
3371
00:19:04,994 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
3372
00:19:04,994 --> 00:19:05,294
From
3373
00:19:05,294 --> 00:19:05,624
where
?
3374
00:19:05,624 --> 00:19:05,954
Wher
3375
00:19:05,954 --> 00:19:06,134
we
3376
00:19:06,134 --> 00:19:06,614
were
3377
00:19:06,614 --> 00:19:06,914
to
3378
00:19:06,914 --> 00:19:07,154
where
3379
00:19:07,154 --> 00:19:07,304
we
3380
00:19:07,304 --> 00:19:07,484
are
3381
00:19:07,484 --> 00:19:07,684
now
.
3382
00:19:08,024 --> 00:19:08,324
Yeah
.
3383
00:19:08,324 --> 00:19:08,594
So
3384
00:19:08,594 --> 00:19:09,044
we're
3385
00:19:09,044 --> 00:19:09,734
around
3386
00:19:10,124 --> 00:19:10,574
between
3387
00:19:10,574 --> 00:19:11,314
500,000
3388
00:19:11,324 --> 00:19:11,414
and
3389
00:19:11,414 --> 00:19:12,044
200,000
3390
00:19:12,044 --> 00:19:12,224
years
.
3391
00:19:12,224 --> 00:19:12,374
This
3392
00:19:12,374 --> 00:19:12,494
is
3393
00:19:12,494 --> 00:19:12,644
all
3394
00:19:12,644 --> 00:19:13,064
happening
.
3395
00:19:13,064 --> 00:19:13,154
And
3396
00:19:13,154 --> 00:19:13,364
by
3397
00:19:13,364 --> 00:19:14,324
200,000
3398
00:19:14,324 --> 00:19:14,714
years
,
3399
00:19:14,954 --> 00:19:15,264
it's
.
3400
00:19:15,284 --> 00:19:15,524
It's
3401
00:19:15,524 --> 00:19:15,854
happened
.
3402
00:19:15,854 --> 00:19:16,214
Done
.
3403
00:19:16,214 --> 00:19:16,484
It's
3404
00:19:16,484 --> 00:19:16,874
done
.
3405
00:19:16,904 --> 00:19:17,234
Yeah
.
3406
00:19:17,234 --> 00:19:18,044
And
3407
00:19:18,044 --> 00:19:18,404
so
3408
00:19:18,734 --> 00:19:19,124
it
3409
00:19:19,124 --> 00:19:19,334
took
3410
00:19:19,334 --> 00:19:19,574
about
3411
00:19:19,574 --> 00:19:20,294
300,000
3412
00:19:20,294 --> 00:19:20,684
years
3413
00:19:21,374 --> 00:19:21,594
for
3414
00:19:21,594 --> 00:19:21,704
it
3415
00:19:21,704 --> 00:19:21,914
all
3416
00:19:21,914 --> 00:19:22,004
to
3417
00:19:22,004 --> 00:19:22,454
settle
,
3418
00:19:22,454 --> 00:19:22,634
but
3419
00:19:22,634 --> 00:19:22,694
it
3420
00:19:22,694 --> 00:19:22,874
took
3421
00:19:22,874 --> 00:19:23,104
a
3422
00:19:23,104 --> 00:19:23,324
million
3423
00:19:23,324 --> 00:19:23,414
and
3424
00:19:23,414 --> 00:19:23,444
a
3425
00:19:23,444 --> 00:19:23,684
half
3426
00:19:23,684 --> 00:19:23,954
years
3427
00:19:23,954 --> 00:19:24,044
to
3428
00:19:24,044 --> 00:19:24,254
get
3429
00:19:24,254 --> 00:19:24,524
there
.
3430
00:19:24,734 --> 00:19:24,974
But
3431
00:19:24,974 --> 00:19:25,124
we
3432
00:19:25,124 --> 00:19:25,724
suddenly
3433
00:19:25,724 --> 00:19:25,964
see
3434
00:19:25,964 --> 00:19:26,174
these
3435
00:19:26,174 --> 00:19:26,354
new
3436
00:19:26,354 --> 00:19:27,014
technologies
.
3437
00:19:27,014 --> 00:19:27,134
It
3438
00:19:27,134 --> 00:19:27,374
didn't
3439
00:19:27,374 --> 00:19:27,734
happen
3440
00:19:27,734 --> 00:19:27,854
that
3441
00:19:27,854 --> 00:19:28,004
we
3442
00:19:28,004 --> 00:19:28,214
got
3443
00:19:28,214 --> 00:19:28,274
a
3444
00:19:28,274 --> 00:19:28,814
bad
3445
00:19:28,814 --> 00:19:29,114
fish
3446
00:19:29,114 --> 00:19:29,354
hook
3447
00:19:29,354 --> 00:19:29,444
and
3448
00:19:29,444 --> 00:19:29,564
then
3449
00:19:29,564 --> 00:19:29,624
a
3450
00:19:29,624 --> 00:19:29,954
better
3451
00:19:29,954 --> 00:19:30,254
fish
.
3452
00:19:30,734 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
3453
00:19:30,734 --> 00:19:31,004
Because
.
3454
00:19:31,184 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
3455
00:19:31,184 --> 00:19:31,424
None
3456
00:19:31,424 --> 00:19:31,544
of
3457
00:19:31,544 --> 00:19:31,634
it
3458
00:19:31,634 --> 00:19:31,964
works
3459
00:19:31,964 --> 00:19:32,204
until
3460
00:19:32,204 --> 00:19:32,294
you
3461
00:19:32,294 --> 00:19:32,414
can
3462
00:19:32,414 --> 00:19:32,804
imagine
3463
00:19:32,804 --> 00:19:32,894
the
3464
00:19:32,894 --> 00:19:33,344
fish
3465
00:19:33,554 --> 00:19:33,734
and
3466
00:19:33,734 --> 00:19:33,944
none
3467
00:19:33,944 --> 00:19:34,034
of
3468
00:19:34,034 --> 00:19:34,124
it
3469
00:19:34,124 --> 00:19:34,424
works
3470
00:19:34,424 --> 00:19:34,664
until
3471
00:19:34,664 --> 00:19:34,784
you're
3472
00:19:34,784 --> 00:19:35,114
making
3473
00:19:35,114 --> 00:19:35,564
thread
3474
00:19:35,894 --> 00:19:36,344
and
3475
00:19:36,584 --> 00:19:36,734
you
3476
00:19:36,734 --> 00:19:36,914
have
3477
00:19:36,914 --> 00:19:37,184
to
3478
00:19:37,754 --> 00:19:38,114
thread
3479
00:19:38,114 --> 00:19:38,474
is
3480
00:19:38,474 --> 00:19:38,774
is
3481
00:19:38,774 --> 00:19:39,224
useful
,
3482
00:19:39,224 --> 00:19:39,374
right
?
3483
00:19:39,374 --> 00:19:39,704
Ropes
3484
00:19:39,704 --> 00:19:39,824
are
3485
00:19:39,824 --> 00:19:40,124
always
3486
00:19:40,124 --> 00:19:40,574
useful
,
3487
00:19:40,694 --> 00:19:40,844
but
3488
00:19:40,844 --> 00:19:40,904
a
3489
00:19:40,904 --> 00:19:41,204
really
3490
00:19:41,204 --> 00:19:41,714
small
3491
00:19:41,714 --> 00:19:42,044
rope
3492
00:19:42,044 --> 00:19:42,374
isn't
3493
00:19:42,374 --> 00:19:42,764
useful
3494
00:19:42,764 --> 00:19:43,034
unless
3495
00:19:43,034 --> 00:19:43,154
you're
3496
00:19:43,154 --> 00:19:43,424
thinking
3497
00:19:43,424 --> 00:19:43,514
of
3498
00:19:43,514 --> 00:19:43,964
tying
3499
00:19:43,964 --> 00:19:44,354
something
3500
00:19:44,354 --> 00:19:44,504
up
.
3501
00:19:44,504 --> 00:19:44,594
You
3502
00:19:44,594 --> 00:19:44,684
have
3503
00:19:44,684 --> 00:19:44,774
to
3504
00:19:44,774 --> 00:19:44,924
think
3505
00:19:44,924 --> 00:19:45,044
of
3506
00:19:45,044 --> 00:19:45,794
another
3507
00:19:45,794 --> 00:19:46,064
thing
3508
00:19:46,064 --> 00:19:46,544
involved
.
3509
00:19:46,724 --> 00:19:47,114
Not
3510
00:19:47,114 --> 00:19:47,264
is
3511
00:19:47,264 --> 00:19:47,774
direct
3512
00:19:47,774 --> 00:19:47,954
with
3513
00:19:47,954 --> 00:19:48,014
a
3514
00:19:48,014 --> 00:19:48,524
thread
3515
00:19:49,214 --> 00:19:49,364
and
3516
00:19:49,364 --> 00:19:49,544
so
3517
00:19:49,544 --> 00:19:49,664
it's
3518
00:19:49,664 --> 00:19:49,754
the
3519
00:19:49,754 --> 00:19:50,024
same
3520
00:19:50,024 --> 00:19:50,154
with
3521
00:19:50,154 --> 00:19:50,204
the
3522
00:19:50,204 --> 00:19:50,624
needles
.
3523
00:19:50,624 --> 00:19:50,714
You
3524
00:19:50,714 --> 00:19:50,834
know
,
3525
00:19:50,834 --> 00:19:50,954
you
3526
00:19:50,954 --> 00:19:51,164
have
3527
00:19:51,164 --> 00:19:51,554
to
3528
00:19:51,704 --> 00:19:52,364
prepare
3529
00:19:52,364 --> 00:19:52,424
a
3530
00:19:52,424 --> 00:19:52,874
hide
3531
00:19:52,874 --> 00:19:52,994
in
3532
00:19:52,994 --> 00:19:53,264
some
3533
00:19:53,264 --> 00:19:53,594
way
.
3534
00:19:54,044 --> 00:19:54,164
You
3535
00:19:54,164 --> 00:19:54,284
have
3536
00:19:54,284 --> 00:19:54,404
to
3537
00:19:54,404 --> 00:19:54,704
make
3538
00:19:54,704 --> 00:19:54,764
a
3539
00:19:54,764 --> 00:19:55,124
thread
3540
00:19:55,124 --> 00:19:55,214
to
3541
00:19:55,214 --> 00:19:55,514
sew
3542
00:19:55,514 --> 00:19:55,604
the
3543
00:19:55,604 --> 00:19:55,904
hide
.
3544
00:19:55,904 --> 00:19:55,964
You
3545
00:19:55,964 --> 00:19:56,054
have
3546
00:19:56,054 --> 00:19:56,144
to
3547
00:19:56,144 --> 00:19:56,684
imagine
3548
00:19:56,894 --> 00:19:57,194
I'd
3549
00:19:57,194 --> 00:19:57,524
really
3550
00:19:57,524 --> 00:19:57,764
like
3551
00:19:57,764 --> 00:19:57,884
to
3552
00:19:57,884 --> 00:19:58,274
not
3553
00:19:58,274 --> 00:19:59,024
freeze
3554
00:19:59,024 --> 00:19:59,204
when
3555
00:19:59,204 --> 00:19:59,264
it
3556
00:19:59,264 --> 00:19:59,474
gets
3557
00:19:59,474 --> 00:19:59,984
cold
.
3558
00:20:00,104 --> 00:20:00,254
And
3559
00:20:00,254 --> 00:20:00,374
so
3560
00:20:00,374 --> 00:20:00,464
I
3561
00:20:00,464 --> 00:20:00,584
have
3562
00:20:00,584 --> 00:20:00,674
to
3563
00:20:00,674 --> 00:20:00,914
make
3564
00:20:00,914 --> 00:20:01,124
this
3565
00:20:01,124 --> 00:20:01,394
ahead
3566
00:20:01,394 --> 00:20:01,514
of
3567
00:20:01,514 --> 00:20:01,964
time
3568
00:20:02,534 --> 00:20:02,744
and
3569
00:20:02,744 --> 00:20:02,804
it
3570
00:20:02,804 --> 00:20:03,044
has
3571
00:20:03,044 --> 00:20:03,164
to
3572
00:20:03,434 --> 00:20:03,584
go
3573
00:20:03,584 --> 00:20:03,764
through
3574
00:20:03,764 --> 00:20:04,244
several
3575
00:20:04,244 --> 00:20:04,514
steps
.
3576
00:20:04,514 --> 00:20:04,634
You
3577
00:20:04,634 --> 00:20:04,844
can't
3578
00:20:04,844 --> 00:20:05,054
just
3579
00:20:05,294 --> 00:20:05,624
take
3580
00:20:05,624 --> 00:20:05,714
the
3581
00:20:05,714 --> 00:20:06,014
hide
3582
00:20:06,014 --> 00:20:06,194
off
3583
00:20:06,194 --> 00:20:06,284
of
3584
00:20:06,284 --> 00:20:06,614
something
3585
00:20:06,614 --> 00:20:06,734
and
3586
00:20:06,734 --> 00:20:07,034
wear
3587
00:20:07,034 --> 00:20:07,124
it
3588
00:20:07,124 --> 00:20:07,514
directly
.
3589
00:20:07,514 --> 00:20:07,604
You
3590
00:20:07,604 --> 00:20:07,754
have
3591
00:20:07,754 --> 00:20:07,904
to
3592
00:20:07,904 --> 00:20:08,504
soften
3593
00:20:08,504 --> 00:20:08,624
it
3594
00:20:09,344 --> 00:20:09,794
mostly
3595
00:20:09,794 --> 00:20:10,004
through
3596
00:20:10,004 --> 00:20:10,544
chewing
,
3597
00:20:10,544 --> 00:20:10,694
but
3598
00:20:10,694 --> 00:20:11,054
also
3599
00:20:11,054 --> 00:20:11,384
through
3600
00:20:11,384 --> 00:20:11,924
possibly
3601
00:20:11,924 --> 00:20:12,464
boiling
3602
00:20:12,464 --> 00:20:12,554
it
3603
00:20:12,554 --> 00:20:12,674
in
3604
00:20:12,674 --> 00:20:13,184
something
.
3605
00:20:13,724 --> 00:20:14,114
So
3606
00:20:14,114 --> 00:20:14,504
these
3607
00:20:14,504 --> 00:20:14,744
new
3608
00:20:14,744 --> 00:20:15,434
technologies
3609
00:20:15,434 --> 00:20:15,524
are
3610
00:20:15,524 --> 00:20:15,704
all
3611
00:20:15,704 --> 00:20:15,974
coming
3612
00:20:15,974 --> 00:20:16,304
together
.
3613
00:20:16,304 --> 00:20:16,394
The
3614
00:20:16,394 --> 00:20:16,784
control
3615
00:20:16,784 --> 00:20:16,844
of
3616
00:20:16,844 --> 00:20:17,474
fire
,
3617
00:20:17,684 --> 00:20:17,834
the
3618
00:20:17,834 --> 00:20:18,314
control
3619
00:20:18,314 --> 00:20:18,554
of
3620
00:20:18,914 --> 00:20:19,634
AI
,
3621
00:20:19,934 --> 00:20:20,444
making
3622
00:20:20,444 --> 00:20:20,924
fine
,
3623
00:20:20,924 --> 00:20:21,254
fine
3624
00:20:21,254 --> 00:20:21,764
tools
3625
00:20:21,764 --> 00:20:21,914
that
3626
00:20:21,914 --> 00:20:22,154
work
3627
00:20:22,154 --> 00:20:22,274
with
3628
00:20:22,274 --> 00:20:22,514
other
3629
00:20:22,514 --> 00:20:23,024
tools
.
3630
00:20:23,594 --> 00:20:23,774
And
3631
00:20:23,774 --> 00:20:23,924
these
3632
00:20:23,924 --> 00:20:24,044
are
3633
00:20:24,044 --> 00:20:24,314
all
3634
00:20:24,314 --> 00:20:24,854
happening
3635
00:20:25,004 --> 00:20:25,334
more
3636
00:20:25,334 --> 00:20:25,394
or
3637
00:20:25,394 --> 00:20:25,634
less
3638
00:20:25,634 --> 00:20:25,724
at
3639
00:20:25,724 --> 00:20:25,814
the
3640
00:20:25,814 --> 00:20:26,114
same
3641
00:20:26,114 --> 00:20:26,564
time
.
3642
00:20:26,924 --> 00:20:27,134
And
3643
00:20:27,134 --> 00:20:27,284
this
3644
00:20:27,284 --> 00:20:27,554
sets
3645
00:20:27,554 --> 00:20:27,674
the
3646
00:20:27,674 --> 00:20:28,034
stage
3647
00:20:28,034 --> 00:20:28,154
for
3648
00:20:28,154 --> 00:20:28,304
us
3649
00:20:28,304 --> 00:20:28,394
to
3650
00:20:28,394 --> 00:20:28,664
leave
3651
00:20:28,664 --> 00:20:29,144
Africa
3652
00:20:29,144 --> 00:20:29,264
with
3653
00:20:29,264 --> 00:20:29,444
these
3654
00:20:29,444 --> 00:20:29,624
new
3655
00:20:29,624 --> 00:20:30,374
technologies
,
3656
00:20:30,374 --> 00:20:30,524
we're
3657
00:20:30,524 --> 00:20:30,824
able
3658
00:20:30,824 --> 00:20:30,944
to
3659
00:20:30,944 --> 00:20:31,274
leave
3660
00:20:31,484 --> 00:20:31,844
now
.
3661
00:20:32,294 --> 00:20:32,624
Our
3662
00:20:32,624 --> 00:20:33,314
ancestor
3663
00:20:33,314 --> 00:20:33,524
is
3664
00:20:33,794 --> 00:20:34,194
a
3665
00:20:34,194 --> 00:20:34,604
million
3666
00:20:34,604 --> 00:20:34,724
and
3667
00:20:34,724 --> 00:20:34,754
a
3668
00:20:34,754 --> 00:20:35,054
half
3669
00:20:35,054 --> 00:20:35,324
years
3670
00:20:35,324 --> 00:20:35,714
ago
,
3671
00:20:35,714 --> 00:20:35,954
had
3672
00:20:35,954 --> 00:20:36,374
already
3673
00:20:36,374 --> 00:20:36,704
left
3674
00:20:36,704 --> 00:20:37,214
Africa
,
3675
00:20:37,214 --> 00:20:37,424
so
3676
00:20:37,424 --> 00:20:37,514
the
3677
00:20:37,514 --> 00:20:37,814
first
3678
00:20:37,814 --> 00:20:37,994
set
3679
00:20:37,994 --> 00:20:38,084
of
3680
00:20:38,084 --> 00:20:38,744
technologies
,
3681
00:20:38,744 --> 00:20:38,834
the
3682
00:20:38,834 --> 00:20:39,164
hand
3683
00:20:39,164 --> 00:20:39,524
axe
,
3684
00:20:39,824 --> 00:20:40,364
probably
3685
00:20:40,364 --> 00:20:40,844
enabled
3686
00:20:40,844 --> 00:20:41,024
us
3687
00:20:41,024 --> 00:20:41,144
to
3688
00:20:41,144 --> 00:20:41,744
travel
.
3689
00:20:42,164 --> 00:20:42,624
Certainly
3690
00:20:42,644 --> 00:20:43,004
the
3691
00:20:43,154 --> 00:20:43,574
having
3692
00:20:43,574 --> 00:20:43,844
stone
3693
00:20:43,844 --> 00:20:44,144
tools
,
3694
00:20:44,144 --> 00:20:44,234
it
3695
00:20:44,234 --> 00:20:44,624
all
3696
00:20:44,624 --> 00:20:45,134
enabled
3697
00:20:45,134 --> 00:20:45,284
us
3698
00:20:45,284 --> 00:20:45,404
to
3699
00:20:45,404 --> 00:20:46,184
follow
3700
00:20:46,484 --> 00:20:46,934
the
3701
00:20:48,344 --> 00:20:48,674
follow
3702
00:20:48,674 --> 00:20:48,764
the
3703
00:20:48,764 --> 00:20:49,184
herds
3704
00:20:49,184 --> 00:20:49,334
out
3705
00:20:49,334 --> 00:20:49,424
of
3706
00:20:49,424 --> 00:20:49,844
Africa
,
3707
00:20:49,844 --> 00:20:49,934
to
3708
00:20:49,934 --> 00:20:50,294
follow
3709
00:20:50,294 --> 00:20:50,564
the
3710
00:20:50,564 --> 00:20:50,894
the
3711
00:20:51,074 --> 00:20:51,194
the
3712
00:20:51,194 --> 00:20:51,974
grassland
3713
00:20:51,974 --> 00:20:52,424
animals
.
3714
00:20:52,424 --> 00:20:52,544
And
3715
00:20:52,544 --> 00:20:52,694
so
3716
00:20:52,694 --> 00:20:52,814
we
3717
00:20:52,814 --> 00:20:52,964
were
3718
00:20:52,964 --> 00:20:53,024
a
3719
00:20:53,024 --> 00:20:53,714
grassland
3720
00:20:53,714 --> 00:20:54,254
predator
3721
00:20:54,494 --> 00:20:54,914
following
3722
00:20:54,914 --> 00:20:55,484
grassland
3723
00:20:55,484 --> 00:20:55,874
animals
.
3724
00:20:55,874 --> 00:20:55,994
And
3725
00:20:55,994 --> 00:20:56,354
so
3726
00:20:56,624 --> 00:20:57,044
the
3727
00:20:57,104 --> 00:20:57,554
elephants
3728
00:20:57,554 --> 00:20:57,824
walked
3729
00:20:57,824 --> 00:20:57,974
out
3730
00:20:57,974 --> 00:20:58,064
of
3731
00:20:58,064 --> 00:20:58,544
Africa
3732
00:20:58,544 --> 00:20:58,694
and
3733
00:20:58,694 --> 00:20:58,844
we
3734
00:20:58,844 --> 00:20:59,204
followed
3735
00:20:59,204 --> 00:20:59,414
them
.
3736
00:21:00,644 --> 00:21:00,884
That
3737
00:21:00,884 --> 00:21:01,034
was
3738
00:21:01,034 --> 00:21:01,184
a
3739
00:21:01,184 --> 00:21:01,344
million
3740
00:21:01,344 --> 00:21:01,394
and
3741
00:21:01,394 --> 00:21:01,424
a
3742
00:21:01,424 --> 00:21:01,634
half
3743
00:21:01,634 --> 00:21:01,844
years
3744
00:21:01,844 --> 00:21:02,024
ago
.
3745
00:21:02,024 --> 00:21:02,144
We
3746
00:21:02,144 --> 00:21:02,594
probably
3747
00:21:02,594 --> 00:21:02,954
tried
3748
00:21:02,954 --> 00:21:03,014
a
3749
00:21:03,014 --> 00:21:03,284
couple
3750
00:21:03,284 --> 00:21:03,374
of
3751
00:21:03,374 --> 00:21:03,734
times
3752
00:21:03,734 --> 00:21:04,124
after
3753
00:21:04,124 --> 00:21:04,334
that
,
3754
00:21:04,334 --> 00:21:04,484
but
3755
00:21:04,484 --> 00:21:04,574
there
3756
00:21:04,574 --> 00:21:04,724
were
3757
00:21:04,724 --> 00:21:05,084
already
3758
00:21:05,084 --> 00:21:05,504
people
3759
00:21:05,504 --> 00:21:05,774
there
3760
00:21:05,774 --> 00:21:06,074
that
.
3761
00:21:06,344 --> 00:21:06,524
So
3762
00:21:06,524 --> 00:21:06,584
it
3763
00:21:06,584 --> 00:21:06,734
was
3764
00:21:06,734 --> 00:21:07,184
much
3765
00:21:07,184 --> 00:21:07,394
more
3766
00:21:07,394 --> 00:21:07,904
difficult
3767
00:21:07,904 --> 00:21:08,024
to
3768
00:21:08,024 --> 00:21:08,294
leave
3769
00:21:08,294 --> 00:21:08,834
Africa
.
3770
00:21:09,314 --> 00:21:09,584
We
3771
00:21:09,584 --> 00:21:10,124
may
3772
00:21:10,124 --> 00:21:10,694
have
3773
00:21:10,694 --> 00:21:11,264
left
3774
00:21:11,684 --> 00:21:11,924
in
3775
00:21:11,924 --> 00:21:12,374
two
3776
00:21:12,374 --> 00:21:12,734
separate
3777
00:21:12,734 --> 00:21:13,124
waves
.
3778
00:21:13,124 --> 00:21:13,214
The
3779
00:21:13,214 --> 00:21:13,604
first
3780
00:21:13,604 --> 00:21:13,844
wave
3781
00:21:13,844 --> 00:21:13,964
was
3782
00:21:13,964 --> 00:21:14,114
about
3783
00:21:14,114 --> 00:21:14,774
100,000
3784
00:21:14,774 --> 00:21:14,954
years
3785
00:21:14,954 --> 00:21:15,284
ago
.
3786
00:21:15,704 --> 00:21:16,094
Doesn't
3787
00:21:16,094 --> 00:21:16,364
seem
3788
00:21:16,364 --> 00:21:16,434
to
3789
00:21:16,434 --> 00:21:16,514
have
3790
00:21:16,514 --> 00:21:17,084
survived
.
3791
00:21:17,084 --> 00:21:17,204
We
3792
00:21:17,204 --> 00:21:17,414
don't
3793
00:21:17,414 --> 00:21:17,654
have
3794
00:21:17,654 --> 00:21:17,834
any
3795
00:21:17,834 --> 00:21:18,254
genes
3796
00:21:18,254 --> 00:21:18,494
from
3797
00:21:18,494 --> 00:21:18,764
that
.
3798
00:21:19,034 --> 00:21:19,244
What
3799
00:21:19,244 --> 00:21:19,424
we
3800
00:21:19,424 --> 00:21:19,724
did
3801
00:21:19,724 --> 00:21:20,144
find
3802
00:21:20,144 --> 00:21:20,294
with
3803
00:21:20,294 --> 00:21:20,474
we
3804
00:21:20,474 --> 00:21:21,044
find
3805
00:21:21,764 --> 00:21:22,304
human
3806
00:21:22,304 --> 00:21:23,294
mitochondria
3807
00:21:23,804 --> 00:21:24,104
in
3808
00:21:24,104 --> 00:21:25,154
Neanderthals
3809
00:21:25,454 --> 00:21:25,874
from
3810
00:21:25,874 --> 00:21:26,144
about
3811
00:21:26,144 --> 00:21:26,834
100,000
3812
00:21:26,834 --> 00:21:27,044
years
3813
00:21:27,044 --> 00:21:27,374
ago
.
3814
00:21:27,824 --> 00:21:28,004
We
3815
00:21:28,004 --> 00:21:28,214
don't
3816
00:21:28,214 --> 00:21:28,454
find
3817
00:21:28,454 --> 00:21:28,574
it
3818
00:21:28,574 --> 00:21:28,874
from
3819
00:21:28,874 --> 00:21:29,264
before
3820
00:21:29,264 --> 00:21:29,744
that
,
3821
00:21:30,014 --> 00:21:30,164
but
3822
00:21:30,164 --> 00:21:30,284
we
3823
00:21:30,284 --> 00:21:30,554
find
3824
00:21:30,554 --> 00:21:30,704
it
3825
00:21:30,704 --> 00:21:31,154
after
3826
00:21:31,154 --> 00:21:31,514
that
3827
00:21:31,904 --> 00:21:32,264
and
3828
00:21:32,264 --> 00:21:32,444
we
3829
00:21:32,444 --> 00:21:32,954
find
3830
00:21:32,984 --> 00:21:33,524
art
3831
00:21:33,524 --> 00:21:33,734
in
3832
00:21:33,734 --> 00:21:34,544
Neanderthals
3833
00:21:34,544 --> 00:21:34,994
starting
3834
00:21:34,994 --> 00:21:35,414
around
3835
00:21:35,414 --> 00:21:35,774
then
.
3836
00:21:36,104 --> 00:21:36,374
So
3837
00:21:36,374 --> 00:21:36,614
I
3838
00:21:36,614 --> 00:21:37,184
suspect
3839
00:21:37,184 --> 00:21:37,274
that
3840
00:21:37,274 --> 00:21:37,394
there
3841
00:21:37,394 --> 00:21:37,574
was
3842
00:21:37,574 --> 00:21:37,874
a
3843
00:21:38,234 --> 00:21:38,744
wave
3844
00:21:38,744 --> 00:21:38,984
out
3845
00:21:38,984 --> 00:21:39,104
of
3846
00:21:39,104 --> 00:21:39,704
Africa
3847
00:21:39,704 --> 00:21:40,034
around
3848
00:21:40,034 --> 00:21:40,634
100,000
3849
00:21:40,634 --> 00:21:40,874
years
3850
00:21:40,874 --> 00:21:41,234
ago
,
3851
00:21:41,504 --> 00:21:41,864
didn't
3852
00:21:41,864 --> 00:21:42,464
survive
3853
00:21:42,464 --> 00:21:43,034
crossbred
3854
00:21:43,034 --> 00:21:43,154
with
3855
00:21:43,154 --> 00:21:43,934
Neanderthals
.
3856
00:21:44,144 --> 00:21:44,324
They
3857
00:21:44,324 --> 00:21:44,624
got
3858
00:21:44,624 --> 00:21:44,864
our
3859
00:21:44,864 --> 00:21:45,704
mitochondria
3860
00:21:45,704 --> 00:21:45,974
and
3861
00:21:45,974 --> 00:21:46,364
our
3862
00:21:46,754 --> 00:21:47,144
speech
3863
00:21:47,144 --> 00:21:47,744
genes
3864
00:21:48,074 --> 00:21:48,404
and
3865
00:21:48,434 --> 00:21:48,524
it
3866
00:21:48,524 --> 00:21:48,944
enabled
3867
00:21:48,944 --> 00:21:49,214
them
3868
00:21:49,214 --> 00:21:49,484
to
3869
00:21:49,514 --> 00:21:49,844
start
3870
00:21:49,844 --> 00:21:50,144
making
3871
00:21:50,144 --> 00:21:50,324
some
3872
00:21:50,324 --> 00:21:50,714
primitive
3873
00:21:50,714 --> 00:21:51,164
art
,
3874
00:21:51,464 --> 00:21:51,584
you
3875
00:21:51,584 --> 00:21:51,734
know
,
3876
00:21:51,734 --> 00:21:52,304
handprints
3877
00:21:52,304 --> 00:21:52,424
on
3878
00:21:52,424 --> 00:21:52,514
the
3879
00:21:52,514 --> 00:21:52,934
wall
,
3880
00:21:53,144 --> 00:21:53,534
nothing
3881
00:21:53,534 --> 00:21:53,774
like
,
3882
00:21:53,954 --> 00:21:54,074
you
3883
00:21:54,074 --> 00:21:54,194
know
,
3884
00:21:54,194 --> 00:21:54,254
a
3885
00:21:54,254 --> 00:21:54,584
picture
3886
00:21:54,584 --> 00:21:54,704
of
3887
00:21:54,704 --> 00:21:54,794
a
3888
00:21:54,794 --> 00:21:55,064
woolly
3889
00:21:55,214 --> 00:21:55,724
mammoth
3890
00:21:55,724 --> 00:21:55,784
or
3891
00:21:55,784 --> 00:21:56,084
something
3892
00:21:56,084 --> 00:21:56,234
like
3893
00:21:56,234 --> 00:21:56,504
that
.
3894
00:21:56,774 --> 00:21:57,134
But
3895
00:21:57,134 --> 00:21:57,794
lines
3896
00:21:57,794 --> 00:21:57,944
on
3897
00:21:57,944 --> 00:21:58,454
walls
,
3898
00:21:58,454 --> 00:21:58,964
handprints
3899
00:21:58,964 --> 00:21:59,144
that
3900
00:21:59,144 --> 00:21:59,354
sort
3901
00:21:59,354 --> 00:21:59,474
of
3902
00:21:59,474 --> 00:21:59,774
thing
.
3903
00:22:00,314 --> 00:22:00,554
And
3904
00:22:00,554 --> 00:22:00,854
then
3905
00:22:00,854 --> 00:22:01,724
60,000
3906
00:22:01,724 --> 00:22:01,964
years
3907
00:22:01,964 --> 00:22:02,264
ago
,
3908
00:22:02,264 --> 00:22:02,924
another
3909
00:22:02,924 --> 00:22:03,194
wave
3910
00:22:03,194 --> 00:22:03,314
of
3911
00:22:03,314 --> 00:22:03,674
humans
3912
00:22:03,674 --> 00:22:03,974
leaves
3913
00:22:03,974 --> 00:22:04,544
Africa
3914
00:22:04,814 --> 00:22:05,024
and
3915
00:22:05,024 --> 00:22:05,174
we're
3916
00:22:05,174 --> 00:22:05,444
able
3917
00:22:05,444 --> 00:22:05,534
to
3918
00:22:05,534 --> 00:22:06,224
survive
.
3919
00:22:06,224 --> 00:22:06,464
And
3920
00:22:06,464 --> 00:22:06,614
we
3921
00:22:06,644 --> 00:22:06,914
wipe
3922
00:22:06,914 --> 00:22:07,124
out
3923
00:22:07,124 --> 00:22:07,214
the
3924
00:22:07,214 --> 00:22:07,964
Neanderthals
3925
00:22:08,114 --> 00:22:08,474
within
3926
00:22:08,474 --> 00:22:08,684
about
3927
00:22:08,684 --> 00:22:09,344
20,000
3928
00:22:09,344 --> 00:22:09,644
years
.
3929
00:22:09,644 --> 00:22:09,794
We
3930
00:22:09,794 --> 00:22:09,974
wiped
3931
00:22:09,974 --> 00:22:10,094
them
3932
00:22:10,094 --> 00:22:10,214
out
3933
00:22:10,214 --> 00:22:10,604
fairly
3934
00:22:10,604 --> 00:22:11,084
quickly
.
3935
00:22:11,384 --> 00:22:11,744
So
3936
00:22:12,044 --> 00:22:12,584
we
3937
00:22:12,584 --> 00:22:12,974
are
3938
00:22:12,974 --> 00:22:13,574
not
3939
00:22:13,814 --> 00:22:14,744
necessarily
3940
00:22:14,744 --> 00:22:15,374
nice
.
3941
00:22:15,374 --> 00:22:15,644
Well
,
3942
00:22:15,644 --> 00:22:15,794
we
3943
00:22:15,794 --> 00:22:15,914
are
3944
00:22:15,914 --> 00:22:16,124
very
3945
00:22:16,124 --> 00:22:16,304
much
3946
00:22:16,304 --> 00:22:16,784
social
3947
00:22:16,784 --> 00:22:17,324
animals
.
3948
00:22:17,324 --> 00:22:17,474
We
3949
00:22:17,474 --> 00:22:17,564
are
3950
00:22:17,564 --> 00:22:17,924
social
3951
00:22:17,954 --> 00:22:18,434
hunters
.
3952
00:22:18,434 --> 00:22:18,584
We
3953
00:22:18,584 --> 00:22:18,854
can't
3954
00:22:18,854 --> 00:22:19,004
get
3955
00:22:19,004 --> 00:22:19,304
along
3956
00:22:19,304 --> 00:22:19,604
without
3957
00:22:19,604 --> 00:22:19,784
each
3958
00:22:19,784 --> 00:22:20,084
other
.
3959
00:22:20,594 --> 00:22:20,774
Our
3960
00:22:20,774 --> 00:22:21,134
babies
3961
00:22:21,134 --> 00:22:21,284
will
3962
00:22:21,284 --> 00:22:21,644
starve
3963
00:22:21,644 --> 00:22:22,004
without
3964
00:22:22,004 --> 00:22:22,394
help
.
3965
00:22:22,634 --> 00:22:22,994
Our
3966
00:22:22,994 --> 00:22:23,684
societies
3967
00:22:23,684 --> 00:22:23,804
will
3968
00:22:23,804 --> 00:22:24,344
collapse
3969
00:22:24,344 --> 00:22:24,464
if
3970
00:22:24,464 --> 00:22:24,554
we
3971
00:22:24,554 --> 00:22:24,734
don't
3972
00:22:24,734 --> 00:22:24,944
work
3973
00:22:24,944 --> 00:22:25,514
together
.
3974
00:22:25,754 --> 00:22:26,054
We're
3975
00:22:26,054 --> 00:22:26,414
also
3976
00:22:26,414 --> 00:22:27,134
genocidal
3977
00:22:27,134 --> 00:22:27,914
murderers
.
3978
00:22:28,124 --> 00:22:28,394
We
,
3979
00:22:28,394 --> 00:22:28,664
while
3980
00:22:28,664 --> 00:22:28,844
we
3981
00:22:28,844 --> 00:22:29,204
wander
3982
00:22:29,204 --> 00:22:29,444
into
3983
00:22:29,444 --> 00:22:29,504
a
3984
00:22:29,504 --> 00:22:29,714
new
3985
00:22:29,714 --> 00:22:30,224
area
3986
00:22:30,224 --> 00:22:30,434
and
3987
00:22:30,434 --> 00:22:30,584
we
3988
00:22:30,584 --> 00:22:30,824
eat
3989
00:22:30,824 --> 00:22:31,334
everything
3990
00:22:31,334 --> 00:22:31,484
we
3991
00:22:31,484 --> 00:22:31,994
can
3992
00:22:31,994 --> 00:22:32,114
if
3993
00:22:32,114 --> 00:22:32,234
we
3994
00:22:32,234 --> 00:22:32,354
can
3995
00:22:32,354 --> 00:22:32,684
catch
3996
00:22:32,684 --> 00:22:32,834
it
.
3997
00:22:33,614 --> 00:22:33,824
And
3998
00:22:33,824 --> 00:22:33,974
so
3999
00:22:33,974 --> 00:22:34,154
this
4000
00:22:34,154 --> 00:22:34,274
is
4001
00:22:34,274 --> 00:22:34,424
sort
4002
00:22:34,424 --> 00:22:34,574
of
4003
00:22:34,574 --> 00:22:34,864
the
4004
00:22:34,864 --> 00:22:35,044
the
4005
00:22:35,044 --> 00:22:35,194
the
4006
00:22:35,384 --> 00:22:35,984
pattern
4007
00:22:35,984 --> 00:22:36,074
of
4008
00:22:36,074 --> 00:22:36,194
our
4009
00:22:36,194 --> 00:22:36,614
history
4010
00:22:36,614 --> 00:22:36,944
after
4011
00:22:36,944 --> 00:22:37,124
this
,
4012
00:22:37,124 --> 00:22:37,334
every
4013
00:22:37,334 --> 00:22:37,544
time
4014
00:22:37,544 --> 00:22:37,664
we
4015
00:22:37,664 --> 00:22:37,904
enter
4016
00:22:37,904 --> 00:22:37,994
a
4017
00:22:37,994 --> 00:22:38,204
new
4018
00:22:38,204 --> 00:22:38,714
area
,
4019
00:22:39,284 --> 00:22:39,614
whoever
4020
00:22:39,614 --> 00:22:39,764
has
4021
00:22:39,764 --> 00:22:39,854
the
4022
00:22:39,854 --> 00:22:40,064
best
4023
00:22:40,064 --> 00:22:40,664
technology
4024
00:22:40,664 --> 00:22:41,174
wins
.
4025
00:22:41,384 --> 00:22:41,714
Whoever
4026
00:22:41,714 --> 00:22:41,864
is
4027
00:22:41,864 --> 00:22:41,984
the
4028
00:22:41,984 --> 00:22:42,254
worst
4029
00:22:42,254 --> 00:22:42,884
technology
4030
00:22:42,884 --> 00:22:43,494
disappears
,
4031
00:22:43,494 --> 00:22:43,704
just
4032
00:22:43,724 --> 00:22:44,264
dies
.
4033
00:22:44,264 --> 00:22:44,474
And
4034
00:22:44,474 --> 00:22:44,594
it's
4035
00:22:44,594 --> 00:22:44,954
usually
4036
00:22:44,954 --> 00:22:45,104
their
4037
00:22:45,104 --> 00:22:45,944
Y-chromosome
4038
00:22:45,944 --> 00:22:46,064
that
4039
00:22:46,064 --> 00:22:46,634
disappears
.
4040
00:22:46,634 --> 00:22:46,754
It's
4041
00:22:46,754 --> 00:22:47,114
usually
4042
00:22:47,114 --> 00:22:47,234
the
4043
00:22:47,234 --> 00:22:47,564
male
4044
00:22:47,564 --> 00:22:48,194
chromosome
.
4045
00:22:48,194 --> 00:22:48,404
So
4046
00:22:48,404 --> 00:22:48,494
it
4047
00:22:48,494 --> 00:22:48,764
seems
4048
00:22:48,764 --> 00:22:48,884
as
4049
00:22:48,884 --> 00:22:48,974
though
4050
00:22:48,974 --> 00:22:49,094
we're
4051
00:22:49,094 --> 00:22:49,424
killing
4052
00:22:49,424 --> 00:22:49,544
all
4053
00:22:49,544 --> 00:22:49,634
the
4054
00:22:49,634 --> 00:22:49,994
males
4055
00:22:49,994 --> 00:22:50,114
and
4056
00:22:50,114 --> 00:22:50,414
keeping
4057
00:22:50,414 --> 00:22:50,504
the
4058
00:22:50,504 --> 00:22:51,074
females
.
4059
00:22:51,764 --> 00:22:51,914
So
4060
00:22:51,914 --> 00:22:52,004
the
4061
00:22:52,004 --> 00:22:52,244
same
4062
00:22:52,244 --> 00:22:52,454
thing
4063
00:22:52,454 --> 00:22:52,604
that
4064
00:22:52,604 --> 00:22:52,794
they
4065
00:22:52,814 --> 00:22:53,024
that
4066
00:22:53,024 --> 00:22:53,594
Columbus
4067
00:22:53,594 --> 00:22:53,774
did
4068
00:22:53,774 --> 00:22:53,954
when
4069
00:22:53,954 --> 00:22:54,074
he
4070
00:22:54,074 --> 00:22:54,374
got
4071
00:22:54,374 --> 00:22:54,824
to
4072
00:22:55,634 --> 00:22:55,904
the
4073
00:22:56,104 --> 00:22:56,294
the
4074
00:22:56,324 --> 00:22:56,924
Taino
4075
00:22:56,924 --> 00:22:57,254
in
4076
00:22:58,784 --> 00:22:59,594
Hispaniola
,
4077
00:23:00,314 --> 00:23:00,584
all
4078
00:23:00,584 --> 00:23:00,704
of
4079
00:23:00,704 --> 00:23:00,794
the
4080
00:23:00,794 --> 00:23:01,004
Y
4081
00:23:01,004 --> 00:23:01,634
chromosomes
4082
00:23:01,634 --> 00:23:01,724
were
4083
00:23:01,724 --> 00:23:02,054
gone
4084
00:23:02,054 --> 00:23:02,294
within
4085
00:23:02,294 --> 00:23:02,354
a
4086
00:23:02,354 --> 00:23:02,534
couple
4087
00:23:02,534 --> 00:23:02,594
of
4088
00:23:02,594 --> 00:23:03,434
generations
.
4089
00:23:04,694 --> 00:23:04,844
The
4090
00:23:04,844 --> 00:23:05,354
Taino
4091
00:23:05,354 --> 00:23:05,504
had
4092
00:23:05,504 --> 00:23:05,744
done
4093
00:23:05,744 --> 00:23:05,834
to
4094
00:23:05,834 --> 00:23:05,924
the
4095
00:23:05,924 --> 00:23:06,284
same
4096
00:23:06,284 --> 00:23:06,644
islands
4097
00:23:06,644 --> 00:23:06,764
in
4098
00:23:06,764 --> 00:23:07,554
Hispaniola
4099
00:23:07,574 --> 00:23:08,204
400
4100
00:23:08,204 --> 00:23:08,444
years
4101
00:23:08,444 --> 00:23:09,014
previously
.
4102
00:23:09,014 --> 00:23:09,164
When
4103
00:23:09,164 --> 00:23:09,314
they'd
4104
00:23:09,314 --> 00:23:09,584
gotten
4105
00:23:09,584 --> 00:23:09,764
there
,
4106
00:23:09,764 --> 00:23:09,854
there
4107
00:23:09,934 --> 00:23:10,094
been
4108
00:23:10,094 --> 00:23:10,364
people
4109
00:23:10,364 --> 00:23:10,604
there
4110
00:23:10,604 --> 00:23:11,114
already
4111
00:23:11,264 --> 00:23:11,504
and
4112
00:23:11,504 --> 00:23:11,644
all
4113
00:23:11,644 --> 00:23:11,684
of
4114
00:23:11,684 --> 00:23:11,744
the
4115
00:23:11,744 --> 00:23:11,924
Y
4116
00:23:11,924 --> 00:23:12,494
chromosomes
4117
00:23:12,494 --> 00:23:12,944
disappeared
.
4118
00:23:12,944 --> 00:23:13,064
So
4119
00:23:13,184 --> 00:23:13,384
this
4120
00:23:13,454 --> 00:23:13,694
is
4121
00:23:13,964 --> 00:23:14,714
absolutely
4122
00:23:14,714 --> 00:23:15,074
something
4123
00:23:15,074 --> 00:23:15,194
that
4124
00:23:15,194 --> 00:23:15,374
is
4125
00:23:15,374 --> 00:23:15,734
part
4126
00:23:15,734 --> 00:23:15,854
of
4127
00:23:15,854 --> 00:23:15,974
our
4128
00:23:15,974 --> 00:23:16,514
history
.
4129
00:23:16,514 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
4130
00:23:16,514 --> 00:23:16,724
It's
4131
00:23:16,724 --> 00:23:17,264
something
4132
00:23:17,264 --> 00:23:17,504
we
4133
00:23:17,504 --> 00:23:17,864
do
.
4134
00:23:17,864 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
4135
00:23:17,864 --> 00:23:18,074
It
4136
00:23:18,074 --> 00:23:18,194
is
4137
00:23:18,194 --> 00:23:18,554
something
4138
00:23:18,554 --> 00:23:18,644
we
4139
00:23:18,644 --> 00:23:18,764
do
,
4140
00:23:18,764 --> 00:23:18,884
but
4141
00:23:18,884 --> 00:23:18,974
we
4142
00:23:18,974 --> 00:23:19,214
also
4143
00:23:19,214 --> 00:23:19,664
interbreed
4144
00:23:19,664 --> 00:23:19,784
with
4145
00:23:19,784 --> 00:23:19,844
the
4146
00:23:19,844 --> 00:23:20,144
people
4147
00:23:20,144 --> 00:23:20,384
there
.
4148
00:23:20,384 --> 00:23:20,564
And
4149
00:23:20,564 --> 00:23:20,834
so
4150
00:23:21,254 --> 00:23:21,734
the
4151
00:23:21,734 --> 00:23:22,064
genes
4152
00:23:22,064 --> 00:23:22,154
are
4153
00:23:22,154 --> 00:23:22,334
not
4154
00:23:22,334 --> 00:23:22,604
lost
4155
00:23:22,604 --> 00:23:23,114
entirely
.
4156
00:23:23,114 --> 00:23:23,294
So
4157
00:23:23,294 --> 00:23:23,534
even
4158
00:23:23,534 --> 00:23:23,624
though
4159
00:23:23,624 --> 00:23:23,744
we
4160
00:23:23,744 --> 00:23:23,984
wiped
4161
00:23:23,984 --> 00:23:24,134
out
4162
00:23:24,134 --> 00:23:24,224
the
4163
00:23:24,224 --> 00:23:24,944
Neanderthals
,
4164
00:23:25,124 --> 00:23:25,394
we
4165
00:23:25,394 --> 00:23:25,664
have
4166
00:23:25,664 --> 00:23:26,174
Neanderthal
4167
00:23:26,174 --> 00:23:26,474
genes
.
4168
00:23:26,474 --> 00:23:26,594
It's
4169
00:23:26,594 --> 00:23:26,774
only
4170
00:23:26,774 --> 00:23:27,104
about
4171
00:23:27,104 --> 00:23:27,794
2%
4172
00:23:27,794 --> 00:23:27,884
of
4173
00:23:27,884 --> 00:23:28,034
our
4174
00:23:28,034 --> 00:23:28,334
total
4175
00:23:28,334 --> 00:23:28,844
genome
.
4176
00:23:29,534 --> 00:23:30,014
But
4177
00:23:30,434 --> 00:23:30,724
we
4178
00:23:30,764 --> 00:23:31,414
we
4179
00:23:31,424 --> 00:23:31,724
share
4180
00:23:31,724 --> 00:23:31,994
that
.
4181
00:23:32,384 --> 00:23:32,774
So
4182
00:23:33,014 --> 00:23:33,194
in
4183
00:23:33,194 --> 00:23:33,674
terms
4184
00:23:33,674 --> 00:23:34,094
of
4185
00:23:34,304 --> 00:23:34,514
sort
4186
00:23:34,514 --> 00:23:34,664
of
4187
00:23:35,024 --> 00:23:35,564
diet
4188
00:23:35,564 --> 00:23:35,714
and
4189
00:23:35,714 --> 00:23:36,554
exercise
,
4190
00:23:36,554 --> 00:23:36,734
what
4191
00:23:36,734 --> 00:23:36,884
would
4192
00:23:36,884 --> 00:23:37,004
have
4193
00:23:37,004 --> 00:23:37,154
been
4194
00:23:37,154 --> 00:23:37,634
happening
4195
00:23:37,634 --> 00:23:37,724
at
4196
00:23:37,724 --> 00:23:37,904
this
4197
00:23:37,904 --> 00:23:38,234
time
,
4198
00:23:38,234 --> 00:23:38,714
again
,
4199
00:23:38,894 --> 00:23:39,434
transition
4200
00:23:39,434 --> 00:23:39,524
to
4201
00:23:39,524 --> 00:23:39,764
meat
.
4202
00:23:39,764 --> 00:23:39,884
But
4203
00:23:39,884 --> 00:23:40,094
now
4204
00:23:40,094 --> 00:23:40,214
we
4205
00:23:40,214 --> 00:23:40,664
have
4206
00:23:41,114 --> 00:23:41,564
much
4207
00:23:41,564 --> 00:23:41,834
more
4208
00:23:41,834 --> 00:23:41,924
a
4209
00:23:41,924 --> 00:23:42,344
wider
4210
00:23:42,344 --> 00:23:42,914
variety
4211
00:23:42,914 --> 00:23:43,094
of
4212
00:23:43,094 --> 00:23:43,424
of
4213
00:23:43,424 --> 00:23:43,624
our
4214
00:23:43,634 --> 00:23:44,174
foods
.
4215
00:23:44,444 --> 00:23:44,714
So
4216
00:23:44,714 --> 00:23:44,864
we're
4217
00:23:44,864 --> 00:23:45,164
able
4218
00:23:45,164 --> 00:23:45,314
to
4219
00:23:45,314 --> 00:23:45,704
eat
4220
00:23:46,034 --> 00:23:46,604
marine
4221
00:23:46,604 --> 00:23:47,204
sources
4222
00:23:47,204 --> 00:23:47,294
of
4223
00:23:47,294 --> 00:23:47,624
food
,
4224
00:23:47,634 --> 00:23:47,864
so
4225
00:23:47,864 --> 00:23:47,954
we're
4226
00:23:47,954 --> 00:23:48,164
able
4227
00:23:48,164 --> 00:23:48,374
to
4228
00:23:48,374 --> 00:23:48,584
go
4229
00:23:48,584 --> 00:23:49,034
fishing
.
4230
00:23:49,214 --> 00:23:49,364
We
4231
00:23:49,364 --> 00:23:49,514
have
4232
00:23:49,514 --> 00:23:50,234
harpoons
,
4233
00:23:50,234 --> 00:23:50,444
right
?
4234
00:23:50,444 --> 00:23:50,594
That's
4235
00:23:50,594 --> 00:23:50,864
another
4236
00:23:50,864 --> 00:23:51,074
thing
4237
00:23:51,074 --> 00:23:51,194
that
4238
00:23:51,194 --> 00:23:51,674
involves
4239
00:23:51,854 --> 00:23:52,274
knowing
4240
00:23:52,274 --> 00:23:52,424
where
4241
00:23:52,424 --> 00:23:52,844
something
4242
00:23:52,844 --> 00:23:53,084
is
.
4243
00:23:53,084 --> 00:23:53,204
You
4244
00:23:53,204 --> 00:23:53,384
have
4245
00:23:53,384 --> 00:23:53,474
to
4246
00:23:53,474 --> 00:23:53,714
have
4247
00:23:53,714 --> 00:23:53,924
a
4248
00:23:54,134 --> 00:23:54,704
harpoon
4249
00:23:54,704 --> 00:23:55,004
point
4250
00:23:55,004 --> 00:23:55,154
with
4251
00:23:55,154 --> 00:23:55,814
barbs
4252
00:23:55,994 --> 00:23:56,534
tied
4253
00:23:56,534 --> 00:23:56,684
on
4254
00:23:56,684 --> 00:23:56,834
to
4255
00:23:56,834 --> 00:23:56,894
a
4256
00:23:56,894 --> 00:23:57,344
stick
4257
00:23:57,344 --> 00:23:57,524
with
4258
00:23:57,524 --> 00:23:57,614
a
4259
00:23:57,614 --> 00:23:58,154
line
4260
00:23:58,154 --> 00:23:58,274
that
4261
00:23:58,274 --> 00:23:58,544
then
4262
00:23:58,544 --> 00:23:58,874
stops
4263
00:23:58,874 --> 00:23:58,964
the
4264
00:23:58,964 --> 00:23:59,204
thing
4265
00:23:59,204 --> 00:23:59,444
not
4266
00:23:59,444 --> 00:23:59,834
swimming
4267
00:23:59,834 --> 00:24:00,254
away
.
4268
00:24:00,494 --> 00:24:00,674
You
4269
00:24:00,674 --> 00:24:00,824
have
4270
00:24:00,824 --> 00:24:00,944
to
4271
00:24:00,944 --> 00:24:01,214
be
4272
00:24:01,214 --> 00:24:01,454
able
4273
00:24:01,454 --> 00:24:01,544
to
4274
00:24:01,544 --> 00:24:02,084
understand
4275
00:24:02,084 --> 00:24:02,204
how
4276
00:24:02,204 --> 00:24:02,324
to
4277
00:24:02,324 --> 00:24:02,564
aim
4278
00:24:02,564 --> 00:24:02,624
a
4279
00:24:02,624 --> 00:24:03,104
harpoon
.
4280
00:24:03,104 --> 00:24:03,224
You
4281
00:24:03,224 --> 00:24:03,374
know
,
4282
00:24:03,374 --> 00:24:03,514
the
4283
00:24:03,554 --> 00:24:04,304
diffraction
4284
00:24:04,514 --> 00:24:04,964
means
4285
00:24:04,964 --> 00:24:05,294
that
4286
00:24:05,654 --> 00:24:05,834
the
4287
00:24:05,834 --> 00:24:06,194
target
4288
00:24:06,194 --> 00:24:06,314
you're
4289
00:24:06,314 --> 00:24:06,614
looking
4290
00:24:06,614 --> 00:24:06,764
at
4291
00:24:06,764 --> 00:24:07,194
is
4292
00:24:07,194 --> 00:24:07,474
is
4293
00:24:07,514 --> 00:24:07,754
ten
4294
00:24:07,754 --> 00:24:08,294
degrees
4295
00:24:08,444 --> 00:24:08,864
over
4296
00:24:08,864 --> 00:24:09,074
from
4297
00:24:09,074 --> 00:24:09,344
where
4298
00:24:09,344 --> 00:24:09,494
you
4299
00:24:09,494 --> 00:24:09,914
actually
4300
00:24:09,914 --> 00:24:10,154
have
4301
00:24:10,154 --> 00:24:10,244
to
4302
00:24:10,244 --> 00:24:10,664
aim
.
4303
00:24:11,324 --> 00:24:11,774
So
4304
00:24:11,924 --> 00:24:12,434
our
4305
00:24:12,494 --> 00:24:12,914
ability
4306
00:24:12,914 --> 00:24:13,034
to
4307
00:24:13,034 --> 00:24:13,214
get
4308
00:24:13,244 --> 00:24:13,484
new
4309
00:24:13,484 --> 00:24:14,084
sources
4310
00:24:14,084 --> 00:24:14,344
and
4311
00:24:14,344 --> 00:24:14,534
a
4312
00:24:14,574 --> 00:24:14,894
greater
4313
00:24:14,894 --> 00:24:15,494
variety
4314
00:24:15,494 --> 00:24:15,584
of
4315
00:24:15,584 --> 00:24:15,974
sources
4316
00:24:15,974 --> 00:24:16,064
of
4317
00:24:16,064 --> 00:24:16,394
food
4318
00:24:16,394 --> 00:24:16,634
has
4319
00:24:16,634 --> 00:24:17,024
greatly
4320
00:24:17,024 --> 00:24:17,564
expanded
.
4321
00:24:17,684 --> 00:24:17,834
We're
4322
00:24:17,834 --> 00:24:18,104
probably
4323
00:24:18,104 --> 00:24:18,404
making
4324
00:24:18,404 --> 00:24:19,034
snares
,
4325
00:24:19,034 --> 00:24:19,214
right
?
4326
00:24:19,214 --> 00:24:19,394
So
4327
00:24:19,394 --> 00:24:19,454
a
4328
00:24:19,454 --> 00:24:20,114
string
4329
00:24:20,234 --> 00:24:20,444
can
4330
00:24:20,444 --> 00:24:20,564
get
4331
00:24:20,564 --> 00:24:20,684
you
4332
00:24:20,684 --> 00:24:20,744
a
4333
00:24:20,744 --> 00:24:21,134
rabbit
,
4334
00:24:21,134 --> 00:24:21,254
you
4335
00:24:21,254 --> 00:24:21,494
chase
4336
00:24:21,494 --> 00:24:21,584
the
4337
00:24:21,584 --> 00:24:21,914
rabbit
4338
00:24:21,914 --> 00:24:22,124
into
4339
00:24:22,124 --> 00:24:22,184
the
4340
00:24:22,184 --> 00:24:22,514
little
4341
00:24:22,754 --> 00:24:23,324
noose
4342
00:24:23,324 --> 00:24:23,564
and
4343
00:24:23,564 --> 00:24:23,894
suddenly
4344
00:24:23,894 --> 00:24:24,014
you
4345
00:24:24,014 --> 00:24:24,194
have
4346
00:24:24,194 --> 00:24:24,224
a
4347
00:24:24,224 --> 00:24:24,734
smaller
4348
00:24:24,734 --> 00:24:25,244
animal
4349
00:24:25,634 --> 00:24:26,084
fairly
4350
00:24:26,084 --> 00:24:26,594
easily
.
4351
00:24:26,864 --> 00:24:27,194
So
4352
00:24:27,194 --> 00:24:27,374
this
4353
00:24:27,374 --> 00:24:27,494
is
4354
00:24:27,494 --> 00:24:27,614
a
4355
00:24:27,614 --> 00:24:28,004
wide
4356
00:24:28,004 --> 00:24:28,334
variety
4357
00:24:28,334 --> 00:24:28,394
of
4358
00:24:28,394 --> 00:24:28,754
foods
4359
00:24:28,754 --> 00:24:28,844
is
4360
00:24:28,844 --> 00:24:29,294
probably
4361
00:24:29,294 --> 00:24:29,564
how
4362
00:24:29,564 --> 00:24:29,714
we
4363
00:24:29,714 --> 00:24:30,374
outcompeted
4364
00:24:30,374 --> 00:24:30,464
the
4365
00:24:30,464 --> 00:24:31,184
Neanderthals
.
4366
00:24:31,424 --> 00:24:31,574
It
4367
00:24:31,574 --> 00:24:31,844
wasn't
4368
00:24:31,844 --> 00:24:32,114
just
4369
00:24:32,114 --> 00:24:32,414
all
,
4370
00:24:32,414 --> 00:24:32,534
you
4371
00:24:32,534 --> 00:24:32,684
know
,
4372
00:24:32,684 --> 00:24:32,984
going
4373
00:24:32,984 --> 00:24:33,104
up
4374
00:24:33,104 --> 00:24:33,224
and
4375
00:24:33,224 --> 00:24:33,524
killing
4376
00:24:33,524 --> 00:24:33,674
them
4377
00:24:33,674 --> 00:24:34,154
directly
.
4378
00:24:34,154 --> 00:24:34,664
SLAUGHTER
4379
00:24:34,844 --> 00:24:35,024
but
4380
00:24:35,024 --> 00:24:35,114
it
4381
00:24:35,114 --> 00:24:35,234
was
4382
00:24:35,234 --> 00:24:35,504
just
4383
00:24:35,504 --> 00:24:35,864
eating
4384
00:24:35,864 --> 00:24:36,134
all
4385
00:24:36,134 --> 00:24:36,224
the
4386
00:24:36,224 --> 00:24:36,554
foods
4387
00:24:36,554 --> 00:24:36,674
that
4388
00:24:36,674 --> 00:24:36,824
they
4389
00:24:36,824 --> 00:24:36,944
would
4390
00:24:36,944 --> 00:24:37,394
normally
4391
00:24:37,394 --> 00:24:37,694
eat
.
4392
00:24:38,474 --> 00:24:38,714
And
4393
00:24:38,714 --> 00:24:38,894
so
4394
00:24:38,894 --> 00:24:39,014
you
4395
00:24:39,014 --> 00:24:39,224
see
4396
00:24:39,224 --> 00:24:39,524
us
4397
00:24:39,524 --> 00:24:39,944
pushing
4398
00:24:39,944 --> 00:24:40,094
out
4399
00:24:40,094 --> 00:24:40,154
the
4400
00:24:40,154 --> 00:24:40,814
Neanderthals
,
4401
00:24:41,024 --> 00:24:41,264
and
4402
00:24:41,264 --> 00:24:41,474
with
4403
00:24:41,474 --> 00:24:41,684
this
4404
00:24:41,684 --> 00:24:42,044
comes
4405
00:24:42,044 --> 00:24:42,374
a
4406
00:24:42,584 --> 00:24:43,064
whole
4407
00:24:43,064 --> 00:24:43,364
new
4408
00:24:43,364 --> 00:24:43,664
level
4409
00:24:43,664 --> 00:24:43,814
of
4410
00:24:43,814 --> 00:24:44,144
art
.
4411
00:24:44,414 --> 00:24:44,864
And
4412
00:24:45,284 --> 00:24:45,884
again
,
4413
00:24:46,034 --> 00:24:46,694
probably
4414
00:24:46,694 --> 00:24:46,904
due
4415
00:24:46,904 --> 00:24:47,024
to
4416
00:24:47,024 --> 00:24:47,534
various
4417
00:24:47,684 --> 00:24:48,584
pro-European
4418
00:24:48,584 --> 00:24:49,364
biases
,
4419
00:24:49,514 --> 00:24:49,694
at
4420
00:24:49,694 --> 00:24:49,934
first
4421
00:24:49,934 --> 00:24:50,054
we
4422
00:24:50,054 --> 00:24:50,264
thought
4423
00:24:50,264 --> 00:24:50,384
this
4424
00:24:50,384 --> 00:24:50,504
was
4425
00:24:50,504 --> 00:24:50,714
only
4426
00:24:50,714 --> 00:24:51,074
happening
4427
00:24:51,074 --> 00:24:51,164
in
4428
00:24:51,164 --> 00:24:51,434
Europe
,
4429
00:24:51,434 --> 00:24:51,554
but
4430
00:24:51,554 --> 00:24:51,674
we're
4431
00:24:51,674 --> 00:24:51,854
now
4432
00:24:51,854 --> 00:24:52,184
finding
4433
00:24:52,184 --> 00:24:52,304
out
4434
00:24:52,304 --> 00:24:52,424
this
4435
00:24:52,424 --> 00:24:52,574
is
4436
00:24:52,574 --> 00:24:53,024
happening
4437
00:24:53,024 --> 00:24:53,804
everywhere
.
4438
00:24:53,954 --> 00:24:54,164
We
4439
00:24:54,164 --> 00:24:54,314
had
4440
00:24:54,314 --> 00:24:54,404
to
4441
00:24:54,404 --> 00:24:55,244
Indonesia
4442
00:24:55,394 --> 00:24:55,634
and
4443
00:24:55,634 --> 00:24:55,754
we
4444
00:24:55,754 --> 00:24:56,084
start
4445
00:24:56,324 --> 00:24:56,714
painting
4446
00:24:56,714 --> 00:24:56,834
on
4447
00:24:56,834 --> 00:24:56,924
the
4448
00:24:56,924 --> 00:24:57,374
walls
4449
00:24:57,374 --> 00:24:57,464
in
4450
00:24:57,464 --> 00:24:57,974
Indonesia
4451
00:24:57,974 --> 00:24:58,664
40,000
4452
00:24:58,664 --> 00:24:58,904
years
4453
00:24:58,904 --> 00:24:59,204
ago
.
4454
00:24:59,354 --> 00:24:59,564
We're
4455
00:24:59,564 --> 00:24:59,924
painting
4456
00:24:59,924 --> 00:25:00,014
the
4457
00:25:00,014 --> 00:25:00,464
animals
4458
00:25:00,464 --> 00:25:00,614
we
4459
00:25:00,614 --> 00:25:01,034
hunt
.
4460
00:25:01,214 --> 00:25:01,394
We're
4461
00:25:01,394 --> 00:25:01,724
seeing
4462
00:25:01,724 --> 00:25:01,784
the
4463
00:25:01,784 --> 00:25:02,054
same
4464
00:25:02,054 --> 00:25:02,234
thing
4465
00:25:02,234 --> 00:25:02,354
in
4466
00:25:02,354 --> 00:25:03,104
Malaysia
.
4467
00:25:03,344 --> 00:25:03,494
We
4468
00:25:03,494 --> 00:25:03,764
start
4469
00:25:03,764 --> 00:25:04,124
seeing
4470
00:25:04,124 --> 00:25:04,394
this
4471
00:25:04,664 --> 00:25:04,904
in
4472
00:25:04,904 --> 00:25:05,324
Europe
.
4473
00:25:05,324 --> 00:25:05,444
We're
4474
00:25:05,444 --> 00:25:05,864
seeing
4475
00:25:06,044 --> 00:25:06,314
woolly
4476
00:25:06,314 --> 00:25:06,674
mammoths
4477
00:25:06,674 --> 00:25:06,794
on
4478
00:25:06,794 --> 00:25:06,884
the
4479
00:25:06,884 --> 00:25:07,274
walls
.
4480
00:25:07,274 --> 00:25:07,394
We're
4481
00:25:07,394 --> 00:25:07,874
seeing
4482
00:25:08,504 --> 00:25:08,954
the
4483
00:25:09,194 --> 00:25:09,284
the
4484
00:25:09,314 --> 00:25:09,974
rhinos
,
4485
00:25:10,274 --> 00:25:10,514
white
4486
00:25:10,574 --> 00:25:11,044
rhinos
.
4487
00:25:11,054 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
4488
00:25:11,054 --> 00:25:11,564
Happening
4489
00:25:11,564 --> 00:25:11,864
all
4490
00:25:11,864 --> 00:25:12,074
around
4491
00:25:12,074 --> 00:25:12,134
the
4492
00:25:12,134 --> 00:25:12,374
world
4493
00:25:12,374 --> 00:25:12,434
at
4494
00:25:12,434 --> 00:25:12,524
the
4495
00:25:12,524 --> 00:25:12,734
same
4496
00:25:12,734 --> 00:25:13,034
time
,
4497
00:25:13,124 --> 00:25:13,604
because
.
4498
00:25:13,604 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
4499
00:25:13,604 --> 00:25:13,784
We've
4500
00:25:13,784 --> 00:25:14,054
left
4501
00:25:14,054 --> 00:25:14,504
Africa
4502
00:25:14,504 --> 00:25:14,744
with
4503
00:25:14,744 --> 00:25:15,014
these
4504
00:25:15,014 --> 00:25:15,554
superior
4505
00:25:15,554 --> 00:25:15,974
language
4506
00:25:15,974 --> 00:25:16,304
genes
4507
00:25:16,304 --> 00:25:16,424
that
4508
00:25:16,424 --> 00:25:16,764
allows
4509
00:25:16,764 --> 00:25:16,934
this
4510
00:25:16,934 --> 00:25:17,774
imagination
4511
00:25:17,924 --> 00:25:18,134
and
4512
00:25:18,134 --> 00:25:18,314
with
4513
00:25:18,314 --> 00:25:19,064
imagination
,
4514
00:25:19,064 --> 00:25:19,244
with
4515
00:25:19,244 --> 00:25:19,424
these
4516
00:25:19,424 --> 00:25:19,574
new
4517
00:25:19,574 --> 00:25:20,264
technologies
,
4518
00:25:20,264 --> 00:25:20,354
that
4519
00:25:20,354 --> 00:25:20,984
imagination
4520
00:25:20,984 --> 00:25:21,134
can
4521
00:25:21,134 --> 00:25:21,374
give
4522
00:25:21,374 --> 00:25:21,674
us
4523
00:25:21,884 --> 00:25:22,184
with
4524
00:25:22,184 --> 00:25:22,304
the
4525
00:25:22,304 --> 00:25:22,514
new
4526
00:25:22,514 --> 00:25:23,084
social
4527
00:25:23,084 --> 00:25:23,714
interactions
4528
00:25:23,714 --> 00:25:23,834
that
4529
00:25:23,834 --> 00:25:23,984
we
4530
00:25:23,984 --> 00:25:24,434
have
,
4531
00:25:24,644 --> 00:25:24,914
we
4532
00:25:24,914 --> 00:25:25,244
also
4533
00:25:25,244 --> 00:25:25,604
have
4534
00:25:25,844 --> 00:25:26,204
the
4535
00:25:26,204 --> 00:25:27,044
desire
4536
00:25:27,104 --> 00:25:27,284
to
4537
00:25:27,284 --> 00:25:27,794
paint
4538
00:25:27,884 --> 00:25:28,154
what
4539
00:25:28,154 --> 00:25:28,334
we
4540
00:25:28,334 --> 00:25:28,664
see
.
4541
00:25:28,664 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
4542
00:25:28,664 --> 00:25:28,934
So
4543
00:25:28,934 --> 00:25:29,204
these
4544
00:25:29,204 --> 00:25:29,474
these
4545
00:25:29,474 --> 00:25:30,284
progressions
4546
00:25:30,284 --> 00:25:31,154
are
4547
00:25:31,214 --> 00:25:31,694
innate
4548
00:25:31,694 --> 00:25:31,934
in
4549
00:25:31,934 --> 00:25:32,264
us
4550
00:25:32,264 --> 00:25:32,534
and
4551
00:25:32,534 --> 00:25:33,164
developing
4552
00:25:33,164 --> 00:25:33,374
all
4553
00:25:33,374 --> 00:25:33,434
at
4554
00:25:33,434 --> 00:25:33,524
the
4555
00:25:33,524 --> 00:25:33,824
same
4556
00:25:33,824 --> 00:25:34,154
time
.
4557
00:25:34,514 --> 00:25:35,204
Everywhere
.
4558
00:25:35,204 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
4559
00:25:35,204 --> 00:25:35,834
Everywhere
.
4560
00:25:35,834 --> 00:25:36,014
Yeah
.
4561
00:25:36,014 --> 00:25:36,164
It's
4562
00:25:36,164 --> 00:25:36,374
not
4563
00:25:36,374 --> 00:25:36,854
confined
4564
00:25:36,854 --> 00:25:36,914
to
4565
00:25:36,914 --> 00:25:37,184
any
4566
00:25:37,184 --> 00:25:37,694
single
4567
00:25:37,694 --> 00:25:38,564
population
,
4568
00:25:38,774 --> 00:25:39,374
certainly
4569
00:25:39,374 --> 00:25:39,494
in
4570
00:25:39,494 --> 00:25:39,674
the
4571
00:25:39,674 --> 00:25:40,184
earlier
,
4572
00:25:40,184 --> 00:25:40,424
more
4573
00:25:40,424 --> 00:25:40,934
racist
4574
00:25:41,264 --> 00:25:41,714
version
4575
00:25:41,714 --> 00:25:41,834
of
4576
00:25:41,834 --> 00:25:42,074
human
4577
00:25:42,074 --> 00:25:42,734
evolution
,
4578
00:25:43,244 --> 00:25:43,394
there
4579
00:25:43,394 --> 00:25:43,484
were
4580
00:25:43,484 --> 00:25:43,514
a
4581
00:25:43,514 --> 00:25:43,694
lot
4582
00:25:43,694 --> 00:25:43,784
of
4583
00:25:43,784 --> 00:25:44,414
suppositions
4584
00:25:44,414 --> 00:25:44,504
that
4585
00:25:44,504 --> 00:25:44,594
there
4586
00:25:44,594 --> 00:25:44,714
was
4587
00:25:44,714 --> 00:25:45,044
something
4588
00:25:45,044 --> 00:25:45,524
special
4589
00:25:45,524 --> 00:25:45,914
about
4590
00:25:46,034 --> 00:25:46,514
European
4591
00:25:46,514 --> 00:25:47,354
populations
4592
00:25:47,594 --> 00:25:47,804
or
4593
00:25:47,804 --> 00:25:48,164
something
4594
00:25:48,164 --> 00:25:48,464
not
4595
00:25:48,464 --> 00:25:48,914
special
4596
00:25:48,914 --> 00:25:49,244
about
4597
00:25:49,244 --> 00:25:49,844
sub-Saharan
4598
00:25:49,844 --> 00:25:50,234
African
4599
00:25:50,234 --> 00:25:50,894
populations
,
4600
00:25:51,074 --> 00:25:51,254
but
4601
00:25:51,254 --> 00:25:51,404
that
4602
00:25:51,404 --> 00:25:51,494
is
4603
00:25:51,494 --> 00:25:51,644
not
4604
00:25:51,644 --> 00:25:51,734
the
4605
00:25:51,734 --> 00:25:51,974
case
.
4606
00:25:51,974 --> 00:25:52,124
These
4607
00:25:52,124 --> 00:25:52,214
are
4608
00:25:52,244 --> 00:25:52,664
all
4609
00:25:52,664 --> 00:25:53,174
genes
4610
00:25:53,174 --> 00:25:53,324
that
4611
00:25:53,324 --> 00:25:53,744
evolved
4612
00:25:53,744 --> 00:25:53,954
in
4613
00:25:53,954 --> 00:25:54,494
Africa
.
4614
00:25:54,644 --> 00:25:54,854
We
4615
00:25:54,854 --> 00:25:55,124
brought
4616
00:25:55,124 --> 00:25:55,334
out
4617
00:25:55,334 --> 00:25:55,424
of
4618
00:25:55,424 --> 00:25:55,894
Africa
4619
00:25:55,934 --> 00:25:56,174
was
.
4620
00:25:56,174 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
4621
00:25:56,174 --> 00:25:56,684
Being
4622
00:25:56,684 --> 00:25:57,134
human
4623
00:25:57,134 --> 00:25:57,674
happening
.
4624
00:25:57,674 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
4625
00:25:57,674 --> 00:25:58,064
Being
4626
00:25:58,064 --> 00:25:58,334
human
4627
00:25:58,334 --> 00:25:58,784
happening
.
4628
00:25:58,784 --> 00:25:58,904
And
4629
00:25:58,904 --> 00:25:58,994
it
4630
00:25:58,994 --> 00:25:59,384
came
4631
00:25:59,384 --> 00:25:59,744
from
4632
00:25:59,744 --> 00:25:59,834
an
4633
00:25:59,834 --> 00:26:00,254
African
4634
00:26:00,254 --> 00:26:00,914
population
.
4635
00:26:01,664 --> 00:26:02,504
Interestingly
,
4636
00:26:02,954 --> 00:26:03,614
Europeans
4637
00:26:03,614 --> 00:26:04,394
probably
4638
00:26:04,394 --> 00:26:04,664
had
4639
00:26:04,664 --> 00:26:04,934
dark
4640
00:26:04,934 --> 00:26:05,244
skin
4641
00:26:05,264 --> 00:26:05,444
till
4642
00:26:05,444 --> 00:26:05,654
about
4643
00:26:05,654 --> 00:26:06,254
4000
,
4644
00:26:06,254 --> 00:26:06,824
5000
4645
00:26:06,824 --> 00:26:07,034
years
4646
00:26:07,034 --> 00:26:07,364
ago
.
4647
00:26:07,364 --> 00:26:07,514
And
4648
00:26:07,514 --> 00:26:07,574
it
4649
00:26:07,574 --> 00:26:07,784
was
4650
00:26:07,784 --> 00:26:08,084
a
4651
00:26:09,104 --> 00:26:09,224
it
4652
00:26:09,224 --> 00:26:09,404
was
4653
00:26:09,404 --> 00:26:09,494
a
4654
00:26:09,494 --> 00:26:09,854
middle
4655
00:26:09,854 --> 00:26:10,244
Eastern
4656
00:26:10,244 --> 00:26:10,754
farming
4657
00:26:10,754 --> 00:26:11,354
population
4658
00:26:11,354 --> 00:26:11,474
that
4659
00:26:11,474 --> 00:26:12,164
displaced
4660
00:26:12,164 --> 00:26:12,464
the
4661
00:26:12,464 --> 00:26:12,764
hunter
4662
00:26:12,764 --> 00:26:13,424
gatherers
.
4663
00:26:13,784 --> 00:26:14,104
The
4664
00:26:14,154 --> 00:26:14,334
the
4665
00:26:14,444 --> 00:26:14,924
supposed
4666
00:26:14,924 --> 00:26:15,434
ubermensch
4667
00:26:15,434 --> 00:26:15,614
as
4668
00:26:15,614 --> 00:26:15,824
of
4669
00:26:15,824 --> 00:26:16,244
early
4670
00:26:16,454 --> 00:26:16,784
Europe
4671
00:26:16,784 --> 00:26:16,904
would
4672
00:26:16,904 --> 00:26:17,024
have
4673
00:26:17,024 --> 00:26:17,234
had
4674
00:26:17,234 --> 00:26:17,504
dark
4675
00:26:17,504 --> 00:26:17,954
skin
4676
00:26:17,954 --> 00:26:18,074
and
4677
00:26:18,074 --> 00:26:18,254
been
4678
00:26:18,254 --> 00:26:18,344
the
4679
00:26:18,344 --> 00:26:18,704
tall
4680
00:26:18,704 --> 00:26:19,094
hunters
4681
00:26:19,094 --> 00:26:19,334
that
4682
00:26:19,484 --> 00:26:19,724
the
4683
00:26:19,724 --> 00:26:20,114
Nazis
4684
00:26:20,114 --> 00:26:20,354
really
4685
00:26:20,354 --> 00:26:20,714
loved
.
4686
00:26:21,404 --> 00:26:21,584
They
4687
00:26:21,584 --> 00:26:21,764
were
4688
00:26:21,764 --> 00:26:21,914
they
4689
00:26:21,914 --> 00:26:22,064
were
4690
00:26:22,064 --> 00:26:22,304
not
4691
00:26:22,304 --> 00:26:22,454
what
4692
00:26:22,454 --> 00:26:22,574
they
4693
00:26:22,574 --> 00:26:22,664
would
4694
00:26:22,664 --> 00:26:23,024
Nazis
4695
00:26:23,024 --> 00:26:23,144
would
4696
00:26:23,144 --> 00:26:23,264
have
4697
00:26:23,264 --> 00:26:23,474
wanted
4698
00:26:23,474 --> 00:26:23,594
them
4699
00:26:23,594 --> 00:26:23,684
to
4700
00:26:23,684 --> 00:26:23,864
look
4701
00:26:23,864 --> 00:26:24,104
like
4702
00:26:24,104 --> 00:26:24,254
that
.
4703
00:26:24,374 --> 00:26:24,614
Those
4704
00:26:24,614 --> 00:26:24,824
were
4705
00:26:24,824 --> 00:26:25,034
those
4706
00:26:25,034 --> 00:26:25,304
were
4707
00:26:26,084 --> 00:26:26,954
I
4708
00:26:26,954 --> 00:26:27,224
Middle
4709
00:26:27,224 --> 00:26:27,494
Eastern
4710
00:26:27,494 --> 00:26:27,974
farmers
4711
00:26:27,974 --> 00:26:28,094
who
4712
00:26:28,094 --> 00:26:28,394
came
4713
00:26:28,394 --> 00:26:28,694
in
4714
00:26:28,994 --> 00:26:29,294
and
4715
00:26:29,294 --> 00:26:29,714
displaced
4716
00:26:29,714 --> 00:26:29,924
them
,
4717
00:26:30,074 --> 00:26:30,644
possibly
4718
00:26:30,644 --> 00:26:30,784
with
4719
00:26:30,794 --> 00:26:30,854
a
4720
00:26:30,854 --> 00:26:31,394
Neanderthal
4721
00:26:31,394 --> 00:26:31,664
gene
,
4722
00:26:31,664 --> 00:26:31,964
making
4723
00:26:31,964 --> 00:26:32,234
them
4724
00:26:32,864 --> 00:26:33,734
unusually
4725
00:26:33,734 --> 00:26:34,214
pale
4726
00:26:34,874 --> 00:26:35,174
because
4727
00:26:35,174 --> 00:26:35,684
Europeans
4728
00:26:35,684 --> 00:26:35,804
are
4729
00:26:35,804 --> 00:26:36,104
indeed
4730
00:26:36,104 --> 00:26:36,434
paler
4731
00:26:36,434 --> 00:26:36,584
than
4732
00:26:36,584 --> 00:26:36,794
other
4733
00:26:36,794 --> 00:26:37,034
other
4734
00:26:37,034 --> 00:26:37,364
groups
.
4735
00:26:37,364 --> 00:26:37,514
But
4736
00:26:37,514 --> 00:26:37,634
it
4737
00:26:37,634 --> 00:26:37,844
is
4738
00:26:37,844 --> 00:26:37,994
it
4739
00:26:37,994 --> 00:26:38,264
is
4740
00:26:38,624 --> 00:26:39,074
literally
4741
00:26:39,074 --> 00:26:39,314
only
4742
00:26:39,314 --> 00:26:39,584
skin
4743
00:26:39,584 --> 00:26:39,854
deep
.
4744
00:26:39,854 --> 00:26:39,974
It's
4745
00:26:39,974 --> 00:26:40,154
just
4746
00:26:40,724 --> 00:26:40,874
it's
4747
00:26:40,874 --> 00:26:41,054
just
4748
00:26:41,054 --> 00:26:41,534
melanin
.
4749
00:26:41,534 --> 00:26:41,924
And
4750
00:26:41,924 --> 00:26:42,434
they're
4751
00:26:42,434 --> 00:26:42,824
there
.
4752
00:26:42,824 --> 00:26:43,664
It
4753
00:26:43,664 --> 00:26:43,874
didn't
4754
00:26:43,874 --> 00:26:44,054
even
4755
00:26:44,054 --> 00:26:44,264
come
4756
00:26:44,264 --> 00:26:44,444
from
4757
00:26:44,444 --> 00:26:44,774
Europe
.
4758
00:26:46,154 --> 00:26:46,604
So
4759
00:26:47,354 --> 00:26:47,714
it's
4760
00:26:47,864 --> 00:26:48,234
it's
4761
00:26:48,284 --> 00:26:48,884
interesting
4762
00:26:48,884 --> 00:26:48,974
to
4763
00:26:48,974 --> 00:26:49,424
think
4764
00:26:49,424 --> 00:26:49,694
of
4765
00:26:49,694 --> 00:26:50,324
how
4766
00:26:50,324 --> 00:26:50,834
our
4767
00:26:52,214 --> 00:26:52,874
are
4768
00:26:52,934 --> 00:26:53,174
sort
4769
00:26:53,174 --> 00:26:53,264
of
4770
00:26:53,264 --> 00:26:53,834
spiritual
4771
00:26:53,834 --> 00:26:54,254
life
4772
00:26:54,464 --> 00:26:54,764
is
4773
00:26:54,764 --> 00:26:55,364
directly
4774
00:26:55,364 --> 00:26:55,934
related
4775
00:26:55,934 --> 00:26:56,384
to
4776
00:26:56,384 --> 00:26:56,744
our
4777
00:26:56,774 --> 00:26:57,344
development
4778
00:26:57,344 --> 00:26:57,434
of
4779
00:26:57,434 --> 00:26:58,274
technology
4780
00:26:58,454 --> 00:26:58,664
and
4781
00:26:58,664 --> 00:26:58,754
is
4782
00:26:58,754 --> 00:26:59,174
directly
4783
00:26:59,174 --> 00:26:59,534
related
4784
00:26:59,534 --> 00:26:59,864
to
4785
00:26:59,864 --> 00:26:59,984
the
4786
00:26:59,984 --> 00:27:00,254
things
4787
00:27:00,254 --> 00:27:00,374
we
4788
00:27:00,374 --> 00:27:00,734
eat
4789
00:27:00,914 --> 00:27:01,124
and
4790
00:27:01,124 --> 00:27:01,334
how
4791
00:27:01,334 --> 00:27:01,484
we
4792
00:27:01,484 --> 00:27:01,874
live
,
4793
00:27:01,874 --> 00:27:01,964
the
4794
00:27:01,964 --> 00:27:02,414
ability
4795
00:27:02,414 --> 00:27:02,654
to
4796
00:27:02,654 --> 00:27:02,894
keep
4797
00:27:02,894 --> 00:27:03,254
ourselves
4798
00:27:03,254 --> 00:27:03,524
warm
4799
00:27:03,524 --> 00:27:03,614
in
4800
00:27:03,614 --> 00:27:03,674
a
4801
00:27:03,674 --> 00:27:04,214
cave
4802
00:27:04,394 --> 00:27:04,784
means
4803
00:27:04,784 --> 00:27:04,994
that
4804
00:27:04,994 --> 00:27:05,144
we're
4805
00:27:05,144 --> 00:27:05,414
able
4806
00:27:05,414 --> 00:27:05,564
to
4807
00:27:05,564 --> 00:27:06,044
survive
4808
00:27:06,044 --> 00:27:06,164
the
4809
00:27:06,164 --> 00:27:06,434
Ice
4810
00:27:06,434 --> 00:27:06,644
Age
4811
00:27:06,644 --> 00:27:07,214
winters
,
4812
00:27:07,394 --> 00:27:07,634
which
4813
00:27:07,634 --> 00:27:07,904
means
4814
00:27:07,904 --> 00:27:07,994
that
4815
00:27:07,994 --> 00:27:08,114
we
4816
00:27:08,114 --> 00:27:08,264
have
4817
00:27:08,264 --> 00:27:08,324
a
4818
00:27:08,324 --> 00:27:08,834
community
4819
00:27:08,834 --> 00:27:09,134
sitting
4820
00:27:09,134 --> 00:27:09,194
in
4821
00:27:09,194 --> 00:27:09,284
the
4822
00:27:09,284 --> 00:27:09,584
cave
4823
00:27:09,584 --> 00:27:09,674
and
4824
00:27:09,674 --> 00:27:10,004
painting
4825
00:27:10,004 --> 00:27:10,094
on
4826
00:27:10,094 --> 00:27:10,154
the
4827
00:27:10,154 --> 00:27:10,694
walls
,
4828
00:27:10,874 --> 00:27:11,114
which
4829
00:27:11,114 --> 00:27:11,354
means
4830
00:27:11,354 --> 00:27:11,474
we
4831
00:27:11,474 --> 00:27:11,684
start
4832
00:27:11,684 --> 00:27:11,774
to
4833
00:27:11,774 --> 00:27:12,014
think
4834
00:27:12,014 --> 00:27:12,464
about
,
4835
00:27:13,004 --> 00:27:13,094
you
4836
00:27:13,094 --> 00:27:13,214
know
,
4837
00:27:13,214 --> 00:27:13,334
the
4838
00:27:13,334 --> 00:27:13,784
flickering
4839
00:27:13,784 --> 00:27:14,054
lights
4840
00:27:14,054 --> 00:27:14,144
and
4841
00:27:14,144 --> 00:27:14,234
the
4842
00:27:14,234 --> 00:27:14,504
things
4843
00:27:14,504 --> 00:27:14,624
we
4844
00:27:14,624 --> 00:27:14,834
see
4845
00:27:14,834 --> 00:27:14,924
in
4846
00:27:14,924 --> 00:27:15,014
our
4847
00:27:15,014 --> 00:27:15,614
brains
,
4848
00:27:15,884 --> 00:27:16,304
and
4849
00:27:16,304 --> 00:27:16,514
we
4850
00:27:16,514 --> 00:27:16,814
start
4851
00:27:16,814 --> 00:27:17,144
putting
4852
00:27:17,144 --> 00:27:17,264
our
4853
00:27:17,264 --> 00:27:17,924
imagination
4854
00:27:17,924 --> 00:27:18,314
onto
4855
00:27:18,314 --> 00:27:18,404
the
4856
00:27:18,404 --> 00:27:18,674
walls
4857
00:27:18,674 --> 00:27:18,734
of
4858
00:27:18,734 --> 00:27:18,824
the
4859
00:27:18,824 --> 00:27:19,304
cave
.
4860
00:27:19,304 --> 00:27:19,724
And
4861
00:27:19,904 --> 00:27:20,144
this
4862
00:27:20,144 --> 00:27:20,264
is
4863
00:27:20,264 --> 00:27:20,354
the
4864
00:27:20,354 --> 00:27:21,164
beginning
4865
00:27:21,164 --> 00:27:21,734
of
4866
00:27:21,734 --> 00:27:22,304
a
,
4867
00:27:23,204 --> 00:27:23,324
well
,
4868
00:27:23,444 --> 00:27:23,654
some
4869
00:27:23,654 --> 00:27:23,834
sort
4870
00:27:23,834 --> 00:27:23,984
of
4871
00:27:24,104 --> 00:27:24,644
spiritual
4872
00:27:24,644 --> 00:27:25,274
development
4873
00:27:25,814 --> 00:27:25,994
and
4874
00:27:25,994 --> 00:27:26,114
is
4875
00:27:26,114 --> 00:27:26,804
accompanying
4876
00:27:26,984 --> 00:27:27,434
a
4877
00:27:27,794 --> 00:27:28,304
whole
4878
00:27:28,394 --> 00:27:28,784
new
4879
00:27:28,784 --> 00:27:29,294
set
4880
00:27:29,294 --> 00:27:29,654
of
4881
00:27:30,524 --> 00:27:30,944
things
4882
00:27:30,944 --> 00:27:31,064
that
4883
00:27:31,064 --> 00:27:31,214
we
4884
00:27:31,214 --> 00:27:31,394
can
4885
00:27:31,394 --> 00:27:31,634
eat
.
4886
00:27:31,874 --> 00:27:32,074
Our
4887
00:27:32,094 --> 00:27:32,464
our
4888
00:27:32,504 --> 00:27:32,804
teeth
4889
00:27:32,804 --> 00:27:32,924
have
4890
00:27:32,924 --> 00:27:33,374
continued
4891
00:27:33,374 --> 00:27:33,464
to
4892
00:27:33,464 --> 00:27:33,614
get
4893
00:27:33,614 --> 00:27:34,124
smaller
4894
00:27:34,124 --> 00:27:34,274
as
4895
00:27:34,274 --> 00:27:34,424
our
4896
00:27:34,424 --> 00:27:34,784
diet
4897
00:27:34,784 --> 00:27:34,934
has
4898
00:27:34,934 --> 00:27:35,324
gotten
4899
00:27:35,834 --> 00:27:36,224
higher
4900
00:27:36,224 --> 00:27:36,884
quality
,
4901
00:27:37,034 --> 00:27:37,184
our
4902
00:27:37,184 --> 00:27:37,604
brains
4903
00:27:37,604 --> 00:27:37,934
continue
4904
00:27:37,934 --> 00:27:38,024
to
4905
00:27:38,024 --> 00:27:38,174
get
4906
00:27:38,174 --> 00:27:38,684
larger
.
4907
00:27:38,984 --> 00:27:39,164
And
4908
00:27:39,164 --> 00:27:39,344
this
4909
00:27:39,344 --> 00:27:39,524
is
4910
00:27:39,524 --> 00:27:39,674
the
4911
00:27:39,674 --> 00:27:40,154
largest
4912
00:27:40,154 --> 00:27:40,274
our
4913
00:27:40,274 --> 00:27:40,604
brain
4914
00:27:40,604 --> 00:27:41,024
gets
.
4915
00:27:41,294 --> 00:27:41,504
So
4916
00:27:41,504 --> 00:27:41,594
in
4917
00:27:41,594 --> 00:27:41,684
the
4918
00:27:41,684 --> 00:27:41,984
middle
4919
00:27:41,984 --> 00:27:42,104
of
4920
00:27:42,104 --> 00:27:42,224
the
4921
00:27:42,224 --> 00:27:42,464
ice
4922
00:27:42,464 --> 00:27:42,704
age
,
4923
00:27:42,704 --> 00:27:43,154
our
4924
00:27:43,214 --> 00:27:43,544
brain
4925
00:27:43,544 --> 00:27:43,694
is
4926
00:27:43,694 --> 00:27:43,874
up
4927
00:27:43,874 --> 00:27:44,174
to
4928
00:27:44,384 --> 00:27:45,254
1350
4929
00:27:45,254 --> 00:27:45,974
cc's
,
4930
00:27:46,214 --> 00:27:46,634
same
4931
00:27:46,634 --> 00:27:46,994
size
4932
00:27:46,994 --> 00:27:47,144
as
4933
00:27:47,144 --> 00:27:47,204
in
4934
00:27:47,204 --> 00:27:47,834
Neanderthal
,
4935
00:27:47,834 --> 00:27:47,984
but
4936
00:27:47,984 --> 00:27:48,044
a
4937
00:27:48,044 --> 00:27:48,374
very
4938
00:27:48,374 --> 00:27:48,704
different
4939
00:27:48,704 --> 00:27:49,064
shape
.
4940
00:27:49,334 --> 00:27:49,544
We
4941
00:27:49,544 --> 00:27:49,724
have
4942
00:27:49,724 --> 00:27:49,784
a
4943
00:27:49,784 --> 00:27:49,994
much
4944
00:27:49,994 --> 00:27:50,534
rounder
4945
00:27:50,534 --> 00:27:51,014
brain
.
4946
00:27:51,014 --> 00:27:51,134
The
4947
00:27:51,134 --> 00:27:51,494
left
4948
00:27:51,494 --> 00:27:51,734
side
4949
00:27:51,734 --> 00:27:51,824
of
4950
00:27:51,824 --> 00:27:51,884
our
4951
00:27:51,884 --> 00:27:52,154
brain
.
4952
00:27:52,154 --> 00:27:52,244
Our
4953
00:27:52,244 --> 00:27:52,634
language
4954
00:27:52,634 --> 00:27:52,904
brain
4955
00:27:52,904 --> 00:27:52,994
is
4956
00:27:52,994 --> 00:27:53,174
much
4957
00:27:53,174 --> 00:27:53,744
larger
4958
00:27:55,034 --> 00:27:55,484
and
4959
00:27:55,724 --> 00:27:56,264
it's
4960
00:27:56,654 --> 00:27:57,014
a
4961
00:27:57,014 --> 00:27:57,374
thousand
4962
00:27:57,374 --> 00:27:57,914
keys
4963
00:27:57,914 --> 00:27:58,484
larger
4964
00:27:58,604 --> 00:27:58,784
than
4965
00:27:58,784 --> 00:27:58,844
a
4966
00:27:58,844 --> 00:27:59,414
chimpanzee
.
4967
00:27:59,414 --> 00:27:59,654
So
4968
00:27:59,774 --> 00:27:59,954
so
4969
00:27:59,954 --> 00:28:00,014
a
4970
00:28:00,014 --> 00:28:00,494
chimpanzee's
4971
00:28:00,494 --> 00:28:00,764
brain
4972
00:28:00,764 --> 00:28:00,854
is
4973
00:28:00,854 --> 00:28:01,754
350
4974
00:28:01,754 --> 00:28:02,054
cubic
4975
00:28:02,054 --> 00:28:02,714
centimeters
4976
00:28:03,014 --> 00:28:03,494
and
4977
00:28:03,494 --> 00:28:03,944
a
4978
00:28:04,724 --> 00:28:05,024
ice
4979
00:28:05,024 --> 00:28:05,204
age
4980
00:28:05,204 --> 00:28:05,444
hunter
4981
00:28:05,444 --> 00:28:05,774
gatherer
4982
00:28:05,774 --> 00:28:05,894
is
4983
00:28:05,894 --> 00:28:06,164
brain
4984
00:28:06,164 --> 00:28:06,344
with
4985
00:28:06,674 --> 00:28:08,264
1350
4986
00:28:08,534 --> 00:28:08,834
cubic
4987
00:28:08,834 --> 00:28:09,284
centimeter
.
4988
00:28:09,284 --> 00:28:09,464
So
4989
00:28:09,494 --> 00:28:09,764
much
,
4990
00:28:09,764 --> 00:28:09,944
much
4991
00:28:09,944 --> 00:28:10,334
larger
4992
00:28:10,544 --> 00:28:10,904
modern
4993
00:28:10,904 --> 00:28:11,174
human
4994
00:28:11,174 --> 00:28:11,504
brains
4995
00:28:11,504 --> 00:28:11,594
that
4996
00:28:11,594 --> 00:28:11,684
we're
4997
00:28:11,684 --> 00:28:11,954
closer
4998
00:28:11,954 --> 00:28:12,074
to
4999
00:28:12,074 --> 00:28:12,764
1150
.
5000
00:28:12,764 --> 00:28:12,944
We've
5001
00:28:12,944 --> 00:28:13,274
shrunk
5002
00:28:13,274 --> 00:28:13,544
again
5003
00:28:13,544 --> 00:28:13,814
since
5004
00:28:13,814 --> 00:28:14,054
then
.
5005
00:28:14,264 --> 00:28:14,414
So
5006
00:28:14,414 --> 00:28:14,564
this
5007
00:28:14,564 --> 00:28:14,744
was
5008
00:28:14,744 --> 00:28:14,924
the
5009
00:28:14,924 --> 00:28:15,644
apex
5010
00:28:15,644 --> 00:28:15,974
of
5011
00:28:15,974 --> 00:28:16,424
our
5012
00:28:17,054 --> 00:28:17,294
just
5013
00:28:17,294 --> 00:28:17,444
in
5014
00:28:17,444 --> 00:28:17,684
terms
5015
00:28:17,684 --> 00:28:17,744
of
5016
00:28:17,744 --> 00:28:18,164
brain
5017
00:28:18,164 --> 00:28:18,854
size
.
5018
00:28:19,544 --> 00:28:19,874
Now
5019
00:28:20,114 --> 00:28:20,474
we
5020
00:28:20,474 --> 00:28:20,864
don't
5021
00:28:20,864 --> 00:28:21,224
again
,
5022
00:28:21,224 --> 00:28:21,434
have
5023
00:28:21,434 --> 00:28:21,614
any
5024
00:28:21,614 --> 00:28:21,704
of
5025
00:28:21,704 --> 00:28:21,794
the
5026
00:28:21,794 --> 00:28:22,154
actual
5027
00:28:22,154 --> 00:28:22,574
brains
5028
00:28:22,574 --> 00:28:22,844
left
5029
00:28:22,844 --> 00:28:23,264
over
,
5030
00:28:23,744 --> 00:28:23,984
so
5031
00:28:23,984 --> 00:28:24,104
we
5032
00:28:24,104 --> 00:28:24,314
don't
5033
00:28:24,314 --> 00:28:24,494
know
5034
00:28:24,494 --> 00:28:24,644
what
5035
00:28:24,644 --> 00:28:24,794
they
5036
00:28:24,794 --> 00:28:24,914
would
5037
00:28:24,914 --> 00:28:25,034
have
5038
00:28:25,034 --> 00:28:25,244
looked
5039
00:28:25,244 --> 00:28:25,544
like
.
5040
00:28:25,544 --> 00:28:25,664
We
5041
00:28:25,664 --> 00:28:25,934
know
5042
00:28:25,934 --> 00:28:26,744
folding
5043
00:28:26,744 --> 00:28:26,924
in
5044
00:28:26,924 --> 00:28:26,954
a
5045
00:28:26,954 --> 00:28:27,434
brain
5046
00:28:27,454 --> 00:28:27,864
is
5047
00:28:28,304 --> 00:28:28,934
extremely
5048
00:28:28,934 --> 00:28:29,384
important
5049
00:28:29,384 --> 00:28:29,534
for
5050
00:28:29,534 --> 00:28:29,624
the
5051
00:28:29,624 --> 00:28:29,984
way
5052
00:28:30,164 --> 00:28:30,644
regions
5053
00:28:30,644 --> 00:28:31,214
communicate
5054
00:28:31,214 --> 00:28:31,364
with
5055
00:28:31,364 --> 00:28:31,544
each
5056
00:28:31,544 --> 00:28:31,874
other
5057
00:28:32,054 --> 00:28:32,414
and
5058
00:28:32,414 --> 00:28:32,684
for
5059
00:28:32,684 --> 00:28:32,804
the
5060
00:28:32,804 --> 00:28:33,254
ability
5061
00:28:33,254 --> 00:28:33,704
to
5062
00:28:34,844 --> 00:28:35,354
process
5063
00:28:35,354 --> 00:28:36,014
information
.
5064
00:28:36,494 --> 00:28:36,644
So
5065
00:28:36,644 --> 00:28:36,674
a
5066
00:28:36,674 --> 00:28:36,974
chimp's
5067
00:28:36,974 --> 00:28:37,394
brain
5068
00:28:37,394 --> 00:28:37,754
is
5069
00:28:37,754 --> 00:28:37,994
not
5070
00:28:37,994 --> 00:28:38,264
just
5071
00:28:38,264 --> 00:28:38,804
smaller
,
5072
00:28:38,804 --> 00:28:38,954
it's
5073
00:28:38,954 --> 00:28:39,194
also
5074
00:28:39,194 --> 00:28:39,404
much
5075
00:28:39,404 --> 00:28:39,584
less
5076
00:28:39,584 --> 00:28:40,064
folded
.
5077
00:28:40,424 --> 00:28:40,604
So
5078
00:28:40,604 --> 00:28:40,784
there's
5079
00:28:40,784 --> 00:28:41,324
something
5080
00:28:41,324 --> 00:28:41,924
about
5081
00:28:42,194 --> 00:28:42,284
the
5082
00:28:42,284 --> 00:28:42,794
development
5083
00:28:42,794 --> 00:28:42,944
of
5084
00:28:42,944 --> 00:28:43,034
the
5085
00:28:43,034 --> 00:28:43,634
forebrain
5086
00:28:43,634 --> 00:28:43,754
in
5087
00:28:43,754 --> 00:28:44,264
humans
,
5088
00:28:44,564 --> 00:28:44,654
the
5089
00:28:44,654 --> 00:28:45,194
development
5090
00:28:45,334 --> 00:28:45,714
of
5091
00:28:45,824 --> 00:28:46,184
language
5092
00:28:46,184 --> 00:28:46,694
regions
5093
00:28:46,934 --> 00:28:47,084
that
5094
00:28:47,084 --> 00:28:47,744
includes
5095
00:28:48,074 --> 00:28:48,464
very
,
5096
00:28:48,464 --> 00:28:48,914
very
5097
00:28:49,154 --> 00:28:49,454
deep
5098
00:28:49,454 --> 00:28:49,874
folds
5099
00:28:49,874 --> 00:28:49,964
in
5100
00:28:49,964 --> 00:28:50,024
the
5101
00:28:50,024 --> 00:28:50,444
brain
.
5102
00:28:50,624 --> 00:28:50,774
And
5103
00:28:50,774 --> 00:28:50,894
so
5104
00:28:50,894 --> 00:28:51,044
this
5105
00:28:51,044 --> 00:28:51,194
could
5106
00:28:51,194 --> 00:28:51,284
have
5107
00:28:51,284 --> 00:28:51,764
continued
5108
00:28:51,764 --> 00:28:51,854
to
5109
00:28:51,854 --> 00:28:52,244
happen
,
5110
00:28:52,244 --> 00:28:52,454
but
5111
00:28:52,454 --> 00:28:53,084
probably
5112
00:28:53,084 --> 00:28:53,384
was
5113
00:28:53,384 --> 00:28:53,654
was
5114
00:28:53,654 --> 00:28:53,954
fully
5115
00:28:53,954 --> 00:28:54,434
developed
5116
00:28:54,704 --> 00:28:55,184
by
5117
00:28:55,214 --> 00:28:55,904
50,000
5118
00:28:55,904 --> 00:28:56,084
years
5119
00:28:56,084 --> 00:28:56,294
ago
,
5120
00:28:56,294 --> 00:28:56,474
let's
5121
00:28:56,474 --> 00:28:56,804
say
.
5122
00:28:57,554 --> 00:28:58,034
So
5123
00:28:58,334 --> 00:28:58,574
this
5124
00:28:58,574 --> 00:28:58,814
is
5125
00:28:58,814 --> 00:28:59,054
this
5126
00:28:59,054 --> 00:28:59,444
is
5127
00:29:00,104 --> 00:29:00,734
showing
5128
00:29:00,734 --> 00:29:01,064
that
5129
00:29:01,454 --> 00:29:01,694
we
5130
00:29:01,694 --> 00:29:01,934
can't
5131
00:29:01,934 --> 00:29:02,144
just
5132
00:29:02,144 --> 00:29:02,384
think
5133
00:29:02,384 --> 00:29:02,804
about
5134
00:29:03,104 --> 00:29:03,434
how
5135
00:29:03,434 --> 00:29:03,584
we
5136
00:29:03,584 --> 00:29:03,914
live
5137
00:29:03,914 --> 00:29:04,004
in
5138
00:29:04,004 --> 00:29:04,334
terms
5139
00:29:04,334 --> 00:29:04,424
of
5140
00:29:04,424 --> 00:29:04,604
what
5141
00:29:04,604 --> 00:29:04,994
foods
5142
00:29:04,994 --> 00:29:05,114
we
5143
00:29:05,114 --> 00:29:05,324
should
5144
00:29:05,324 --> 00:29:05,564
eat
5145
00:29:05,834 --> 00:29:06,794
outside
5146
00:29:06,794 --> 00:29:07,274
of
5147
00:29:07,514 --> 00:29:08,054
our
5148
00:29:08,504 --> 00:29:09,134
entire
5149
00:29:09,134 --> 00:29:09,464
our
5150
00:29:10,484 --> 00:29:10,904
mental
5151
00:29:10,904 --> 00:29:11,174
life
.
5152
00:29:11,174 --> 00:29:11,624
Everything
5153
00:29:11,624 --> 00:29:11,774
we're
5154
00:29:11,774 --> 00:29:12,284
doing
5155
00:29:12,464 --> 00:29:12,794
is
5156
00:29:12,794 --> 00:29:13,274
based
5157
00:29:13,274 --> 00:29:13,724
on
5158
00:29:13,724 --> 00:29:13,994
our
5159
00:29:13,994 --> 00:29:14,414
ability
5160
00:29:14,414 --> 00:29:14,594
to
5161
00:29:14,594 --> 00:29:15,164
imagine
5162
00:29:15,164 --> 00:29:15,644
things
.
5163
00:29:15,914 --> 00:29:16,154
So
5164
00:29:16,154 --> 00:29:16,334
we
5165
00:29:16,334 --> 00:29:16,514
were
5166
00:29:16,514 --> 00:29:17,294
imagining
5167
00:29:17,294 --> 00:29:17,804
our
5168
00:29:18,194 --> 00:29:18,464
what
5169
00:29:18,464 --> 00:29:18,554
we
5170
00:29:18,554 --> 00:29:18,674
were
5171
00:29:18,674 --> 00:29:19,244
hunting
.
5172
00:29:19,244 --> 00:29:19,394
We
5173
00:29:19,394 --> 00:29:19,484
were
5174
00:29:19,484 --> 00:29:19,664
then
5175
00:29:19,664 --> 00:29:20,024
painting
5176
00:29:20,024 --> 00:29:20,114
it
5177
00:29:20,114 --> 00:29:20,234
on
5178
00:29:20,234 --> 00:29:20,324
the
5179
00:29:20,324 --> 00:29:20,804
walls
.
5180
00:29:20,804 --> 00:29:20,924
We
5181
00:29:20,924 --> 00:29:21,014
were
5182
00:29:21,014 --> 00:29:21,284
able
5183
00:29:21,284 --> 00:29:21,374
to
5184
00:29:21,374 --> 00:29:21,824
display
5185
00:29:21,824 --> 00:29:21,944
our
5186
00:29:21,944 --> 00:29:22,754
imagination
.
5187
00:29:23,024 --> 00:29:23,224
We
5188
00:29:23,234 --> 00:29:23,324
were
5189
00:29:23,324 --> 00:29:23,624
able
5190
00:29:23,624 --> 00:29:24,074
to
5191
00:29:25,334 --> 00:29:25,664
get
5192
00:29:25,664 --> 00:29:25,904
into
5193
00:29:25,904 --> 00:29:25,994
the
5194
00:29:25,994 --> 00:29:26,474
minds
5195
00:29:26,474 --> 00:29:26,594
of
5196
00:29:26,594 --> 00:29:26,714
our
5197
00:29:26,714 --> 00:29:27,374
actual
5198
00:29:27,614 --> 00:29:27,734
the
5199
00:29:27,734 --> 00:29:27,974
things
5200
00:29:27,974 --> 00:29:28,064
we
5201
00:29:28,064 --> 00:29:28,154
were
5202
00:29:28,154 --> 00:29:28,484
actually
5203
00:29:28,484 --> 00:29:28,814
eating
.
5204
00:29:29,324 --> 00:29:29,504
And
5205
00:29:29,504 --> 00:29:29,594
it's
5206
00:29:29,594 --> 00:29:29,804
something
5207
00:29:29,804 --> 00:29:29,894
to
5208
00:29:29,894 --> 00:29:30,104
think
5209
00:29:30,104 --> 00:29:30,404
about
5210
00:29:30,434 --> 00:29:30,934
in
5211
00:29:30,944 --> 00:29:31,004
the
5212
00:29:31,004 --> 00:29:31,364
modern
5213
00:29:31,364 --> 00:29:31,664
world
,
5214
00:29:31,664 --> 00:29:31,814
how
5215
00:29:31,814 --> 00:29:31,924
we've
5216
00:29:31,934 --> 00:29:32,474
separated
5217
00:29:32,474 --> 00:29:33,044
ourselves
5218
00:29:33,044 --> 00:29:33,374
from
5219
00:29:33,374 --> 00:29:33,524
our
5220
00:29:33,524 --> 00:29:33,944
diet
5221
00:29:34,184 --> 00:29:34,364
so
5222
00:29:34,364 --> 00:29:34,454
that
5223
00:29:34,454 --> 00:29:34,634
we
5224
00:29:34,634 --> 00:29:34,844
no
5225
00:29:34,844 --> 00:29:35,204
longer
5226
00:29:35,204 --> 00:29:35,714
imagine
5227
00:29:35,714 --> 00:29:35,834
the
5228
00:29:35,834 --> 00:29:36,314
animals
5229
00:29:36,314 --> 00:29:36,434
that
5230
00:29:36,434 --> 00:29:36,704
we're
5231
00:29:36,704 --> 00:29:37,304
interacting
5232
00:29:37,304 --> 00:29:37,484
with
5233
00:29:37,484 --> 00:29:37,604
in
5234
00:29:37,604 --> 00:29:37,844
any
5235
00:29:37,844 --> 00:29:38,264
way
5236
00:29:38,474 --> 00:29:38,714
we
5237
00:29:38,714 --> 00:29:38,954
are
5238
00:29:38,954 --> 00:29:39,374
now
5239
00:29:39,374 --> 00:29:39,944
essentially
5240
00:29:40,184 --> 00:29:40,694
separated
5241
00:29:40,694 --> 00:29:40,934
from
5242
00:29:40,934 --> 00:29:41,114
them
.
5243
00:29:41,804 --> 00:29:42,014
We've
5244
00:29:42,014 --> 00:29:42,494
also
5245
00:29:42,704 --> 00:29:43,244
confined
5246
00:29:43,244 --> 00:29:43,394
our
5247
00:29:43,394 --> 00:29:43,724
diet
5248
00:29:43,724 --> 00:29:43,844
in
5249
00:29:43,844 --> 00:29:44,084
many
5250
00:29:44,084 --> 00:29:44,354
ways
.
5251
00:29:44,424 --> 00:29:44,954
We
5252
00:29:45,074 --> 00:29:45,314
eat
5253
00:29:45,524 --> 00:29:45,824
only
5254
00:29:45,824 --> 00:29:45,884
a
5255
00:29:45,884 --> 00:29:46,274
few
5256
00:29:46,304 --> 00:29:46,664
kinds
5257
00:29:46,664 --> 00:29:46,784
of
5258
00:29:46,784 --> 00:29:47,084
meat
.
5259
00:29:47,264 --> 00:29:47,594
We
5260
00:29:47,594 --> 00:29:47,984
eat
5261
00:29:48,554 --> 00:29:49,034
very
5262
00:29:49,034 --> 00:29:49,604
few
.
5263
00:29:49,604 --> 00:29:51,194
I
5264
00:29:51,254 --> 00:29:51,764
plants
5265
00:29:51,764 --> 00:29:51,884
it
5266
00:29:51,884 --> 00:29:52,094
all
5267
00:29:52,094 --> 00:29:52,274
right
.
5268
00:29:52,274 --> 00:29:52,394
We
5269
00:29:52,394 --> 00:29:52,574
only
5270
00:29:52,574 --> 00:29:52,694
have
5271
00:29:52,694 --> 00:29:52,754
a
5272
00:29:52,754 --> 00:29:52,964
few
5273
00:29:52,964 --> 00:29:53,324
staple
5274
00:29:53,324 --> 00:29:53,654
plants
5275
00:29:53,654 --> 00:29:53,774
that
5276
00:29:53,774 --> 00:29:53,894
we
5277
00:29:53,894 --> 00:29:54,164
eat
.
5278
00:29:54,704 --> 00:29:54,854
We
5279
00:29:54,854 --> 00:29:55,004
have
5280
00:29:55,004 --> 00:29:55,094
a
5281
00:29:55,094 --> 00:29:55,394
few
5282
00:29:55,394 --> 00:29:55,574
sort
5283
00:29:55,574 --> 00:29:55,754
of
5284
00:29:55,874 --> 00:29:56,444
condiment
5285
00:29:56,444 --> 00:29:56,804
plants
5286
00:29:56,804 --> 00:29:56,894
on
5287
00:29:56,894 --> 00:29:56,984
the
5288
00:29:56,984 --> 00:29:57,344
side
5289
00:29:57,344 --> 00:29:57,614
like
5290
00:29:57,764 --> 00:29:57,854
you
5291
00:29:57,854 --> 00:29:58,034
know
,
5292
00:29:58,244 --> 00:29:58,464
here
5293
00:29:58,504 --> 00:29:59,204
your
5294
00:29:59,204 --> 00:29:59,564
side
5295
00:29:59,564 --> 00:30:00,044
dishes
.
5296
00:30:00,674 --> 00:30:00,884
But
5297
00:30:00,884 --> 00:30:01,154
we've
5298
00:30:01,154 --> 00:30:01,394
we've
5299
00:30:01,394 --> 00:30:01,634
now
5300
00:30:01,634 --> 00:30:02,084
confined
5301
00:30:02,084 --> 00:30:02,204
our
5302
00:30:02,204 --> 00:30:02,564
diet
5303
00:30:02,564 --> 00:30:02,954
to
5304
00:30:03,194 --> 00:30:03,524
only
5305
00:30:03,524 --> 00:30:03,584
a
5306
00:30:03,584 --> 00:30:04,004
few
5307
00:30:04,124 --> 00:30:04,514
different
5308
00:30:04,514 --> 00:30:04,874
kinds
5309
00:30:04,874 --> 00:30:04,964
of
5310
00:30:04,964 --> 00:30:05,504
foods
.
5311
00:30:06,044 --> 00:30:06,194
And
5312
00:30:06,194 --> 00:30:06,314
this
5313
00:30:06,314 --> 00:30:06,434
is
5314
00:30:06,434 --> 00:30:06,554
going
5315
00:30:06,554 --> 00:30:06,614
to
5316
00:30:06,614 --> 00:30:06,794
have
5317
00:30:06,794 --> 00:30:07,274
profound
5318
00:30:07,274 --> 00:30:07,634
effects
5319
00:30:07,634 --> 00:30:07,784
on
5320
00:30:07,784 --> 00:30:07,904
our
5321
00:30:07,904 --> 00:30:08,084
on
5322
00:30:08,084 --> 00:30:08,174
our
5323
00:30:08,174 --> 00:30:08,594
health
5324
00:30:09,254 --> 00:30:09,674
by
5325
00:30:09,674 --> 00:30:10,244
having
5326
00:30:10,244 --> 00:30:10,964
particularly
5327
00:30:11,474 --> 00:30:11,804
high
5328
00:30:11,804 --> 00:30:12,164
fibre
5329
00:30:12,164 --> 00:30:12,524
diets
5330
00:30:12,524 --> 00:30:12,674
with
5331
00:30:12,674 --> 00:30:12,734
a
5332
00:30:12,734 --> 00:30:13,454
variety
5333
00:30:13,454 --> 00:30:13,814
of
5334
00:30:14,054 --> 00:30:14,384
different
5335
00:30:14,384 --> 00:30:14,984
sources
,
5336
00:30:15,224 --> 00:30:15,404
you're
5337
00:30:15,404 --> 00:30:15,764
building
5338
00:30:15,764 --> 00:30:16,304
structural
5339
00:30:16,304 --> 00:30:17,084
diversity
5340
00:30:17,084 --> 00:30:17,384
in
5341
00:30:17,384 --> 00:30:17,564
your
5342
00:30:17,564 --> 00:30:17,984
stomach
5343
00:30:17,984 --> 00:30:18,314
as
5344
00:30:18,314 --> 00:30:18,464
you
5345
00:30:18,464 --> 00:30:18,764
eat
.
5346
00:30:19,004 --> 00:30:19,154
And
5347
00:30:19,154 --> 00:30:19,274
this
5348
00:30:19,274 --> 00:30:19,394
is
5349
00:30:19,394 --> 00:30:19,514
going
5350
00:30:19,514 --> 00:30:19,604
to
5351
00:30:19,604 --> 00:30:20,144
provide
5352
00:30:20,144 --> 00:30:20,684
different
5353
00:30:21,344 --> 00:30:21,764
kinds
5354
00:30:21,764 --> 00:30:21,914
of
5355
00:30:22,034 --> 00:30:22,364
structural
5356
00:30:22,364 --> 00:30:22,844
diversity
5357
00:30:22,844 --> 00:30:23,264
for
5358
00:30:23,414 --> 00:30:23,984
bacteria
.
5359
00:30:24,284 --> 00:30:24,464
So
5360
00:30:24,464 --> 00:30:24,554
when
5361
00:30:24,554 --> 00:30:24,674
you're
5362
00:30:24,674 --> 00:30:25,034
building
5363
00:30:25,034 --> 00:30:25,334
your
5364
00:30:25,704 --> 00:30:26,034
your
5365
00:30:26,044 --> 00:30:26,264
your
5366
00:30:26,264 --> 00:30:27,074
microbiome
,
5367
00:30:27,704 --> 00:30:28,204
the
5368
00:30:28,484 --> 00:30:28,724
the
5369
00:30:28,904 --> 00:30:29,234
flora
5370
00:30:29,234 --> 00:30:29,384
that
5371
00:30:29,384 --> 00:30:29,624
live
5372
00:30:29,624 --> 00:30:29,864
with
5373
00:30:29,864 --> 00:30:30,164
you
,
5374
00:30:30,434 --> 00:30:30,864
I
,
5375
00:30:31,094 --> 00:30:31,664
you
5376
00:30:32,214 --> 00:30:32,774
are
5377
00:30:32,774 --> 00:30:33,194
actually
5378
00:30:33,194 --> 00:30:33,704
limiting
5379
00:30:33,704 --> 00:30:33,854
it
5380
00:30:33,854 --> 00:30:34,124
by
5381
00:30:34,334 --> 00:30:34,694
the
5382
00:30:34,694 --> 00:30:35,064
numbers
5383
00:30:35,084 --> 00:30:35,174
of
5384
00:30:35,174 --> 00:30:35,444
kinds
5385
00:30:35,444 --> 00:30:35,504
of
5386
00:30:35,504 --> 00:30:35,804
foods
5387
00:30:35,804 --> 00:30:35,954
you
5388
00:30:35,954 --> 00:30:36,074
eat
,
5389
00:30:36,074 --> 00:30:36,854
particularly
5390
00:30:37,094 --> 00:30:37,424
the
5391
00:30:37,664 --> 00:30:38,324
high
5392
00:30:39,614 --> 00:30:39,734
the
5393
00:30:39,734 --> 00:30:40,094
high
5394
00:30:40,094 --> 00:30:40,814
calorie
5395
00:30:40,824 --> 00:30:41,514
I
5396
00:30:41,744 --> 00:30:41,954
high
5397
00:30:41,954 --> 00:30:42,824
carbohydrate
5398
00:30:43,064 --> 00:30:43,454
easily
5399
00:30:43,454 --> 00:30:43,784
easily
5400
00:30:43,784 --> 00:30:44,324
digestible
5401
00:30:44,324 --> 00:30:44,684
staple
5402
00:30:44,684 --> 00:30:45,134
foods
5403
00:30:45,404 --> 00:30:45,524
the
5404
00:30:45,524 --> 00:30:46,154
starches
.
5405
00:30:46,634 --> 00:30:46,784
And
5406
00:30:46,784 --> 00:30:46,874
I
5407
00:30:46,874 --> 00:30:47,054
think
5408
00:30:47,054 --> 00:30:47,204
that's
5409
00:30:47,204 --> 00:30:47,444
really
5410
00:30:47,444 --> 00:30:47,654
been
5411
00:30:47,654 --> 00:30:47,774
our
5412
00:30:47,774 --> 00:30:48,404
downfall
5413
00:30:48,614 --> 00:30:49,094
since
5414
00:30:49,094 --> 00:30:49,214
the
5415
00:30:49,214 --> 00:30:49,664
development
5416
00:30:49,664 --> 00:30:49,724
of
5417
00:30:49,724 --> 00:30:50,114
farming
.
5418
00:30:50,114 --> 00:30:50,264
That's
5419
00:30:50,264 --> 00:30:50,714
probably
5420
00:30:50,714 --> 00:30:51,014
why
5421
00:30:51,014 --> 00:30:51,104
our
5422
00:30:51,104 --> 00:30:51,494
brains
5423
00:30:51,494 --> 00:30:51,674
got
5424
00:30:51,674 --> 00:30:52,184
smaller
5425
00:30:52,814 --> 00:30:53,204
was
5426
00:30:53,204 --> 00:30:53,294
the
5427
00:30:53,294 --> 00:30:53,684
development
5428
00:30:53,684 --> 00:30:53,774
of
5429
00:30:53,774 --> 00:30:54,344
farming
,
5430
00:30:54,644 --> 00:30:54,734
you
5431
00:30:54,734 --> 00:30:54,854
know
,
5432
00:30:54,854 --> 00:30:55,454
periodic
5433
00:30:55,454 --> 00:30:56,054
starvation
5434
00:30:56,054 --> 00:30:56,174
due
5435
00:30:56,174 --> 00:30:56,264
to
5436
00:30:56,264 --> 00:30:56,534
drought
,
5437
00:30:56,534 --> 00:30:57,104
etc.
5438
00:30:57,104 --> 00:30:57,374
Only
5439
00:30:57,374 --> 00:30:57,464
the
5440
00:30:57,464 --> 00:30:57,764
small
5441
00:30:57,764 --> 00:30:58,124
farmers
5442
00:30:58,124 --> 00:30:58,754
survived
.
5443
00:30:59,054 --> 00:30:59,414
Farming
5444
00:30:59,414 --> 00:30:59,924
communities
5445
00:30:59,924 --> 00:31:00,164
tend
5446
00:31:00,164 --> 00:31:00,284
in
5447
00:31:00,284 --> 00:31:00,704
general
5448
00:31:00,704 --> 00:31:00,824
to
5449
00:31:00,824 --> 00:31:01,004
be
5450
00:31:01,004 --> 00:31:01,514
smaller
5451
00:31:01,514 --> 00:31:01,814
than
5452
00:31:02,294 --> 00:31:02,654
ones
5453
00:31:02,654 --> 00:31:02,804
with
5454
00:31:02,804 --> 00:31:03,044
more
5455
00:31:03,044 --> 00:31:03,284
meat
5456
00:31:03,284 --> 00:31:03,374
in
5457
00:31:03,374 --> 00:31:03,494
their
5458
00:31:03,494 --> 00:31:03,914
diet
.
5459
00:31:04,604 --> 00:31:05,264
And
5460
00:31:06,104 --> 00:31:06,374
all
5461
00:31:06,374 --> 00:31:06,464
of
5462
00:31:06,464 --> 00:31:06,674
these
5463
00:31:06,674 --> 00:31:06,944
things
5464
00:31:06,944 --> 00:31:07,064
are
5465
00:31:07,064 --> 00:31:07,204
then
5466
00:31:07,334 --> 00:31:07,934
accompanied
5467
00:31:07,934 --> 00:31:08,354
by
5468
00:31:08,384 --> 00:31:08,474
a
5469
00:31:08,474 --> 00:31:08,744
whole
5470
00:31:08,744 --> 00:31:09,284
range
5471
00:31:09,284 --> 00:31:09,434
of
5472
00:31:09,434 --> 00:31:10,094
problems
5473
00:31:10,514 --> 00:31:10,784
for
5474
00:31:10,784 --> 00:31:11,144
health
.
5475
00:31:11,144 --> 00:31:11,564
So
5476
00:31:11,984 --> 00:31:12,134
we
5477
00:31:12,134 --> 00:31:12,314
went
5478
00:31:12,314 --> 00:31:12,554
from
5479
00:31:12,554 --> 00:31:13,004
being
5480
00:31:13,004 --> 00:31:13,364
people
5481
00:31:13,394 --> 00:31:13,604
who
5482
00:31:13,604 --> 00:31:13,964
would
5483
00:31:14,174 --> 00:31:14,474
run
5484
00:31:14,474 --> 00:31:14,624
for
5485
00:31:14,624 --> 00:31:14,684
a
5486
00:31:14,684 --> 00:31:15,134
mile
5487
00:31:15,134 --> 00:31:15,224
and
5488
00:31:15,224 --> 00:31:15,344
then
5489
00:31:15,344 --> 00:31:15,524
take
5490
00:31:15,524 --> 00:31:15,584
a
5491
00:31:15,584 --> 00:31:15,804
couple
5492
00:31:15,804 --> 00:31:15,854
of
5493
00:31:15,854 --> 00:31:16,124
days
5494
00:31:16,124 --> 00:31:16,394
off
5495
00:31:16,394 --> 00:31:16,484
and
5496
00:31:16,484 --> 00:31:16,574
then
5497
00:31:16,574 --> 00:31:16,784
walk
5498
00:31:16,784 --> 00:31:16,904
for
5499
00:31:16,904 --> 00:31:16,934
a
5500
00:31:16,934 --> 00:31:17,204
couple
5501
00:31:17,204 --> 00:31:17,294
of
5502
00:31:17,294 --> 00:31:17,774
miles
5503
00:31:17,774 --> 00:31:17,864
and
5504
00:31:17,864 --> 00:31:17,984
then
5505
00:31:17,984 --> 00:31:18,224
dig
5506
00:31:18,224 --> 00:31:18,584
something
5507
00:31:18,584 --> 00:31:18,674
and
5508
00:31:18,674 --> 00:31:18,794
then
5509
00:31:18,794 --> 00:31:19,004
chop
5510
00:31:19,004 --> 00:31:19,394
something
5511
00:31:19,574 --> 00:31:19,724
to
5512
00:31:19,724 --> 00:31:20,024
someone
5513
00:31:20,024 --> 00:31:20,114
who
5514
00:31:20,114 --> 00:31:20,234
had
5515
00:31:20,234 --> 00:31:20,324
to
5516
00:31:20,324 --> 00:31:20,624
work
5517
00:31:20,624 --> 00:31:21,404
really
5518
00:31:21,434 --> 00:31:22,094
hard
5519
00:31:22,364 --> 00:31:22,844
all
5520
00:31:22,844 --> 00:31:23,264
day
.
5521
00:31:23,264 --> 00:31:23,384
And
5522
00:31:23,384 --> 00:31:23,624
so
5523
00:31:23,624 --> 00:31:24,044
farming
5524
00:31:24,044 --> 00:31:24,164
is
5525
00:31:24,164 --> 00:31:24,434
bad
5526
00:31:24,434 --> 00:31:24,524
for
5527
00:31:24,524 --> 00:31:24,644
your
5528
00:31:24,644 --> 00:31:25,124
back
5529
00:31:25,124 --> 00:31:25,214
and
5530
00:31:25,214 --> 00:31:25,334
it's
5531
00:31:25,334 --> 00:31:25,634
bad
5532
00:31:25,634 --> 00:31:25,754
for
5533
00:31:25,754 --> 00:31:25,874
your
5534
00:31:25,874 --> 00:31:26,414
joints
,
5535
00:31:26,624 --> 00:31:26,804
but
5536
00:31:26,804 --> 00:31:26,864
at
5537
00:31:26,864 --> 00:31:27,074
least
5538
00:31:27,074 --> 00:31:27,164
you're
5539
00:31:27,164 --> 00:31:27,404
getting
5540
00:31:27,404 --> 00:31:27,704
decent
5541
00:31:27,704 --> 00:31:28,244
exercise
,
5542
00:31:28,244 --> 00:31:28,394
you're
5543
00:31:28,394 --> 00:31:29,024
strong
,
5544
00:31:29,024 --> 00:31:29,384
you're
5545
00:31:29,414 --> 00:31:29,654
still
5546
00:31:29,654 --> 00:31:30,104
moving
.
5547
00:31:30,374 --> 00:31:30,554
So
5548
00:31:30,554 --> 00:31:30,734
these
5549
00:31:30,734 --> 00:31:30,794
are
5550
00:31:30,974 --> 00:31:31,214
these
5551
00:31:31,274 --> 00:31:31,454
these
5552
00:31:31,454 --> 00:31:31,484
are
5553
00:31:31,484 --> 00:31:31,574
the
5554
00:31:31,574 --> 00:31:31,874
kinds
5555
00:31:31,874 --> 00:31:31,964
of
5556
00:31:31,964 --> 00:31:32,714
transitions
5557
00:31:32,714 --> 00:31:32,834
that
5558
00:31:32,834 --> 00:31:32,954
are
5559
00:31:32,954 --> 00:31:33,024
that
5560
00:31:33,024 --> 00:31:33,164
are
5561
00:31:33,224 --> 00:31:33,344
that
5562
00:31:33,344 --> 00:31:33,434
are
5563
00:31:33,434 --> 00:31:33,914
happening
5564
00:31:33,914 --> 00:31:34,304
where
5565
00:31:34,784 --> 00:31:34,964
we
5566
00:31:34,964 --> 00:31:35,234
go
5567
00:31:35,234 --> 00:31:35,654
from
5568
00:31:35,804 --> 00:31:36,104
what
5569
00:31:36,104 --> 00:31:36,254
we
5570
00:31:36,254 --> 00:31:36,374
were
5571
00:31:36,374 --> 00:31:36,734
evolved
5572
00:31:36,734 --> 00:31:36,944
for
,
5573
00:31:36,944 --> 00:31:37,124
which
5574
00:31:37,124 --> 00:31:37,274
was
5575
00:31:37,274 --> 00:31:37,784
definitely
5576
00:31:37,784 --> 00:31:38,054
hunter
5577
00:31:38,054 --> 00:31:38,594
gatherer
5578
00:31:38,834 --> 00:31:39,104
to
5579
00:31:39,104 --> 00:31:39,464
something
5580
00:31:39,464 --> 00:31:39,554
that
5581
00:31:39,554 --> 00:31:39,674
we
5582
00:31:39,674 --> 00:31:39,854
were
5583
00:31:39,854 --> 00:31:40,094
not
5584
00:31:40,094 --> 00:31:40,454
evolved
5585
00:31:40,454 --> 00:31:40,634
for
,
5586
00:31:40,634 --> 00:31:40,784
which
5587
00:31:40,784 --> 00:31:40,904
is
5588
00:31:40,904 --> 00:31:41,204
living
5589
00:31:41,204 --> 00:31:41,294
in
5590
00:31:41,294 --> 00:31:41,504
one
5591
00:31:41,504 --> 00:31:41,984
place
5592
00:31:42,104 --> 00:31:42,284
in
5593
00:31:42,284 --> 00:31:42,644
large
5594
00:31:42,644 --> 00:31:43,154
groups
,
5595
00:31:43,154 --> 00:31:43,664
passing
5596
00:31:43,664 --> 00:31:44,174
diseases
5597
00:31:44,174 --> 00:31:44,354
to
5598
00:31:44,354 --> 00:31:44,534
each
5599
00:31:44,534 --> 00:31:44,894
other
5600
00:31:45,584 --> 00:31:46,124
and
5601
00:31:46,424 --> 00:31:46,874
digging
5602
00:31:46,874 --> 00:31:47,054
all
5603
00:31:47,054 --> 00:31:47,414
day
.
5604
00:31:47,654 --> 00:31:47,774
You
5605
00:31:47,774 --> 00:31:47,894
know
,
5606
00:31:47,894 --> 00:31:48,044
we
5607
00:31:48,044 --> 00:31:48,194
we
5608
00:31:48,194 --> 00:31:48,374
went
5609
00:31:48,374 --> 00:31:48,554
from
5610
00:31:48,554 --> 00:31:48,854
being
5611
00:31:48,854 --> 00:31:49,244
runners
5612
00:31:49,244 --> 00:31:49,364
and
5613
00:31:49,364 --> 00:31:49,934
walkers
5614
00:31:49,934 --> 00:31:50,084
to
5615
00:31:50,084 --> 00:31:50,414
being
5616
00:31:50,414 --> 00:31:50,924
diggers
,
5617
00:31:50,924 --> 00:31:51,554
essentially
,
5618
00:31:52,064 --> 00:31:52,514
and
5619
00:31:53,024 --> 00:31:53,264
that
5620
00:31:53,264 --> 00:31:53,594
was
5621
00:31:53,954 --> 00:31:55,094
a
5622
00:31:55,094 --> 00:31:55,664
major
,
5623
00:31:55,664 --> 00:31:56,054
major
5624
00:31:56,054 --> 00:31:56,534
change
.
5625
00:31:56,534 --> 00:31:56,774
And
5626
00:31:56,774 --> 00:31:56,954
our
5627
00:31:56,954 --> 00:31:57,434
species
5628
00:31:57,434 --> 00:31:57,614
got
5629
00:31:57,614 --> 00:31:58,064
smaller
,
5630
00:31:58,064 --> 00:31:58,214
our
5631
00:31:58,214 --> 00:31:58,514
brains
5632
00:31:58,514 --> 00:31:58,694
got
5633
00:31:58,694 --> 00:31:59,234
smaller
,
5634
00:31:59,354 --> 00:31:59,564
we
5635
00:31:59,564 --> 00:31:59,894
became
5636
00:31:59,894 --> 00:32:00,494
shorter
.
5637
00:32:01,784 --> 00:32:02,114
We
,
5638
00:32:02,194 --> 00:32:02,394
we
,
5639
00:32:02,404 --> 00:32:02,534
we
5640
00:32:02,534 --> 00:32:03,284
generally
5641
00:32:03,284 --> 00:32:03,644
I
,
5642
00:32:04,154 --> 00:32:04,454
even
5643
00:32:04,454 --> 00:32:04,634
though
5644
00:32:04,844 --> 00:32:05,054
our
5645
00:32:05,054 --> 00:32:05,804
populations
5646
00:32:05,804 --> 00:32:05,984
went
5647
00:32:05,984 --> 00:32:06,284
way
5648
00:32:06,284 --> 00:32:06,434
up
,
5649
00:32:06,434 --> 00:32:06,524
we
5650
00:32:06,524 --> 00:32:06,794
became
5651
00:32:06,794 --> 00:32:06,974
much
5652
00:32:06,974 --> 00:32:07,094
more
5653
00:32:07,094 --> 00:32:07,694
numerous
.
5654
00:32:08,294 --> 00:32:08,474
We
5655
00:32:08,474 --> 00:32:08,714
were
5656
00:32:08,714 --> 00:32:08,864
we
5657
00:32:08,864 --> 00:32:09,044
were
5658
00:32:09,044 --> 00:32:09,314
not
5659
00:32:09,314 --> 00:32:09,434
as
5660
00:32:09,434 --> 00:32:09,914
healthy
.
5661
00:32:09,914 --> 00:32:10,154
And
5662
00:32:10,154 --> 00:32:10,304
so
5663
00:32:10,304 --> 00:32:10,454
when
5664
00:32:10,454 --> 00:32:10,544
you
5665
00:32:10,544 --> 00:32:10,724
want
5666
00:32:10,724 --> 00:32:10,814
to
5667
00:32:10,814 --> 00:32:11,024
think
5668
00:32:11,024 --> 00:32:11,474
about
5669
00:32:12,224 --> 00:32:12,584
health
,
5670
00:32:12,584 --> 00:32:12,674
you
5671
00:32:12,674 --> 00:32:12,794
want
5672
00:32:12,794 --> 00:32:12,854
to
5673
00:32:12,854 --> 00:32:13,064
sort
5674
00:32:13,064 --> 00:32:13,214
of
5675
00:32:13,694 --> 00:32:13,994
think
5676
00:32:13,994 --> 00:32:14,264
about
5677
00:32:14,264 --> 00:32:14,474
this
,
5678
00:32:14,474 --> 00:32:14,714
this
5679
00:32:14,714 --> 00:32:15,524
beginning
5680
00:32:15,524 --> 00:32:16,094
period
,
5681
00:32:16,214 --> 00:32:16,604
the
5682
00:32:16,634 --> 00:32:16,934
hunter
5683
00:32:16,934 --> 00:32:17,354
gatherer
5684
00:32:17,354 --> 00:32:17,954
period
5685
00:32:18,104 --> 00:32:18,434
where
5686
00:32:18,434 --> 00:32:18,614
we're
5687
00:32:18,614 --> 00:32:19,424
developing
5688
00:32:20,384 --> 00:32:21,044
early
5689
00:32:21,764 --> 00:32:22,334
forms
5690
00:32:22,424 --> 00:32:22,724
of
5691
00:32:22,724 --> 00:32:22,844
a
5692
00:32:22,844 --> 00:32:23,414
spiritual
5693
00:32:23,414 --> 00:32:23,864
life
,
5694
00:32:24,614 --> 00:32:25,214
as
5695
00:32:25,634 --> 00:32:26,024
also
5696
00:32:26,024 --> 00:32:26,114
the
5697
00:32:26,114 --> 00:32:26,354
time
5698
00:32:26,354 --> 00:32:26,474
when
5699
00:32:26,474 --> 00:32:26,594
we're
5700
00:32:26,594 --> 00:32:27,314
developing
5701
00:32:27,314 --> 00:32:27,764
probably
5702
00:32:27,764 --> 00:32:27,884
our
5703
00:32:27,914 --> 00:32:28,334
optimal
5704
00:32:28,334 --> 00:32:28,814
diet
,
5705
00:32:29,424 --> 00:32:29,684
our
5706
00:32:29,684 --> 00:32:30,284
optimal
5707
00:32:30,884 --> 00:32:31,484
exercise
5708
00:32:31,484 --> 00:32:32,024
routines
.
5709
00:32:32,204 --> 00:32:32,384
But
5710
00:32:32,384 --> 00:32:32,474
it
5711
00:32:32,474 --> 00:32:32,624
was
5712
00:32:32,624 --> 00:32:32,954
not
5713
00:32:32,954 --> 00:32:33,464
simply
5714
00:32:33,464 --> 00:32:33,794
eating
5715
00:32:33,794 --> 00:32:34,094
one
5716
00:32:34,094 --> 00:32:34,334
kind
5717
00:32:34,334 --> 00:32:34,454
of
5718
00:32:34,454 --> 00:32:34,724
meat
5719
00:32:34,724 --> 00:32:34,964
all
5720
00:32:34,964 --> 00:32:35,054
the
5721
00:32:35,054 --> 00:32:35,414
time
.
5722
00:32:35,414 --> 00:32:35,474
It
5723
00:32:35,474 --> 00:32:35,624
was
5724
00:32:35,624 --> 00:32:35,834
eating
5725
00:32:35,834 --> 00:32:36,044
many
5726
00:32:36,044 --> 00:32:36,314
different
5727
00:32:36,314 --> 00:32:36,704
meats
,
5728
00:32:36,884 --> 00:32:37,154
eating
5729
00:32:37,154 --> 00:32:37,454
much
5730
00:32:37,454 --> 00:32:37,664
more
5731
00:32:37,664 --> 00:32:37,784
of
5732
00:32:37,784 --> 00:32:37,874
the
5733
00:32:37,874 --> 00:32:38,264
entire
5734
00:32:38,264 --> 00:32:38,834
animal
.
5735
00:32:39,044 --> 00:32:39,224
It
5736
00:32:39,224 --> 00:32:39,374
would
5737
00:32:39,374 --> 00:32:39,494
have
5738
00:32:39,494 --> 00:32:39,854
been
5739
00:32:40,364 --> 00:32:40,904
wide
5740
00:32:40,904 --> 00:32:41,564
sources
5741
00:32:41,564 --> 00:32:41,954
of
5742
00:32:42,104 --> 00:32:42,944
carbohydrates
,
5743
00:32:42,944 --> 00:32:43,424
probably
5744
00:32:43,424 --> 00:32:43,514
a
5745
00:32:43,514 --> 00:32:43,754
lot
5746
00:32:43,754 --> 00:32:43,844
of
5747
00:32:43,844 --> 00:32:44,564
fasting
,
5748
00:32:44,714 --> 00:32:44,984
right
?
5749
00:32:44,984 --> 00:32:45,104
You
5750
00:32:45,104 --> 00:32:45,224
would
5751
00:32:45,224 --> 00:32:45,434
go
5752
00:32:45,434 --> 00:32:45,584
for
5753
00:32:45,584 --> 00:32:45,644
a
5754
00:32:45,644 --> 00:32:45,834
couple
5755
00:32:45,834 --> 00:32:45,884
of
5756
00:32:45,884 --> 00:32:46,124
days
5757
00:32:46,124 --> 00:32:46,364
without
5758
00:32:46,364 --> 00:32:46,634
food
5759
00:32:46,634 --> 00:32:46,904
before
5760
00:32:46,904 --> 00:32:47,024
you'd
5761
00:32:47,024 --> 00:32:47,294
find
5762
00:32:47,294 --> 00:32:47,354
the
5763
00:32:47,354 --> 00:32:47,594
food
.
5764
00:32:47,594 --> 00:32:47,744
When
5765
00:32:47,744 --> 00:32:47,864
you
5766
00:32:47,864 --> 00:32:48,044
get
5767
00:32:48,044 --> 00:32:48,134
the
5768
00:32:48,134 --> 00:32:48,344
meat
,
5769
00:32:48,344 --> 00:32:48,464
you
5770
00:32:48,464 --> 00:32:48,644
need
5771
00:32:48,644 --> 00:32:49,004
nothing
5772
00:32:49,004 --> 00:32:49,124
but
5773
00:32:49,124 --> 00:32:49,334
meat
5774
00:32:49,334 --> 00:32:49,514
for
5775
00:32:49,514 --> 00:32:49,604
a
5776
00:32:49,604 --> 00:32:49,844
whole
5777
00:32:49,844 --> 00:32:50,114
day
5778
00:32:50,114 --> 00:32:50,474
because
5779
00:32:50,564 --> 00:32:50,684
you
5780
00:32:50,684 --> 00:32:50,894
can't
5781
00:32:50,894 --> 00:32:51,254
preserve
5782
00:32:51,254 --> 00:32:51,434
the
5783
00:32:51,434 --> 00:32:51,704
meat
5784
00:32:51,704 --> 00:32:51,944
very
5785
00:32:51,944 --> 00:32:52,364
easily
.
5786
00:32:52,604 --> 00:32:52,814
And
5787
00:32:52,814 --> 00:32:52,994
then
5788
00:32:52,994 --> 00:32:53,084
you
5789
00:32:53,084 --> 00:32:53,204
would
5790
00:32:53,204 --> 00:32:53,354
be
5791
00:32:53,354 --> 00:32:53,804
eating
,
5792
00:32:54,374 --> 00:32:54,464
you
5793
00:32:54,464 --> 00:32:54,574
know
,
5794
00:32:54,584 --> 00:32:55,124
whatever
5795
00:32:56,034 --> 00:32:56,594
roots
5796
00:32:56,594 --> 00:32:56,774
or
5797
00:32:56,774 --> 00:32:57,254
berries
5798
00:32:57,254 --> 00:32:57,344
or
5799
00:32:57,344 --> 00:32:57,644
whatever
5800
00:32:57,644 --> 00:32:57,734
it
5801
00:32:57,734 --> 00:32:57,884
is
5802
00:32:57,884 --> 00:32:57,974
you
5803
00:32:57,974 --> 00:32:58,124
can
5804
00:32:58,124 --> 00:32:58,634
gather
5805
00:32:58,754 --> 00:32:59,234
most
5806
00:32:59,234 --> 00:32:59,294
of
5807
00:32:59,294 --> 00:32:59,384
the
5808
00:32:59,384 --> 00:32:59,684
time
.
5809
00:32:59,684 --> 00:32:59,834
So
5810
00:32:59,834 --> 00:33:00,164
most
5811
00:33:00,164 --> 00:33:00,554
days
5812
00:33:00,554 --> 00:33:00,794
people
5813
00:33:00,794 --> 00:33:00,854
are
5814
00:33:00,854 --> 00:33:01,244
gathering
5815
00:33:01,244 --> 00:33:01,484
maybe
5816
00:33:01,484 --> 00:33:01,714
a
5817
00:33:01,714 --> 00:33:01,934
thousand
5818
00:33:01,934 --> 00:33:02,354
calories
5819
00:33:02,354 --> 00:33:02,414
a
5820
00:33:02,414 --> 00:33:02,774
day
5821
00:33:02,924 --> 00:33:03,104
of
5822
00:33:03,104 --> 00:33:03,494
purely
5823
00:33:03,494 --> 00:33:04,334
carbohydrates
,
5824
00:33:04,334 --> 00:33:04,784
very
5825
00:33:04,784 --> 00:33:05,024
high
5826
00:33:05,024 --> 00:33:05,534
fiber
.
5827
00:33:05,864 --> 00:33:06,044
And
5828
00:33:06,044 --> 00:33:06,314
then
5829
00:33:06,314 --> 00:33:06,824
every
5830
00:33:06,824 --> 00:33:07,094
once
5831
00:33:07,094 --> 00:33:07,184
in
5832
00:33:07,184 --> 00:33:07,244
a
5833
00:33:07,244 --> 00:33:07,634
while
,
5834
00:33:07,634 --> 00:33:07,814
there's
5835
00:33:07,814 --> 00:33:07,874
a
5836
00:33:07,874 --> 00:33:08,384
huge
5837
00:33:08,384 --> 00:33:08,984
influx
5838
00:33:08,984 --> 00:33:09,344
of
5839
00:33:09,524 --> 00:33:09,854
high
5840
00:33:09,854 --> 00:33:10,304
calorie
5841
00:33:10,304 --> 00:33:10,514
meat
5842
00:33:10,514 --> 00:33:10,634
that
5843
00:33:10,634 --> 00:33:10,874
keeps
5844
00:33:10,874 --> 00:33:11,204
everyone
5845
00:33:11,204 --> 00:33:11,684
alive
.
5846
00:33:12,014 --> 00:33:12,194
So
5847
00:33:12,194 --> 00:33:12,284
it
5848
00:33:12,284 --> 00:33:12,794
wasn't
5849
00:33:12,794 --> 00:33:13,334
a
5850
00:33:13,334 --> 00:33:13,694
life
5851
00:33:13,694 --> 00:33:13,844
of
5852
00:33:13,844 --> 00:33:14,054
just
5853
00:33:14,054 --> 00:33:14,444
living
5854
00:33:14,444 --> 00:33:14,924
on
,
5855
00:33:15,404 --> 00:33:15,554
you
5856
00:33:15,554 --> 00:33:15,764
know
,
5857
00:33:15,764 --> 00:33:16,274
just
5858
00:33:16,274 --> 00:33:16,604
muscle
5859
00:33:16,604 --> 00:33:16,874
meat
.
5860
00:33:16,874 --> 00:33:16,964
It
5861
00:33:16,964 --> 00:33:17,084
would
5862
00:33:17,084 --> 00:33:17,174
have
5863
00:33:17,174 --> 00:33:17,264
been
5864
00:33:17,264 --> 00:33:17,354
a
5865
00:33:17,354 --> 00:33:17,714
wide
5866
00:33:17,714 --> 00:33:18,224
variety
5867
00:33:18,224 --> 00:33:18,314
of
5868
00:33:18,314 --> 00:33:18,914
foods
5869
00:33:19,604 --> 00:33:20,024
with
5870
00:33:20,444 --> 00:33:21,074
mostly
5871
00:33:21,074 --> 00:33:21,794
carbohydrates
5872
00:33:21,794 --> 00:33:22,004
most
5873
00:33:22,004 --> 00:33:22,064
of
5874
00:33:22,064 --> 00:33:22,154
the
5875
00:33:22,154 --> 00:33:22,664
time
.
5876
00:33:22,814 --> 00:33:23,054
But
5877
00:33:23,054 --> 00:33:23,354
then
5878
00:33:23,354 --> 00:33:23,624
just
5879
00:33:23,774 --> 00:33:24,404
bingeing
5880
00:33:24,404 --> 00:33:24,554
on
5881
00:33:24,554 --> 00:33:24,764
meat
5882
00:33:24,764 --> 00:33:25,604
periodically
5883
00:33:25,844 --> 00:33:26,084
and
5884
00:33:26,084 --> 00:33:26,654
also
5885
00:33:26,864 --> 00:33:27,374
periodic
5886
00:33:27,374 --> 00:33:27,884
fasting
.
5887
00:33:27,884 --> 00:33:28,154
So
5888
00:33:28,154 --> 00:33:28,274
if
5889
00:33:28,274 --> 00:33:28,394
you
5890
00:33:28,394 --> 00:33:28,634
think
5891
00:33:28,634 --> 00:33:29,054
about
5892
00:33:29,264 --> 00:33:29,564
many
5893
00:33:29,564 --> 00:33:29,684
of
5894
00:33:29,684 --> 00:33:29,954
the
5895
00:33:30,104 --> 00:33:30,644
modern
5896
00:33:31,934 --> 00:33:32,144
sort
5897
00:33:32,144 --> 00:33:32,234
of
5898
00:33:32,234 --> 00:33:32,684
diet
5899
00:33:32,684 --> 00:33:33,314
approaches
,
5900
00:33:33,524 --> 00:33:33,704
they
5901
00:33:33,704 --> 00:33:33,974
all
5902
00:33:33,974 --> 00:33:34,214
work
5903
00:33:34,214 --> 00:33:34,364
for
5904
00:33:34,364 --> 00:33:34,664
different
5905
00:33:34,664 --> 00:33:35,024
ways
.
5906
00:33:35,024 --> 00:33:35,144
So
5907
00:33:35,144 --> 00:33:35,444
something
5908
00:33:35,444 --> 00:33:35,594
like
5909
00:33:35,594 --> 00:33:35,684
the
5910
00:33:35,684 --> 00:33:36,374
Mediterranean
5911
00:33:36,374 --> 00:33:36,794
diet
5912
00:33:36,944 --> 00:33:37,304
works
5913
00:33:37,304 --> 00:33:37,574
because
5914
00:33:37,574 --> 00:33:37,694
it's
5915
00:33:37,694 --> 00:33:38,024
really
5916
00:33:38,444 --> 00:33:39,104
focusing
5917
00:33:39,104 --> 00:33:39,374
on
5918
00:33:39,374 --> 00:33:39,614
the
5919
00:33:39,764 --> 00:33:40,274
complex
5920
00:33:40,274 --> 00:33:41,024
carbohydrates
5921
00:33:41,024 --> 00:33:41,144
and
5922
00:33:41,144 --> 00:33:41,804
variety
.
5923
00:33:42,374 --> 00:33:42,554
Some
5924
00:33:42,554 --> 00:33:42,644
of
5925
00:33:42,644 --> 00:33:43,004
the
5926
00:33:43,454 --> 00:33:43,664
what
5927
00:33:43,664 --> 00:33:43,754
they
5928
00:33:43,754 --> 00:33:43,904
call
5929
00:33:43,904 --> 00:33:44,294
paleo
5930
00:33:44,294 --> 00:33:44,654
diets
5931
00:33:44,654 --> 00:33:44,834
might
5932
00:33:44,834 --> 00:33:45,104
work
5933
00:33:45,104 --> 00:33:45,554
because
5934
00:33:45,734 --> 00:33:45,884
they're
5935
00:33:45,884 --> 00:33:46,214
cutting
5936
00:33:46,214 --> 00:33:46,364
out
5937
00:33:46,364 --> 00:33:46,454
the
5938
00:33:46,454 --> 00:33:46,874
sugars
5939
00:33:46,874 --> 00:33:46,964
and
5940
00:33:46,964 --> 00:33:47,084
they're
5941
00:33:47,084 --> 00:33:47,354
cutting
5942
00:33:47,354 --> 00:33:47,474
out
5943
00:33:47,474 --> 00:33:47,654
those
5944
00:33:47,654 --> 00:33:48,014
simple
5945
00:33:48,014 --> 00:33:48,674
starches
.
5946
00:33:49,184 --> 00:33:49,334
So
5947
00:33:49,334 --> 00:33:49,484
they
5948
00:33:49,484 --> 00:33:49,844
lower
5949
00:33:49,844 --> 00:33:50,034
the
5950
00:33:50,114 --> 00:33:50,324
the
5951
00:33:50,504 --> 00:33:51,074
glycemic
5952
00:33:51,074 --> 00:33:51,674
response
5953
00:33:52,154 --> 00:33:52,394
and
5954
00:33:52,394 --> 00:33:52,544
the
5955
00:33:52,544 --> 00:33:52,904
insulin
5956
00:33:52,904 --> 00:33:53,324
response
.
5957
00:33:53,504 --> 00:33:53,684
These
5958
00:33:53,684 --> 00:33:53,954
diets
5959
00:33:53,954 --> 00:33:54,224
work
5960
00:33:54,224 --> 00:33:54,374
for
5961
00:33:54,374 --> 00:33:54,674
different
5962
00:33:54,674 --> 00:33:55,214
reasons
,
5963
00:33:55,334 --> 00:33:55,514
but
5964
00:33:55,514 --> 00:33:55,664
they
5965
00:33:55,664 --> 00:33:55,934
work
5966
00:33:55,934 --> 00:33:56,324
because
5967
00:33:56,324 --> 00:33:56,444
they're
5968
00:33:56,444 --> 00:33:57,194
approximating
5969
00:33:57,194 --> 00:33:57,404
what
5970
00:33:57,404 --> 00:33:57,554
we
5971
00:33:57,554 --> 00:33:57,704
were
5972
00:33:57,704 --> 00:33:58,094
evolved
5973
00:33:58,094 --> 00:33:58,394
for
.
5974
00:33:58,514 --> 00:33:58,704
We
5975
00:33:58,704 --> 00:33:58,784
were
5976
00:33:58,784 --> 00:33:59,144
evolved
5977
00:33:59,144 --> 00:33:59,264
for
5978
00:33:59,264 --> 00:33:59,534
eating
5979
00:33:59,534 --> 00:33:59,894
almost
5980
00:33:59,894 --> 00:34:00,224
only
5981
00:34:00,224 --> 00:34:00,764
vegetables
5982
00:34:00,764 --> 00:34:01,094
most
5983
00:34:01,094 --> 00:34:01,154
of
5984
00:34:01,154 --> 00:34:01,244
the
5985
00:34:01,244 --> 00:34:01,694
time
5986
00:34:01,934 --> 00:34:02,144
and
5987
00:34:02,144 --> 00:34:02,354
then
5988
00:34:02,354 --> 00:34:02,654
having
5989
00:34:02,654 --> 00:34:03,404
tremendous
5990
00:34:03,404 --> 00:34:03,734
amounts
5991
00:34:03,734 --> 00:34:03,824
of
5992
00:34:03,824 --> 00:34:04,124
meat
5993
00:34:04,274 --> 00:34:05,054
periodically
.
5994
00:34:05,054 --> 00:34:05,174
We
5995
00:34:05,174 --> 00:34:05,234
were
5996
00:34:05,234 --> 00:34:05,504
also
5997
00:34:05,504 --> 00:34:05,894
evolved
5998
00:34:05,894 --> 00:34:06,194
for
5999
00:34:06,374 --> 00:34:06,884
large
6000
00:34:06,884 --> 00:34:07,184
amounts
6001
00:34:07,184 --> 00:34:07,244
of
6002
00:34:07,244 --> 00:34:07,844
varied
6003
00:34:07,844 --> 00:34:08,384
exercise
,
6004
00:34:08,384 --> 00:34:08,624
not
6005
00:34:08,624 --> 00:34:08,834
just
6006
00:34:08,834 --> 00:34:09,254
one
6007
00:34:09,254 --> 00:34:09,674
thing
,
6008
00:34:09,854 --> 00:34:10,184
not
6009
00:34:10,184 --> 00:34:10,634
digging
6010
00:34:10,634 --> 00:34:10,814
all
6011
00:34:10,814 --> 00:34:11,174
day
,
6012
00:34:11,354 --> 00:34:11,594
but
6013
00:34:11,594 --> 00:34:11,894
lots
6014
00:34:11,894 --> 00:34:12,014
of
6015
00:34:12,014 --> 00:34:12,764
variety
6016
00:34:12,764 --> 00:34:12,884
of
6017
00:34:12,884 --> 00:34:13,634
exercise
.
6018
00:34:14,204 --> 00:34:14,474
And
6019
00:34:14,474 --> 00:34:14,654
we
6020
00:34:14,774 --> 00:34:15,194
evolved
6021
00:34:15,194 --> 00:34:15,314
to
6022
00:34:15,314 --> 00:34:15,554
have
6023
00:34:15,554 --> 00:34:15,614
a
6024
00:34:15,614 --> 00:34:16,124
spiritual
6025
00:34:16,124 --> 00:34:16,334
life
,
6026
00:34:16,334 --> 00:34:16,424
to
6027
00:34:16,424 --> 00:34:16,514
be
6028
00:34:16,514 --> 00:34:16,694
part
6029
00:34:16,694 --> 00:34:16,784
of
6030
00:34:16,784 --> 00:34:16,844
a
6031
00:34:16,844 --> 00:34:17,474
community
,
6032
00:34:17,654 --> 00:34:17,864
to
6033
00:34:17,864 --> 00:34:18,074
work
6034
00:34:18,074 --> 00:34:18,644
together
6035
00:34:18,644 --> 00:34:18,974
to
6036
00:34:18,974 --> 00:34:19,304
to
,
6037
00:34:19,304 --> 00:34:19,514
to
6038
00:34:19,514 --> 00:34:20,354
imagine
6039
00:34:21,434 --> 00:34:21,884
things
6040
00:34:21,884 --> 00:34:22,004
and
6041
00:34:22,004 --> 00:34:22,214
then
6042
00:34:22,214 --> 00:34:22,484
put
6043
00:34:22,484 --> 00:34:22,634
them
6044
00:34:22,634 --> 00:34:22,844
onto
6045
00:34:22,844 --> 00:34:22,934
the
6046
00:34:22,934 --> 00:34:23,264
wall
6047
00:34:23,264 --> 00:34:23,414
to
6048
00:34:23,444 --> 00:34:24,014
see
6049
00:34:24,074 --> 00:34:24,314
our
6050
00:34:24,314 --> 00:34:24,584
inner
6051
00:34:24,584 --> 00:34:24,944
life
6052
00:34:24,944 --> 00:34:25,634
expressed
6053
00:34:25,814 --> 00:34:26,024
in
6054
00:34:26,024 --> 00:34:26,144
our
6055
00:34:26,144 --> 00:34:26,624
community
6056
00:34:26,624 --> 00:34:26,804
with
6057
00:34:26,804 --> 00:34:26,984
each
6058
00:34:26,984 --> 00:34:27,314
other
6059
00:34:27,824 --> 00:34:28,004
and
6060
00:34:28,004 --> 00:34:28,094
to
6061
00:34:28,094 --> 00:34:28,364
see
6062
00:34:28,364 --> 00:34:28,574
how
6063
00:34:28,574 --> 00:34:29,074
our
6064
00:34:29,084 --> 00:34:29,834
imagination
6065
00:34:29,834 --> 00:34:30,374
develops
.
6066
00:34:32,954 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
6067
00:34:32,954 --> 00:34:33,104
All
6068
00:34:33,104 --> 00:34:33,374
right
.
6069
00:34:33,404 --> 00:34:33,824
Wow
.
6070
00:34:33,824 --> 00:34:34,004
That
6071
00:34:34,004 --> 00:34:34,284
was
6072
00:34:34,304 --> 00:34:34,514
thank
6073
00:34:34,514 --> 00:34:34,564
you
.
6074
00:34:34,574 --> 00:34:34,634
It
6075
00:34:34,634 --> 00:34:34,814
was
6076
00:34:34,814 --> 00:34:35,504
fascinating
.
6077
00:34:37,424 --> 00:34:37,694
Where
6078
00:34:37,694 --> 00:34:37,784
are
6079
00:34:37,784 --> 00:34:37,874
we
6080
00:34:37,874 --> 00:34:38,114
going
6081
00:34:38,114 --> 00:34:38,324
next
6082
00:34:38,324 --> 00:34:38,624
time
?
6083
00:34:39,734 --> 00:00:00,-01
Dr. Stout:
6084
00:34:39,734 --> 00:34:39,914
I'm
6085
00:34:39,914 --> 00:34:40,094
not
6086
00:34:40,094 --> 00:34:40,244
sure
.
6087
00:34:40,244 --> 00:34:40,334
I
6088
00:34:40,334 --> 00:34:40,514
think
6089
00:34:40,604 --> 00:34:40,754
I
6090
00:34:40,754 --> 00:34:40,934
think
6091
00:34:40,934 --> 00:34:41,054
we
6092
00:34:41,054 --> 00:34:41,174
will
6093
00:34:41,174 --> 00:34:41,414
start
6094
00:34:41,414 --> 00:34:41,774
talking
6095
00:34:41,774 --> 00:34:42,134
about
6096
00:34:42,134 --> 00:34:42,764
specific
6097
00:34:42,764 --> 00:34:43,184
aspects
6098
00:34:43,184 --> 00:34:43,274
of
6099
00:34:43,274 --> 00:34:43,334
the
6100
00:34:43,334 --> 00:34:43,664
diet
.
6101
00:34:43,664 --> 00:34:43,784
So
6102
00:34:43,784 --> 00:34:43,904
I'd
6103
00:34:43,904 --> 00:34:44,054
like
6104
00:34:44,054 --> 00:34:44,144
to
6105
00:34:44,144 --> 00:34:44,414
talk
6106
00:34:44,414 --> 00:34:44,654
about
6107
00:34:44,744 --> 00:34:44,984
role
6108
00:34:44,984 --> 00:34:45,074
of
6109
00:34:45,074 --> 00:34:45,674
sugar
.
6110
00:34:45,704 --> 00:34:45,824
I
6111
00:34:45,824 --> 00:34:45,944
would
6112
00:34:45,944 --> 00:34:46,124
like
6113
00:34:46,124 --> 00:34:46,214
to
6114
00:34:46,214 --> 00:34:46,514
talk
6115
00:34:46,514 --> 00:34:46,814
about
6116
00:34:46,814 --> 00:34:46,934
the
6117
00:34:46,934 --> 00:34:47,414
role
6118
00:34:47,414 --> 00:34:47,654
of
6119
00:34:47,654 --> 00:34:48,134
intermittent
6120
00:34:48,134 --> 00:34:48,884
fasting
.
6121
00:34:48,884 --> 00:34:49,004
I
6122
00:34:49,004 --> 00:34:49,124
would
6123
00:34:49,124 --> 00:34:49,244
like
6124
00:34:49,244 --> 00:34:49,334
to
6125
00:34:49,334 --> 00:34:49,574
talk
6126
00:34:49,574 --> 00:34:49,844
about
6127
00:34:49,844 --> 00:34:50,234
things
6128
00:34:50,234 --> 00:34:50,744
like
6129
00:34:51,884 --> 00:34:53,324
I
6130
00:34:55,064 --> 00:34:55,484
various
6131
00:34:55,484 --> 00:34:55,784
kinds
6132
00:34:55,784 --> 00:34:55,874
of
6133
00:34:55,874 --> 00:34:56,924
exercise
6134
00:34:57,314 --> 00:34:57,674
that
6135
00:34:57,704 --> 00:34:57,884
are
6136
00:34:57,884 --> 00:34:58,304
not
6137
00:34:58,304 --> 00:34:58,544
just
6138
00:34:58,544 --> 00:34:58,904
one
6139
00:34:58,904 --> 00:34:59,414
kind
.
6140
00:34:59,624 --> 00:34:59,744
I
6141
00:34:59,744 --> 00:34:59,864
want
6142
00:34:59,864 --> 00:34:59,924
to
6143
00:34:59,924 --> 00:35:00,134
talk
6144
00:35:00,134 --> 00:35:00,434
about
6145
00:35:00,434 --> 00:35:01,334
the
6146
00:35:01,334 --> 00:35:01,964
details
6147
00:35:01,964 --> 00:35:02,114
of
,
6148
00:35:02,114 --> 00:35:02,284
of
6149
00:35:02,284 --> 00:35:02,554
of
6150
00:35:02,554 --> 00:35:02,834
of
6151
00:35:02,834 --> 00:35:03,044
health
6152
00:35:03,044 --> 00:35:03,134
that
6153
00:35:03,134 --> 00:35:03,284
we've
6154
00:35:03,284 --> 00:35:03,494
talked
6155
00:35:03,494 --> 00:35:03,734
about
.
6156
00:35:03,734 --> 00:35:03,824
And
6157
00:35:03,824 --> 00:35:03,914
then
6158
00:35:03,914 --> 00:35:04,004
I'd
6159
00:35:04,004 --> 00:35:04,124
like
6160
00:35:04,124 --> 00:35:04,214
to
6161
00:35:04,214 --> 00:35:04,454
talk
6162
00:35:04,454 --> 00:35:04,814
about
6163
00:35:05,204 --> 00:35:05,384
the
6164
00:35:05,384 --> 00:35:05,774
role
6165
00:35:05,774 --> 00:35:05,894
of
6166
00:35:05,894 --> 00:35:05,984
the
6167
00:35:05,984 --> 00:35:06,764
imagination
6168
00:35:06,764 --> 00:35:06,824
in
6169
00:35:06,824 --> 00:35:06,944
our
6170
00:35:06,944 --> 00:35:07,454
lives
.
6171
00:35:07,454 --> 00:35:07,664
So
6172
00:35:07,664 --> 00:35:07,784
I'd
6173
00:35:07,784 --> 00:35:07,934
like
6174
00:35:07,934 --> 00:35:08,054
to
6175
00:35:08,054 --> 00:35:08,354
break
6176
00:35:08,354 --> 00:35:08,804
down
6177
00:35:08,804 --> 00:35:09,044
some
6178
00:35:09,044 --> 00:35:09,134
of
6179
00:35:09,134 --> 00:35:09,254
the
6180
00:35:09,254 --> 00:35:09,614
themes
6181
00:35:09,614 --> 00:35:09,734
I've
6182
00:35:09,734 --> 00:35:09,854
been
6183
00:35:09,854 --> 00:35:10,154
working
6184
00:35:10,154 --> 00:35:10,454
on
6185
00:35:10,724 --> 00:35:11,114
and
6186
00:35:11,294 --> 00:35:11,474
and
6187
00:35:11,474 --> 00:35:11,804
focus
6188
00:35:11,804 --> 00:35:11,954
on
6189
00:35:11,954 --> 00:35:12,284
those
.
6190
00:35:12,434 --> 00:00:00,-01
Eric:
6191
00:35:12,434 --> 00:35:12,914
Excellent
.
6192
00:35:12,944 --> 00:35:13,034
All
6193
00:35:13,034 --> 00:35:13,184
right
.
6194
00:35:13,184 --> 00:35:13,334
Well
,
6195
00:35:13,334 --> 00:35:13,544
thank
6196
00:35:13,544 --> 00:35:13,604
you
6197
00:35:13,604 --> 00:35:13,784
very
6198
00:35:13,784 --> 00:35:14,084
much
.
6199
00:35:14,594 --> 00:35:14,804
See
6200
00:35:14,804 --> 00:35:14,864
you
6201
00:35:14,864 --> 00:35:15,074
next
6202
00:35:15,074 --> 00:35:15,344
time
.