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>> Peterson Toscano: I'm Peterson Toscano, and this is Bubble and
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Squeak, a podcast with uncanny sounds, funny
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interludes and stories. Most weird, many true.
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Okay, here's season four, episode ten. Our show
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today comes in three parts. Part one, a sound
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slice from a, uh, Lenape powwow. Part two, a
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librarian in England stood up to Margaret
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Thatcher. And part three, a song about rebel
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women.
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Let me set the scene for you. I'm in Mauch Chunk Lake
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Park in Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, USA. The town
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is named after the famous Native American super
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athlete Jim Thorpe. Now, Thorpe never lived
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in the town; he wasn't born here either. In fact,
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he never once set foot on the land. Jim Thorpe was
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born in 1887 on the Sac and Fox reservation in
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Indian Territory, today called Oklahoma. His
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ancestors were Sac and Fox, Citizen Potawatomi,
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and Kickapoo people who lived in the Great Lakes
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and Midwest regions for generations. That changed
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when the US government forcibly removed them
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throughout the 19th century. Jim Thorpe was a
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child when his mother died. His father sent the
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grieving boy to the Carlisle Indian Boarding
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School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1800 kilometers
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from home. His father wanted his son to learn a
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trade, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs promised
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bright futures for Native children who attended
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its special schools. Once on site, teachers
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forbade Thorpe and the other students from speaking
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their mother tongue, wearing traditional clothing,
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or performing any cultural or religious
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ceremonies. Many students suffered and died in
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these government institutions that were designed
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to transform Native children into English-
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speaking, Christian, assimilated American
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residents, but not citizens. Citizenship did not
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come to most Native Americans until the 1924
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Indian Citizenship Act. Unlike many of his peers,
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Thorpe excelled at Carlisle Indian Boarding
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School, especially at sports. He went on to have
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an extraordinary career in college football and
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then Major League Baseball.
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In the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden,
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Jim Thorpe won two gold medals in the pentathlon
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and the decathlon. He later became the first
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president of the American Professional Football
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Association, which later became the NFL. After Jim
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Thorpe's death in 1953, State of Oklahoma
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officials refused to erect a memorial for one of
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their most celebrated people. Thorpe's widow,
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seeking a suitable resting place for him, struck
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an agreement with the struggling Pennsylvania
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towns of Mauch Chunk and East Mauch Chunk. The towns
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combined and renamed themselves Jim Thorpe. They
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also agreed to build and maintain a mausoleum and
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memorial park dedicated to Thorpe, which you can
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see today. Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, a tourist
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destination high in the mountains with dozens of
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restaurants, hotels, and guest houses, plus live
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music and outdoor activities.
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I didn't go to Jim Thorpe to see the massive red
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granite mausoleum inscribed with King Gustaf V of
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Sweden's famous words from the 1912 Olympics:
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"Sir, you are the greatest athlete in the
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world."
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>> Speaker B: End quote.
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>> Peterson Toscano: No. I went with my partner Glen Retief to the
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Lenape Nation of Pennsylvania's annual powwow in
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Mauch Chunk Lake Park. The powwow begins with drums
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and voices as flags lead the procession. They're
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followed by the clan mothers of the Wolf, Turtle,
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and Turkey clans. Then respected elders enter the
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circle and then the feathered dancers. As the
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singing quiets, the cameras are put away and the
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Chief of the Unami clan steps forward to speak in
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his native tongue and in English. He offers a
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prayer of thanksgiving to the four directions, to
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Mother Earth and to every living creature. He
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specifically names the winged ones, four-leggeds,
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two-leggeds, many-leggeds, creepy crawlers, fish,
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trees, stones and medicinal herbs. To this day,
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the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania does not
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officially recognize the Lenape or any Native
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American tribes or nations within its borders.
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>> Peterson Toscano: Sam.
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>> Speaker B: M.
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>> Peterson Toscano: Do not be deceived by the stereotype of the
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mild-mannered librarian. In a time when elected
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leaders and their followers ban books, librarians
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have been fierce protectors of outlawed published
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works. This is the story of a librarian. But this
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isn't a story about destroying and saving books.
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It's about a government plan to slice through a
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pristine landscape of historical significance in
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order to build one of over 600 roads
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throughout the English countryside.
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So much destruction, all to shave off seven
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minutes for commuters driving between Southampton
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and London. In 1992, Emma Must was working as a
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children's librarian in nearby Winchester,
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England. She would respond to a series of events
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that ultimately led to a High Court ruling that
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sentenced her to Holloway, an all-women's prison
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in north London. Thirty years later, Emma
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published The Ballad of Yellow Wednesday. It's a
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book of poetry about her time in prison and the
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events that led to her imprisonment.
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Shirley-Anne McMillan, a writer of young adult fiction
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in Northern Ireland, introduced me to Emma. In a
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noisy community-run space, Emma told me the story
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that propelled her out of the children's section
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of the library and onto the front lines of
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nonviolent direct action.
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>> Speaker B: In 1989, very, very close to the end of
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her time as prime minister, Margaret Thatcher
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brought in something which she called the biggest
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road building program since the Romans. This was a
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very audacious attempt to build more than 600 road
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schemes across Britain. This would destroy many,
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many protected green spaces, ancient sites, sites
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of special scientific interest, scheduled ancient
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monuments, national parks across the land. I
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remember reading a list of it and it read like The
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Twelve Days of Christmas, the list of things that
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were set to be destroyed. Twyford Down was one of
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the worst. To save seven minutes off the journey
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time by road between Southampton and London—
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that's what it was intended to do. It was a
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flagship scheme for them. It was important for
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them that this one went through. But if they could
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get this through, it meant they could bulldoze
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anywhere.
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>> Peterson Toscano: Emma Must felt outraged and concerned about the
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future of this environmentally significant
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landscape. It featured flower-rich chalk turf,
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often called chalk grassland. This highly specific
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ancient habitat grows on thin, nutrient-poor soil
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over lime or chalk rocks. In the UK, it is often
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described as the European equivalent of a tropical
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rainforest because it supports an incredibly dense
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variety of plant and insect life. Twyford Down is
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historically significant because of the ancient
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trackways called dongas.
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These were the same pathways that medieval
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pilgrims traveled on between the cathedral in
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Canterbury and Winchester Cathedral. On a
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neighboring hill stand the massive earthworks of a
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fort built around the year 250 BCE. As a
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librarian, Emma began her research hoping to find
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out who else was concerned and how they were
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responding.
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>> Speaker B: There had been these very prominent local groups,
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all of whom when I tried to ring them up, said,
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"Oh, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. No one's
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campaigning against it anymore.
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The road's going ahead." So I thought, well,
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what can I do? What can I do? I was on the phone,
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couldn't find anybody who thought we could still
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stop the road. And then a poet friend of mine, a
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guy called Andy Jordan in Southampton, he said,
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"Oh, but you know that there's a camp, a camp."
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I didn't. Let's go, let's go up. We got the train.
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Then we walked up and we met this group of young
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people who had been camped up on the hill since
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the summer of 1992. They called themselves the
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Dongas Tribe.
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They named themselves after these ancient drovers'
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trackways known as the dongas, which is actually a
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Matabele word for gully. These great swathes, these
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great holloways going through one end of Twyford
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Down. They were very much sort of in tune with the
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environment and they were very much trying to stop
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the road going ahead. There was another group still
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going called the Friends of Twyford Down, who met
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in the Quaker meeting hall in Winchester once a
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week. There were liaisons between the camp and
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this phalanx of local people who were still
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campaigning against the road.
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I was so relieved to discover that other people
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still cared about it—a small handful who had been
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involved in the bigger campaigns before but were
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continuing. Once I'd met these two groups of
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people, and in particular Becca Lush, my fellow
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campaigner, who was at that time living up on the
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hill, that was it. The touch paper had been lit.
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People got on like a house on fire. People got on
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so, so well. One of the lessons of the anti-roads
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movement, beginning for me with Twyford, was this
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broad mix of people building alliances and working
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with each other. From the pleated-skirted Tory
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ladies of Winchester through to these, these
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younger people with beads in their hair living up
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on the hill. People got on incredibly well with
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great humour, with great passion and with great
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determination. And we were all trying to do the
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same thing, which was to stop the road going
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ahead.
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We threw everything at it to try to stop it.
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Petitions to the European Commission through
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further legal action, looking at alternatives to
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the road, right the way through to direct action.
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Mass protests, ultimately very inventive types of
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campaigning as well. We had a crosses
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demonstration with names of all the animals and
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birds who would lose their habitats on the road.
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We had an attempt to measure the cutting to show
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that it was actually going to be much wider than
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it said in the plans. It became necessary to
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physically stop the road going ahead whilst all
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these bigger processes were going on.
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We were pinning our hopes on the European
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Commission. It was touch-and-go always whether
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that would work. We had politicians of all flavours
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and types coming giving speeches in the cutting.
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We organized mass demonstrations—everything we
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could to try to stop the road. We needed to
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keep holding up the work.
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So a great deal of direct action was taken. I
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think with all campaigns you're learning from
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what's gone before. You're standing on the
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shoulders of other people.
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>> Peterson Toscano: The small local collective of concerned citizens
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and activists made enough noise that people
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engaged in other protest movements heard and
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responded. They brought with them the insights and
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experiences from their training in firsthand
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nonviolent direct action campaigns.
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>> Speaker B: People who had experience of direct action from
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other spheres were absolutely instrumental in what
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we learned at Twyford about how to do direct
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action. Nonviolent direct actions are always
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stopping short of violence, whatever it took to
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stop the machinery. There were women who lived
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locally who'd been involved in the Greenham Common
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campaign up in Newbury against Trident, against
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nuclear warheads in Newbury.
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They would have been slightly older women who'd
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been doing this for some time. They were very,
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very savvy. They were brilliant at direct action
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tactics. And then alongside these sort of middle-
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aged and older women was a group of dominantly
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young, very, very young men from the UK who had
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learnt direct action tactics from Earth First! in
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the States and directly imported that over. So
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there was a nascent Earth First! movement in
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Britain at that time.
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They brought over tactics like tripods and
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crucially D-locks—so locking yourself by the neck
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to machinery to physically stop it. Things like
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putting your arm into a tube, a metal tube, and
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locking on inside there.
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>> Peterson Toscano: Emma learned that courage can be contagious.
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Inspired by an activist living up on the hill,
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Emma made an essential nuisance of herself by
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using her body to interrupt the destruction.
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>> Speaker B: Becca Lush and I, we had a phase a little bit
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further down in the campaign as a tag team,
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locking ourselves onto the machinery. So she would
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lock herself on by the neck in between the front
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axle and I would lock myself onto the footplate
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on the side. This would hold up work for hours and
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hours and hours because workmen would have to, uh,
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figure out how to get us off, which involved on
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one occasion dismantling the whole caboodle, the
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whole machine. I was stood with this great massive
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piece of metal around my neck, supported by four
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men, and Becca was still locked on under the front,
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cheering and waving. It was whatever we could do
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to hold up the work.
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>> Peterson Toscano: Now, you know your activism is working when your
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opponent turns to force. "Enough playing around,"
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they say, "enough is enough." So they ramp up their
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defenses and grow aggressive. A military
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display attempts to send the message: stop this
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childish campaigning foolishness and let the
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adults get their work done.
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That is what happened on Wednesday, 9th December at
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dawn on Twyford Down.
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>> Speaker B: After years and years and years of public
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inquiries, legal action and very vigorous local
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campaigning, the workmen and the bulldozers of the
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Department of Transport moved onto Twyford Down
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to begin the main phase of the construction work.
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Up until then it had only been this minor work,
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the scraping off of the topsoil and some moving of
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some turf. On that morning they were accompanied
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by dozens of security guards wearing fluorescent
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yellow jackets.
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Hence the day would subsequently become known as
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Yellow Wednesday. On Yellow Wednesday I was
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at work as usual in the children's library in
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Winchester, oblivious to what was going on. Dozens
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of security guards wearing fluorescent yellow
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jackets were met with resistance by the Dongas
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Tribe, this small group of young people camping on
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the hill. And after work I walked up to the
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down as usual to take supplies up to the camp.
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>> Peterson Toscano: Becca Lush was on the hill when the security
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guards forcibly removed the campaigners. At
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the 20th anniversary of Yellow Wednesday, she
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described it: "It was a horrific experience and
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very violent. We were dragged through thorns and
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we were being kicked and punched and someone
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pulled out a clump of my hair." End quote.
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In her poem "Where the Wild Things Are," Emma
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relives Yellow Wednesday, unaware of the escalation
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of events on the hill. She works in the children's
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section of the nearby library. There were no
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mobile phones. It was just the dawn of the digital
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age before Facebook, streaming services, and
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widespread use of artificial intelligence. Back
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then, the Winchester library didn't have computer
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terminals.
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On that day, Emma works carefully, returning
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what is misplaced and mending what is broken. In
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her poem, you will hear Emma reference the 1963
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children's picture book Where the Wild Things Are.
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Maurice Sendak wrote and illustrated it.
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>> Speaker B: Where the Wild Things Are.
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>> Peterson Toscano: Um.
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>> Speaker B: Winchester, Wednesday, 9th of December 1992. I am
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working in the library reshelving books. On a hill
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a mile away, all hell is breaking loose.
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I skulk in the aisles of the children's section,
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sticking missing picture labels onto spines. White
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butterflies fluttering over grassland. Serious
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owls in the blue of night. Rabbits with
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bobtails angled cheekily at borrowers. I decide to
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display The Very Hungry Caterpillar. Then on a
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whim, The Tiger Who Came to Tea. I have a go on
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the laminator. The acrid taste of melting plastic
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film hangs in the corrals. I'll tackle minor
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book repairs tomorrow. Winchester, Thursday, 10th
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of December 1992.
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I've hardly slept and smell of wood smoke. All
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our books are broken and I have no heart for
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mending. How can I replace these torn end sheets?
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Fly leaves have been ripped from paste downs.
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Folded signatures have come unsewn. Joints are
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bent forever out of kilter. Beaded headbands flap,
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detached. I am not equipped to glue spines back. I
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seek out Maurice Sendak's book, those yellow eyes
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and terrible teeth, before I can start to write
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what I have seen.
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>> Peterson Toscano: I remember the wild things of 2018 and 2019: the
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Fridays for Future student movement.
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>> Peterson Toscano: What do we do? Stand up, fight back! What do we do?
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Stand up, fight back! When the water we drink is
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under attack, what do we do? Stand up, fight back!
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When the earth we live on is under attack—
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>> Speaker B: Attack!
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>> Peterson Toscano: What do we do? Stand up, fight back! What do we
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do?
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Stand up, fight back!
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>> Peterson Toscano: It was on August 20, 2018. Greta Thunberg, a 15-
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year-old Swedish student, decided not to attend
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school until the Swedish general election on
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September 9. This was after a summer of record-
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breaking heat waves and devastating wildfires in
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Sweden.
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Greta sat outside the Swedish Parliament in
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Stockholm during school hours. She held a
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handwritten cardboard sign that translated to
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"School Strike for Climate." Her goal was to
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pressure the Swedish government to reduce carbon
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emissions in alignment with the Paris Agreement.
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This was during the time of social media; through
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Twitter and Instagram, her message provoked others
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to join her in what she termed hashtag
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#FridaysForFuture.
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In a little over a year, an estimated 7.6 million
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people participated in strikes across 185
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countries.
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I attended some of these strikes around the USA
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and chatted with some of the youth demonstrators
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and their parents. I remember speaking with one
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youth doing climate work who decided not to join
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the weekly demonstrations. He told me, "My
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schoolwork is too important right now. I want to
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make sure I get into a good college." Perhaps many
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other young Americans felt the same way.
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Fridays for Future in Europe grew into a
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mainstream mass movement with hundreds of
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thousands to millions marching in major cities.
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But in the US it remained a smaller, more
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localized movement. I imagine many young people
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and their parents concluded that sustaining a long-
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term weekly campaign was too risky. I confess, as
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an American myself, I am passionate about climate
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change and other social justice issues. But I've
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not been willing to disrupt my life in order to
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demand change.
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I tell myself I have my ways of contributing to
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the conversation through writing and producing
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podcasts, educating the public. And that's true.
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It's what I'm good at and I hope it's making an
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impact. But I haven't been willing to miss days of
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work while protesting or rack up legal expenses
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from getting arrested. I prefer a behind-the-
401
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scenes approach and a supportive role.
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Now, is that just me and how I'm wired, or is it
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because I grew up in the United States where
404
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valuing an individual's comfort and safety feels
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like a God-given right to many of us? I'm sure
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it's a combination. And listening to Emma, she
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challenges me and disturbs me. Especially the next
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part of her story when she and her fellow
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campaigners refuse to take no for an answer even
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after receiving a legal injunction to stand down.
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They did everything in their power to stop the
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destruction of Twyford Down.
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>> Speaker B: So it's very important to say that we were
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arrested on many, many occasions during actions
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and protests.
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Some people all the time. Becca Lush was arrested
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all the time. I was arrested a few times and so we
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would spend the night in a police cell. But this
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is very, very different from what happened in
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terms of the imprisonment. So after Yellow
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Wednesday, the Department of Transport employed a
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private detective agency to compile so-called
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action files of our protest activity.
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And they used these to take out High Court
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injunctions preventing us from entering the
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construction site. Now this is actually civil law.
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Certainly here we've got criminal law and you've
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got civil law. They took out these injunctions
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against us and then they delivered these action
430
00:26:57,190 --> 00:27:01,510
files. Mine arrived in the night when it was dark
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on my doorstep.
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A jaunty young man with a flat haircut
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turned up in his very fancy car and handed me
434
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a packet of papers. This was my action file which
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had photos of me taking protest activity.
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And this happened to—altogether there were 77 of
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us.
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During a mass protest on the 4th of July 1993,
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several of us pinned our action file numbers to
440
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our chests. I was action file number 36. We
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crossed the fence to once again walk on our hill.
442
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This is what it was forbidding us from doing, from
443
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walking on the hill. Seven of us were subsequently
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imprisoned.
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We had to go to the High Court in London and go
446
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through this whole court case, our day in court at
447
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the High Court in London, and ultimately seven of
448
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us were imprisoned for breaching the injunction.
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The men were sent to Pentonville prison and
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the women to Holloway Prison in London.
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>> Peterson Toscano: Sam.
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>> Peterson Toscano: A significant section of Emma's poetry book,
453
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The Ballad of Yellow Wednesday, centers on her
454
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time in prison at Holloway. Similar to when she
455
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tag-teamed with Becca Lush to lock their bodies to
456
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the same earth-moving machine, Emma was locked up
457
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with Becca at Holloway. It was at the High Court
458
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sentencing that Emma heard words that stayed with
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her for years. In her poetry, she turns those
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words around in yet another form of protest.
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>> Speaker B: Sentencing us, the High Court judge, Mr.
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Justice Elliott said, "You have been quick to snatch
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the martyr's crown and you may find it
464
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uncomfortable
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headgear."
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>> Peterson Toscano: In this poem you will hear how Emma expertly
467
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weaves images of hair braiding with visions of an
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open field, perhaps even Twyford Down.
469
00:29:48,610 --> 00:29:51,970
>> Speaker B: This poem I'll read is from a sequence called
470
00:29:51,970 --> 00:29:55,570
Holloway Letters, "The Martyr's Crown." The sequence
471
00:29:55,570 --> 00:29:58,170
is dedicated to my fellow campaigner and inmate,
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the formidable, indomitable Becca Lush. She
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was hugely important in the campaign.
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This one is called "Cane Row."
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Like the cork oak in a circle of herself, each
476
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full-grown woman would turn a little girlish at
477
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the prospect of a proper hairdo. Sitting in
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lines of three or four or pairs, we'd plait each
479
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other's hair in tight flat rows. Part a section
480
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to get things started; make stitch braids out of
481
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the strands, adding in hair from the row below. We
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dreamed in parallel of fields double-dug,
483
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rough hoed by the tiller, then ploughed into kick
484
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waves of keels and furrows.
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We'd reach the nape and keep on plaiting, secure
486
00:31:03,660 --> 00:31:08,780
each end with a snap bead, bolo tip or barrette.
487
00:31:09,420 --> 00:31:13,820
Our loose braids mirrored as a shoal of minnows.
488
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>> Peterson Toscano: Emma Must, Becca Lush, the Dongas Tribe, the many
489
00:31:24,540 --> 00:31:27,220
women who refused to give up and give in—they all
490
00:31:27,220 --> 00:31:30,660
sacrificed one way or another. And how does one
491
00:31:30,740 --> 00:31:35,380
measure success in such a campaign? If success
492
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means halting the destruction of Twyford Down and
493
00:31:38,900 --> 00:31:41,580
shutting down the construction of a bypass that
494
00:31:41,580 --> 00:31:43,980
saved commuters seven minutes on their daily
495
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commute, well, then they failed. Despite the
496
00:31:49,500 --> 00:31:53,140
intense blockades, mass arrests, and the high-
497
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profile jailing of Emma, Becca, and five other
498
00:31:55,620 --> 00:31:58,350
protesters, the government did not back down.
499
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Engineers blasted through the hill. Over 4.7 acres
500
00:32:04,310 --> 00:32:07,510
of protected chalk grassland and ancient trackways
501
00:32:07,510 --> 00:32:10,470
were permanently destroyed. The Department of
502
00:32:10,470 --> 00:32:13,350
Transport completed the construction and the final
503
00:32:13,350 --> 00:32:16,590
link of the M3 motorway officially opened in
504
00:32:16,590 --> 00:32:17,550
1995.
505
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I asked Emma what the site looks like
506
00:32:27,490 --> 00:32:31,250
today. I was also curious to know what happened
507
00:32:31,250 --> 00:32:34,250
next after they stood up to Thatcher on her quest
508
00:32:34,250 --> 00:32:37,810
to bulldoze the countryside and build over 600
509
00:32:37,810 --> 00:32:38,450
roads.
510
00:32:40,370 --> 00:32:44,410
>> Speaker B: There's a gaping chasm through the hill which
511
00:32:44,410 --> 00:32:48,160
extends for a mile from the River Itchen at
512
00:32:48,160 --> 00:32:52,260
what was the hill's foot through to beyond the
513
00:32:52,260 --> 00:32:56,820
other side of Winchester. Today the scar is not
514
00:32:56,820 --> 00:32:59,740
bright white. It was originally a bright white
515
00:32:59,740 --> 00:33:01,100
scar in the landscape.
516
00:33:01,100 --> 00:33:04,820
Now it's greyed over a little bit, to some extent
517
00:33:04,820 --> 00:33:07,980
greened over a little bit. But it's a great gash
518
00:33:07,980 --> 00:33:10,900
through what was an Area of Outstanding Natural
519
00:33:10,900 --> 00:33:13,060
Beauty. And it's not anymore; they had to move the
520
00:33:13,060 --> 00:33:16,140
boundary because it really isn't beautiful
521
00:33:16,140 --> 00:33:20,210
anymore. We lost the battle, but we won the war—
522
00:33:20,610 --> 00:33:21,890
the particular war.
523
00:33:22,850 --> 00:33:27,170
This was, remember, just one road out of 660-odd
524
00:33:27,170 --> 00:33:31,210
roads at that time. Although the road ultimately
525
00:33:31,210 --> 00:33:37,650
went ahead, the sheer energy and outrage that the
526
00:33:37,650 --> 00:33:42,200
movement—that was invigorated by this defeat at
527
00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:46,430
Twyford Down—sort of fueled a pre-existing anti-
528
00:33:46,430 --> 00:33:49,990
roads movement and energized what was already
529
00:33:49,990 --> 00:33:54,870
there. And in a series of more noisy defeats and
530
00:33:54,950 --> 00:33:59,349
many, many quiet victories, and in a series of
531
00:33:59,349 --> 00:34:03,310
scalings back of the roads program, by 1998 we
532
00:34:03,310 --> 00:34:05,950
had got rid of all the roads program except for
533
00:34:05,950 --> 00:34:11,500
34 schemes. So out of 667, we were down to 34.
534
00:34:17,580 --> 00:34:21,660
The Roads Minister, Steven Norris, said on a BBC
535
00:34:21,660 --> 00:34:26,620
Panorama program he felt it was the biggest change
536
00:34:26,620 --> 00:34:30,300
in any government policy in 40 years. The biggest
537
00:34:30,300 --> 00:34:33,580
U-turn. I think we'll count that as a win.
538
00:34:46,870 --> 00:34:56,510
>> Peterson Toscano: I don't cross my t's, I don't dot my i's. Won't
539
00:34:56,510 --> 00:35:02,980
say pretty please, I speak in little white lies.
540
00:35:04,900 --> 00:35:14,540
I've got a rebel soul, I've got a rebel soul. I've
541
00:35:14,540 --> 00:35:23,940
got a rebel soul, I've got a rebel soul. Just get
542
00:35:24,180 --> 00:35:28,190
down with it, down with it, down. I really just get
543
00:35:28,430 --> 00:35:28,830
down.
544
00:35:32,910 --> 00:35:39,230
I ain't no thing that you can chain with a ring.
545
00:35:52,600 --> 00:36:02,040
Soul, I've got a rebel soul, I've got a rebel soul.
546
00:36:04,360 --> 00:36:11,400
I've got a rebel soul. Just get down with it, down
547
00:36:11,560 --> 00:36:14,600
with it, down with it. Just get down.
548
00:36:19,090 --> 00:36:23,890
I can be good when I wanna, I just don't wanna. I
549
00:36:23,890 --> 00:36:28,490
can be good when I wanna, I just don't wanna. I
550
00:36:28,490 --> 00:36:32,730
can be a good girl when I wanna, I just don't wanna.
551
00:36:32,730 --> 00:36:37,970
I can be good, I can be good, but no, I got a rebel
552
00:36:38,130 --> 00:36:42,210
soul, hey, I've got a re—
553
00:36:45,660 --> 00:36:56,060
I got a rebel soul, I got a rebel soul, hey, down
554
00:36:56,140 --> 00:36:59,180
with it, my rebel soul.
555
00:37:07,640 --> 00:37:12,830
Get down with it, down with it, down with it.
556
00:37:12,990 --> 00:37:17,390
Just get down with it, down with it, down with it.
557
00:37:17,550 --> 00:37:21,630
Just get down with it, down with it, down with
558
00:37:21,630 --> 00:37:27,870
it, down with it, down. I've got a rebel soul.
559
00:37:44,060 --> 00:37:46,700
>> Peterson Toscano: This podcast is written and produced by me,
560
00:37:46,780 --> 00:37:50,140
Peterson Toscano. I mostly make the show for
561
00:37:50,140 --> 00:37:53,580
myself, oh, and for my dear friend George
562
00:37:53,580 --> 00:37:57,980
Ferrandi. You just heard Katharine Appleton
563
00:37:57,980 --> 00:38:01,735
singing "Rebel Soul." That song and all of our music
564
00:38:01,735 --> 00:38:05,800
come from epidemicsound.com. You can learn
565
00:38:05,800 --> 00:38:09,200
more about poet and creative writing teacher Emma
566
00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:13,440
Must at her website, emmamust.com. Her book of
567
00:38:13,440 --> 00:38:15,560
poetry is The Ballad of Yellow Wednesday.
568
00:38:16,120 --> 00:38:19,040
It was published by Valley Press. Learn more about
569
00:38:19,040 --> 00:38:21,600
the Lenape Nation of Pennsylvania and support them
570
00:38:21,600 --> 00:38:24,000
by attending and promoting their events or
571
00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:26,680
shopping at their online store. Visit
572
00:38:26,840 --> 00:38:32,540
lenape-nation.org. You can find me, Peterson Toscano,
573
00:38:32,700 --> 00:38:36,300
on TikTok, Instagram, Pinterest, Bluesky,
574
00:38:36,460 --> 00:38:39,940
Facebook, or just walking around eBov' in
575
00:38:39,940 --> 00:38:44,660
Mpumalanga, South Africa. And thanks for
576
00:38:44,660 --> 00:38:45,180
listening.
```
```srt
1
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>> Peterson Toscano: I'm Peterson Toscano, and this is Bubble and
2
00:00:06,760 --> 00:00:10,120
Squeak, a podcast with uncanny sounds, funny
3
00:00:10,120 --> 00:00:13,280
interludes and stories. Most weird, many true.
4
00:00:13,440 --> 00:00:17,840
Okay, here's season four, episode ten. Our show
5
00:00:17,840 --> 00:00:21,520
today comes in three parts. Part one, a sound
6
00:00:21,520 --> 00:00:25,240
slice from a, uh, Lenape powwow. Part two, a
7
00:00:25,240 --> 00:00:27,920
librarian in England stood up to Margaret
8
00:00:27,920 --> 00:00:31,620
Thatcher. And part three, a song about rebel
9
00:00:31,620 --> 00:00:31,940
women.
10
00:00:37,220 --> 00:00:41,940
Let me set the scene for you. I'm in Mauch Chunk Lake
11
00:00:41,940 --> 00:00:48,180
Park in Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, USA. The town
12
00:00:48,180 --> 00:00:51,460
is named after the famous Native American super
13
00:00:51,460 --> 00:00:56,080
athlete Jim Thorpe. Now, Thorpe never lived
14
00:00:56,550 --> 00:00:58,990
in the town; he wasn't born here either. In fact,
15
00:00:58,990 --> 00:01:03,030
he never once set foot on the land. Jim Thorpe was
16
00:01:03,030 --> 00:01:07,910
born in 1887 on the Sac and Fox reservation in
17
00:01:07,990 --> 00:01:12,950
Indian Territory, today called Oklahoma. His
18
00:01:12,950 --> 00:01:16,950
ancestors were Sac and Fox, Citizen Potawatomi,
19
00:01:16,950 --> 00:01:19,550
and Kickapoo people who lived in the Great Lakes
20
00:01:19,550 --> 00:01:23,920
and Midwest regions for generations. That changed
21
00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:26,400
when the US government forcibly removed them
22
00:01:26,400 --> 00:01:30,520
throughout the 19th century. Jim Thorpe was a
23
00:01:30,520 --> 00:01:34,000
child when his mother died. His father sent the
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00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:36,840
grieving boy to the Carlisle Indian Boarding
25
00:01:36,840 --> 00:01:40,560
School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1800 kilometers
26
00:01:40,560 --> 00:01:43,960
from home. His father wanted his son to learn a
27
00:01:43,960 --> 00:01:47,040
trade, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs promised
28
00:01:47,040 --> 00:01:49,480
bright futures for Native children who attended
29
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its special schools. Once on site, teachers
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00:01:53,560 --> 00:01:56,840
forbade Thorpe and the other students from speaking
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their mother tongue, wearing traditional clothing,
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00:01:59,600 --> 00:02:02,480
or performing any cultural or religious
33
00:02:02,480 --> 00:02:07,600
ceremonies. Many students suffered and died in
34
00:02:07,600 --> 00:02:10,160
these government institutions that were designed
35
00:02:10,160 --> 00:02:13,360
to transform Native children into English-
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00:02:13,360 --> 00:02:15,280
speaking, Christian, assimilated American
37
00:02:15,680 --> 00:02:19,810
residents, but not citizens. Citizenship did not
38
00:02:19,810 --> 00:02:23,210
come to most Native Americans until the 1924
39
00:02:23,530 --> 00:02:28,490
Indian Citizenship Act. Unlike many of his peers,
40
00:02:28,730 --> 00:02:31,850
Thorpe excelled at Carlisle Indian Boarding
41
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School, especially at sports. He went on to have
42
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an extraordinary career in college football and
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00:02:39,770 --> 00:02:41,290
then Major League Baseball.
44
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In the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden,
45
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Jim Thorpe won two gold medals in the pentathlon
46
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and the decathlon. He later became the first
47
00:02:55,610 --> 00:02:58,210
president of the American Professional Football
48
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Association, which later became the NFL. After Jim
49
00:03:03,210 --> 00:03:07,210
Thorpe's death in 1953, State of Oklahoma
50
00:03:07,210 --> 00:03:10,730
officials refused to erect a memorial for one of
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their most celebrated people. Thorpe's widow,
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00:03:18,210 --> 00:03:21,130
seeking a suitable resting place for him, struck
53
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an agreement with the struggling Pennsylvania
54
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towns of Mauch Chunk and East Mauch Chunk. The towns
55
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combined and renamed themselves Jim Thorpe. They
56
00:03:32,330 --> 00:03:35,530
also agreed to build and maintain a mausoleum and
57
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memorial park dedicated to Thorpe, which you can
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see today. Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, a tourist
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00:03:45,870 --> 00:03:48,870
destination high in the mountains with dozens of
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00:03:48,870 --> 00:03:51,670
restaurants, hotels, and guest houses, plus live
61
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music and outdoor activities.
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I didn't go to Jim Thorpe to see the massive red
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granite mausoleum inscribed with King Gustaf V of
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Sweden's famous words from the 1912 Olympics:
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"Sir, you are the greatest athlete in the
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world."
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>> Speaker B: End quote.
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>> Peterson Toscano: No. I went with my partner Glen Retief to the
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00:04:18,080 --> 00:04:21,840
Lenape Nation of Pennsylvania's annual powwow in
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00:04:21,840 --> 00:04:27,080
Mauch Chunk Lake Park. The powwow begins with drums
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00:04:27,400 --> 00:04:32,320
and voices as flags lead the procession. They're
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followed by the clan mothers of the Wolf, Turtle,
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and Turkey clans. Then respected elders enter the
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circle and then the feathered dancers. As the
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00:04:43,980 --> 00:04:47,060
singing quiets, the cameras are put away and the
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00:04:47,060 --> 00:04:50,780
Chief of the Unami clan steps forward to speak in
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00:04:50,780 --> 00:04:54,940
his native tongue and in English. He offers a
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prayer of thanksgiving to the four directions, to
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Mother Earth and to every living creature. He
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00:05:02,500 --> 00:05:06,980
specifically names the winged ones, four-leggeds,
81
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two-leggeds, many-leggeds, creepy crawlers, fish,
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trees, stones and medicinal herbs. To this day,
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the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania does not
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00:05:20,380 --> 00:05:23,820
officially recognize the Lenape or any Native
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American tribes or nations within its borders.
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>> Peterson Toscano: Sam.
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>> Speaker B: M.
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00:06:51,450 --> 00:06:54,740
>> Peterson Toscano: Do not be deceived by the stereotype of the
89
00:06:54,740 --> 00:07:00,020
mild-mannered librarian. In a time when elected
90
00:07:00,020 --> 00:07:03,940
leaders and their followers ban books, librarians
91
00:07:03,940 --> 00:07:07,740
have been fierce protectors of outlawed published
92
00:07:07,740 --> 00:07:13,980
works. This is the story of a librarian. But this
93
00:07:13,980 --> 00:07:18,020
isn't a story about destroying and saving books.
94
00:07:18,180 --> 00:07:21,730
It's about a government plan to slice through a
95
00:07:21,730 --> 00:07:25,890
pristine landscape of historical significance in
96
00:07:25,890 --> 00:07:29,770
order to build one of over 600 roads
97
00:07:29,770 --> 00:07:31,450
throughout the English countryside.
98
00:07:32,730 --> 00:07:36,930
So much destruction, all to shave off seven
99
00:07:36,930 --> 00:07:39,970
minutes for commuters driving between Southampton
100
00:07:39,970 --> 00:07:45,690
and London. In 1992, Emma Must was working as a
101
00:07:45,690 --> 00:07:48,570
children's librarian in nearby Winchester,
102
00:07:48,570 --> 00:07:52,210
England. She would respond to a series of events
103
00:07:52,210 --> 00:07:56,290
that ultimately led to a High Court ruling that
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00:07:56,290 --> 00:07:59,610
sentenced her to Holloway, an all-women's prison
105
00:07:59,610 --> 00:08:03,090
in north London. Thirty years later, Emma
106
00:08:03,090 --> 00:08:07,490
published The Ballad of Yellow Wednesday. It's a
107
00:08:07,490 --> 00:08:10,730
book of poetry about her time in prison and the
108
00:08:10,730 --> 00:08:13,330
events that led to her imprisonment.
109
00:08:15,100 --> 00:08:17,980
Shirley-Anne McMillan, a writer of young adult fiction
110
00:08:17,980 --> 00:08:22,020
in Northern Ireland, introduced me to Emma. In a
111
00:08:22,020 --> 00:08:25,260
noisy community-run space, Emma told me the story
112
00:08:25,580 --> 00:08:28,140
that propelled her out of the children's section
113
00:08:28,140 --> 00:08:31,179
of the library and onto the front lines of
114
00:08:31,179 --> 00:08:32,940
nonviolent direct action.
115
00:08:39,180 --> 00:08:43,320
>> Speaker B: In 1989, very, very close to the end of
116
00:08:43,320 --> 00:08:46,640
her time as prime minister, Margaret Thatcher
117
00:08:46,640 --> 00:08:50,040
brought in something which she called the biggest
118
00:08:50,040 --> 00:08:53,880
road building program since the Romans. This was a
119
00:08:53,880 --> 00:08:58,280
very audacious attempt to build more than 600 road
120
00:08:58,280 --> 00:09:02,960
schemes across Britain. This would destroy many,
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00:09:02,960 --> 00:09:07,460
many protected green spaces, ancient sites, sites
122
00:09:07,460 --> 00:09:09,940
of special scientific interest, scheduled ancient
123
00:09:09,940 --> 00:09:14,380
monuments, national parks across the land. I
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00:09:14,380 --> 00:09:16,780
remember reading a list of it and it read like The
125
00:09:16,780 --> 00:09:19,420
Twelve Days of Christmas, the list of things that
126
00:09:19,420 --> 00:09:24,180
were set to be destroyed. Twyford Down was one of
127
00:09:24,180 --> 00:09:28,060
the worst. To save seven minutes off the journey
128
00:09:28,060 --> 00:09:30,900
time by road between Southampton and London—
129
00:09:30,900 --> 00:09:34,490
that's what it was intended to do. It was a
130
00:09:34,490 --> 00:09:37,250
flagship scheme for them. It was important for
131
00:09:37,250 --> 00:09:40,410
them that this one went through. But if they could
132
00:09:40,410 --> 00:09:42,970
get this through, it meant they could bulldoze
133
00:09:43,050 --> 00:09:43,770
anywhere.
134
00:09:44,810 --> 00:09:49,169
>> Peterson Toscano: Emma Must felt outraged and concerned about the
135
00:09:49,169 --> 00:09:51,770
future of this environmentally significant
136
00:09:52,010 --> 00:09:56,090
landscape. It featured flower-rich chalk turf,
137
00:09:56,090 --> 00:10:01,270
often called chalk grassland. This highly specific
138
00:10:01,350 --> 00:10:05,750
ancient habitat grows on thin, nutrient-poor soil
139
00:10:06,070 --> 00:10:10,390
over lime or chalk rocks. In the UK, it is often
140
00:10:10,390 --> 00:10:13,710
described as the European equivalent of a tropical
141
00:10:13,710 --> 00:10:17,310
rainforest because it supports an incredibly dense
142
00:10:17,310 --> 00:10:22,230
variety of plant and insect life. Twyford Down is
143
00:10:22,230 --> 00:10:25,830
historically significant because of the ancient
144
00:10:25,830 --> 00:10:27,950
trackways called dongas.
145
00:10:28,830 --> 00:10:31,230
These were the same pathways that medieval
146
00:10:31,230 --> 00:10:33,990
pilgrims traveled on between the cathedral in
147
00:10:33,990 --> 00:10:37,790
Canterbury and Winchester Cathedral. On a
148
00:10:37,790 --> 00:10:41,229
neighboring hill stand the massive earthworks of a
149
00:10:41,229 --> 00:10:47,270
fort built around the year 250 BCE. As a
150
00:10:47,270 --> 00:10:51,470
librarian, Emma began her research hoping to find
151
00:10:51,470 --> 00:10:54,840
out who else was concerned and how they were
152
00:10:54,840 --> 00:10:55,440
responding.
153
00:10:56,480 --> 00:10:59,360
>> Speaker B: There had been these very prominent local groups,
154
00:10:59,600 --> 00:11:01,880
all of whom when I tried to ring them up, said,
155
00:11:01,880 --> 00:11:03,760
"Oh, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. No one's
156
00:11:03,760 --> 00:11:05,440
campaigning against it anymore.
157
00:11:05,770 --> 00:11:08,480
The road's going ahead." So I thought, well,
158
00:11:08,480 --> 00:11:10,440
what can I do? What can I do? I was on the phone,
159
00:11:10,440 --> 00:11:13,280
couldn't find anybody who thought we could still
160
00:11:13,440 --> 00:11:16,240
stop the road. And then a poet friend of mine, a
161
00:11:16,240 --> 00:11:20,040
guy called Andy Jordan in Southampton, he said,
162
00:11:20,040 --> 00:11:22,720
"Oh, but you know that there's a camp, a camp."
163
00:11:24,140 --> 00:11:27,060
I didn't. Let's go, let's go up. We got the train.
164
00:11:27,060 --> 00:11:30,700
Then we walked up and we met this group of young
165
00:11:30,700 --> 00:11:34,300
people who had been camped up on the hill since
166
00:11:34,300 --> 00:11:37,660
the summer of 1992. They called themselves the
167
00:11:37,660 --> 00:11:38,860
Dongas Tribe.
168
00:11:39,260 --> 00:11:43,700
They named themselves after these ancient drovers'
169
00:11:43,700 --> 00:11:46,660
trackways known as the dongas, which is actually a
170
00:11:46,660 --> 00:11:52,100
Matabele word for gully. These great swathes, these
171
00:11:52,100 --> 00:11:56,180
great holloways going through one end of Twyford
172
00:11:56,180 --> 00:12:01,300
Down. They were very much sort of in tune with the
173
00:12:01,300 --> 00:12:04,380
environment and they were very much trying to stop
174
00:12:04,380 --> 00:12:07,460
the road going ahead. There was another group still
175
00:12:07,460 --> 00:12:11,220
going called the Friends of Twyford Down, who met
176
00:12:11,220 --> 00:12:14,580
in the Quaker meeting hall in Winchester once a
177
00:12:14,580 --> 00:12:18,700
week. There were liaisons between the camp and
178
00:12:18,780 --> 00:12:23,040
this phalanx of local people who were still
179
00:12:23,040 --> 00:12:24,240
campaigning against the road.
180
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I was so relieved to discover that other people
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still cared about it—a small handful who had been
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involved in the bigger campaigns before but were
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continuing. Once I'd met these two groups of
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people, and in particular Becca Lush, my fellow
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campaigner, who was at that time living up on the
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hill, that was it. The touch paper had been lit.
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People got on like a house on fire. People got on
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so, so well. One of the lessons of the anti-roads
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movement, beginning for me with Twyford, was this
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broad mix of people building alliances and working
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with each other. From the pleated-skirted Tory
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ladies of Winchester through to these, these
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younger people with beads in their hair living up
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on the hill. People got on incredibly well with
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great humour, with great passion and with great
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determination. And we were all trying to do the
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same thing, which was to stop the road going
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ahead.
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We threw everything at it to try to stop it.
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Petitions to the European Commission through
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further legal action, looking at alternatives to
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the road, right the way through to direct action.
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Mass protests, ultimately very inventive types of
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campaigning as well. We had a crosses
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demonstration with names of all the animals and
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birds who would lose their habitats on the road.
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We had an attempt to measure the cutting to show
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that it was actually going to be much wider than
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it said in the plans. It became necessary to
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physically stop the road going ahead whilst all
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these bigger processes were going on.
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We were pinning our hopes on the European
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Commission. It was touch-and-go always whether
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that would work. We had politicians of all flavours
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and types coming giving speeches in the cutting.
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We organized mass demonstrations—everything we
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could to try to stop the road. We needed to
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keep holding up the work.
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So a great deal of direct action was taken. I
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think with all campaigns you're learning from
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what's gone before. You're standing on the
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shoulders of other people.
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>> Peterson Toscano: The small local collective of concerned citizens
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and activists made enough noise that people
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engaged in other protest movements heard and
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responded. They brought with them the insights and
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experiences from their training in firsthand
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nonviolent direct action campaigns.
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>> Speaker B: People who had experience of direct action from
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other spheres were absolutely instrumental in what
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we learned at Twyford about how to do direct
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action. Nonviolent direct actions are always
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stopping short of violence, whatever it took to
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stop the machinery. There were women who lived
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locally who'd been involved in the Greenham Common
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campaign up in Newbury against Trident, against
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nuclear warheads in Newbury.
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They would have been slightly older women who'd
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been doing this for some time. They were very,
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very savvy. They were brilliant at direct action
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tactics. And then alongside these sort of middle-
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aged and older women was a group of dominantly
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young, very, very young men from the UK who had
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learnt direct action tactics from Earth First! in
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the States and directly imported that over. So
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there was a nascent Earth First! movement in
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Britain at that time.
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They brought over tactics like tripods and
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crucially D-locks—so locking yourself by the neck
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to machinery to physically stop it. Things like
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putting your arm into a tube, a metal tube, and
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locking on inside there.
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>> Peterson Toscano: Emma learned that courage can be contagious.
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Inspired by an activist living up on the hill,
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Emma made an essential nuisance of herself by
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using her body to interrupt the destruction.
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>> Speaker B: Becca Lush and I, we had a phase a little bit
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further down in the campaign as a tag team,
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locking ourselves onto the machinery. So she would
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lock herself on by the neck in between the front
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axle and I would lock myself onto the footplate
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on the side. This would hold up work for hours and
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hours and hours because workmen would have to, uh,
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figure out how to get us off, which involved on
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one occasion dismantling the whole caboodle, the
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whole machine. I was stood with this great massive
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piece of metal around my neck, supported by four
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men, and Becca was still locked on under the front,
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cheering and waving. It was whatever we could do
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to hold up the work.
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>> Peterson Toscano: Now, you know your activism is working when your
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opponent turns to force. "Enough playing around,"
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they say, "enough is enough." So they ramp up their
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defenses and grow aggressive. A military
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display attempts to send the message: stop this
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childish campaigning foolishness and let the
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adults get their work done.
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That is what happened on Wednesday, 9th December at
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dawn on Twyford Down.
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>> Speaker B: After years and years and years of public
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inquiries, legal action and very vigorous local
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campaigning, the workmen and the bulldozers of the
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Department of Transport moved onto Twyford Down
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to begin the main phase of the construction work.
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Up until then it had only been this minor work,
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the scraping off of the topsoil and some moving of
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some turf. On that morning they were accompanied
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by dozens of security guards wearing fluorescent
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yellow jackets.
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Hence the day would subsequently become known as
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Yellow Wednesday. On Yellow Wednesday I was
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at work as usual in the children's library in
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Winchester, oblivious to what was going on. Dozens
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of security guards wearing fluorescent yellow
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jackets were met with resistance by the Dongas
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Tribe, this small group of young people camping on
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the hill. And after work I walked up to the
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down as usual to take supplies up to the camp.
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>> Peterson Toscano: Becca Lush was on the hill when the security
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guards forcibly removed the campaigners. At
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the 20th anniversary of Yellow Wednesday, she
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described it: "It was a horrific experience and
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very violent. We were dragged through thorns and
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we were being kicked and punched and someone
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pulled out a clump of my hair." End quote.
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In her poem "Where the Wild Things Are," Emma
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relives Yellow Wednesday, unaware of the escalation
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of events on the hill. She works in the children's
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section of the nearby library. There were no
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mobile phones. It was just the dawn of the digital
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age before Facebook, streaming services, and
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widespread use of artificial intelligence. Back
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then, the Winchester library didn't have computer
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terminals.
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On that day, Emma works carefully, returning
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what is misplaced and mending what is broken. In
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her poem, you will hear Emma reference the 1963
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children's picture book Where the Wild Things Are.
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Maurice Sendak wrote and illustrated it.
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>> Speaker B: Where the Wild Things Are.
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>> Peterson Toscano: Um.
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>> Speaker B: Winchester, Wednesday, 9th of December 1992. I am
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working in the library reshelving books. On a hill
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a mile away, all hell is breaking loose.
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I skulk in the aisles of the children's section,
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sticking missing picture labels onto spines. White
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butterflies fluttering over grassland. Serious
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owls in the blue of night. Rabbits with
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bobtails angled cheekily at borrowers. I decide to
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display The Very Hungry Caterpillar. Then on a
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whim, The Tiger Who Came to Tea. I have a go on
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the laminator. The acrid taste of melting plastic
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film hangs in the corrals. I'll tackle minor
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book repairs tomorrow. Winchester, Thursday, 10th
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of December 1992.
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I've hardly slept and smell of wood smoke. All
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our books are broken and I have no heart for
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mending. How can I replace these torn end sheets?
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Fly leaves have been ripped from paste downs.
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Folded signatures have come unsewn. Joints are
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bent forever out of kilter. Beaded headbands flap,
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detached. I am not equipped to glue spines back. I
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seek out Maurice Sendak's book, those yellow eyes
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and terrible teeth, before I can start to write
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what I have seen.
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>> Peterson Toscano: I remember the wild things of 2018 and 2019: the
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Fridays for Future student movement.
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>> Peterson Toscano: What do we do? Stand up, fight back! What do we do?
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Stand up, fight back! When the water we drink is
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under attack, what do we do? Stand up, fight back!
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When the earth we live on is under attack—
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>> Speaker B: Attack!
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>> Peterson Toscano: What do we do? Stand up, fight back! What do we
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do?
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Stand up, fight back!
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>> Peterson Toscano: It was on August 20, 2018. Greta Thunberg, a 15-
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year-old Swedish student, decided not to attend
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school until the Swedish general election on
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September 9. This was after a summer of record-
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breaking heat waves and devastating wildfires in
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Sweden.
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Greta sat outside the Swedish Parliament in
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Stockholm during school hours. She held a
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handwritten cardboard sign that translated to
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"School Strike for Climate." Her goal was to
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pressure the Swedish government to reduce carbon
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emissions in alignment with the Paris Agreement.
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This was during the time of social media; through
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Twitter and Instagram, her message provoked others
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to join her in what she termed hashtag
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#FridaysForFuture.
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In a little over a year, an estimated 7.6 million
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people participated in strikes across 185
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countries.
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I attended some of these strikes around the USA
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and chatted with some of the youth demonstrators
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and their parents. I remember speaking with one
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youth doing climate work who decided not to join
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the weekly demonstrations. He told me, "My
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schoolwork is too important right now. I want to
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make sure I get into a good college." Perhaps many
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other young Americans felt the same way.
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Fridays for Future in Europe grew into a
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mainstream mass movement with hundreds of
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thousands to millions marching in major cities.
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But in the US it remained a smaller, more
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localized movement. I imagine many young people
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and their parents concluded that sustaining a long-
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term weekly campaign was too risky. I confess, as
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an American myself, I am passionate about climate
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change and other social justice issues. But I've
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not been willing to disrupt my life in order to
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demand change.
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I tell myself I have my ways of contributing to
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the conversation through writing and producing
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podcasts, educating the public. And that's true.
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It's what I'm good at and I hope it's making an
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impact. But I haven't been willing to miss days of
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work while protesting or rack up legal expenses
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from getting arrested. I prefer a behind-the-
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scenes approach and a supportive role.
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Now, is that just me and how I'm wired, or is it
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because I grew up in the United States where
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valuing an individual's comfort and safety feels
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like a God-given right to many of us? I'm sure
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it's a combination. And listening to Emma, she
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challenges me and disturbs me. Especially the next
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part of her story when she and her fellow
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campaigners refuse to take no for an answer even
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after receiving a legal injunction to stand down.
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They did everything in their power to stop the
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destruction of Twyford Down.
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>> Speaker B: So it's very important to say that we were
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arrested on many, many occasions during actions
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and protests.
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Some people all the time. Becca Lush was arrested
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all the time. I was arrested a few times and so we
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would spend the night in a police cell. But this
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is very, very different from what happened in
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terms of the imprisonment. So after Yellow
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Wednesday, the Department of Transport employed a
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private detective agency to compile so-called
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action files of our protest activity.
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And they used these to take out High Court
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injunctions preventing us from entering the
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construction site. Now this is actually civil law.
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Certainly here we've got criminal law and you've
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got civil law. They took out these injunctions
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against us and then they delivered these action
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files. Mine arrived in the night when it was dark
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on my doorstep.
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A jaunty young man with a flat haircut
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turned up in his very fancy car and handed me
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a packet of papers. This was my action file which
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had photos of me taking protest activity.
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00:27:21,490 --> 00:27:25,730
And this happened to—altogether there were 77 of
437
00:27:25,730 --> 00:27:26,050
us.
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00:27:32,370 --> 00:27:35,970
During a mass protest on the 4th of July 1993,
439
00:27:36,050 --> 00:27:38,650
several of us pinned our action file numbers to
440
00:27:38,650 --> 00:27:42,810
our chests. I was action file number 36. We
441
00:27:42,810 --> 00:27:46,530
crossed the fence to once again walk on our hill.
442
00:27:46,800 --> 00:27:49,200
This is what it was forbidding us from doing, from
443
00:27:49,280 --> 00:27:52,200
walking on the hill. Seven of us were subsequently
444
00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:52,880
imprisoned.
445
00:27:54,000 --> 00:27:57,520
We had to go to the High Court in London and go
446
00:27:57,520 --> 00:28:01,480
through this whole court case, our day in court at
447
00:28:01,480 --> 00:28:05,040
the High Court in London, and ultimately seven of
448
00:28:05,040 --> 00:28:07,760
us were imprisoned for breaching the injunction.
449
00:28:08,640 --> 00:28:11,360
The men were sent to Pentonville prison and
450
00:28:11,360 --> 00:28:14,000
the women to Holloway Prison in London.
451
00:28:17,520 --> 00:28:30,480
>> Peterson Toscano: Sam.
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00:28:52,060 --> 00:28:56,170
>> Peterson Toscano: A significant section of Emma's poetry book,
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00:28:56,170 --> 00:28:58,690
The Ballad of Yellow Wednesday, centers on her
454
00:28:58,690 --> 00:29:02,410
time in prison at Holloway. Similar to when she
455
00:29:02,410 --> 00:29:05,490
tag-teamed with Becca Lush to lock their bodies to
456
00:29:05,490 --> 00:29:09,130
the same earth-moving machine, Emma was locked up
457
00:29:09,550 --> 00:29:14,190
with Becca at Holloway. It was at the High Court
458
00:29:14,190 --> 00:29:17,550
sentencing that Emma heard words that stayed with
459
00:29:17,550 --> 00:29:21,670
her for years. In her poetry, she turns those
460
00:29:21,670 --> 00:29:24,910
words around in yet another form of protest.
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00:29:25,790 --> 00:29:29,430
>> Speaker B: Sentencing us, the High Court judge, Mr.
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00:29:29,430 --> 00:29:32,910
Justice Elliott said, "You have been quick to snatch
463
00:29:32,910 --> 00:29:35,470
the martyr's crown and you may find it
464
00:29:35,470 --> 00:29:36,350
uncomfortable
465
00:29:36,690 --> 00:29:37,250
headgear."
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00:29:37,890 --> 00:29:41,530
>> Peterson Toscano: In this poem you will hear how Emma expertly
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00:29:41,530 --> 00:29:44,770
weaves images of hair braiding with visions of an
468
00:29:44,770 --> 00:29:47,730
open field, perhaps even Twyford Down.
469
00:29:48,610 --> 00:29:51,970
>> Speaker B: This poem I'll read is from a sequence called
470
00:29:51,970 --> 00:29:55,570
Holloway Letters, "The Martyr's Crown." The sequence
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00:29:55,570 --> 00:29:58,170
is dedicated to my fellow campaigner and inmate,
472
00:29:58,170 --> 00:30:01,530
the formidable, indomitable Becca Lush. She
473
00:30:01,530 --> 00:30:03,650
was hugely important in the campaign.
474
00:30:05,030 --> 00:30:07,270
This one is called "Cane Row."
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00:30:19,350 --> 00:30:22,790
Like the cork oak in a circle of herself, each
476
00:30:22,790 --> 00:30:26,810
full-grown woman would turn a little girlish at
477
00:30:26,810 --> 00:30:30,720
the prospect of a proper hairdo. Sitting in
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00:30:30,720 --> 00:30:35,200
lines of three or four or pairs, we'd plait each
479
00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:39,800
other's hair in tight flat rows. Part a section
480
00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:43,720
to get things started; make stitch braids out of
481
00:30:43,720 --> 00:30:49,440
the strands, adding in hair from the row below. We
482
00:30:49,440 --> 00:30:52,600
dreamed in parallel of fields double-dug,
483
00:30:52,600 --> 00:30:55,920
rough hoed by the tiller, then ploughed into kick
484
00:30:55,920 --> 00:30:57,990
waves of keels and furrows.
485
00:30:59,500 --> 00:31:03,660
We'd reach the nape and keep on plaiting, secure
486
00:31:03,660 --> 00:31:08,780
each end with a snap bead, bolo tip or barrette.
487
00:31:09,420 --> 00:31:13,820
Our loose braids mirrored as a shoal of minnows.
488
00:31:20,860 --> 00:31:24,540
>> Peterson Toscano: Emma Must, Becca Lush, the Dongas Tribe, the many
489
00:31:24,540 --> 00:31:27,220
women who refused to give up and give in—they all
490
00:31:27,220 --> 00:31:30,660
sacrificed one way or another. And how does one
491
00:31:30,740 --> 00:31:35,380
measure success in such a campaign? If success
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00:31:35,460 --> 00:31:38,900
means halting the destruction of Twyford Down and
493
00:31:38,900 --> 00:31:41,580
shutting down the construction of a bypass that
494
00:31:41,580 --> 00:31:43,980
saved commuters seven minutes on their daily
495
00:31:43,980 --> 00:31:49,500
commute, well, then they failed. Despite the
496
00:31:49,500 --> 00:31:53,140
intense blockades, mass arrests, and the high-
497
00:31:53,140 --> 00:31:55,620
profile jailing of Emma, Becca, and five other
498
00:31:55,620 --> 00:31:58,350
protesters, the government did not back down.
499
00:31:59,310 --> 00:32:04,310
Engineers blasted through the hill. Over 4.7 acres
500
00:32:04,310 --> 00:32:07,510
of protected chalk grassland and ancient trackways
501
00:32:07,510 --> 00:32:10,470
were permanently destroyed. The Department of
502
00:32:10,470 --> 00:32:13,350
Transport completed the construction and the final
503
00:32:13,350 --> 00:32:16,590
link of the M3 motorway officially opened in
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00:32:16,590 --> 00:32:17,550
1995.
505
00:32:25,250 --> 00:32:27,490
I asked Emma what the site looks like
506
00:32:27,490 --> 00:32:31,250
today. I was also curious to know what happened
507
00:32:31,250 --> 00:32:34,250
next after they stood up to Thatcher on her quest
508
00:32:34,250 --> 00:32:37,810
to bulldoze the countryside and build over 600
509
00:32:37,810 --> 00:32:38,450
roads.
510
00:32:40,370 --> 00:32:44,410
>> Speaker B: There's a gaping chasm through the hill which
511
00:32:44,410 --> 00:32:48,160
extends for a mile from the River Itchen at
512
00:32:48,160 --> 00:32:52,260
what was the hill's foot through to beyond the
513
00:32:52,260 --> 00:32:56,820
other side of Winchester. Today the scar is not
514
00:32:56,820 --> 00:32:59,740
bright white. It was originally a bright white
515
00:32:59,740 --> 00:33:01,100
scar in the landscape.
516
00:33:01,100 --> 00:33:04,820
Now it's greyed over a little bit, to some extent
517
00:33:04,820 --> 00:33:07,980
greened over a little bit. But it's a great gash
518
00:33:07,980 --> 00:33:10,900
through what was an Area of Outstanding Natural
519
00:33:10,900 --> 00:33:13,060
Beauty. And it's not anymore; they had to move the
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00:33:13,060 --> 00:33:16,140
boundary because it really isn't beautiful
521
00:33:16,140 --> 00:33:20,210
anymore. We lost the battle, but we won the war—
522
00:33:20,610 --> 00:33:21,890
the particular war.
523
00:33:22,850 --> 00:33:27,170
This was, remember, just one road out of 660-odd
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00:33:27,170 --> 00:33:31,210
roads at that time. Although the road ultimately
525
00:33:31,210 --> 00:33:37,650
went ahead, the sheer energy and outrage that the
526
00:33:37,650 --> 00:33:42,200
movement—that was invigorated by this defeat at
527
00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:46,430
Twyford Down—sort of fueled a pre-existing anti-
528
00:33:46,430 --> 00:33:49,990
roads movement and energized what was already
529
00:33:49,990 --> 00:33:54,870
there. And in a series of more noisy defeats and
530
00:33:54,950 --> 00:33:59,349
many, many quiet victories, and in a series of
531
00:33:59,349 --> 00:34:03,310
scalings back of the roads program, by 1998 we
532
00:34:03,310 --> 00:34:05,950
had got rid of all the roads program except for
533
00:34:05,950 --> 00:34:11,500
34 schemes. So out of 667, we were down to 34.
534
00:34:17,580 --> 00:34:21,660
The Roads Minister, Steven Norris, said on a BBC
535
00:34:21,660 --> 00:34:26,620
Panorama program he felt it was the biggest change
536
00:34:26,620 --> 00:34:30,300
in any government policy in 40 years. The biggest
537
00:34:30,300 --> 00:34:33,580
U-turn. I think we'll count that as a win.
538
00:34:46,870 --> 00:34:56,510
>> Peterson Toscano: I don't cross my t's, I don't dot my i's. Won't
539
00:34:56,510 --> 00:35:02,980
say pretty please, I speak in little white lies.
540
00:35:04,900 --> 00:35:14,540
I've got a rebel soul, I've got a rebel soul. I've
541
00:35:14,540 --> 00:35:23,940
got a rebel soul, I've got a rebel soul. Just get
542
00:35:24,180 --> 00:35:28,190
down with it, down with it, down. I really just get
543
00:35:28,430 --> 00:35:28,830
down.
544
00:35:32,910 --> 00:35:39,230
I ain't no thing that you can chain with a ring.
545
00:35:52,600 --> 00:36:02,040
Soul, I've got a rebel soul, I've got a rebel soul.
546
00:36:04,360 --> 00:36:11,400
I've got a rebel soul. Just get down with it, down
547
00:36:11,560 --> 00:36:14,600
with it, down with it. Just get down.
548
00:36:19,090 --> 00:36:23,890
I can be good when I wanna, I just don't wanna. I
549
00:36:23,890 --> 00:36:28,490
can be good when I wanna, I just don't wanna. I
550
00:36:28,490 --> 00:36:32,730
can be a good girl when I wanna, I just don't wanna.
551
00:36:32,730 --> 00:36:37,970
I can be good, I can be good, but no, I got a rebel
552
00:36:38,130 --> 00:36:42,210
soul, hey, I've got a re—
553
00:36:45,660 --> 00:36:56,060
I got a rebel soul, I got a rebel soul, hey, down
554
00:36:56,140 --> 00:36:59,180
with it, my rebel soul.
555
00:37:07,640 --> 00:37:12,830
Get down with it, down with it, down with it.
556
00:37:12,990 --> 00:37:17,390
Just get down with it, down with it, down with it.
557
00:37:17,550 --> 00:37:21,630
Just get down with it, down with it, down with
558
00:37:21,630 --> 00:37:27,870
it, down with it, down. I've got a rebel soul.
559
00:37:44,060 --> 00:37:46,700
>> Peterson Toscano: This podcast is written and produced by me,
560
00:37:46,780 --> 00:37:50,140
Peterson Toscano. I mostly make the show for
561
00:37:50,140 --> 00:37:53,580
myself, oh, and for my dear friend George
562
00:37:53,580 --> 00:37:57,980
Ferrandi. You just heard Katharine Appleton
563
00:37:57,980 --> 00:38:01,735
singing "Rebel Soul." That song and all of our music
564
00:38:01,735 --> 00:38:05,800
come from epidemicsound.com. You can learn
565
00:38:05,800 --> 00:38:09,200
more about poet and creative writing teacher Emma
566
00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:13,440
Must at her website, emmamust.com. Her book of
567
00:38:13,440 --> 00:38:15,560
poetry is The Ballad of Yellow Wednesday.
568
00:38:16,120 --> 00:38:19,040
It was published by Valley Press. Learn more about
569
00:38:19,040 --> 00:38:21,600
the Lenape Nation of Pennsylvania and support them
570
00:38:21,600 --> 00:38:24,000
by attending and promoting their events or
571
00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:26,680
shopping at their online store. Visit
572
00:38:26,840 --> 00:38:32,540
lenape-nation.org. You can find me, Peterson Toscano,
573
00:38:32,700 --> 00:38:36,300
on TikTok, Instagram, Pinterest, Bluesky,
574
00:38:36,460 --> 00:38:39,940
Facebook, or just walking around eBov' in
575
00:38:39,940 --> 00:38:44,660
Mpumalanga, South Africa. And thanks for
576
00:38:44,660 --> 00:38:45,180
listening.
```