#7 The Middlebury College Student Almanac 的完整文字稿

Pennsylvania. 00:06:11.040 --> 00:06:15.040 That is a calamity, but also an opportunity. 00:06:15.920 --> 00:06:29.120 Such economically distressed places need a new generation of farmers and loggers practicing new kinds of land stewardship that are aimed both at sustainable production and healing the planet. 00:06:29.360 --> 00:06:34.800 Let's get more people out there running for school board and building soil. 00:06:35.920 --> 00:06:50.800 For more than a century, rural America has endured a boom or bust economy that has supplied wealthy processors with cheap food, timber, and fuel, but has left the countryside impoverished and nearly deserted. 00:06:51.759 --> 00:06:56.399 Rural America hasn't been left behind in the march of progress. 00:06:56.800 --> 00:06:59.360 It has been systematically gutted. 00:06:59.920 --> 00:07:06.160 The conservative agenda does not address this grinding reality, it just exploits it. 00:07:06.560 --> 00:07:11.839 It capitalizes politically upon the pain it has wrought economically. 00:07:12.160 --> 00:07:21.040 Simply accepting this catastrophe as an immutable fact of modern civilization is not a viable political strategy. 00:07:22.399 --> 00:07:29.759 To succeed, a national progressive movement has to offer a better hope for the country. 00:07:30.160 --> 00:07:35.279 It cannot get home with a metropolitan coastal constituency alone. 00:07:35.600 --> 00:07:50.959 It might succeed, though, by empowering rural people to replace that extractive economy with an attractive economy, and by repopulating the countryside with enough young people to help drive change. 00:07:52.399 --> 00:08:07.839 As long as rural voters count more than urban votes, isn't it just common sense to encourage a couple million people and their poorly distributed political weight to leave the cities and suburbs and reinhabit in the countryside? 00:08:09.040 --> 00:08:13.519 Going back to the land has become a matter of national survival. 00:08:14.000 --> 00:08:23.680 Rural America has been gerrymandered by a century of depopulation to be ripe for transformation by a new back to the land movement. 00:08:24.319 --> 00:08:27.519 And a relative handful of migrants would do it. 00:08:28.079 --> 00:08:30.879 Call it the Vermont Strategy. 00:08:32.320 --> 00:08:40.799 A vision for sustainable development that would join urban and rural areas in common cause does not need to be invented. 00:08:41.120 --> 00:08:42.720 It already exists. 00:08:43.679 --> 00:08:58.159 It can be found in the blossoming local food movement, in the budding local wood movement, and in the drive for a regenerative low carbon economy, now given political shape as the Green New Deal. 00:08:59.200 --> 00:09:12.480 These vigorous initiatives, at their best, are connected through networks of land trusts, sustainable farm and forests organizations, and advocates of healthy eating and food justice. 00:09:12.960 --> 00:09:15.840 All they need is more money. 00:09:16.159 --> 00:09:17.120

A lot more. 00:09:18.320 --> 00:09:21.279 The people to drive it are ready too. 00:09:21.519 --> 00:09:28.720 Right now, the local food movement is being energized by another wave of young people who want to become farmers. 00:09:29.519 --> 00:09:44.080 Having done that in the 1970s and then watched as interest waned for a few decades, I have been encouraged to see this new surge, which began around the turn of the century, prove more tenacious. 00:09:45.679 --> 00:09:51.840 But it is still up against long odds and cannot prevail without patient financial support. 00:09:52.879 --> 00:10:01.600 Farming is a noble calling, but a cruel business that has long been precisely engineered to drive small farmers out. 00:10:02.320 --> 00:10:07.519 To succeed, these young farmers will need more than a good business plan. 00:10:08.240 --> 00:10:14.879 As the business of farming is structured in America, the plan is for most of them to fail. 00:10:15.120 --> 00:10:34.559 What these intrepid young people need are new mechanisms, first to connect them with the land on favorable terms, and second to empower them to manage those farms and woodlands in ways that deliver a wide range of social and environmental benefits, not just a flood of cheap commodities. 00:10:35.120 --> 00:10:45.440 The real business of farmers, young and old alike, should be not only to grow food, but also to make the countryside beautiful. 00:10:46.480 --> 00:10:53.840 The plan should be able to pay them not just for their produce, but also for their service to the planet. 00:10:56.159 --> 00:11:11.600 Ultimately, government support will be needed to help such farmers stay on the land and flourish in place of the current policy of subsidizing those who serve a market economy that is relentlessly skewed towards cheap extraction. 00:11:12.240 --> 00:11:14.799 There would be nothing new about that. 00:11:15.759 --> 00:11:23.679 It's just the New Deal made new again, only this time greener and racially just. 00:11:25.200 --> 00:11:34.000 But it'll be difficult for such policies to be enacted, funded, and carried out without the rural constituents in place to demand them. 00:11:34.720 --> 00:11:42.879 Therefore, we need to start with a new kind of private investment in land and with the migration of people. 00:11:43.600 --> 00:11:52.240 Those with the means to do so should be investing heavily in building healthy rural economies and in repopulating the countryside. 00:11:53.519 --> 00:12:02.879 Of course, we also need a powerful food justice movement in our cities, with urban forests and thousands of acres of neighborhood controlled intensive gardens. 00:12:03.120 --> 00:12:08.799 But I tell my students, there are already plenty of city people working on that. 00:12:09.039 --> 00:12:13.679 They need funding, they need allies, but they don't need you. 00:12:14.960 --> 00:12:26.799 Look, the equally beautiful and deserving countryside is sitting there half empty, expressing its righteous anger at

the liberal elite by perpetuating its own ruin. 00:12:27.679 --> 00:12:34.000 We don't need more white suburban kids going off to combat food apartheid in the city. 00:12:34.480 --> 00:12:39.519 We need more black city kids getting access to land in the country. 00:12:39.840 --> 00:12:49.120 We don't need young men to go west and grow up with the country anymore as Horace Greeley supposedly urged at the height of Manifest Destiny. 00:12:49.679 --> 00:12:58.960 We need young people of all kinds to help resettle depopulated rural districts in a more just and enduring way. 00:12:59.679 --> 00:13:03.440 Do the math and move where it matters. 00:13:04.000 --> 00:13:05.279 Go farm. 00:13:06.080 --> 00:13:08.240 Just don't go it alone. 00:13:10.399 --> 00:13:15.440 Building regional regenerative visions a New England example. 00:13:16.639 --> 00:13:20.320 What would such a regenerative rural economy look like? 00:13:20.799 --> 00:13:26.320 Each region is different in what it can grow, of course, but there are some common principles. 00:13:26.720 --> 00:13:33.679 One concerns how land is owned and occupied, and the other how food and wood are produced. 00:13:34.240 --> 00:13:43.840 Forest and farm land must be conserved for the common good, but at the same time made accessible on secure terms to small and medium sized producers. 00:13:44.879 --> 00:14:04.399 To thrive, these farmers and loggers, I could add fishers to that, but that isn't something I know as much about, will need to sell a substantial portion of their products and ecological services in strongly supported local and regional markets, thus rebuilding rural economies. 00:14:05.360 --> 00:14:08.240 Why smaller, family sized farmers? 00:14:08.480 --> 00:14:11.120 Isn't that just pure nostalgia? 00:14:11.759 --> 00:14:21.360 First, favoring smaller producers means more people to maintain viable rural communities and more widely dispersed landholding. 00:14:21.600 --> 00:14:23.679 It is more democratic. 00:14:24.559 --> 00:14:36.799 The agrarian ideal, for all its flaws, envisioned the countryside not so much as a storehouse of extractable wealth, but as the stronghold of self reliant citizens. 00:14:37.200 --> 00:14:39.759 There is still something to be said for that. 00:14:40.399 --> 00:14:56.399 Second, smaller producers are capable of high production while still taking good care of the land, the kind of ecological intensification we need to survive, let alone prosper, in a warming world pushing ten billion people. 00:14:57.440 --> 00:15:03.759 Larger producers may achieve economies of scale and more efficient extraction. 00:15:04.399 --> 00:15:20.879 But that is largely thanks to negative social and environmental externalities, workers exploited, waterways polluted, people made sick by hyper processed food, biodiversity poisoned and swept away, collapsing communities. 00:15:21.200 --> 00:15:39.840 By contrast, well supported smaller producers can generate positive internalities, not only healthy food and wood, but a healthy landscape that engages people and supports communities, places where people want to live. 00:15:41.120 --> 00:15:50.000 Such social and ecological intensification has real economic value that exceeds the cash returns of the material produced. 00:15:50.399 --> 00:15:58.720 It will help attract even more people to return to rural communities, which is where the greater economic growth lies. 00:15:59.440 --> 00:16:11.840 Local production of both food and wood should be explicitly aimed at broader social goals, food justice, healthy eating, affordable housing, and community development. 00:16:12.480 --> 00:16:16.000 This is not so much about shortening food miles. 00:16:16.480 --> 00:16:19.679 It is about building local connections. 00:16:20.000 --> 00:16:31.759 It embraces both city and country, and it links them with a common set of principles running from sustainable rural production to urban access to healthy natural products. 00:16:34.639 --> 00:16:46.879 Here in New England, such a vision is being advanced by a broad network including wildlands and woodlands, and Food Solutions New England, among many others. 00:16:47.200 --> 00:17:13.039 This vision spans the region from Boston Common to the Northeast Kingdom, from Arus Duke to Bridgeport, and highlights the reinforcing social benefits, biodiversity, water protection, climate mitigation, recreation, broad access to local food and wood products that are conferred by forests and farmland in urban, suburban, and rural settings. 00:17:14.319 --> 00:17:27.519 It calls for protecting at least 70% of the land in conserved forests, including at least 10% wildlands, and at least 7% in conserved farmlands. 00:17:27.839 --> 00:17:34.480 All the farmland we have left, plus any more we might borrow again from the forest in the future. 00:17:35.039 --> 00:17:43.359 Even this heavily reforested region could sustainably produce all of its own wood products and half of its own food. 00:17:43.599 --> 00:17:54.240 The other half, primarily grains and oils, would still need to be purchased from the Midwest, a reasonable balance for the densely populated Northeast. 00:17:55.519 --> 00:18:08.079 In this way, environmental goals would be achieved not by shielding the landscape from human use, but by promoting forms of productive stewardship that are designed to foster those benefits. 00:18:09.200 --> 00:18:16.400 Ecological intensification would revolve mainly around perennial crops, trees and grass. 00:18:16.640 --> 00:18:26.000 New England would still be covered by mature forests, including both long rotation timber stands and old growth wild reserves. 00:18:26.799 --> 00:18:40.640 But every year, a small percentage of the landscape would be returned to patches of early successional regenerating forest, or kept in uneven age stands depending on the forest type. 00:18:41.279 --> 00:18:50.559 Another part would be maintained in orchards, pastures, and hay fields, managed for the

benefit of grassland birds and pollinators. 00:18:51.759 --> 00:19:06.160 A relatively minute, heavily manured, intensively managed sliver of cropland, about 1% of the landscape, could supply the great bulk of New England's vegetables. 00:19:06.960 --> 00:19:13.519 This mosaic would sustain a full range of biodiversity even as the climate changes. 00:19:14.799 --> 00:19:30.480 A resilient landscape dominated by trees and grass is also inherently well structured to protect water quality, as long as low-impact timber harvesting and farming designed to limit sediment and nutrient runoff are enforced. 00:19:31.359 --> 00:19:46.240 Similarly, this would be a landscape predisposed to mitigating climate change by reducing the region's energy footprint and employing regenerative farming and forestry methods aimed at healthy soils and carbon storage. 00:19:47.039 --> 00:20:00.559 None of these benefits will be automatic, they will require hard work and close attention, but they cannot be obtained in a system driven only by the bottom line of extracted profit. 00:20:01.359 --> 00:20:16.400 In this vision for the future, nature is not just set aside for the passive benefits it confers unassisted, but is engaged with sustainably, which reinvigorates the rural economy. 00:20:17.680 --> 00:20:23.359 Production is designed to yield not only commodities, but also communities. 00:20:23.920 --> 00:20:46.799 One can imagine similar visions for other regions, such as the Midwest, replacing fence row to fence row herbicide soaked corn and soybeans with legume grain rotations, permanent pasture, prairie strips, savannah like agroforestry, riparian forests, and perennial grain crops. 00:20:48.319 --> 00:20:58.079 Taking good care of the land in this way demands that we have more people working in the countryside, not fewer, and that we pay them well. 00:20:58.799 --> 00:21:08.160 This is a shared earth vision, unapologetically anthropocentric, but at the same time profoundly bioinclusive. 00:21:09.119 --> 00:21:11.359 How can it be achieved? 00:21:13.200 --> 00:21:29.519 Regenerative Rural Investment Strategies Accomplishing a vision for rural regeneration will require an enormous surge of investment in the countryside, but investment that expects a different kind of return. 00:21:30.799 --> 00:21:39.839 Who will buy and protect American forests and farmland and reverse the trend toward consolidation in the hands of a few? 00:21:40.799 --> 00:21:51.440 Ultimately, the land needs to be owned by those who are committed to maximizing common values, not simply individual enrichment. 00:21:52.720 --> 00:21:59.759 Investing in rural land should no longer be driven by its rising value for extraction or development. 00:22:00.319 --> 00:22:13.039 As real estate investment ordinarily is, but instead must be enlisted in the existential planetary struggle for sustainable production and conservation. 00:22:14.799 --> 00:22:18.720 Who might these counter-cyclical angel investors be?

00:22:19.920 --> 00:22:34.799 They might be owners who keep the land intact and limit their return to what can be gained by regenerative practices, and who partner with land trusts to protect their property so that their good work can endure beyond their own possession. 00:22:35.440 --> 00:22:47.200 This can take many forms tribal lands, community forests, farmland commonly owned by co-ops, privately owned land that is protected by conservation easements. 00:22:48.160 --> 00:22:54.240 My first exhibit is our farm, which we own jointly with another family. 00:22:54.640 --> 00:23:02.160 We raise grass finished beef, pastured pigs, winter squash, and timber on one hundred and seventy acres. 00:23:03.359 --> 00:23:17.119 At the time we bought the farm, it was already in the process of being protected by a state agricultural preservation restriction, facilitated by Mount Grace Land Conservation Trust. 00:23:18.319 --> 00:23:29.839 Before the APR was finalized, we split off a small lot where we build a house for the second family, us, using timber from our woodlot. 00:23:30.400 --> 00:23:34.799 The new house stands adjacent to the existing farmhouse and barn. 00:23:35.039 --> 00:23:45.359 While neither house is legally tied to the farm partnership, in all likelihood the future owners of these homes will also own a stake in the farm just as we do. 00:23:45.680 --> 00:23:53.680 So we have created a new unit of rural housing without fragmenting the working farm and woodland upon which it sits. 00:23:54.799 --> 00:24:01.039 Instead of dividing the farm, we divided the ownership and put the houses together. 00:24:01.519 --> 00:24:13.920 In time, our place may descend to a slew of bickering heirs, but however they work it out, they will never be able to subdivide the property or sell it to a developer. 00:24:14.480 --> 00:24:16.799 Somebody will have to farm it. 00:24:18.799 --> 00:24:26.000 Because the APR is a working farm easement, our land will always remain a farm. 00:24:26.960 --> 00:24:32.240 We strive to break even while making improvements such as new buildings and fences. 00:24:32.559 --> 00:24:42.000 So I guess you could call it a hobby farm, though a pretty strenuous hobby for farmers who can sort of remember when Richard Nixon was vice president. 00:24:42.880 --> 00:24:46.640 It is a working farm, and we do the work. 00:24:47.759 --> 00:25:02.160 In time our enterprise will pass to others who may work it more intensively, perhaps our children, or other ambitious young people we partner with, or lease to, or ultimately sell to. 00:25:03.119 --> 00:25:18.319 Though our investment is primarily for our own enjoyment, through us the farm is much more productively managed than it was before we bought it, and it is primed for the future. 00:25:19.119 --> 00:25:36.319 Clearly we need a large increase in the flow of funds from government and philanthropy to land trusts that partner with private owners to protect working farms, but this would still limit

ownership to those who have the resources to purchase the property, like us. 00:25:36.799 --> 00:25:47.119 Even after the easement has been applied, that is hardly everyone in our case, it took two families with decent professional incomes. 00:25:47.359 --> 00:25:50.240 Without the easement, forget it. 00:25:50.480 --> 00:25:58.720 The price of rural land is rising rapidly in the wake of the pandemic, putting it out of reach of most who would like to farm. 00:25:59.039 --> 00:26:08.000 We need ways not only to protect farmland but also to broaden the pool of those who can gain access and get into farming. 00:26:08.319 --> 00:26:13.359 Working farm easements are good, but not the only solution. 00:26:15.200 --> 00:26:22.000 Another way is to separate the farming from the owning, but to keep the tenure secure. 00:26:23.119 --> 00:26:38.480 Down the road from us is Simple Gifts Farm, where our friend Jeremy Barker Plotkin and Dave Tepfer run a more intensive integrated produce and livestock operation with a CSA and farm stand. 00:26:39.599 --> 00:26:44.720 The farmers own the business and some of the buildings, but they do not own the land. 00:26:44.960 --> 00:26:56.400 Instead, they have a long-term renewable lease from North Amherst Community Farm, a nonprofit that was formed to conserve the farmland when it was about to be sold for development. 00:26:56.799 --> 00:27:07.920 This was accomplished through private contributions, a reduced price from the owner, help from the town and Kestrel Land Trust, and a state APR. 00:27:08.960 --> 00:27:13.839 Adjoining lots were carved off where the two farm families built their houses. 00:27:14.160 --> 00:27:20.240 The existing farmhouse has been rehabbed to get this house farmers. 00:27:20.720 --> 00:27:25.119 The farmers can run their business and live by the property. 00:27:25.599 --> 00:27:32.880 The group of neighbors own the land, allows public access, and runs educational programs. 00:27:33.440 --> 00:27:45.839 This model of cooperative land ownership, with the farmland leased to a grower and sites reserved for farmer housing, has great promise for regenerating the countryside. 00:27:47.759 --> 00:27:51.839 You can find many similar examples springing up around the country. 00:27:52.160 --> 00:28:01.039 Hooter Valley Community Farms in Colorado is a land cooperative that purchases farmland and then leases it long term to farmers. 00:28:01.279 --> 00:28:09.200 One such farm is part of a collaboration with a planned community development, or Agrahood, as they are called. 00:28:09.440 --> 00:28:22.880 Similarly, the Sustainable Iowa Land Trust not only protects farmland through easements, but also makes land available through affordable long-term leases, often targeting beginning farmers. 00:28:23.119 --> 00:28:34.480 Back in Vermont, the Cobble Hill Cohousing Community leases land to Cedar Mountain Farm and manages other farm and forest enterprises on the property. 00:28:34.720 --> 00:28:58.160 Across the state, Bread and Butter Farm has worked with a host of community partners to protect, purchase, and lease farmland, and is planning to move from owning land to an agrarian commons model in which the land is held by a community nonprofit, which then leases it back to farmers at a more affordable rate. 00:28:59.440 --> 00:29:07.920 Bread and Butter is partnering with Agrarian Trust, which is pioneering such agrarian commons across the country. 00:29:08.240 --> 00:29:17.200 Farmland, once acquired and protected, is leased by a local commons board to growers for ninety-nine years. 00:29:17.839 --> 00:29:26.960 This relieves farmers from having to sink a big chunk of their income into mortgage payments, which they can only recoup by cashing out. 00:29:28.400 --> 00:29:39.920 Farmers whose retirement savings are tied up in their land often find it impossible to pass the farm along even to their children without saddling them with a crushing load of debt. 00:29:40.640 --> 00:29:47.440 Under the Agrarian Commons model, the farmer owns only the buildings and the business. 00:29:47.680 --> 00:29:56.720 They can eventually pass that equity to a younger farmer who has the skills but may lack the capital to purchase the underlying land itself. 00:29:57.680 --> 00:30:06.880 Agrarian Trust is pledged to work with historically marginalized people and communities to help get them onto land. 00:30:07.680 --> 00:30:18.880 Another fledgling organization, the Northeast Farmers of Color Land Trust, is dedicated to reconnecting BIPOC farmers to land using a similar model. 00:30:19.519 --> 00:30:33.119 Groups such as World Farmers, New Entry, and Pine Island Community Farm of the Vermont Land Trust are working to provide immigrant farmers with training, resources, and land. 00:30:35.519 --> 00:30:38.160 The mechanisms are prepared. 00:30:38.559 --> 00:30:42.240 The great challenge remains to acquire the land. 00:30:43.200 --> 00:30:49.440 Rural land is rising in value due to the pressure from two groups of wealthy buyers. 00:30:49.759 --> 00:30:56.799 One is speculators, neighboring large scale farmers, billionaires, Wall Street investment firms. 00:30:57.119 --> 00:31:07.920 The other is affluent COVID refugees, which in regions like the Northeast we expect to morph into climate refugees and keep on coming. 00:31:09.440 --> 00:31:24.319 At the very least, those of you fleeing the city who profess progressive values should recognize that you have an opportunity, nay, an obligation, to invest in something larger than your own private sanctuary. 00:31:25.039 --> 00:31:30.960 You can help protect the land and underwrite its resettlement by younger farmers. 00:31:31.519 --> 00:31:44.240 If you and your money are coming, please bring along some capable people or engage locals to do useful things like caring for your land on generous terms. 00:31:44.880 --> 00:31:46.960 The planet will thank you. 00:31:49.440 --> 00:32:00.000 In many of these examples, the initiative

comes from non-farmers who want to live around farms and who are willing to put time and money into it. 00:32:00.880 --> 00:32:07.759 But we need to mobilize more than the capital of those who are themselves moving to the country. 00:32:08.319 --> 00:32:22.880 Imagine common land investment funds that would acquire farm and forest land on a larger scale and then make it available to farmers on favorable terms while permanently protecting it. 00:32:23.759 --> 00:32:45.599 The return on such investments would run below the market rate by definition, but they could yield a long, slow return through a combination of affordable leases, selling easements, selling protected land to farmers who still prefer to own, and selling selected lots for housing. 00:32:46.400 --> 00:32:54.079 Such slow money funds might not be able to compete directly with flush speculators, but don't despair. 00:32:54.480 --> 00:32:58.559 Land purchased for speculation will be sold again. 00:32:59.039 --> 00:33:12.720 All we need to do is move enough people to the countryside to enable the passage of a more just tax and regulatory structure that will make holding land for extraction unprofitable. 00:33:13.119 --> 00:33:16.799 Then they can sell to us at a loss. 00:33:17.359 --> 00:33:26.480 This is similar to what needs to happen to the subterranean assets of fossil fuel companies, in that case rendering them worthless. 00:33:26.799 --> 00:33:28.720 Both are necessary. 00:33:29.039 --> 00:33:30.960 Both will be difficult. 00:33:31.920 --> 00:33:38.720 But at least in the case of protecting farmland from speculation, time is on our side. 00:33:39.200 --> 00:33:42.240 The land will outlive the market economy. 00:33:42.559 --> 00:33:43.519 I promise. 00:33:45.200 --> 00:33:49.599 Secure affordable access to land is only half the battle, though. 00:33:49.920 --> 00:33:53.519 Small farms must also be economically viable. 00:33:54.000 --> 00:34:03.680 For the most part, sustainable farming and logging cannot compete with the extractive producers and survive without some kind of outside support. 00:34:04.000 --> 00:34:06.079 There is no shame in that. 00:34:06.799 --> 00:34:20.320 Today, that subsidy comes mostly from the farmer's own back pocket, some other source of family income that makes up for the inadequate return or sheer loss from the sale of what is produced. 00:34:20.639 --> 00:34:27.599 The majority of American farmers are in effect hobby farmers, whether they admit it or not. 00:34:28.079 --> 00:34:30.800 They farm primarily for love. 00:34:31.840 --> 00:34:43.840 People keep saying this self exploitation is economically unsustainable, yet it has persisted for generations, with of course fewer and fewer farmers. 00:34:44.400 --> 00:34:46.400 What could improve it? 00:34:47.039 --> 00:35:02.400 What farmers ultimately need is parity, that is equitably approportioned control over production, combined with price supports that guarantee costs are covered and a decent living. 00:35:02.719 --> 00:35:16.719 What farmers ultimately need is parity, that is equitably apportioned control over production, combined with price supports that guarantee costs are covered and a decent living. 00:35:17.199 --> 00:35:27.199 To earn such support, producers would have to meet high standards of agroecological practice and pay a living wage to their farm workers. 00:35:27.920 --> 00:35:39.599 But parity seems more likely to be achieved by the consummation of the political struggle I have been describing than to be inactive preemptively to drive that transformation. 00:35:40.079 --> 00:35:44.719 To work in that direction, we need to do two things. 00:35:45.280 --> 00:35:57.519 Broaden the pool of consumers who have access to sustainably produced food and wood, and make payments to farmers and forest owners for providing ecological services. 00:35:59.199 --> 00:36:04.239 Just sustainable food costs more than conventional fast food. 00:36:04.639 --> 00:36:06.559 That is as it should be. 00:36:06.880 --> 00:36:16.880 You cannot internalize all the unpaid social costs that make industrial food cheap and expect to sell healthy food at the same price. 00:36:17.760 --> 00:36:30.239 But this restricts the number of consumers who can afford to buy it, which is itself unjust, and in turn limits the number of producers who can serve those niche markets. 00:36:30.880 --> 00:36:43.119 Ultimately, the cure for this ailment lies in a broad package of progressive reforms, a living wage, universal health care, affordable housing and education. 00:36:44.159 --> 00:36:53.440 Consumer expenditure surveys show that people who are more secure and have more money to spend spend more money on food. 00:36:54.480 --> 00:37:00.239 Healthy local food is something that a decent middle class income should be able to afford. 00:37:00.960 --> 00:37:14.719 Until sweeping measures can be passed that would enable more people to make such choices without assistance, we need greatly increased funding for programs to expand access to healthy food for all. 00:37:15.199 --> 00:37:19.360 Maintaining adequate SNAP benefits would be a good place to start. 00:37:19.599 --> 00:37:29.440 So would farm to plate programs for schools and hospitals, and healthy incentive programs that augment SNAP dollars when redeemed for local produce. 00:37:29.679 --> 00:37:35.280 Such programs can be deliberately tied to supporting local and regional agriculture. 00:37:36.559 --> 00:37:41.199 Similarly, affordable housing can help support sustainable forestry. 00:37:41.599 --> 00:37:47.840 The nation faces a housing crisis, and wood remains the best way to build. 00:37:48.159 --> 00:37:56.800 Community housing projects should employ not the cheapest available materials, but sustainable timber from the surrounding countryside. 00:37:57.840 --> 00:38:08.159 This would realize another dual benefit, matching urban needs with rural jobs while creating housing that is a credit to any community.

00:38:08.400 --> 00:38:14.400 Such housing would be a joy to live in, and people will care for it, so it will last. 00:38:15.440 --> 00:38:33.599 New mass timber technologies which are far more climate friendly than concrete and steel can be an important part of the solution, as long as the timber comes from forests that are equally well cared for, so they will last too in their full beauty and complexity. 00:38:34.400 --> 00:38:41.360 That will increase short-term costs, but multiply long-term benefits. 00:38:42.400 --> 00:38:58.239 This urban to rural connection, which is being energetically promoted by the New England Forestry Foundation, should be actively endorsed by state climate action plans, as it is in the Massachusetts decarbonization roadmap. 00:38:59.199 --> 00:39:16.000 The best way to promote sustainable food and wood production, primarily, though not entirely in rural states, is by directly funding socially just food and housing programs, primarily, though not entirely, in urban areas. 00:39:16.800 --> 00:39:26.639 The commitment to a regenerative rural economy can work in harness with a parallel green agenda to revitalize America's cities. 00:39:27.519 --> 00:39:35.199 Indeed, the inner city and the back forty share a legacy of exploitation and abandonment. 00:39:35.840 --> 00:39:41.679 They should share a common future of empowerment and regeneration. 00:39:42.559 --> 00:39:54.320 Farmers can also be paid directly for ecosystem services, such as protecting water quality, providing diverse habitats, and sequestering carbon. 00:39:54.800 --> 00:40:00.480 That way they will not be placed at a disadvantage by farming in ways that protect the land. 00:40:00.880 --> 00:40:09.519 For example, Vermont farmers are being compensated for taking up practices that prevent phosphorus runoff into Lake Champlain. 00:40:10.239 --> 00:40:22.159 Forest owners can be rewarded for practices such as lengthening harvest rotations that maximize the long-term accumulation of carbon on the landscape as well as in building materials. 00:40:23.360 --> 00:40:37.760 Taken together, payments for ecosystem services and expanding the market for sustainable products can take us a long way towards parity, keeping small and medium producers on the land. 00:40:39.440 --> 00:40:41.679 Back to Back to the Land. 00:40:42.719 --> 00:40:48.400 A healthy countryside will require more stewards, so we should start sending them now. 00:40:49.280 --> 00:41:00.559 Some of these aspiring farmers will come from our cities and suburbs, others from rural cultures around the world who have immigrated to our country but have not forgotten their heritage. 00:41:01.119 --> 00:41:17.599 A meaningful part of the support for connecting farmers to land should be devoted to historically exploited people, such as the children of immigrant farm workers, the descendants of African slaves, and the indigenous people from whom the land was taken in the first place. 00:41:19.199 --> 00:41:22.559

This would go some way toward making amends. 00:41:22.960 --> 00:41:32.480 It would also take advantage of the powerful traditions of caring for the land that these cultures possess but have long been prevented from fully enacting. 00:41:34.239 --> 00:41:54.800 Creating neighborhoods of diversified farms and charming rural townships with ties to urban consumers will attract other businesses such as farm to table restaurants, craft breweries, cider makers, artisanal bakers, cheesemakers, woodworkers, farm vacation rentals, and bed and breakfasts. 00:41:57.119 --> 00:41:59.039 This is already happening. 00:41:59.440 --> 00:42:02.320 Rural charm is not dreamy nostalgia. 00:42:02.559 --> 00:42:08.960 If enough people share that dream and are willing to pay to enjoy it, charm is fungible. 00:42:09.519 --> 00:42:14.239 Agrarian revival can also engender village and mill town renewal. 00:42:14.480 --> 00:42:21.679 Many small urban places have attracted ridgetop or waterfront settings and lovely old buildings to restore. 00:42:22.320 --> 00:42:26.719 They just need to be rescued from a century of neglect. 00:42:27.119 --> 00:42:34.559 We need a unified vision of rural and small town cultural and ecological renewal. 00:42:36.000 --> 00:42:49.519 The combination of thriving farms, woodlands, and communities will attract retirees and telecommuters, but we need better outcomes than the market economy naturally yields. 00:42:49.840 --> 00:43:09.199 Failing farms and untended forests being chipped away by the onslaught of bulbous houses with extravagant rail fenced lawns, dumping more pesticides and fertilizers into our waterways than a cornfield overrun by smug deer that can no longer be hunted. 00:43:09.679 --> 00:43:25.840 We need rural development that safeguards a healthy landscape as an irreplaceable ecological and economic asset, and that creates affordable housing as a necessary part of that landscape. 00:43:28.880 --> 00:43:31.679 Fresh investment in conservation. 00:43:32.239 --> 00:43:39.519 The combination of thriving farms, woodlands, and communities will attract retirees and telecommuters. 00:43:39.760 --> 00:43:44.559 But we need better outcomes than the market economy naturally yields. 00:43:44.880 --> 00:43:59.199 Failing farms and untended forests being chipped away by the onslaught of bulbous houses with extravagant rail fenced lawns, dumping more pesticides and fertilizers into our waterways than a cornfield. 00:44:00.079 --> 00:44:03.519 Overrun by smug deer that can no longer be hunted. 00:44:04.400 --> 00:44:20.639 We need rural development that safeguards a healthy landscape as an irreplaceable ecological and economic asset, and that creates affordable housing as a necessary part of that landscape. 00:44:22.639 --> 00:44:33.360 Fresh investment in conservation and stewardship can draw new people to the countryside and provide satisfying work for existing residents. 00:44:34.159 --> 00:44:43.679 If such work is compensated at a level that reflects the real skill it requires, young people will stay and raise families. 00:44:44.079 --> 00:44:54.400 This rebounding population will return rural schools to viable capacity so that kids don't have to be busted to the next county to field a ball game. 00:44:55.039 --> 00:45:02.239 Teachers will be paid good salaries and retained because there will be a robust tax base to support them. 00:45:02.559 --> 00:45:06.239 Doctors and nurses will be drawn back to small towns. 00:45:06.559 --> 00:45:16.159 In time, regenerative development from the ground up can transform rural culture, both economically and politically. 00:45:16.880 --> 00:45:20.079 This transformation will not be without friction. 00:45:20.800 --> 00:45:23.039 But what transformation ever is? 00:45:23.599 --> 00:45:27.360 Rural America is changing one way or another. 00:45:27.679 --> 00:45:39.679 It has long been treated as a colony of the metropolis for the extraction of resources, the disposal of waste, or for refuge and recreation for the better off. 00:45:40.639 --> 00:45:46.159 We can let that process play out, or we can try something better. 00:45:46.639 --> 00:45:58.079 Some rural residents may see an influx of hopeful young farmers and remote information workers as yet another wave of urban colonization, and so it may be. 00:45:58.639 --> 00:46:14.880 But if urban to rural migration brings demand for sustainable farming, logging, and home construction, there are country people who already have the necessary skills and will be glad to take advantage of those opportunities. 00:46:15.599 --> 00:46:26.480 A surge of economic growth that does not turn the countryside into suburbia will be a welcome change from the long established norm of pillage and loss. 00:46:27.440 --> 00:46:42.480 I have lived not only in Massachusetts, but in rural Kansas, and I know the countryside is already blessed with many people who hold similar values, working steadfastly against long odds to bring them to fruition. 00:46:43.039 --> 00:46:45.199 They need our help. 00:46:46.320 --> 00:46:54.239 While the resettlement of rural areas may change them culturally, it need not destroy all that went before. 00:46:54.559 --> 00:46:55.840 Take hunting. 00:46:56.159 --> 00:47:04.880 Many people moving to rural areas who are not hunters themselves host their land but still allow their neighbors to hunt. 00:47:05.119 --> 00:47:11.440 They want to eat that local venison slowly brazed with woodland mushrooms. 00:47:11.760 --> 00:47:14.480 Hunters give you meat, believe me. 00:47:14.800 --> 00:47:20.880 They want hunters on their land in hopes of protecting their children from Lyme disease. 00:47:21.199 --> 00:47:26.880 Ticks are approximately one billion times more dangerous than archers in tree stands. 00:47:27.519 --> 00:47:34.239 Newcomers who welcome their neighbors to keep hunting their property are starting off on the right foot. 00:47:34.559 --> 00:47:37.280 That is how it works on our place.

00:47:37.760 --> 00:47:43.679 We farm and log it, our neighbor beyond the woodlot hunts it as he always has. 00:47:44.000 --> 00:47:47.280 He keeps an eye on that side of it for us too. 00:47:47.519 --> 00:47:52.719 I don't know whether our politics align, but our neighborly interests do. 00:47:53.360 --> 00:48:00.480 For the past century, American farmers and loggers have been assigned a brutally spare task. 00:48:00.880 --> 00:48:08.639 Supply processors with cheap food and wood, employing ever fewer workers and paying them as little as possible. 00:48:09.199 --> 00:48:15.519 If they are undocumented and without power to defend themselves, so much the better. 00:48:16.400 --> 00:48:20.400 Accomplishing this has left the countryside in ruins. 00:48:21.280 --> 00:48:36.639 The farmers who remain are supremely capable, but almost without neighbors and often without successors because the stress of farming on such grinding terms kills the dream of independent country living for their children. 00:48:37.840 --> 00:48:46.480 These people believe to the bottom of their souls that they are called upon to leave their place a little better than they found it. 00:48:47.280 --> 00:48:52.480 But economic reality often forecloses that possibility. 00:48:53.760 --> 00:49:02.719 We need to give that next generation of farmers their dream back, and to send them good neighbors. 00:49:03.599 --> 00:49:15.119 A higher agrarian mission must be resurrected, one worthy of the grange, to pass along rural places where people want to live. 00:49:16.079 --> 00:49:23.599 Those who believe in that mission should not be counting on some miraculous change in what the market will deliver. 00:49:24.159 --> 00:49:30.639 Rather they should be investing generously in the land and in more farmers. 00:49:32.320 --> 00:49:44.159 It is encouraging that so many progressives, who are mostly cosmopolitan in outlook, love the idea of local food, romanticized though it may be. 00:49:44.880 --> 00:50:02.800 We are drawn to local food partly because many things we eat really are better when local and fresh, and partly because we don't want to be completely dependent on a destructive global supply chain where we are all idiots who can't even feed ourselves. 00:50:03.199 --> 00:50:10.639 But we are drawn mainly because food connects us so intimately to the living world. 00:50:12.000 --> 00:50:19.679 Many of us like the idea of having farms around where we can see the good earth even as we partake of it. 00:50:28.079 --> 00:50:38.239 That being so, farmers should be rewarded for the full value of the soil and water that they tend for us in ways we want to see. 00:50:38.639 --> 00:50:49.119 First, through private investment that affords them a secure hold, and ultimately through supportive public policies that need to be won at the ballot box. 00:50:49.599 --> 00:51:06.159 The object of farming, logging, and fishing is not just to produce food and wood as cheaply as possible, it is to reproduce a beautiful world over and over again, generation after generation. 00:51:07.280 --> 00:51:10.800 That is the land we need to get back to. 00:51:12.320 --> 00:51:14.400 Go farm, young people. 00:51:14.880 --> 00:51:20.960 Bring your parents and vote for the future you are building where it really counts. 00:51:21.199 --> 00:51:32.800 To learn more about the New Perennials Project at Middlebury College, visit NewPerennials.org, where you can download free versions of all of our books, pamphlets, and educational materials. 00:51:33.199 --> 00:51:38.000 Special thanks to audio engineer Johnny Mille and to our authors and readers. 00:51:38.559 --> 00:51:41.440 Music composed and performed by Caitlin Miss Adams. 00:51:42.000 --> 00:51:44.880 Introductory narration by Caitlyn Miss Addams. 00:51:45.039 --> 00:51:48.719 You can contact us at new Perennials at middlebury.edu. 00:51:49.119 --> 00:51:50.559 Thanks for listening.