บทถอดความฉบับเต็มของ TransVision Madrid 2025 Summit - Presentations by Jose Cordeiro, Aubrey de Grey, and David Wood

00:05:27.600 --> 00:05:32.079 ahead of me, and he announced all the teams competing, 69 00:05:32.199 --> 00:05:36.399 over six hundred teams, including five Spanish teams and one 70 00:05:36.600 --> 00:05:40.439 Spanish team in the top forty forty teams, even though 71 00:05:40.439 --> 00:05:44.000 it's from Barcelona, that's part of Spain, so we are 72 00:05:44.040 --> 00:05:48.600 happy about our Catalan team as well. But anyway, this 73 00:05:48.720 --> 00:05:52.079 is a game changer. By the end of twenty thirty, 74 00:05:52.680 --> 00:05:57.959 I do expect to have biological recovenation with some therapists 75 00:05:58.240 --> 00:06:02.319 and as Peter Diamond has explained, the goal is between 76 00:06:02.360 --> 00:06:08.199 ten and twenty years of biological rejuvenation for people over fifty. 77 00:06:08.800 --> 00:06:11.759 Originally it was for people over sixty five and they 78 00:06:11.839 --> 00:06:15.480 lowered it to fifty. So all of us will benefit 79 00:06:15.519 --> 00:06:19.040 from these therapist coming up, so that you come also 80 00:06:19.120 --> 00:06:21.800 next year if you were not able to join our tours. 81 00:06:22.040 --> 00:06:25.000 So it will be two days before the conference again 82 00:06:25.360 --> 00:06:29.839 we will go to the most beautiful city in Spain, Segovia, 83 00:06:30.040 --> 00:06:33.120 the city of my mother, to see the roman Acuaduct 84 00:06:34.319 --> 00:06:38.560 and the beautiful, the most impressive castle in the planet, 85 00:06:38.839 --> 00:06:42.000 which is the al Castle, the Segovia, the inspiration for 86 00:06:42.160 --> 00:06:47.120 noin Svannstein built by Lodrig the second near Munich, Bavaria, 87 00:06:47.639 --> 00:06:51.680 and also the inspiration for the Disneyland Castle. So you 88 00:06:51.759 --> 00:06:54.839 have to come here and with me. As I said, 89 00:06:54.879 --> 00:06:58.040 we are enjoying this being in old media. We read 90 00:06:58.360 --> 00:07:02.800 the Madrid Longevity Declaration in the three most important political 91 00:07:02.800 --> 00:07:07.720 places here in Madrid, at the office of the President 92 00:07:08.040 --> 00:07:11.319 of the Community of Madrid, which is the State of Madrid, 93 00:07:11.959 --> 00:07:15.079 at the Congress of Madrid or of Spain, the Congress 94 00:07:15.079 --> 00:07:18.519 of Spain, and at the City Hall whose mayor we 95 00:07:18.680 --> 00:07:24.199 just were listening to the Mayor of Madrid. Today during 96 00:07:24.279 --> 00:07:29.680 lunchtime we will show to documentaries longevity hackers that is 97 00:07:29.680 --> 00:07:35.000 coming out now for Galla TV in all European languages. 98 00:07:35.040 --> 00:07:39.079 He's coming out in French, in Spanish, in Italian, in German, 99 00:07:39.639 --> 00:07:43.560 because the original documentary is in English, but now through 100 00:07:43.800 --> 00:07:49.839 Guaya TV, it will be in the major European languages. 101 00:07:51.040 --> 00:07:53.279 I appear there and I am happy to say it 102 00:07:53.439 --> 00:07:57.439 was recorded here in the College of Medical Doctors of Spain. 103 00:07:58.519 --> 00:08:00.800 But many other people we have all the way from 104 00:08:00.800 --> 00:08:07.120 Tony Robbins and Peter Diamandis, Aubrey de Gray, Liz Parish, 105 00:08:07.279 --> 00:08:10.560 all of these people working on longevity, Maria Blasco from 106 00:08:10.639 --> 00:08:14.079 Spain as well, who was director of the Cancer Research 107 00:08:14.160 --> 00:08:20.560 Institute at that time as well. This doesn't want to 108 00:08:20.639 --> 00:08:26.560 follow my instructions, Okay, well you know this is what 109 00:08:26.639 --> 00:08:33.320 we did. These pictures are not from yesterday, but you 110 00:08:33.360 --> 00:08:36.519 know what we did if you joined us. In fact, 111 00:08:36.600 --> 00:08:39.799 I do think I put a few pictures from now. 112 00:08:40.000 --> 00:08:44.320 Let me see, yeah, this is from yesterday. This was 113 00:08:45.080 --> 00:08:50.240 our audience in this beautiful place yesterday and me waving 114 00:08:50.279 --> 00:08:53.919 the flag of Vita plus Ultra. And if you look 115 00:08:53.960 --> 00:08:58.000 on the last picture to the ride, we had an 116 00:08:58.000 --> 00:09:03.120 intruder in the march. We had someone who was in 117 00:09:03.159 --> 00:09:07.480 that march that we wanted to eliminate the gream Reaper. 118 00:09:08.120 --> 00:09:11.600 So the green Reaper was with us, but we got 119 00:09:11.679 --> 00:09:15.039 rid of him, fortunately, and that is our goal to 120 00:09:15.200 --> 00:09:21.840 get rid of the grim Reaper forever. We count with 121 00:09:21.879 --> 00:09:27.000 the most important institutional support from the Royal Academy of Medicine. 122 00:09:27.320 --> 00:09:30.720 We had the president of the Academy speaking yesterday and 123 00:09:30.840 --> 00:09:34.759 talking about the death of death. He named personally my 124 00:09:35.360 --> 00:09:39.799 fantastic author David Good and myself. This is an honor, 125 00:09:40.080 --> 00:09:44.240 one of the most prestigious doctors in Spain talking about 126 00:09:44.240 --> 00:09:47.480 the death of death. He's an oncologist and he knows 127 00:09:47.639 --> 00:09:51.320 that there is already biological immortality and he's not afraid 128 00:09:51.360 --> 00:09:54.399 to talk about it. Anyway. We're in Madrid, so we 129 00:09:55.840 --> 00:09:59.360 have the support of course of Madriam. If you want 130 00:09:59.360 --> 00:10:02.879 to try this, we are doing some experiments, so please 131 00:10:02.919 --> 00:10:07.440 do try this. Get your phones out and try the slights. 132 00:10:07.440 --> 00:10:10.240 Because we are doing the poll. We want to show 133 00:10:10.320 --> 00:10:13.679 by the end of the day the results of the polls. 134 00:10:14.200 --> 00:10:18.159 There are like three questions online, so please answer those questions. 135 00:10:18.360 --> 00:10:20.399 It would be interesting to see what you

think. Take 136 00:10:20.399 --> 00:10:25.279 a picture, Take your phones out and take a picture. 137 00:10:29.159 --> 00:10:31.879 So again we are very proud to have a fantastic 138 00:10:31.919 --> 00:10:36.679 scientific committee beginning with George George himself that you listened 139 00:10:36.720 --> 00:10:41.000 to him yesterday, and then also a local organizing committee 140 00:10:41.039 --> 00:10:46.159 with top people including directors from this institution, the College 141 00:10:46.159 --> 00:10:50.360 of Medical Doctors. We had an incredible program yesterday and 142 00:10:50.399 --> 00:10:54.600 we are having a more incredible program today as you 143 00:10:54.639 --> 00:10:57.279 can look at the agenda. We are going to begin 144 00:10:57.360 --> 00:11:01.720 officially at ten with the keynote by Aubit the Gray. 145 00:11:02.159 --> 00:11:04.519 Aubit the Gray will be speaking at ten and then 146 00:11:04.559 --> 00:11:08.799 we have uh doctor Andrea Mayer, and I am so 147 00:11:08.960 --> 00:11:12.600 honored to have you in Madrid. Andrea, I love what 148 00:11:12.679 --> 00:11:15.679 you do. I love the things you say, even if 149 00:11:15.720 --> 00:11:20.440 sometimes you are even less less politically correct than me, 150 00:11:21.080 --> 00:11:24.080 but you are a leader in this movement, so I 151 00:11:24.200 --> 00:11:27.399 truly admire what you're doing. So one of my favorite 152 00:11:27.440 --> 00:11:31.480 talks with Aubrey is Andrea Mayer. So she's given the 153 00:11:31.639 --> 00:11:35.200 second keynote she will give be given also a keynote 154 00:11:35.279 --> 00:11:41.039 speech tomorrow at nine am for the Semal. Semal is 155 00:11:41.080 --> 00:11:46.279 the Spanish Society of Anti Agent and Longevity Medicine. She 156 00:11:46.399 --> 00:11:50.759 will be opening that event tomorrow, so and she will 157 00:11:50.759 --> 00:11:54.759 be speaking in English, of course, but there will be 158 00:11:55.519 --> 00:12:02.440 human translation. There will be human interpreterslated into Spanish, so 159 00:12:02.679 --> 00:12:05.799 that you know you can listen to her in Spanish 160 00:12:06.039 --> 00:12:11.200 instead of written subtitles made by artificial intelligence. We have 161 00:12:11.679 --> 00:12:17.759 a packed day with many great speakers, many great institutions, 162 00:12:18.039 --> 00:12:22.399 and during lunchtime we will show the two documentaries we 163 00:12:22.440 --> 00:12:27.279 are talking about Longevity Hackers, part of it, only part 164 00:12:27.320 --> 00:12:30.000 of it because it's too long. And also we will 165 00:12:30.039 --> 00:12:34.320 show the premiere of a new documentary for Spanish TV. 166 00:12:34.720 --> 00:12:37.480 It's not out yet, it will be public in a month. 167 00:12:37.559 --> 00:12:41.120 It will go in Public TV National Spanish TV, and 168 00:12:41.200 --> 00:12:47.000 it's called The Last Man to Die, The Last Man 169 00:12:47.200 --> 00:12:51.080 to Die. And some of

our speakers here also appear 170 00:12:51.120 --> 00:12:55.879 in that documentary, of course, overy the Gray Least Parish 171 00:12:56.039 --> 00:12:59.519 and some other faces that you will recognize. We will 172 00:12:59.559 --> 00:13:06.000 also have a special presentation during lunchtime about cryonics by 173 00:13:06.360 --> 00:13:09.639 Ben Best, who was president for a decade of the 174 00:13:09.720 --> 00:13:14.279 Cryonics Institute in Michigan. So we think also Plan B, 175 00:13:14.679 --> 00:13:17.559 as I call it cryonics, is Plan B is also important, 176 00:13:17.639 --> 00:13:20.639 so we just added that to the program. Then, before 177 00:13:20.720 --> 00:13:25.879 beginning the afternoon sessions, we will listen again to the 178 00:13:25.879 --> 00:13:32.720 Beatles and Charlie Kamm playing Yesterday that has been transformed 179 00:13:32.879 --> 00:13:39.519 into Tomorrow Tomorrow beautiful, beautiful adaptation using artificial intelligence with 180 00:13:39.799 --> 00:13:45.720 Paul McCartney singing Tomorrow and talking about immortality. So don't 181 00:13:45.759 --> 00:13:48.960 miss it out if you haven't seen it yesterday. This 182 00:13:49.039 --> 00:13:53.480 is the premiere official premiere of that video in Europe, 183 00:13:53.519 --> 00:13:57.039 so don't miss it. Then we have again fantastic, fantastic 184 00:13:57.120 --> 00:14:01.320 presentations in the afternoon, and we have a marvelous closing. 185 00:14:02.159 --> 00:14:06.279 By eight pm we will have actually another zoon presentation. 186 00:14:06.480 --> 00:14:09.440 Liz Parish, who has been in Spain four or five 187 00:14:09.559 --> 00:14:13.720 times already with us, couldn't be here this time in person, 188 00:14:14.519 --> 00:14:18.799 but she will be talking about gene therapies and her 189 00:14:18.879 --> 00:14:23.519 presentation is quite nice. She says, I am a genetically 190 00:14:23.679 --> 00:14:28.639 modified organism a GMO, and so you will be soon, 191 00:14:29.519 --> 00:14:32.320 so all of us will be genetically modified very soon. 192 00:14:32.600 --> 00:14:36.360 And that will be her presentation this afternoon. And at 193 00:14:36.399 --> 00:14:42.240 eight pm we have like the Vice Minister of Science 194 00:14:42.279 --> 00:14:46.320 of Spain. She will be closing for the Government of 195 00:14:46.440 --> 00:14:50.279 Spain the Vice Minister. We will also have the Science 196 00:14:51.000 --> 00:14:55.120 Counselor of Madrid, who is an immortalist by the way, 197 00:14:55.519 --> 00:14:59.720 so I like to bring immortalists here, so people who 198 00:14:59.759 --> 00:15:04.159 are open about living longer and longer, healthier and healthier, 199 00:15:04.480 --> 00:15:10.080 younger and younger. So anyway, Nino Quesada, who is a 200 00:15:10.159 --> 00:15:15.080 very good friend of mine and will be clothing together 201 00:15:15.240 --> 00:15:18.919 with the Vice Minister, and to make it interesting once again, 202 00:15:19.240 --> 00:15:22.879 we will have a flamenco dancer, just one song. But 203 00:15:22.960 --> 00:15:27.039 you need to experience Spanish music because Spain is the 204 00:15:27.120 --> 00:15:32.639 land of fiesta and siesta, so you need to understand, uh, 205 00:15:32.919 --> 00:15:36.440 the fiesta and the siesta part. And tomorrow also I 206 00:15:36.480 --> 00:15:38.840 want to invite you we are going to have another 207 00:15:39.919 --> 00:15:44.639 celebration at the Royal Academy of Medicine in the same 208 00:15:44.679 --> 00:15:50.879 place where two years ago we had sa Yamanica, where 209 00:15:50.919 --> 00:15:54.320 we gave him the equivalent of the Spanish Nobel Prize 210 00:15:54.320 --> 00:15:58.559 in Medicine. So Sheenja Jamenica was with us two years ago. 211 00:15:58.720 --> 00:16:04.639 Here in Madrid. We are collaborating with him in some activities. Actually, 212 00:16:04.960 --> 00:16:08.600 one of the doctors that got the award yesterday, for 213 00:16:08.720 --> 00:16:12.639 those who know or who are Spanish, Pedro Gijen. Pedro 214 00:16:12.720 --> 00:16:16.960 Gijen is working with shen Ja Jamenica and Juan Carlos 215 00:16:17.039 --> 00:16:20.200 is Pisua, so we are very happy to have had 216 00:16:20.320 --> 00:16:23.799 Shenja Jamenica. We will have a cocktail, a closing cocktail. 217 00:16:24.039 --> 00:16:27.159 If you are still in Madrid, join us at six pm. 218 00:16:27.639 --> 00:16:30.279 It is open, it is free and there will be 219 00:16:30.279 --> 00:16:35.440 a fantastic cocktail. So join us tomorrow at six pm 220 00:16:35.600 --> 00:16:40.080 at the Royal Academy. Is a beautiful place, not as 221 00:16:40.080 --> 00:16:43.679 beautiful as this, but it's beautiful. It's you know, also 222 00:16:44.039 --> 00:16:49.440 three hundred years old building anyway, So let me give 223 00:16:49.480 --> 00:16:53.720 you an additional presentation. Most of you know I studied 224 00:16:53.759 --> 00:16:58.240 in MITA. During my first working life, I was in energy. 225 00:16:58.759 --> 00:17:01.600 Now I am into a longevity and I only do 226 00:17:01.720 --> 00:17:06.759 longevity now because this is very exciting. When I graduated 227 00:17:06.960 --> 00:17:10.720 in mi T forty years ago, the biggest industry in 228 00:17:10.839 --> 00:17:15.000 the world was energy. Forty years ago, out of the 229 00:17:15.079 --> 00:17:21.039 top ten companies in forms, nine were energy companies Excellent, Mobile, Shell, 230 00:17:21.319 --> 00:17:26.720 British Petroleum, Texaco, Total, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. Today, 231 00:17:27.480 --> 00:17:31.599 nine out of the ten biggest companies informs are technology 232 00:17:31.599 --> 00:17:39.000 companies Amazon, Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Nvidia, et cetera, et cetera. 233 00:17:39.039 --> 00:17:44.759 In twenty years, the biggest companies will all be longevity companies. 234 00:17:45.240 --> 00:17:48.559 So I am happy you were here because this will 235 00:17:48.599 --> 00:17:51.920

be the biggest industry in the next twenty years, which, 236 00:17:52.000 --> 00:17:54.440 by the way, let me make a side joke. We 237 00:17:54.559 --> 00:18:01.000 have the biggest and exposition about fruits and vegetables in 238 00:18:01.079 --> 00:18:05.759 Madrid yesterday and today. That is why there are no hotels. 239 00:18:06.000 --> 00:18:07.920 I know some of you had to pay even a 240 00:18:08.039 --> 00:18:11.440 thousand euros to get in a hotel yesterday and today, 241 00:18:11.759 --> 00:18:16.079 and that is because of the largest fruit and vegetables 242 00:18:16.920 --> 00:18:21.119 fair in the world, which is held here in Madrid. 243 00:18:21.319 --> 00:18:25.680 Unfortunately it coincided this year, only this year, by very 244 00:18:25.720 --> 00:18:29.440 bad luck, coincided, so there are no hotel rooms and 245 00:18:29.480 --> 00:18:32.119 there are also no taxes. I know some people had 246 00:18:32.119 --> 00:18:35.319 to wait one hour to get uber or to get 247 00:18:35.319 --> 00:18:40.079 a taxi. Fortunately Madrid has a fantastic public transportation system 248 00:18:40.359 --> 00:18:44.799 and I take the subway myself, but anyway, there were 249 00:18:44.799 --> 00:18:48.680 no taxeses. The city has collapsed. But I'm very upset 250 00:18:48.720 --> 00:18:52.319 that it has collapsed because of fruits and vegetables. And 251 00:18:52.400 --> 00:18:55.319 I love fruits and vegetables. I eat fruits and vegetables. 252 00:18:55.640 --> 00:18:59.759 But this should be bigger. As Andrea was telling me, 253 00:19:00.319 --> 00:19:03.119 why is don't jevity not bigger. Why don't we have 254 00:19:03.279 --> 00:19:06.839 like the fruits and vegetables They brought in one hundred 255 00:19:06.880 --> 00:19:10.559 and twenty thousand people to Madrid, one hundred and twenty 256 00:19:10.640 --> 00:19:16.160 thousand people for fruits and vegetables. However, about longevity. In fact, 257 00:19:16.319 --> 00:19:19.000 Andrea Meyer was telling me that, you know, if you 258 00:19:19.039 --> 00:19:22.640 go to one of the big cancer conferences or Alzheimer's conference, 259 00:19:22.960 --> 00:19:28.079 says you have fifty thousand people, eighty thousand people. Why 260 00:19:28.160 --> 00:19:32.640 don't we have that amount of people here? Why we 261 00:19:32.680 --> 00:19:36.519 only register four hundred and fifty people in person and 262 00:19:36.559 --> 00:19:40.480 a similar number online. Why only that? Why not even 263 00:19:40.519 --> 00:19:45.200 one thousand? So I hope Andrea will give us the answer, 264 00:19:45.559 --> 00:19:52.680 because she's very direct and not always politically correct. So anyway, Oh, 265 00:19:52.720 --> 00:19:55.000 and I have a question for Aubrey. Aubrey, I will 266 00:19:55.039 --> 00:19:58.519 ask it because you are a great philosopher. Also, you 267 00:19:58.680 --> 00:20:03.200 have to give an explanation about immortality for dictators because 268 00:20:03.279 --> 00:20:07.640 I love your

brief, short answer, but you need to 269 00:20:07.680 --> 00:20:10.640 expand it because now that Puttin and s jin Pin 270 00:20:10.839 --> 00:20:12.680 have said that they want to be in mortal we 271 00:20:12.799 --> 00:20:14.880 need to give an answer. I have my own answer, 272 00:20:15.279 --> 00:20:18.000 I have seen yours. I like, so we have to 273 00:20:18.039 --> 00:20:23.160 expand on immortality of dictators. Anyway, this is a random talk. 274 00:20:23.440 --> 00:20:27.599 I still have thirteen minutes until we begin with our 275 00:20:27.799 --> 00:20:32.039 moderator and then our first keynote speaker of the day. 276 00:20:32.960 --> 00:20:36.319 I work with the Millennium Project, just like my co 277 00:20:36.440 --> 00:20:41.920 author David Gooon. I lead the group for Latin America 278 00:20:42.160 --> 00:20:46.079 and staying with another colleague in the Basque Country, and 279 00:20:46.119 --> 00:20:49.000 we work about the global challenges. I am pushing always 280 00:20:49.039 --> 00:20:53.000 for longevity, but we do studies about the future on 281 00:20:53.119 --> 00:20:57.039 many things, and we have presented many books. I was 282 00:20:57.079 --> 00:20:59.839 actually at the World Economic Forum that was presenting this 283 00:21:00.400 --> 00:21:03.880 of Latin American the year twenty thirty, and it was 284 00:21:03.920 --> 00:21:10.240 with the Nobel laureate Mario Vargazosa, who wanted to be immortal. 285 00:21:10.519 --> 00:21:14.359 Sadly he died. It is tragic when someone wants to 286 00:21:14.400 --> 00:21:18.720 be immortal in the flesh. He is, of course immortal 287 00:21:18.799 --> 00:21:22.319 through his writing, but as good as Goody Allen said 288 00:21:22.720 --> 00:21:25.839 very deep thought, I want to be immortal, not through 289 00:21:25.880 --> 00:21:30.079 my work. I want to be immortal by not dying. Okay. 290 00:21:30.160 --> 00:21:35.119 So I actually talked to Mario Vargaziosa a few weeks 291 00:21:35.119 --> 00:21:39.359 before he died, and I proposed cryonics to him because 292 00:21:39.400 --> 00:21:42.720 I do think in extreme cases, like in my mother's case. 293 00:21:42.920 --> 00:21:44.400 I don't know if you saw, my mother was in 294 00:21:44.440 --> 00:21:47.440 the march yesterday and he was marching very well. But 295 00:21:47.559 --> 00:21:52.359 she's ninety four. At age ninety four, you can do 296 00:21:53.000 --> 00:21:58.319 the curve. Statistics don't lie. So in that case we 297 00:21:58.440 --> 00:22:00.640 have plan B. And this is what I'm working on 298 00:22:00.759 --> 00:22:03.759 also plum B. And I propose that to Mario Aargas 299 00:22:03.839 --> 00:22:07.880 Josa and to one of the winners of last year award, 300 00:22:08.119 --> 00:22:12.759 and to the first winner of the award yesterday, the 301 00:22:12.880 --> 00:22:17.680 famous lawyer, Spanish lawyer Antonio Garriguez Walker. I proposed to 302 00:22:17.799 --> 00:22:21.880 him to take him into cryonics. And you know what 303 00:22:22.000 --> 00:22:24.599 he told me. This is an answer I have never heard. 304 00:22:24.640 --> 00:22:28.319 I have heard all excuses about not going into cryonics, 305 00:22:28.359 --> 00:22:32.759 and he gave me a very interesting one. He's remembered. 306 00:22:32.799 --> 00:22:36.359 This is the most important lawyer in Spain. His company 307 00:22:36.400 --> 00:22:40.960 sells over eight billion euros in legal services. And he 308 00:22:41.119 --> 00:22:44.759 told me, I cannot go into cryonics because I don't 309 00:22:44.759 --> 00:22:48.599 want anyone to have access to my brain where I'm 310 00:22:48.599 --> 00:22:52.240 not aware, because I have secrets of state in my brain, 311 00:22:53.000 --> 00:22:56.440 so that does have to go with me. So he 312 00:22:56.519 --> 00:23:00.359 cannot be cryonically Frosten. That's his explanation. Probably over has 313 00:23:00.359 --> 00:23:03.559 a better counter explanation, but that's what he told me, 314 00:23:03.599 --> 00:23:05.599 and I thought it was quite interesting. I never heard 315 00:23:05.640 --> 00:23:10.519 that that reason for not to be into cryonics anyway. 316 00:23:10.880 --> 00:23:14.720 So we lost a great mind, Mario Vargaziosa, and I 317 00:23:14.759 --> 00:23:18.160 hope we don't keep on losing great minds because they 318 00:23:18.160 --> 00:23:22.519 don't think about plum being And I am trying to 319 00:23:22.559 --> 00:23:25.920 get this moving, but it's not moving, so I just 320 00:23:26.039 --> 00:23:29.480 keep on trying and trying well. I was also with 321 00:23:29.559 --> 00:23:33.799 the US President a couple of times, first in person 322 00:23:33.839 --> 00:23:37.119 in Las Vegas and then on CNN talking about this. 323 00:23:37.279 --> 00:23:41.680 He's also interested in longevity, if you have any doubts 324 00:23:41.720 --> 00:23:45.599 about that anyway, this we need to fix this before 325 00:23:45.880 --> 00:23:51.319 Aubrey steaks, please, because this is not working. So we 326 00:23:51.440 --> 00:23:55.359 had the pleasure to listen to great Kers Ryan. I 327 00:23:55.519 --> 00:23:58.960 was with him together also into in a conference, the 328 00:23:59.000 --> 00:24:02.480 biggest technolog the conference in Europe which is called the 329 00:24:02.640 --> 00:24:06.240 Mobile World Congress, one hundred and twenty thousand people in 330 00:24:06.359 --> 00:24:11.039 Barcelona in our competition, and Rakers Will changed for the 331 00:24:11.079 --> 00:24:14.720 first time his date for longevity scale velocity, even though 332 00:24:14.720 --> 00:24:16.920 in his book that just came out last year. He 333 00:24:16.960 --> 00:24:19.960 still talks about twenty twenty nine to twenty thirty, but 334 00:24:20.039 --> 00:24:23.720 then in Barcelona in February this year he changed to 335 00:24:23.759 --> 00:24:27.599 twenty thirty two. This is the first time that I 336 00:24:27.720 --> 00:24:31.319 have seen him changing dates. Anyway, two dates is not

337 00:24:31.400 --> 00:24:34.200 too much of a change, but he changed his date 338 00:24:35.960 --> 00:24:37.839 in the bad side. You know, I would like to 339 00:24:38.039 --> 00:24:43.279 have changed to twenty twenty eight, not to twenty thirty two. Anyway, 340 00:24:43.319 --> 00:24:47.960 population is stabilizing and beginning to decline. It is a tragedy. 341 00:24:48.400 --> 00:24:52.759 It is a tragedy. But the economy keeps on growing exponentially. 342 00:24:53.039 --> 00:24:55.599 If you look at the vertical scale, this is an 343 00:24:55.599 --> 00:25:01.920 exponential curve of the GDP grow domestic product per country. 344 00:25:01.960 --> 00:25:05.079 There are already countries that have over one hundred thousand 345 00:25:05.119 --> 00:25:09.759 dollars of income per year per person. This is incredible 346 00:25:10.079 --> 00:25:14.279 because until the eighteenth century we were in what the 347 00:25:14.480 --> 00:25:18.920 famous British economist Maltus said, we were in the Maltution trap, 348 00:25:19.240 --> 00:25:22.480 and the income was only one thousand dollars per person 349 00:25:22.519 --> 00:25:26.839 per year. Now, in the richest countries we are over 350 00:25:27.279 --> 00:25:31.680 one hundred thousand dollars and this keeps on increasing exponentially, 351 00:25:31.920 --> 00:25:36.240 which I think is beautiful. The economics keeps on growing exponentially, 352 00:25:36.319 --> 00:25:41.160 even though if the population are going down. David and Aubrey, 353 00:25:41.160 --> 00:25:45.279 we need to fix the clicker before obre goes. You 354 00:25:45.319 --> 00:25:50.680 can see that even the Dow Jones, the Industrial Index 355 00:25:50.799 --> 00:25:56.359 of the New York Change is growing exponentially. With wars, 356 00:25:56.519 --> 00:26:01.920 without wars, with pandemics, with COVID, whatever, it grows exponentially. 357 00:26:01.960 --> 00:26:05.519 This is fantastic. There is an exponential growth of the economy. 358 00:26:06.279 --> 00:26:11.319 There is also when the clicks. If it clicks, you 359 00:26:11.359 --> 00:26:14.720 can see that development is being faster and faster and faster. 360 00:26:15.079 --> 00:26:17.599 I am giving up on the clicker and I will 361 00:26:17.640 --> 00:26:22.119 say next, next, So the economy is growing exponentially. Next. 362 00:26:22.839 --> 00:26:25.400 And this began next. 363 00:26:27.039 --> 00:26:27.359 Next. 364 00:26:27.920 --> 00:26:33.359 Hello. After we left the Maltusian trap behind. In the 365 00:26:33.440 --> 00:26:37.319 eighteenth century, there was no economic growth. And this is 366 00:26:37.359 --> 00:26:40.599 what Maltus called, or was called the Maltus trap, no 367 00:26:40.759 --> 00:26:44.640 economic growth. But with the industrial revolution that began in Britain, 368 00:26:44.960 --> 00:26:48.880 the world economy grew one hundred percent. On the twentieth century, 369 00:26:49.079 --> 00:26:52.720 it grew four hundred percent in this twenty first century 370 00:26:53.000 --> 00:26:56.960 is probably going to grow two thousand, three thousand percent. 371 00:26:57.359 --> 00:27:00.519 I am so excited about the possibilities of the future. 372 00:27:02.039 --> 00:27:11.119 Where do I click? Okay, so talk to him just 373 00:27:11.160 --> 00:27:14.880 in case. He says, I can click anywhere. Let's see. Okay, 374 00:27:15.119 --> 00:27:18.799 it did work. So there is this exponential growth. Things 375 00:27:18.920 --> 00:27:22.880 are moving faster, getting cheaper and smaller and better. So 376 00:27:22.960 --> 00:27:26.079 this is what we call exponential change. And there is 377 00:27:26.119 --> 00:27:30.799 a big change between moving linearly or moving exponentially. If 378 00:27:30.839 --> 00:27:35.880 we move linearly, after thirty steps, we have walked thirty meters. 379 00:27:36.119 --> 00:27:39.319 But if we move exponentially and we double, and we double, 380 00:27:39.400 --> 00:27:43.000 and we double and we double. After thirty doublings, we 381 00:27:43.119 --> 00:27:46.559 have walked over a billion meters. I have gone around 382 00:27:46.640 --> 00:27:52.359 planet Earth twenty six times. This is difficult to understand 383 00:27:52.400 --> 00:27:56.680 because we think linearly. We are linear beings that grew 384 00:27:56.759 --> 00:28:00.720 up in a linear world. But technology is growing exponentially. 385 00:28:01.920 --> 00:28:07.880 Also longevity. This is so beautiful. Life respectancy is growing 386 00:28:08.039 --> 00:28:12.559 exponentially in this past century. You know, in the time 387 00:28:12.599 --> 00:28:16.920 of the Roman Empire, life respectancy in Madrid was twenty 388 00:28:17.720 --> 00:28:21.799 in the capital in Rome was twenty five years during 389 00:28:21.799 --> 00:28:26.200 the Roman Empire. Then it went from twenty in Spain 390 00:28:26.559 --> 00:28:30.839 to forty in the year nineteen hundred to eighty years 391 00:28:31.000 --> 00:28:34.160 in the year two thousand and Right now in Madrid 392 00:28:34.279 --> 00:28:38.079 is eighty six point one years of age. If you look, 393 00:28:38.119 --> 00:28:41.039 what is growing more most is the red part, which 394 00:28:41.079 --> 00:28:46.359 is education. This is important because it's education, innovation, creativity. 395 00:28:46.599 --> 00:28:49.839 This is why humanity is advancing, because we are not 396 00:28:50.000 --> 00:28:54.279 just animals that is sleep and work. We have education 397 00:28:54.440 --> 00:28:56.920 and this is the sector that keeps on growing. We 398 00:28:57.039 --> 00:29:02.480 have more and more education, innovation, and hopefully this will 399 00:29:02.480 --> 00:29:06.160 sober everything. But there are people against technology, like the 400 00:29:06.200 --> 00:29:11.000 famous Ludaites in the United Kingdom. When the United Kingdom 401 00:29:11.039 --> 00:29:14.400 began the Doceral Revolution that changed the world, there were 402 00:29:14.440 -->

00:29:17.440 people who didn't like technology, who didn't like robots, who 403 00:29:17.519 --> 00:29:21.839 didn't like machines, and they destroyed the machines. Fortunately, the 404 00:29:21.960 --> 00:29:26.559 machines won. And because the machines want, we live in 405 00:29:26.559 --> 00:29:31.759 this advanced world. Because machines make humanity, all of humanity 406 00:29:31.839 --> 00:29:34.759 move forward in all areas. So I don't like the 407 00:29:35.079 --> 00:29:37.759 Amish because they are in the eighteenth century or some 408 00:29:37.880 --> 00:29:41.519 other groups. Like where I was born in Venezuela, we 409 00:29:41.640 --> 00:29:45.960 have the Yanomami Indians. They don't want any technology, not 410 00:29:46.079 --> 00:29:50.039 technology for thousands of years. They don't even want to 411 00:29:50.079 --> 00:29:54.119 speak the modern languages. Of Spanish and Portuguese. They don't 412 00:29:54.119 --> 00:29:57.160 want anything from the outside world, and that is okay, 413 00:29:57.359 --> 00:30:00.359 that is okay, that's really what they want. And I'm 414 00:30:00.400 --> 00:30:05.440 pretty sure that before there were people who didn't want wales. 415 00:30:05.920 --> 00:30:08.119 You know, when the will was invented about five thousand 416 00:30:08.359 --> 00:30:13.079 years ago, probably there were people who did not want wills. 417 00:30:13.359 --> 00:30:17.039 You know, anything is possible, but to change that idea. 418 00:30:17.759 --> 00:30:21.440 Singularity University was born in two thousand and nine, and 419 00:30:21.519 --> 00:30:25.359 because I knew both Ray kers well for forty years 420 00:30:25.759 --> 00:30:29.799 and Peter diamandis from MIT, you know, I got involved 421 00:30:29.799 --> 00:30:33.480 as one of the founding faculty of Singularity University, where 422 00:30:33.519 --> 00:30:36.759 we have had every year Over the Gray because of 423 00:30:36.759 --> 00:30:40.440 course Over the Gray is the most famous public figure 424 00:30:41.359 --> 00:30:45.480 on these issues in the world, even though sadly he 425 00:30:45.640 --> 00:30:51.039 was called a charlatan by my alma matter. MIT Technology 426 00:30:51.119 --> 00:30:54.480 Review said that he was a charlatan in two thousand 427 00:30:54.480 --> 00:30:59.759 and five. What is beautiful is that they said for 428 00:31:00.079 --> 00:31:03.640 give us MIT Technology Review because they saw that what 429 00:31:04.119 --> 00:31:08.720 Aubrey was saying was reality. But anyway, I like to 430 00:31:08.720 --> 00:31:11.000 talk about Kaka. This will be the last thing I 431 00:31:11.000 --> 00:31:15.720 will do. You know, the Kaka theory of evolution of technology. 432 00:31:15.960 --> 00:31:19.279 When I went to MIT, I used punch cards. Punch 433 00:31:19.400 --> 00:31:23.000 cards had one K. Basically there were different sizes, but 434 00:31:23.079 --> 00:31:25.920 normally was ten by one hundred. Ten by one hundred 435 00:31:25.960 --> 00:31:31.039 is a thousand. That was one k. I use one K. Fortunately, 436 00:31:31.119 --> 00:31:35.359 it moved from mechanical memory into electromagnetic memory. But the 437 00:31:35.400 --> 00:31:39.119 first floppities of eight inches they were also one K. 438 00:31:39.519 --> 00:31:43.039 One k in Spanish, I explained one K plus one 439 00:31:43.119 --> 00:31:46.960 K in Spanish is one ca plus one ca is 440 00:31:47.000 --> 00:31:50.960 s equal to one kaka one caaka. This is how 441 00:31:51.000 --> 00:31:55.559 technology changes. I used kaka at MIT. At the Massachusetts 442 00:31:55.559 --> 00:31:59.279 Institut of Technology, I used kaka, and from caaca we 443 00:31:59.319 --> 00:32:02.880 moved to floppy disc smaller of five hundred and twelve cacas. 444 00:32:03.319 --> 00:32:06.400 Then we moved into even a smaller floppy disk of 445 00:32:07.119 --> 00:32:10.799 one point four mega. And now I have a pen 446 00:32:10.920 --> 00:32:16.480 drive here with a time machine shape of one terabide 447 00:32:16.839 --> 00:32:21.960 one terabide. We have gone from kaka to terabyte in 448 00:32:22.039 --> 00:32:26.240 forty years, and this is not stopping anytime soon. As 449 00:32:26.359 --> 00:32:31.640 Ray Kurzfeld explained yesterday, this is not stopping anytime soon. 450 00:32:31.920 --> 00:32:35.960 This continues, this continues, and so we have moved from 451 00:32:36.119 --> 00:32:40.599 kaka to terabided and if you look at my pen 452 00:32:40.680 --> 00:32:44.920 drive of one terabide, in twenty years, this will be kaka. 453 00:32:45.240 --> 00:32:49.079 This will be kaka. One terabide will be kaka in 454 00:32:49.160 --> 00:32:53.359 twenty years. And this is now starting in biology because 455 00:32:53.599 --> 00:32:57.480 it's moving faster, faster biology than computer science. If you 456 00:32:57.519 --> 00:33:04.119 look at the incredible acceleration of biotechnology is moving much 457 00:33:04.440 --> 00:33:09.160 faster than KACA in and More's law, both in cost 458 00:33:09.240 --> 00:33:12.480 and in time. And with that beautiful thought about the 459 00:33:12.599 --> 00:33:16.759 Kaka theory of evolution, I want to call back our 460 00:33:16.880 --> 00:33:21.799 fantastic moderator, Sabina Gafka, please thank you. 461 00:33:24.920 --> 00:33:27.720 I'm a co founder of brain gim, which is at 462 00:33:27.720 --> 00:33:30.440 the intersection of a and longevity, and also the founding 463 00:33:30.960 --> 00:33:36.880 member of Superhuman Network, which is really about connecting science, investments, innovation, 464 00:33:37.119 --> 00:33:41.079 and culture and catapulting the evolution of longevity and also 465 00:33:41.119 --> 00:33:44.440 the advocacy of longevity. And I actually also went to 466 00:33:44.880 --> 00:33:48.480 Singularity University that Hossey spoke about. They have an executive 467 00:33:48.519 --> 00:33:53.240 program there outside of San Francisco. But enough about me. 468 00:33:53.359 --> 00:33:57.960

Yesterday we explore the science of aging from cellular models 469 00:33:58.039 --> 00:34:02.640 to translational therapies. We took, of course, longevity to the 470 00:34:02.720 --> 00:34:06.039 streets of Madrid and walking, and today we're going to 471 00:34:06.119 --> 00:34:10.719 go even deeper, really into the bold visions of the 472 00:34:10.760 --> 00:34:16.440 future of clinical realities and social and economic structures and 473 00:34:16.559 --> 00:34:19.239 see where we are at the moment and with these 474 00:34:19.400 --> 00:34:24.000 exponential times, where we're actually heading when it comes to longevity, 475 00:34:24.159 --> 00:34:27.760 and longevity of course steps into everything that has to 476 00:34:27.800 --> 00:34:31.079 do with our globe here, from our health to our infrastructures, 477 00:34:31.280 --> 00:34:33.920 because we also need to build the environments where we 478 00:34:33.960 --> 00:34:37.400 can thrive and have health. And with that, I think 479 00:34:37.440 --> 00:34:41.920 that's a perfect segue to introduce our first keynote of today, 480 00:34:42.239 --> 00:34:44.920 who really, as we've heard, is one of the most 481 00:34:45.039 --> 00:34:48.480 radical but also one of the most enlightened voices in 482 00:34:48.519 --> 00:34:51.480 this field. And for decades he's argued that the problem 483 00:34:51.960 --> 00:34:55.960 of aging is a problem that science can solve. And 484 00:34:56.000 --> 00:34:59.880 he is the architect of the concept lev longevity escape 485 00:35:00.039 --> 00:35:03.880 velocity that Ray of course spoke about yesterday and Hussein 486 00:35:03.960 --> 00:35:06.960 mentioned today, and that is the idea that the medical 487 00:35:07.320 --> 00:35:11.320 advances can one day twenty thirty through twenty thirty two, 488 00:35:11.400 --> 00:35:15.840 we'll see keep us biologically younger than we are chronologically. 489 00:35:16.480 --> 00:35:19.960 And he's Chief Science Officer of the leb Foundation, and 490 00:35:20.039 --> 00:35:26.719 he continues to push rejuvenation research from theory towards translation. 491 00:35:27.360 --> 00:35:30.760 Please give a round of applause to Dr Aubrey de Gray. 492 00:35:38.000 --> 00:35:41.400 We thank you so much, Sabiya, and thank you to 493 00:35:41.559 --> 00:35:45.000 Hodai and the other organizers for inviting me to get 494 00:35:45.119 --> 00:35:49.280 the first talk of today. Yeah. I mean, I've got 495 00:35:49.280 --> 00:35:52.400 a lot to say, and so it's probably rather good 496 00:35:52.480 --> 00:35:55.360 that I apparently have more than half an hour to 497 00:35:55.360 --> 00:36:01.239 say it because the program put the adjustments to the 498 00:36:01.239 --> 00:36:06.280 program caused by the mayor's schedule allowed an expansion of 499 00:36:06.280 --> 00:36:11.960 the program this morning. Yeah, as I mentioned that, I 500 00:36:12.119 --> 00:36:18.440 have a particular answer to the question won't dictators live forever? 501 00:36:18.559 --> 00:36:22.679 Which is one of the most common concerns that people 502 00:36:22.800 --> 00:36:23.920 raise when. 503 00:36:24.239 --> 00:36:25.360 We talk about. 504 00:36:26.599 --> 00:36:30.760 Doing something about aging. You know, when I give answers 505 00:36:30.800 --> 00:36:34.000 to these things, I've been doing it for a long time, 506 00:36:34.360 --> 00:36:38.239 and it gets very boring because nobody who raises these 507 00:36:38.280 --> 00:36:42.599 concerns actually wants to be reassured. They want to carry 508 00:36:42.639 --> 00:36:46.360 on thinking that aging is a blessing in disguise, so 509 00:36:46.400 --> 00:36:49.639 that they don't get their hopes up and get you know, 510 00:36:49.760 --> 00:36:54.000 emotionally invested in the idea that progress might happen in 511 00:36:54.079 --> 00:36:58.159 time for them. So I try to kind of be 512 00:36:58.199 --> 00:37:01.559 a bit humorous about these things, but at the same 513 00:37:01.599 --> 00:37:05.559 time I try to say what's true. So in the 514 00:37:05.599 --> 00:37:11.719 case of dictators living forever, my standard answer is that 515 00:37:12.320 --> 00:37:16.320 dictator is high on the league table of risky jobs. 516 00:37:16.920 --> 00:37:20.960 Not many dictators die of aging in the first place, 517 00:37:21.159 --> 00:37:26.880 and moreover, the ones that do tend to organize their 518 00:37:26.920 --> 00:37:33.199 own succession before they die, so they are effectively immortal anyway. 519 00:37:33.960 --> 00:37:36.199 But I don't usually give that answer when I come 520 00:37:36.239 --> 00:37:39.760 to Spain, because Spain is pretty much the only exception 521 00:37:40.360 --> 00:37:44.239 to this. Franco, of course, you know, did not organize 522 00:37:44.239 --> 00:37:48.840 his succession, and Spain, of course a democracy again, so 523 00:37:49.280 --> 00:37:52.800 it's a little bit of a weak argument when I 524 00:37:52.800 --> 00:37:56.440 come to Spain. Nevertheless, here we are all right. So 525 00:37:56.719 --> 00:37:58.639 since since the first talk of the day, I thought 526 00:37:58.760 --> 00:38:03.079 I should give a fairly general overview of where I 527 00:38:03.119 --> 00:38:09.159 think we stand in the process of developing medicines that 528 00:38:09.440 --> 00:38:15.679 will bring aging under comprehensive medical control. Of course, I 529 00:38:15.719 --> 00:38:19.159 will also talk about the specifics of what we do 530 00:38:19.440 --> 00:38:22.840 at LV Foundation, or I should also say, you know, 531 00:38:23.119 --> 00:38:26.280 I really ought to have made a different logo that 532 00:38:26.480 --> 00:38:30.400 had periods full stops after the letters, because we don't 533 00:38:30.400 --> 00:38:33.840 call it LEV foundation. We call it LEV foundation. It's 534 00:38:33.880 --> 00:38:42.320 an acronym for longevity escape velocity of course. Anyway, so yeah, 535 00:38:42.719 --> 00:38:46.360 let me start with a reference to the

last talk 536 00:38:46.679 --> 00:38:51.800 of yesterday. Rayk Oswell gave as always, a really excellent 537 00:38:52.159 --> 00:38:59.199 survey of the concept of exponential growth and accelerating change, 538 00:39:00.039 --> 00:39:03.159 and as as I just mentioned, he talked about his 539 00:39:03.360 --> 00:39:07.719 prediction of how soon we would reach longevity escape velocity, 540 00:39:08.880 --> 00:39:11.440 and this is something that he's been talking about for 541 00:39:11.480 --> 00:39:15.039 a while. He gave a particular year he likes to 542 00:39:15.079 --> 00:39:17.719 do that. He said, he reckons we will get there 543 00:39:17.760 --> 00:39:20.920 in twenty thirty two. I think that's a little bit 544 00:39:21.000 --> 00:39:24.519 over optimistic, only a little bit. I think that we 545 00:39:24.559 --> 00:39:28.280 will probably get there sometime in the second half of 546 00:39:28.320 --> 00:39:31.719 the twenty thirties, between maybe twenty thirty six and twenty 547 00:39:31.760 --> 00:39:36.159 thirty nine. So you know, that's not much of a difference. 548 00:39:36.719 --> 00:39:41.679 And of course our predictions are probabilistic, though I say 549 00:39:41.719 --> 00:39:43.920 that I think we have a fifty to fifty chance 550 00:39:44.320 --> 00:39:49.159 of getting there within twelve to fifteen years from now. 551 00:39:50.679 --> 00:39:51.719 But the main. 552 00:39:51.679 --> 00:39:55.639 Reason why I am a little bit more pessimistic in 553 00:39:55.760 --> 00:40:00.639 terms of time frames than Ray is actually something that 554 00:40:00.760 --> 00:40:05.199 was highlighted in the first question that was asked to 555 00:40:05.320 --> 00:40:07.920 Ray at the end of his talk edarn A, I'm 556 00:40:07.920 --> 00:40:12.280 not sure if he's here today, asked the question what 557 00:40:12.320 --> 00:40:16.079 are we actually short of right now? Do we need 558 00:40:16.199 --> 00:40:20.880 more intelligence or do we need more data? I believe 559 00:40:20.880 --> 00:40:24.599 we need more data, even more than we need more intelligence, 560 00:40:25.440 --> 00:40:29.760 and so the data that we need most, the data 561 00:40:29.800 --> 00:40:33.960 that's most important, is data that takes a long time 562 00:40:34.199 --> 00:40:40.039 to generate, because it's data on lifespan, on how long 563 00:40:40.840 --> 00:40:44.239 an organism can live when they are given this or 564 00:40:44.360 --> 00:40:48.800 that treatment. Now, the good news is that we don't 565 00:40:48.840 --> 00:40:54.280 necessarily have to work in terms of human lifespan. I 566 00:40:54.320 --> 00:40:57.960 believe it will be good enough to work with any 567 00:40:58.000 --> 00:41:01.480 other mammal like a mouse, for example, and mice only 568 00:41:01.519 --> 00:41:05.320 live maybe two and a half years, so it's not 569 00:41:05.360 --> 00:41:08.400 too bad. But we do have to work with mammals 570 00:41:08.760 --> 00:41:13.679 because we need to inspire humanity. So Jo just mentioned 571 00:41:14.159 --> 00:41:20.239 it is scandalous that there are one thousand times as 572 00:41:20.280 --> 00:41:25.559 many people in Madrid right now for a festival focused 573 00:41:25.599 --> 00:41:30.360 on fruits and vegetables as there are people at this meeting. 574 00:41:30.559 --> 00:41:35.800 It's ridiculous. So we need to change that, and the 575 00:41:35.840 --> 00:41:39.079 only way we will change, that is, by making real 576 00:41:39.159 --> 00:41:44.760 progress in animals that have legs and fur and so on. 577 00:41:45.559 --> 00:41:47.679 It won't be good enough to do it with fruit 578 00:41:47.719 --> 00:41:53.719 flies or nematode worms, all right, So that's why at 579 00:41:53.920 --> 00:41:57.760 LAV Foundation we work with mice. But I will get 580 00:41:57.760 --> 00:41:59.679 to that later. First of all, I want to talk 581 00:41:59.679 --> 00:42:02.039 about it few more things. Let's see if it's working. Okay, 582 00:42:02.079 --> 00:42:07.280 it's great. I'm going to start by giving you my 583 00:42:07.519 --> 00:42:11.320 favorite definition of aging. And I need to do this 584 00:42:11.880 --> 00:42:16.400 because everyone has their own definition of aging. It's appalling, 585 00:42:16.440 --> 00:42:20.760 you know. Aging has been the major, the number one 586 00:42:20.960 --> 00:42:26.400 preoccupation of humanity since the beginning of civilization, and yet 587 00:42:27.000 --> 00:42:30.280 we can't even decide on the way to define it. 588 00:42:30.280 --> 00:42:35.320 It's terrible. So this is my definition for me. Aging 589 00:42:35.840 --> 00:42:40.400 is the combination of two processes. A process on the 590 00:42:40.440 --> 00:42:44.840 left where metabolism creates damage, and that process starts even 591 00:42:44.880 --> 00:42:47.639 before we are born, it goes on throughout our whole life. 592 00:42:48.239 --> 00:42:51.119 And then a second process on the right, where damage 593 00:42:51.199 --> 00:42:55.840 creates pathologies sickness in later later in life. That process 594 00:42:55.840 --> 00:43:00.199 only begins in middle age. All right, So what do 595 00:43:00.239 --> 00:43:05.639 I mean by these two processes. Metabolism is the word 596 00:43:05.719 --> 00:43:11.159 that biologists use to encompass all of the things that 597 00:43:11.199 --> 00:43:13.679 the body does to keep us alive from one day 598 00:43:13.719 --> 00:43:18.679 to the next. And it's a really, really insanely complicated 599 00:43:18.960 --> 00:43:23.800 network of processes, very very hard to understand. We have 600 00:43:23.880 --> 00:43:27.360 a very poor understanding of it in fact. But here 601 00:43:27.360 --> 00:43:34.559 it is. Damage is the set of changes that the 602 00:43:35.440 --> 00:43:40.559 that occur throughout life as a result of metabolism. Now, 603 00:43:40.599 --> 00:43:44.480 this is something that's actually quite easy to understand because 604 00:43:45.280 --> 00:43:50.239 it's

not specific to living organisms. Any man made machine 605 00:43:50.760 --> 00:43:55.039 does damage to itself as a consequence of its normal operation. 606 00:43:56.039 --> 00:44:00.480 It like for a car, for example, creates rust. You know, 607 00:44:01.320 --> 00:44:03.559 if you use a car, it's going to rust. It's 608 00:44:03.599 --> 00:44:07.280 going to accumulate rust. And the key thing that I 609 00:44:07.400 --> 00:44:11.039 just said that matters the most is the word accumulate. 610 00:44:11.800 --> 00:44:15.639 Damage continues to accumulate. There is more and more of 611 00:44:15.679 --> 00:44:20.239 it as any machine gets older, and that is just 612 00:44:20.440 --> 00:44:26.840 as true for living machines as for non living machines. Now, 613 00:44:27.559 --> 00:44:30.760 of course, the question is why would I use the 614 00:44:30.800 --> 00:44:36.960 word damage to describe these changes that occur to the 615 00:44:37.000 --> 00:44:41.920 structure and composition of the body as a result of 616 00:44:41.960 --> 00:44:45.119 the body's normal operation, And of course the answer is 617 00:44:45.320 --> 00:44:48.760 the right hand process Here, the body is set up 618 00:44:48.920 --> 00:44:53.239 to tolerate a certain amount of these changes that happen 619 00:44:53.360 --> 00:44:56.840 as a result of being alive, but only a certain amount. 620 00:44:57.519 --> 00:45:01.320 Eventually there is more than that, and that's when the 621 00:45:01.360 --> 00:45:06.440 body's function starts to decline, both physical function and mental function. 622 00:45:07.079 --> 00:45:10.800 And that's what we call the pathologies of late life. 623 00:45:11.760 --> 00:45:14.519 So this is all you need to know in order 624 00:45:14.559 --> 00:45:20.400 to understand aging well enough to be able to think 625 00:45:20.480 --> 00:45:25.239 about how to fix it. Of course, it's important to 626 00:45:25.480 --> 00:45:29.239 understand as much as we can about the details of 627 00:45:29.920 --> 00:45:34.360 these processes and these concepts, but at the top level, 628 00:45:34.599 --> 00:45:38.199 this is enough to start thinking about how we might 629 00:45:39.239 --> 00:45:43.400 do something about aging. So first of all, what is 630 00:45:43.760 --> 00:45:48.039 doing something about aging? In terms of this definition, it's 631 00:45:48.119 --> 00:45:53.239 very simple. We want to separate metabolism from pathology. We 632 00:45:53.280 --> 00:45:57.400 want to allow people to continue living, in other words, 633 00:45:57.840 --> 00:46:03.000 performing metabolism without getting sick, in other words, without the 634 00:46:03.039 --> 00:46:07.519 pathologies emerging. So how would we do that, Well, first 635 00:46:07.599 --> 00:46:11.559 of all, let me talk about pathologies a little more. 636 00:46:13.880 --> 00:46:18.239 If we ask, if you ask anybody in what ways 637 00:46:18.280 --> 00:46:22.599 can people be sick? Then they will give an answer 638 00:46:22.679 --> 00:46:24.960 that looks a bit like what you see on this table. 639 00:46:25.599 --> 00:46:28.400 They will say, well, there are infections that's column one, 640 00:46:28.599 --> 00:46:35.000 things that come from outside. Then there are inherited diseases, 641 00:46:35.440 --> 00:46:38.599 things that a small number of us get as a 642 00:46:38.639 --> 00:46:44.800 result of having genetic different problems in genes that we 643 00:46:44.920 --> 00:46:48.440 inherit from our parents. That's column two. Then there's the 644 00:46:48.440 --> 00:46:56.360 big one, the age related diseases like Alzheimer's, almost all cancers, athereosploitis, 645 00:46:56.440 --> 00:46:59.159 all the things that we are so scared of that 646 00:46:59.239 --> 00:47:04.079 happen later in And then nearly everybody will say that 647 00:47:04.199 --> 00:47:08.599 this fourth category of ways to be sick, which is 648 00:47:08.639 --> 00:47:12.519 not a disease, people call it aging itself, and it 649 00:47:12.559 --> 00:47:16.440 is not even very well defined, things like frailty, things 650 00:47:16.480 --> 00:47:23.360 that consist of declining function without disease. That's what most 651 00:47:23.400 --> 00:47:27.880 people say. And there's a very big problem with that 652 00:47:28.000 --> 00:47:32.599 classification of ways to be sick. The problem is that 653 00:47:33.159 --> 00:47:38.280 the stuff in column three is called diseases and the 654 00:47:38.280 --> 00:47:41.880 stuff in column four is not, And that makes people 655 00:47:42.440 --> 00:47:47.440 believe that the things in column four are inevitable, that 656 00:47:47.480 --> 00:47:52.119 they are off limits to medicine. Even in principle, that 657 00:47:52.199 --> 00:47:55.599 won't do at all, because it's not true. Actually, the 658 00:47:55.679 --> 00:48:00.880 difference between column three and column four is purely semantic. 659 00:48:01.320 --> 00:48:04.599 It's just a matter of terminology. The things in column 660 00:48:04.639 --> 00:48:08.559 three are just the aspects of aging that we have 661 00:48:08.719 --> 00:48:12.639 chosen to give disease like names to, and the things 662 00:48:12.639 --> 00:48:14.159 in column four are the ones that we haven't. 663 00:48:14.199 --> 00:48:14.719 That's all. 664 00:48:15.440 --> 00:48:18.800 So that's really important because everybody knows that the things 665 00:48:18.840 --> 00:48:23.639 in column three are very much not off limits to medicine. 666 00:48:23.880 --> 00:48:25.760 We are spending a lot of money and a lot 667 00:48:25.760 --> 00:48:28.880 of time trying to develop cures for the things in 668 00:48:28.920 --> 00:48:33.000 column three. It hasn't worked, And fundamentally, the reason it 669 00:48:33.039 --> 00:48:39.679 hasn't worked is because we are mostly trying to apply 670 00:48:39.920 --> 00:48:43.519 the same kinds of medicines to column three that we 671 00:48:43.639 --> 00:48:47.119 have already applied to column

one. We are effectively treating 672 00:48:47.159 --> 00:48:49.960 the diseases of old age as if they were infections, 673 00:48:50.360 --> 00:48:54.079 and that's not likely to work. In fact, this is 674 00:48:54.480 --> 00:48:58.239 something that I can also illustrate with reference to my 675 00:48:58.440 --> 00:49:03.679 definition of aging. Remember that our goal is to separate 676 00:49:04.000 --> 00:49:08.880 metabolism from pathology. Well, we could, in principle do this 677 00:49:09.519 --> 00:49:14.719 by separating damage from pathology, and that's what geriatric medicine 678 00:49:14.880 --> 00:49:20.079 today is all about. We try to forget about danage 679 00:49:20.119 --> 00:49:24.599 and to attack the pathologies directly, as if they were infections, 680 00:49:25.079 --> 00:49:29.199 and lo and behold, it doesn't work. It's crazy because, 681 00:49:29.239 --> 00:49:33.480 of course the damage is continuing to accumulate, so anything 682 00:49:33.960 --> 00:49:40.000 that tries to address the consequences of damage is bound 683 00:49:40.239 --> 00:49:45.719 to get to become progressively less effective as time goes on. Now, 684 00:49:47.360 --> 00:49:49.800 I'm not the first person to notice this or to 685 00:49:49.840 --> 00:49:53.679 say this. More than a century ago a few people 686 00:49:53.760 --> 00:49:57.840 began to realize that attacking the pathologies of late life 687 00:49:57.960 --> 00:50:01.519 directly would never work, and they said, we need to 688 00:50:01.559 --> 00:50:06.920 be more preventative in order to separate metabolism from pathology. 689 00:50:07.039 --> 00:50:10.400 We should not try to separate damage from pathology, but 690 00:50:10.519 --> 00:50:15.519 instead we should try to separate metabolism from damage. Going 691 00:50:15.559 --> 00:50:20.079 back to the analogy with a car, this means basically 692 00:50:20.199 --> 00:50:24.440 making the body run more cleanly and create damage more 693 00:50:24.519 --> 00:50:27.840 slowly than it naturally does. And that's where the whole 694 00:50:27.840 --> 00:50:31.159 field of gerontology came from. We looked at the living 695 00:50:31.159 --> 00:50:34.559 world and we said, well, okay, some species live a 696 00:50:34.599 --> 00:50:39.559 lot longer than others. They somehow have better metabolism that 697 00:50:39.639 --> 00:50:42.920 runs more cleanly. So the idea was maybe we can 698 00:50:42.960 --> 00:50:48.400 emulate that if we study aging really well. But it 699 00:50:48.440 --> 00:50:52.239 also hasn't worked. The reason it hasn't worked is partly 700 00:50:52.440 --> 00:50:57.719 what I said earlier, that metabolism is an insanely complicated 701 00:50:57.840 --> 00:51:03.880 network of processes, but worse than that, it's it's a 702 00:51:03.960 --> 00:51:08.599 network of processes that creates damage as an intrinsic feature. 703 00:51:09.400 --> 00:51:15.000 The creation of damage is just inextricably intertwined with the 704 00:51:15.039 -->

00:51:17.679 things that we need metabolism to do to keep us alive. 705 00:51:18.119 --> 00:51:21.800 So that hasn't worked either. So that's why twenty five 706 00:51:21.880 --> 00:51:26.519 years ago I started to focus on a third way 707 00:51:26.800 --> 00:51:30.960 to separate metabolism from pathology, which is, of course, the 708 00:51:31.039 --> 00:51:36.519 maintenance approach. In the maintenance approach, we do not try 709 00:51:36.639 --> 00:51:43.239 to interfere with either of the two processes that comprise aging. Instead, 710 00:51:43.639 --> 00:51:47.440 we separate the processes from each other by going in 711 00:51:47.800 --> 00:51:53.280 and periodically removing some of the damage that metabolism has created. 712 00:51:54.239 --> 00:51:58.800 If we become good at that, then we can let 713 00:51:58.880 --> 00:52:02.840 metabolism create damage at the normal rate. We don't need 714 00:52:02.880 --> 00:52:07.119 to slow that down because by removing damage we can 715 00:52:07.159 --> 00:52:12.559 still prevent it from accumulating to the level that causes 716 00:52:12.599 --> 00:52:17.400 the right hand process that causes pathologies to emerge. Now, 717 00:52:18.280 --> 00:52:21.360 as I said, this is exactly what we already do 718 00:52:21.559 --> 00:52:26.320 successfully with simple man made machines. This car is more 719 00:52:26.360 --> 00:52:30.920 than one hundred years old, and it's working. It's working 720 00:52:31.159 --> 00:52:33.880 just as well as it was the day that it 721 00:52:34.000 --> 00:52:38.239 was built. Why not because it was designed to last 722 00:52:38.239 --> 00:52:41.880 one hundred years. It was probably designed to last ten years. 723 00:52:42.480 --> 00:52:47.880 But here it is preventative maintenance. If it is sufficiently comprehensive, 724 00:52:49.360 --> 00:52:49.920 just works. 725 00:52:50.119 --> 00:52:50.960 It just works. 726 00:52:51.440 --> 00:52:55.800 It completely transcends the idea of any kind of warranty 727 00:52:55.960 --> 00:53:00.679 period on the machine. Now, of course, in order to 728 00:53:00.760 --> 00:53:05.039 implement the maintenance approach, we do need to know some 729 00:53:05.239 --> 00:53:09.679 things about damage. We don't necessarily need to know very 730 00:53:09.760 --> 00:53:14.800 much about the mechanisms that cause damage to be created, 731 00:53:15.440 --> 00:53:17.960 but we do need to know what the damage is. 732 00:53:18.840 --> 00:53:25.599 So back in the year two thousand I created this 733 00:53:25.760 --> 00:53:29.199 classification of damage. This is the left hand side of 734 00:53:29.239 --> 00:53:35.199 this table. These are categories of change that happen in 735 00:53:35.320 --> 00:53:40.199 the body throughout life, and they all can kill you 736 00:53:40.519 --> 00:53:45.079 if they go too far. So for example, loss of cells, 737 00:53:45.559 --> 00:53:48.960 that is simply when cells die and they are not 738 00:53:49.239 --> 00:53:54.679

automatically replaced by the division of other cells, and of 739 00:53:54.719 --> 00:53:57.880 course that happens in various parts of the body. A 740 00:53:58.079 --> 00:54:03.280 very well understood one is Parkinson's disease. Which is caused 741 00:54:03.280 --> 00:54:07.760 by the loss of a particular type of neuron. All right, 742 00:54:07.880 --> 00:54:11.400 so we've got these seven categories. Now we have to 743 00:54:11.440 --> 00:54:14.360 describe how we would repair that, how we would do 744 00:54:14.480 --> 00:54:19.280 preventative maintenance. And it's fairly easy to do that, or 745 00:54:19.320 --> 00:54:21.199 at least I was able to do it twenty five 746 00:54:21.280 --> 00:54:26.719 years ago. In the case of cell loss, the answer is, 747 00:54:27.000 --> 00:54:30.639 of course stem cell therapy. We can put cells into 748 00:54:30.679 --> 00:54:34.920 the body that are of the right type to divide 749 00:54:35.239 --> 00:54:40.760 and transform into replacements for the cells that the body 750 00:54:40.840 --> 00:54:44.320 is not replacing on its own. Most of our cells, 751 00:54:44.760 --> 00:54:48.000 of course, do not need that, because when they die, 752 00:54:48.239 --> 00:54:52.400 the body does replace them by cell division. But some cells, 753 00:54:52.599 --> 00:54:55.679 especially in places like the brain, do not do that. 754 00:54:56.519 --> 00:55:02.719 So stem cell therapy is the naturalative. And indeed stem 755 00:55:02.760 --> 00:55:07.159 cell therapies are now in many like I think five 756 00:55:07.519 --> 00:55:11.840 clinical trials for Parkinson's disease, and everyone is very optimistic 757 00:55:12.000 --> 00:55:15.840 that we will really be able to eliminate Parkinson's disease 758 00:55:16.039 --> 00:55:19.199 in this way. I will not go through all the 759 00:55:19.239 --> 00:55:22.000 rest of these, but of course I can always answer 760 00:55:22.039 --> 00:55:28.599 questions later. So how's it going. Are we making progress? Well? 761 00:55:28.840 --> 00:55:32.599 Even twenty five years ago, stem cells were a very 762 00:55:32.679 --> 00:55:35.719 interesting idea. Lots of people were looking at them. There 763 00:55:35.760 --> 00:55:39.719 was plenty of research. So I have never actually worked 764 00:55:39.960 --> 00:55:43.519 on stem cells because other people were doing it. But 765 00:55:44.400 --> 00:55:46.280 most of the other in fact, really all of the 766 00:55:46.360 --> 00:55:50.079 other categories were at a much earlier stage of development. 767 00:55:50.719 --> 00:55:53.440 There were some of them, you know, I were my 768 00:55:53.480 --> 00:55:57.000 own ideas how to do the maintenance. Mostly it was 769 00:55:57.159 --> 00:56:02.000 ideas that were not being pursued within the biology of aging. 770 00:56:02.480 --> 00:56:07.239 They were being pursued for other reasons. But now, well, 771 00:56:07.320 --> 00:56:10.079 I mean it's not good. We still only have a 772 00:56:10.119 --> 00:56:13.079 few hundred people at this conference, but it's a lot 773 00:56:13.119 --> 00:56:17.159 better than it was. We have a few hundred companies now, 774 00:56:17.639 --> 00:56:21.360 startup companies that are pursuing these things. This is really 775 00:56:21.360 --> 00:56:26.880 good news. And you know, we also have alternative approaches. 776 00:56:27.480 --> 00:56:33.320 We heard a bit yesterday about partial reprogramming, which is 777 00:56:33.440 --> 00:56:38.480 in some cases a very promising way to address cell 778 00:56:38.559 --> 00:56:44.199 loss that's easier in some ways in some cases than 779 00:56:44.360 --> 00:56:49.199 stem cell therapies. It probably won't work to help Parkinson's disease, 780 00:56:49.800 --> 00:56:52.599 but in other cases it may very well help, and 781 00:56:53.480 --> 00:56:55.960 that's really good news. And in fact, all of the 782 00:56:56.000 --> 00:57:04.639 other categories now have multi different ways potentially to be repaired. 783 00:57:05.880 --> 00:57:10.079 So this idea has now become very widely accepted. As 784 00:57:10.280 --> 00:57:15.320 they mentioned, when I first put it forward, it was 785 00:57:15.400 --> 00:57:18.480 quite controversial. A lot of people thought that it was unscientific. 786 00:57:19.000 --> 00:57:23.760 But thirteen years later a group of very eminent scientists, 787 00:57:23.840 --> 00:57:27.960 including Maria Blasco who was here yesterday, put out a 788 00:57:28.000 --> 00:57:31.519 paper called The Hallmarks of Aging, which has become by 789 00:57:31.599 --> 00:57:35.159 far the most highly cited paper in the whole of 790 00:57:35.199 --> 00:57:38.679 the biology of aging this century. And it's basically the 791 00:57:38.679 --> 00:57:41.079 same idea that I had put forward a decade earlier. 792 00:57:41.480 --> 00:57:45.800 So it's very gratifying that this is a concept that 793 00:57:46.320 --> 00:57:53.599 has now become mainstream now. Capedro de modal Haize yesterday 794 00:57:53.880 --> 00:57:57.920 talked about the need to understand aging better, to have 795 00:57:58.519 --> 00:58:03.800 a better theoretical work for aging in order to make progress, 796 00:58:04.280 --> 00:58:08.000 and I agree with Pedro about many things, but I 797 00:58:08.000 --> 00:58:12.239 don't agree with him about that. I think that actually 798 00:58:12.360 --> 00:58:17.400 we already understand aging well enough to be able to 799 00:58:17.480 --> 00:58:22.760 make progress in fixing it. And I often use the 800 00:58:25.119 --> 00:58:31.079 precursor the example of the immune system. The immune system 801 00:58:31.320 --> 00:58:35.119 is a really complicated part of the human body, or 802 00:58:35.159 --> 00:58:39.480 indeed the body of mouse, and we still don't really 803 00:58:39.559 --> 00:58:43.599 understand the immune system very well. In fact, my wife 804 00:58:43.679 --> 00:58:48.039 Natalie Coles gave the talk yesterday about Maria Brannias, who 805 00:58:48.199

--> 00:58:51.199 was the oldest person in the world. When Natalie drew 806 00:58:51.239 --> 00:58:55.280 her blood, there was a particular finding that Natalie highlighted 807 00:58:55.719 --> 00:59:00.599 which we completely don't understand, a very very large population 808 00:59:00.920 --> 00:59:06.199 of a type of white blood cell that is normally 809 00:59:06.320 --> 00:59:09.119 very rare. There were huge numbers of this particular type 810 00:59:09.119 --> 00:59:13.800 of white blood cell in Maria Brownias's blood. 811 00:59:14.159 --> 00:59:16.880 We have no idea what so our understanding is. 812 00:59:16.920 --> 00:59:21.199 Very port but our understanding of the immune system two 813 00:59:21.360 --> 00:59:25.360 hundred years ago was a tiny fraction of what it 814 00:59:25.440 --> 00:59:29.519 is today. We understood very, very nearly nothing about the 815 00:59:29.559 --> 00:59:33.719 immune system. Why do I mention that because two hundred 816 00:59:33.800 --> 00:59:38.679 years ago, a few people took the tiny amount that 817 00:59:38.719 --> 00:59:43.400 they did understand about the immune system, and they thought 818 00:59:43.400 --> 00:59:51.559 about it and developed ideas for addressing infectious diseases using 819 00:59:51.920 --> 00:59:57.840 what they knew, and it worked. Edward Jenner and Louis 820 00:59:57.840 --> 01:00:04.920 Pasteur saved millions and millions and millions of lives just 821 01:00:05.039 --> 01:00:12.440 by inventing really simple elementary medicines like vaccines, or even 822 01:00:12.519 --> 01:00:17.920 just the concept that hygiene is a good idea. Millions 823 01:00:17.920 --> 01:00:23.079 of lives. Despite knowing almost nothing about the nature of 824 01:00:23.119 --> 01:00:27.199 infections and the nature of how the body combats infections, 825 01:00:28.119 --> 01:00:31.119 I believe that we can do the same thing with aging. 826 01:00:32.079 --> 01:00:37.440 We must always remember that the body is on our side. 827 01:00:37.480 --> 01:00:40.559 The body is not fighting us, trying to kill us. 828 01:00:40.880 --> 01:00:44.199 The body is trying to keep us alive. It just 829 01:00:44.599 --> 01:00:48.320 doesn't have all the tools that it needs to keep 830 01:00:48.400 --> 01:00:54.360 us alive forever. So our job as medical researchers and 831 01:00:54.440 --> 01:00:58.639 as medics is simply to give the body a few 832 01:00:58.679 --> 01:01:03.239 more tools, few more things that it can use to 833 01:01:03.400 --> 01:01:08.719 augment what it already has. And those extra tools can 834 01:01:08.760 --> 01:01:15.400 be really primitive in some cases. How do we know that, Well, 835 01:01:15.519 --> 01:01:19.760 the main thing we know is that in mice we 836 01:01:19.920 --> 01:01:26.800 can already extend lifespan quite a bit by various techniques. 837 01:01:27.480 --> 01:01:31.920 There's one technique that is not really relevant to our 838 01:01:32.000 --> 01:01:36.039 work to extend the healthy lives of human beings, and 839 01:01:36.119 --> 01:01:39.039 that is something called calorie restriction. Most of you have 840 01:01:39.079 --> 01:01:42.199 heard of it. It works really pretty well in mice. 841 01:01:43.000 --> 01:01:44.719 You can get them to live quite a bit longer 842 01:01:45.119 --> 01:01:47.840 if you don't give them as much food as they 843 01:01:47.840 --> 01:01:52.960 would like, but it works progressively less well in longer 844 01:01:53.039 --> 01:01:56.519 lived species, and we understand why that is true. It's 845 01:01:56.559 --> 01:02:00.159 really a product of evolution. We just have a weaker 846 01:02:00.039 --> 01:02:05.599 ability to respond to calorie restriction than short lived organisms do. 847 01:02:06.440 --> 01:02:10.280 So I think there is actually too much attention given 848 01:02:10.480 --> 01:02:15.440 to calori restriction and to drugs that emulate calorie restriction. 849 01:02:16.280 --> 01:02:19.519 But we have plenty of other ways now to extend 850 01:02:19.559 --> 01:02:25.039 mouse lifespan. And what's most important is that some of 851 01:02:25.079 --> 01:02:30.320 those ways work well even if you start them in 852 01:02:30.440 --> 01:02:34.280 middle age. Mice normally live about two and a half years. 853 01:02:35.039 --> 01:02:38.960 We're interested in things that work even when you don't 854 01:02:39.039 --> 01:02:42.039 start doing them until the mice are already one and 855 01:02:42.119 --> 01:02:44.800 a half years old, and we've got a lot of 856 01:02:44.840 --> 01:02:50.000 them now, so I believe that we can potentially get 857 01:02:50.320 --> 01:02:54.119 a big increase in lifespan, much more than we can 858 01:02:54.159 --> 01:02:57.920 get with calorie restriction, just by using things that we 859 01:02:58.039 --> 01:03:04.119 already have in our tool. Now I'm talking about mice 860 01:03:04.239 --> 01:03:09.840 rather a lot, right, Why, Well, I don't care about mice. 861 01:03:10.760 --> 01:03:15.440 I know you nobody care about mice. But the thing is, 862 01:03:16.119 --> 01:03:19.039 we do care about mice as a means to an end. 863 01:03:20.039 --> 01:03:25.039 If we really can once we really can make a 864 01:03:25.239 --> 01:03:29.639 huge difference to how long mice live people will believe 865 01:03:30.199 --> 01:03:34.800 the world will believe that soon we will be able 866 01:03:34.840 --> 01:03:38.639 to do the same thing for human beings. We just 867 01:03:38.719 --> 01:03:42.159 need to get there. I've mentioned already most of what 868 01:03:42.199 --> 01:03:46.039 he's on this side, that calory restriction does not work 869 01:03:46.079 --> 01:03:50.480 so well in long lived species. Also, it doesn't work 870 01:03:50.519 --> 01:03:54.199 so well when you start late in life. So you know, 871 01:03:54.599 --> 01:03:59.079 we're making no progress making those approaches work better, and 872 01:03:59.119 --> 01:04:02.840 we will not because it's an evolved response.

But with 873 01:04:03.159 --> 01:04:07.119 damage repair, with the maintenance approach, we have the potential 874 01:04:07.199 --> 01:04:12.360 to go further. So what am I doing about this? Well, 875 01:04:12.400 --> 01:04:17.679 at LAV Foundation, we are trying to do exactly what 876 01:04:17.760 --> 01:04:23.920 I have described. We are taking interventions treatments that other 877 01:04:24.039 --> 01:04:29.599 people have already shown to work in mice starting late 878 01:04:29.639 --> 01:04:32.920 in life, and we are putting them together in the 879 01:04:32.960 --> 01:04:37.559 same mice at the same time. That is the way 880 01:04:37.599 --> 01:04:42.039 that we think we will get bigger results. We think 881 01:04:42.159 --> 01:04:45.440 that we should be able to get an additive effect. 882 01:04:46.480 --> 01:04:49.599 So in the first experiment that we did of this nature, 883 01:04:49.679 --> 01:04:53.400 which started nearly three years ago it ended about six 884 01:04:53.440 --> 01:04:58.840 months ago, we took four treatments. I have them listed here. 885 01:05:00.079 --> 01:05:04.920 One is actually not a maintenance thing, a damage repair thing. 886 01:05:05.639 --> 01:05:09.639 It is a color restriction mimetic. That's to say, it's 887 01:05:09.639 --> 01:05:15.320 a drug which causes which causes the body to think 888 01:05:15.360 --> 01:05:19.360 that it's not getting enough food. And it works pretty well, 889 01:05:19.559 --> 01:05:21.320 but as I say, it will not work so well 890 01:05:21.360 --> 01:05:24.760 in humans. The other three are types of damage repair. 891 01:05:26.159 --> 01:05:31.039 One of them is to give these old mice some 892 01:05:31.679 --> 01:05:36.639 new blood stem cells from young mice. Another one is 893 01:05:36.920 --> 01:05:43.639 to give mice an additional amount of telomerase using gene therapy. 894 01:05:44.039 --> 01:05:47.079 This was inspired actually by some of the work of 895 01:05:47.320 --> 01:05:51.519 doctor Blasco who spoke yesterday. And the third one, which 896 01:05:51.599 --> 01:05:56.599 was also discussed yesterday, was is to give it a synolytic, 897 01:05:57.039 --> 01:06:00.280 a drug that specifically culls off a type of well 898 01:06:00.320 --> 01:06:03.119 that we accumulate during life, and it seems to be 899 01:06:03.119 --> 01:06:06.920 bad for us, and we use this thing called galactose 900 01:06:07.000 --> 01:06:11.280 conjugated livero clacks. Let's say we started when the mice 901 01:06:11.320 --> 01:06:15.039 were already one and a half years old, and well, 902 01:06:15.079 --> 01:06:21.440 it went pretty well well back and again. So in 903 01:06:21.679 --> 01:06:26.679 the female mice, we had ten treatment groups, a group 904 01:06:26.719 --> 01:06:30.480 that was getting all four of these treatments, a group 905 01:06:30.519 --> 01:06:34.159 that was not getting any of them, and eight groups 906 01:06:34.199 --> 01:06:39.960 that were getting some subset of the treatments, and the 907 01:06:40.000 --> 01:06:48.119 result was quite encouraging. The group that we're getting all 908 01:06:48.159 --> 01:06:51.920 of the treatments is denoted by the red line here 909 01:06:51.960 --> 01:06:55.480 the thick red line, and as you can see, they 910 01:06:55.480 --> 01:06:58.920 were doing better than anybody else. On the axis is 911 01:06:58.920 --> 01:07:01.360 the age of the mice, and on the y axis 912 01:07:01.559 --> 01:07:05.079 is the proportion of the mice that we're alive up 913 01:07:05.159 --> 01:07:08.639 to a given age. This is called a Kaplan Meier curve. 914 01:07:09.960 --> 01:07:12.599 And the thick blue line is the control mice that 915 01:07:12.679 --> 01:07:15.880 we're getting none of the treatments, and as you can see, 916 01:07:16.000 --> 01:07:19.519 the mice that were getting some subset of the treatments 917 01:07:19.800 --> 01:07:22.440 were somewhere in the middle. So that's what we hoped for. 918 01:07:22.599 --> 01:07:26.760 We got an additive effect, but we did not do 919 01:07:27.000 --> 01:07:31.519 any better than what calorie restriction can do or indeed 920 01:07:31.519 --> 01:07:34.719 wrap of mice in on its own, which is what 921 01:07:34.760 --> 01:07:37.639 we want to do. We want to get ideally two 922 01:07:37.760 --> 01:07:41.719 or three times as big an effect as we can 923 01:07:42.280 --> 01:07:49.159 with the In this experiment, the male mice, it was 924 01:07:49.239 --> 01:07:53.239 more complicated but basically the same concept, and we made 925 01:07:53.280 --> 01:07:58.480 it many many things about the health of these mice, 926 01:07:59.480 --> 01:08:05.239 like how their memory and their physical agility, their strength, 927 01:08:06.440 --> 01:08:12.679 their hearing, their eyesight, The curvature of the spine is 928 01:08:12.679 --> 01:08:15.480 something that has studied in mist because it changes with age, 929 01:08:15.920 --> 01:08:19.640 so lots of things, and we still have to analyze 930 01:08:19.680 --> 01:08:22.239 a lot of the data that we obtained in this way. 931 01:08:23.000 --> 01:08:25.439 I always like to emphasize that I don't really work 932 01:08:25.479 --> 01:08:29.800 on longevity. I work on health. Longevity is a side 933 01:08:29.840 --> 01:08:33.920 effect of health, and that's why it's important to work 934 01:08:33.960 --> 01:08:36.600 on health. We want to keep people alive for as 935 01:08:36.640 --> 01:08:39.399 long as possible, but the way we will do it 936 01:08:39.439 --> 01:08:43.000 is by keeping them healthy as long as possible. And 937 01:08:43.119 --> 01:08:47.479 of course this is not a new concept. Another thing 938 01:08:47.520 --> 01:08:50.560 that came up yesterday, which a couple of people mentioned, 939 01:08:51.159 --> 01:08:55.600 is that the goal of our work is to add 940 01:08:55.880 --> 01:09:01.279 life to years, not just to add years to life. 941 01:09:01.960 --> 01:09:05.600 I want to highlight that. A lot of

people attempted 942 01:09:05.680 --> 01:09:10.680 to omit, to leave out the word just in that sentence. 943 01:09:11.119 --> 01:09:14.560 People will say the goal is to add life to years, 944 01:09:14.600 --> 01:09:18.319 not years to life, and that's a very very different statement. 945 01:09:19.000 --> 01:09:22.199 It kind of says that adding years to life would 946 01:09:22.239 --> 01:09:26.279 be a bad thing, even if the extra years were 947 01:09:26.359 --> 01:09:31.399 healthy years, and I believe that is nonsense. The longevity 948 01:09:31.520 --> 01:09:37.319 side effect of adding life to years is something that 949 01:09:37.359 --> 01:09:45.079 we must celebrate and not apologize for So what should 950 01:09:45.079 --> 01:09:48.760 we do next? And I said, we were very happy 951 01:09:49.039 --> 01:09:55.960 that our first study combining interventions in life was a 952 01:09:56.079 --> 01:10:00.800 demonstration of the concept. It proved that we could get 953 01:10:01.000 --> 01:10:05.479 an additive effect when we combine things, but we did 954 01:10:05.479 --> 01:10:09.079 not get the effect size that we were hoping for. 955 01:10:10.159 --> 01:10:12.760 So in the next study that we want to do, 956 01:10:13.319 --> 01:10:18.000 which is described in detail at the website at the 957 01:10:18.000 --> 01:10:22.760 top of this slide, we are going to use more interventions. 958 01:10:23.359 --> 01:10:27.319 We are probably going to have eight interventions instead of 959 01:10:27.359 --> 01:10:31.159 only four. That means that the experiment will be even bigger. 960 01:10:31.720 --> 01:10:35.319 The first one used one thousand mice and the second 961 01:10:35.399 --> 01:10:39.520 one will use two thousand mice. All of the interventions 962 01:10:39.560 --> 01:10:44.039 that we will test will be genuine damage repair maintenance, 963 01:10:44.720 --> 01:10:48.359 and they have all been shown to extend life individually, 964 01:10:48.880 --> 01:10:51.159 so we are optimistic that we can get a much 965 01:10:51.159 --> 01:10:54.840 bigger effect when we put them together. Nobody else is 966 01:10:54.920 --> 01:11:01.279 doing this kind of experiment, and that's terrible. We desperately 967 01:11:01.359 --> 01:11:04.920 need a lot of experiments like this because we need 968 01:11:04.960 --> 01:11:09.039 to test things like different doses of each of the interventions. 969 01:11:09.279 --> 01:11:12.720 We can't do that with one study. Even this study, 970 01:11:12.760 --> 01:11:15.359 as I described it here, is going to cost about 971 01:11:15.399 --> 01:11:20.359 six million dollars. Jeff Bezos just gave a few years 972 01:11:20.359 --> 01:11:25.960 ago three billion dollars to a new company, Alta Labs, 973 01:11:26.479 --> 01:11:30.920 to investigate aging. Mahu Khan, who spoke at the beginning 974 01:11:30.960 --> 01:11:38.000 of yesterday's session, leads a group called Evolution in Saudi Arabia, 975 01:11:38.439 --> 01:11:43.520 which is

funded to the tune of one billion dollars 976 01:11:43.600 --> 01:11:48.039 per year for twenty years, and they are not doing 977 01:11:48.039 --> 01:11:51.000 this kind of experiment either. You know, it's got to 978 01:11:51.039 --> 01:11:55.359 be done. It's the quickest way to bring human aging 979 01:11:55.680 --> 01:12:04.439 under proper comprehensive medical control. So, as I said, we 980 01:12:04.760 --> 01:12:08.560 are using more interventions next time because we think it's 981 01:12:08.600 --> 01:12:12.159 got a better chance of giving a big result. But 982 01:12:12.279 --> 01:12:15.720 I want to highlight something that really comes back again 983 01:12:15.840 --> 01:12:20.720 to what rayk Oswell said last night. Progress is accelerating. 984 01:12:20.840 --> 01:12:26.399 It's still fatty slow, but it's really accelerating. In the 985 01:12:26.479 --> 01:12:30.159 time three years ago when we were designing the first study, 986 01:12:30.800 --> 01:12:35.399 we had hardly any choice. The interventions that we used 987 01:12:35.560 --> 01:12:38.760 in our first study were really the only ones that 988 01:12:38.920 --> 01:12:42.359 had been shown to work when you start late in 989 01:12:42.399 --> 01:12:47.399 life in terms of extending mouse lifespan. But in those 990 01:12:47.439 --> 01:12:51.560 three years while we were doing that study. Lots more 991 01:12:52.600 --> 01:12:55.840 have been published, lots of new studies that really seem 992 01:12:55.880 --> 01:12:59.960 to work, and we think it's going to continue to accelerate. 993 01:13:00.600 --> 01:13:05.199 So we are really desperate to get going in doing 994 01:13:05.680 --> 01:13:10.159 this experiment. For those of you who want more details 995 01:13:10.439 --> 01:13:15.199 of the studies that have inspired the inclusion of these 996 01:13:15.319 --> 01:13:20.159 various interventions, please take a photo of this side, because 997 01:13:19.880 --> 01:13:26.399 these numbers are the identifiers in PubMed, the big medical 998 01:13:26.479 --> 01:13:32.399 database that reported all of these things. So very important 999 01:13:32.439 --> 01:13:36.800 to understand that these are recent and they are success stories. 1000 01:13:38.279 --> 01:13:41.199 I'm going to end by talking about some of the 1001 01:13:41.239 --> 01:13:44.720 support that is being given to this work by the 1002 01:13:44.800 --> 01:13:49.199 cryptocurrency community. In the crypto community, there is a lot 1003 01:13:49.359 --> 01:13:52.880 of interest in this work. I often speak at cryptoconferences 1004 01:13:52.920 --> 01:13:57.079 and I'm the only non crypto speaker. The reason I'm 1005 01:13:57.079 --> 01:13:59.720 there is just because there's a big fan base, if 1006 01:13:59.720 --> 01:14:03.600 you like. And some of those fans got together over 1007 01:14:03.600 --> 01:14:08.880 the past several months and they created a token, a 1008 01:14:08.880 --> 01:14:13.359 cryptocurrency token that's called

aubray a U B R A 1009 01:14:13.600 --> 01:14:17.119 I and it's of course, you know, based on me 1010 01:14:17.319 --> 01:14:20.439 and our work, and you can buy it and if 1011 01:14:20.479 --> 01:14:23.920 you do, you will be helping our work. Yeah, we 1012 01:14:23.920 --> 01:14:28.239 we get the transaction fees. You know, we may indue 1013 01:14:28.279 --> 01:14:31.520 course just self some tokens to get some more money. 1014 01:14:31.840 --> 01:14:35.199 So this is good news. The guy Mark there, as 1015 01:14:35.239 --> 01:14:38.960 I'm mentioning there is actually Mark Bernagher who is the 1016 01:14:38.960 --> 01:14:42.199 co founder of another conference series that happens each year, 1017 01:14:42.239 --> 01:14:47.840 and he started in Switzerland and he made his fortune 1018 01:14:47.960 --> 01:14:51.640 in the cryptocurrency world. So that's a great case of 1019 01:14:51.800 --> 01:14:56.239 leading by example. And there's also an AI agent, a 1020 01:14:56.359 --> 01:15:01.000 chat pot that you can you can convert with on 1021 01:15:01.239 --> 01:15:05.920 Twitter on x It's also called Aubrey. Don't forget the 1022 01:15:06.079 --> 01:15:12.000 underscore at the end of the of the r L. Yeah, 1023 01:15:12.079 --> 01:15:17.680 I mean, it's it's pretty amazing. It is modeled on me. Again, 1024 01:15:18.319 --> 01:15:22.239 it is. It gives sensible answers to basically any question. 1025 01:15:22.800 --> 01:15:25.159 I mean, maybe not exactly what I would say, but 1026 01:15:25.199 --> 01:15:30.680 pretty close. And unlike me, it doesn't sleep. It's it 1027 01:15:30.760 --> 01:15:33.880 has much more bandwidth than Little Meat. So that's very 1028 01:15:33.960 --> 01:15:37.159 very good news. And there's even a version of it, 1029 01:15:38.439 --> 01:15:41.000 an audio version. You can talk to it and it 1030 01:15:41.079 --> 01:15:47.520 sounds like me. It's terrifying. And they've done wonderful graphics 1031 01:15:47.520 --> 01:15:53.840 as well. There we go here. You know, you know, 1032 01:15:54.079 --> 01:15:59.239 I don't know what to say, you know, it's pretty incredible, 1033 01:15:59.640 --> 01:16:03.479 so happy about this. So I will just end by 1034 01:16:03.560 --> 01:16:07.399 talking about advocacy. You know, there are many really powerful 1035 01:16:07.439 --> 01:16:10.039 advocates for longevity here. Of course, Hoaseiah is one of 1036 01:16:10.119 --> 01:16:12.960 the most important, and I've been, you know, doing a 1037 01:16:13.000 --> 01:16:15.520 lot of advocacy for the past twenty years as well 1038 01:16:15.560 --> 01:16:19.239 as overseeing a lot of the science. We need a 1039 01:16:19.239 --> 01:16:21.680 war on aging. And when I say that, I do 1040 01:16:21.760 --> 01:16:24.720 not mean something like the war on cancer that happened 1041 01:16:24.760 --> 01:16:29.239 fifty years ago in America. That was very significant in 1042 01:16:29.319 --> 01:16:33.239 terms of the increase in funding for cancer research, but

1043 01:16:33.399 --> 01:16:36.359 in that surul numbers in dollar terms, it was tiny. 1044 01:16:36.840 --> 01:16:40.800 It was imperceptible to the American public. We need a 1045 01:16:40.840 --> 01:16:47.159 war that is on the scale of COVID five years ago. 1046 01:16:48.119 --> 01:16:52.720 Humanity was faced with a new challenge, and humanity faced 1047 01:16:52.720 --> 01:16:57.399 that challenge and took it on and COVID was defeated. 1048 01:16:58.520 --> 01:17:01.920 Think about what happened then. Everything that we thought we 1049 01:17:02.000 --> 01:17:08.760 knew about institutional bureaucracy and regulatory inertia and so on 1050 01:17:09.319 --> 01:17:13.159 just was thrown out of the window. Governments just ignored 1051 01:17:13.239 --> 01:17:16.119 all of the rules that they had created because they 1052 01:17:16.199 --> 01:17:20.479 knew that the priority was to save lives, and yes, 1053 01:17:20.800 --> 01:17:23.920 it was dangerous, and I think we can now say 1054 01:17:24.079 --> 01:17:27.479 that probably quite a lot of people died as a 1055 01:17:27.520 --> 01:17:33.399 result of the haste with which vaccines were developed and distributed, 1056 01:17:33.840 --> 01:17:36.119 and a lot of people are still sick as a 1057 01:17:36.119 --> 01:17:39.159 result of those vaccines. But when I say a lot, 1058 01:17:39.800 --> 01:17:43.920 it's actually a tiny, tiny fraction of the number of 1059 01:17:44.000 --> 01:17:48.119 people whose lives were saved by those vaccines as a 1060 01:17:48.159 --> 01:17:54.840 result of the vaccines being distributed really fast. It was 1061 01:17:54.920 --> 01:17:57.680 less than a year from the time COVID emerged to 1062 01:17:57.800 --> 01:18:03.640 the time that vaccines had been developed distributed globally. Before COVID, 1063 01:18:04.159 --> 01:18:07.880 the quickest that that had ever been done was more 1064 01:18:07.920 --> 01:18:12.600 than ten years. So that is a lesson for humanity. 1065 01:18:13.159 --> 01:18:18.199 When we actually want to fix something, we can and 1066 01:18:18.800 --> 01:18:21.640 a medical thing, and now that we've done it once, 1067 01:18:22.239 --> 01:18:25.760 we can do it again. The problem, of course, is 1068 01:18:25.800 --> 01:18:29.399 that COVID was a new problem, and aging is a 1069 01:18:29.520 --> 01:18:33.000 very very old problem which we have put out of 1070 01:18:33.039 --> 01:18:37.439 our minds. So what we need to do is make 1071 01:18:37.600 --> 01:18:42.640 the public care about aging. When the public care, governments 1072 01:18:42.640 --> 01:18:46.239 will care and everything will just happen. So we need 1073 01:18:46.279 --> 01:18:50.800 to get influences. Joe Rogan, Oprah Winfrey, people like that 1074 01:18:51.479 --> 01:18:55.279 to be up there saying now's the time to have 1075 01:18:55.319 --> 01:18:57.920 a war on aging. And I believe that that will 1076 01:18:57.960 --> 01:19:03.079 happen when the subject matter experts are able to come 1077 01:19:03.119 --> 01:19:06.399 out and say, yes, we have made we have made 1078 01:19:06.479 --> 01:19:11.840 so much progress in mice that now we can actually predict, 1079 01:19:12.800 --> 01:19:17.039 not as precisely as RAID does, but somewhat we can 1080 01:19:17.079 --> 01:19:21.840 predict how soon we will have a chance of bringing 1081 01:19:22.159 --> 01:19:27.359 human aging under medical control. Once the subject matter experts 1082 01:19:27.399 --> 01:19:31.680 in this field find it possible to predict timeframes, which 1083 01:19:31.720 --> 01:19:35.840 I've been doing for twenty years, then I believe the 1084 01:19:35.880 --> 01:19:39.000 war and aging will start. So I will stop there. 1085 01:19:39.520 --> 01:19:42.640 Thank you very much for your attention. Of course, we 1086 01:19:42.680 --> 01:19:46.000 can only do this work because of the money that 1087 01:19:46.479 --> 01:19:49.840 is donated to LED Foundation, so I've put the qr 1088 01:19:49.920 --> 01:19:53.640 cod up there for anyone who wants to help. We 1089 01:19:53.680 --> 01:19:57.239 wrote a review last year which describes the science of 1090 01:19:58.039 --> 01:20:02.199 our work in more detail. That's in the middle, and 1091 01:20:02.560 --> 01:20:05.600 I will be happy to that questions if anyone wants, 1092 01:20:05.720 --> 01:20:07.520 or I'll be here for the whole of today and 1093 01:20:07.560 --> 01:20:11.199 tomorrow actually at SML, so I will enjoy talking to 1094 01:20:11.199 --> 01:20:19.920 all of you. Thank you, I'll give. 1095 01:20:20.359 --> 01:20:21.680 Yeah, thank you. 1096 01:20:21.760 --> 01:20:25.800 Aubrey always giving us such a great perspective of where we. 1097 01:20:25.760 --> 01:20:28.760 Aren't aging auregy. Just hopefully we have some questions for you. 1098 01:20:29.960 --> 01:20:30.800 Let's start with that. 1099 01:20:31.199 --> 01:20:34.279 Any questions in the audience sees the moment. We have 1100 01:20:34.479 --> 01:20:39.520 one from Steve Hobart here Epigelic. 1101 01:20:39.039 --> 01:20:45.960 Cos Yeah, Aubrey, wonderful presentation. I really applaud you for 1102 01:20:46.039 --> 01:20:48.399 your effort in the mouth study. I think it's very 1103 01:20:48.520 --> 01:20:52.960 valuable for the whole field. I had a technical question. 1104 01:20:53.119 --> 01:20:57.199 You probably are very aware of this paper by caba 1105 01:20:57.279 --> 01:21:01.560 Line about the nine hundred day rule in the control 1106 01:21:01.680 --> 01:21:04.680 the median survival should be nine hundred days. I very 1107 01:21:04.720 --> 01:21:07.880 carefully looked at the Kavlin myograph. I didn't quite see it, 1108 01:21:07.920 --> 01:21:09.600 but maybe you could comment on it. 1109 01:21:09.720 --> 01:21:11.880 Yeah, so this is a very important thing. A lot 1110 01:21:12.039 --> 01:21:16.079 of the work that is published in this field and 1111 01:21:16.159 --> 01:21:19.439 that gets you know, general audience headlines and so on,

1112 01:21:20.039 --> 01:21:23.239 really isn't actually as significant as people say it is. 1113 01:21:23.600 --> 01:21:27.479 And the reason it isn't so significant is because the 1114 01:21:27.640 --> 01:21:31.920 comparison that is being shown is between mice that get 1115 01:21:32.039 --> 01:21:35.279 some treatment and mice that don't. But the mice that 1116 01:21:35.479 --> 01:21:38.840 don't get the treatment don't live very long that they're 1117 01:21:38.880 --> 01:21:43.000 impaired in some way. Maybe they only live to let's 1118 01:21:43.039 --> 01:21:45.279 say two years instead of two and a half years. 1119 01:21:45.520 --> 01:21:48.920 That doesn't sound very different. But if the amount of 1120 01:21:49.119 --> 01:21:52.520 life extension that you're getting is only let's say three months, 1121 01:21:53.119 --> 01:21:57.279 then that means that your treated mice are still living 1122 01:21:57.359 --> 01:22:02.119 less long than normal treated mice in somebody else's lab, 1123 01:22:02.520 --> 01:22:06.279 and that's not good. So it's very important to use 1124 01:22:06.880 --> 01:22:11.680 long lived controls, and that determines first of all, which 1125 01:22:11.760 --> 01:22:15.520 strain of mice you use. We use a strain called 1126 01:22:15.520 --> 01:22:19.079 Black six, which is actually used by most longevity researchers, 1127 01:22:19.560 --> 01:22:21.640 and they lived about two and a half years nine 1128 01:22:21.720 --> 01:22:27.479 hundred days on average, So that's what we are aiming for, 1129 01:22:27.880 --> 01:22:32.079 and actually in our next experiment we plan to give 1130 01:22:32.199 --> 01:22:36.000 all of our mice a calorie restriction mimetic wrap of micin, 1131 01:22:36.399 --> 01:22:39.720 which will probably mean that the mice live on average 1132 01:22:40.079 --> 01:22:45.479 to nearly one thousand days without any other treatments. In 1133 01:22:45.520 --> 01:22:48.760 our first study, we didn't quite get to nine hundred days. 1134 01:22:48.960 --> 01:22:51.680 We got to about eight hundred and fifty days, so 1135 01:22:51.960 --> 01:22:54.159 that's not quite where we'd like to be, but it's 1136 01:22:54.239 --> 01:22:57.479 close enough that someone like Matt Cablin would probably not 1137 01:22:57.520 --> 01:23:00.600 well has not complained doctors. 1138 01:23:00.640 --> 01:23:02.399 Great, thank you so much for the talk. 1139 01:23:03.840 --> 01:23:06.000 I think you have a unique gift for clarity and 1140 01:23:06.079 --> 01:23:10.119 bringing people together. I wanted to ask your opinion on 1141 01:23:10.479 --> 01:23:13.359 the topic. So, as you said, the immune system has 1142 01:23:13.359 --> 01:23:17.880 been manipulated with elementary medicines such as vaccines, even when 1143 01:23:17.920 --> 01:23:23.640 the knowledge of it was reductive at least now, for instance, 1144 01:23:23.680 --> 01:23:27.560 companies like Omniscope are part of the foray into deeply 1145 01:23:27.800 --> 01:23:31.319 understanding that system. And you said we need a war 1146 01:23:31.359 --> 01:23:35.399 and aging similar to COVID, and COVID arguably was a 1147 01:23:35.640 --> 01:23:40.840 public health intervention to reprogram the human immune system en mass. 1148 01:23:41.520 --> 01:23:43.840 Since the immune system is one of the whole marks 1149 01:23:43.840 --> 01:23:48.039 of aging. Do you see in the future immune system 1150 01:23:48.359 --> 01:23:53.079 reprogramming as a part of geroscience, as was featured in 1151 01:23:53.119 --> 01:23:54.800 your tables of interventions. 1152 01:23:54.960 --> 01:23:55.600 I'm curious to. 1153 01:23:55.600 --> 01:24:00.119 See how far you think we can push that to 1154 01:24:00.520 --> 01:24:03.880 advance health span now that we have an immensely deeper 1155 01:24:03.960 --> 01:24:06.159 understanding all the way to cellular therapies. 1156 01:24:06.359 --> 01:24:10.359 Right, great question. So absolutely, we need to rejuvenate the 1157 01:24:10.359 --> 01:24:13.800 immune system, just as we need to rejuvenate every other 1158 01:24:13.880 --> 01:24:18.920 system in the body. The immune system has an extraordinarily 1159 01:24:19.079 --> 01:24:24.319 pervasive role in keeping us alive and keeping us healthy, 1160 01:24:24.600 --> 01:24:29.319 not only eliminating infections or so eliminating almost all of 1161 01:24:29.399 --> 01:24:34.600 the incipient cancers that we would otherwise get. But I 1162 01:24:34.600 --> 01:24:37.800 would like to emphasize that what we are doing in 1163 01:24:37.800 --> 01:24:40.239 this field, what Ominoscope is doing, what other people are doing, 1164 01:24:40.479 --> 01:24:45.119 is not really an attempt to understand the immune system better. 1165 01:24:45.760 --> 01:24:50.680 It's a way of characterizing describing the immune system. But 1166 01:24:50.840 --> 01:24:54.279 whether that leads to more understanding remains to be seen. 1167 01:24:54.520 --> 01:24:58.680 And that's okay. If we can rejuvenate the immune system, 1168 01:24:58.960 --> 01:25:01.000 put it back into the state that it was at 1169 01:25:01.039 --> 01:25:04.840 a younger age, then we don't really need to understand 1170 01:25:04.960 --> 01:25:08.760 why that system works better than an old immune system. 1171 01:25:09.039 --> 01:25:13.840 Another great, really important example, which actually Steve Forbath was 1172 01:25:13.880 --> 01:25:18.439 involved with a couple of years ago, is to rejuvenate 1173 01:25:18.920 --> 01:25:22.880 a very important component of the immune system called the thymus. 1174 01:25:23.039 --> 01:25:26.920 This is an organ that creates a big subset of 1175 01:25:26.960 --> 01:25:32.159 our white blood cells called tea cells, and it's atrophies 1176 01:25:32.319 --> 01:25:36.439 really early in life, like in early adulthood. We get 1177 01:25:36.479 --> 01:25:39.520 away with that. It's kind of evolution allows it to 1178 01:25:39.640 --> 01:25:43.880 atrophy because

by the time at agrophies, it has already 1179 01:25:43.920 --> 01:25:49.000 created a population of T cells. That keeps us pretty 1180 01:25:49.039 --> 01:25:53.359 healthy for decades after that, so we kind of don't 1181 01:25:53.359 --> 01:25:55.840 need to make anymore. But of course, now that we 1182 01:25:55.880 --> 01:25:57.920 are living so long, we do need to make more. 1183 01:25:58.279 --> 01:26:03.399 So rejuvenating the thyma is an absolutely essential part. But again, 1184 01:26:03.800 --> 01:26:07.439 we don't really understand everything about how the thymus works. 1185 01:26:07.800 --> 01:26:09.399 We understand a hell of a lot more than we 1186 01:26:09.439 --> 01:26:11.479 did two hundred years ago, but there's plenty that we 1187 01:26:11.520 --> 01:26:13.760 don't understand, and that's fine. 1188 01:26:14.720 --> 01:26:15.640 Just a brief question. 1189 01:26:15.720 --> 01:26:17.680 Then then we have ten It's good to have time 1190 01:26:17.720 --> 01:26:20.720 and frames to make the change. It's also good to 1191 01:26:20.760 --> 01:26:24.000 have orders of magnitude. How big do you think we 1192 01:26:24.000 --> 01:26:26.800 should use a mice to fight aging? 1193 01:26:26.880 --> 01:26:27.359 Right now? 1194 01:26:27.479 --> 01:26:27.960 How many? 1195 01:26:28.239 --> 01:26:29.399 How bigger should it be? 1196 01:26:29.720 --> 01:26:31.960 Right? So this is a really important question. One of 1197 01:26:32.000 --> 01:26:34.800 the concepts that I introduced many years ago is the 1198 01:26:34.840 --> 01:26:38.399 concept of longevity escape velocity, which we mentioned earlier, and 1199 01:26:38.439 --> 01:26:42.800 the idea here is that if we can postpone the 1200 01:26:42.920 --> 01:26:46.239 health problems of late life, so that means column three 1201 01:26:46.279 --> 01:26:49.520 and column four in that table I put up, if 1202 01:26:49.560 --> 01:26:53.600 we can postpone those things by twenty years, then we're 1203 01:26:53.600 --> 01:26:56.479 basically done. We've done the hard part of being aging 1204 01:26:56.560 --> 01:27:02.159 under comprehensive medical control because basically, in twenty years we 1205 01:27:02.359 --> 01:27:05.840 can be very sure that we will improve those treatments 1206 01:27:06.279 --> 01:27:09.199 so that we can give the same people who are 1207 01:27:09.239 --> 01:27:13.760 twenty years older some new rejuvenation that will give them 1208 01:27:13.760 --> 01:27:17.319 another twenty years and so on. So it's the reason 1209 01:27:17.359 --> 01:27:19.560 I use the tern escape velocity is because it's a 1210 01:27:19.560 --> 01:27:23.680 bit like gravitational escape velocity. If you fire something up 1211 01:27:23.720 --> 01:27:26.680 into the sky at a slow speed, it comes back down, 1212 01:27:27.119 --> 01:27:29.960 but there is a certain speed above which it doesn't 1213 01:27:29.960 --> 01:27:33.840 come back down, So that's kind of similar. Now, it 1214 01:27:33.880 --> 01:27:38.039 turns out if you think about that, that longevity escape 1215 01:27:38.079 --> 01:27:43.640 velocity is easier to achieve for long lived species than 1216 01:27:43.680 --> 01:27:47.319 it is for short lived species. That's the other way 1217 01:27:47.319 --> 01:27:50.920 around from everything we normally think about in the biology 1218 01:27:50.960 --> 01:27:55.239 of aging. Normally, long lived species are harder to help, 1219 01:27:55.560 --> 01:27:57.760 but in the case of longevity escape velocity, you know, 1220 01:27:57.960 --> 01:28:00.880 it's touch and go. Whether we will ever reach LV 1221 01:28:01.479 --> 01:28:05.239 with cats or dogs, I am certain that we will 1222 01:28:05.279 --> 01:28:08.800 never achieve it with mice because even if you double 1223 01:28:08.840 --> 01:28:12.159 the life span of mice, you will not have enough 1224 01:28:12.199 --> 01:28:14.640 time to figure out what to do next to double 1225 01:28:14.680 --> 01:28:17.720 the same mice as a lifespan again. All right, so 1226 01:28:17.800 --> 01:28:21.439 what do we need to achieve? Well, I have defined, 1227 01:28:21.720 --> 01:28:26.039 maybe rather arbitrarily, a threshold which I call robust Mouse 1228 01:28:26.119 --> 01:28:31.960 rejuvenation RMR, and that threshold is to take middle aged mice, 1229 01:28:32.039 --> 01:28:34.159 as I mentioned, mice that are already one and a 1230 01:28:34.239 --> 01:28:39.199 half years old, and to give them an extra year 1231 01:28:39.520 --> 01:28:43.119 of life, an extra twelve months, so that they on 1232 01:28:43.159 --> 01:28:45.680 average live to three and a half instead of two 1233 01:28:45.720 --> 01:28:49.119 and a half years. Now, why did I chuse that threshold, 1234 01:28:49.560 --> 01:28:54.920 Because what we can currently do is four months. We 1235 01:28:54.960 --> 01:28:57.680 can take mice that are one and a half years 1236 01:28:57.720 --> 01:29:00.439 old normally live to nine hundred days. We can get 1237 01:29:00.479 --> 01:29:03.680 them out to slightly over one thousand days, maybe twelve 1238 01:29:03.760 --> 01:29:07.000 hundred maybe sorry, maybe one thousand and thirty or one 1239 01:29:07.039 --> 01:29:10.359 thousand and fifty if you're lucky. Now, the thing is, 1240 01:29:10.399 --> 01:29:14.119 we could do that half a century ago. We've made 1241 01:29:14.239 --> 01:29:18.319 no progress. Jeff Pedro mentioned this yesterday. You know, we 1242 01:29:18.439 --> 01:29:21.640 have it's pitif how much we have failed to do. 1243 01:29:22.319 --> 01:29:24.680 So that means if we can get twelve months, that's 1244 01:29:24.720 --> 01:29:28.159 three times the effect size. That would be really dramatic. 1245 01:29:28.399 --> 01:29:31.239 It wouldn't be longevity escape velocity, but it would be 1246 01:29:31.319 --> 01:29:35.640 dramatic enough for people for all the subject matter experts 1247 01:29:35.680 --> 01:29:37.359 to go out there saying, yes, we are in a 1248 01:29:37.399 -->

01:29:40.800 different world. So that's my threshold. I think, thank you. 1249 01:29:40.800 --> 01:29:43.319 For that thorough answer. Thank you, doctor Augum. 1250 01:29:43.520 --> 01:29:43.960 Thank you. 1251 01:29:47.039 --> 01:29:49.720 So now is the time for my coauthor to give 1252 01:29:49.800 --> 01:29:53.960 up a fantastic presentation. Okay, if there is another picture 1253 01:29:54.199 --> 01:30:02.279 like this, a fantastic presentation about their longevity. So welcome David. 1254 01:30:02.439 --> 01:30:03.479 Thank you so much. 1255 01:30:10.640 --> 01:30:13.840 So I will talk about the death of death later, 1256 01:30:14.439 --> 01:30:17.560 but I will start by building on the very interesting 1257 01:30:17.600 --> 01:30:23.600 and valuable presentations of both Dylan and Angel. I will 1258 01:30:23.640 --> 01:30:26.920 talk about the longevity dividend, but I'll talk about a 1259 01:30:27.000 --> 01:30:31.119 problem with the longevity dividend, which i'll call the longevity 1260 01:30:31.279 --> 01:30:34.840 dividend paradox, and I'll also talk about how we can 1261 01:30:35.159 --> 01:30:39.560 solve that paradox and take full advantage of the dividend. 1262 01:30:40.199 --> 01:30:45.640 I'll start with our frightening chart. Various people are frightened 1263 01:30:45.840 --> 01:30:50.319 by this chart. On the x axis is increasing age, 1264 01:30:50.399 --> 01:30:55.319 and on the vertical axis is the annual cost of 1265 01:30:55.600 --> 01:30:59.359 somebody of that age to their health service. This is 1266 01:30:59.399 --> 01:31:02.880 based on searched on the UK, but I'm fairly sure 1267 01:31:02.920 --> 01:31:06.000 it would be similar throughout the world. So a ten 1268 01:31:06.079 --> 01:31:09.640 year old, for example, costs a little bit less than 1269 01:31:09.840 --> 01:31:13.239 one thousand British pounds on average to the health service. 1270 01:31:14.800 --> 01:31:18.199 Sixty year old costs about two thousand, and sundry in 1271 01:31:18.199 --> 01:31:22.039 their mid eighties cost five thousand. And in case you're 1272 01:31:22.079 --> 01:31:26.439 wondering what the strange little bump is, can you guess 1273 01:31:27.239 --> 01:31:31.319 that's for women of a child bearing age that need 1274 01:31:31.680 --> 01:31:35.399 services in connections with their pregnancy and childbirth. But the 1275 01:31:35.439 --> 01:31:39.319 biggest finding in this chart is, of course, it's older 1276 01:31:39.359 --> 01:31:43.399 people who cost the health service more, and that's because 1277 01:31:43.640 --> 01:31:49.760 these older people have more infirmities, multiple things wrong. There 1278 01:31:49.840 --> 01:31:53.079 is a famous statistic from the US looking at medicare, 1279 01:31:53.520 --> 01:31:57.600 which points out that twenty eight percent of medicare is 1280 01:31:57.640 --> 01:31:59.159 spent on people. 1281 01:31:58.920 --> 01:32:00.840 In the last year of their lives. 1282 01:32:01.960 --> 01:32:04.359 Now

what frightens people as they imagine what's going to 1283 01:32:04.399 --> 01:32:08.800 happen if people live even longer, and they're worried that 1284 01:32:08.880 --> 01:32:11.880 this chart is going to keep on going up and up, 1285 01:32:12.439 --> 01:32:15.560 with more costs with more old people, and even more 1286 01:32:15.600 --> 01:32:18.520 costs with even more old people, which is why some 1287 01:32:18.600 --> 01:32:23.079 politicians in unguarded moments say I wish these old folk 1288 01:32:23.159 --> 01:32:28.359 would hurry up and die, not when the journalists are listening. 1289 01:32:28.119 --> 01:32:31.800 But they are afraid. And I think it's true. 1290 01:32:31.960 --> 01:32:34.960 If we had a continuation of normal aging, it would 1291 01:32:35.000 --> 01:32:37.960 be more expensive. But the idea of the longevity dividend 1292 01:32:38.039 --> 01:32:45.039 is that superageous actually don't cost more. And if more 1293 01:32:45.079 --> 01:32:48.199 people can be treated so that they are super ages, 1294 01:32:48.720 --> 01:32:52.079 this graph will move down and to the right. It 1295 01:32:52.119 --> 01:32:56.119 will move down at all ages, including early middle age, 1296 01:32:56.439 --> 01:32:57.960 and it will certainly move down. 1297 01:32:58.039 --> 01:32:58.720 At the top. 1298 01:32:59.680 --> 01:33:03.479 What I mean by superages, there is an actual definition 1299 01:33:03.520 --> 01:33:07.760 of the term. This is a picture of four famous superages, 1300 01:33:07.920 --> 01:33:10.439 their Can siblings. 1301 01:33:10.520 --> 01:33:11.239 On the left. 1302 01:33:11.399 --> 01:33:14.439 Helen, the oldest of the four, was nine years old. 1303 01:33:14.479 --> 01:33:17.600 On the right. They regrouped more than ninety years later. 1304 01:33:18.199 --> 01:33:20.840 All four of them lived beyond one hundred, and they 1305 01:33:20.840 --> 01:33:25.680 were remarkably healthy right through their lives, with little need 1306 01:33:25.720 --> 01:33:29.840 for health care. Two of them actually lived until nearly 1307 01:33:29.840 --> 01:33:32.960 one hundred and nine, and Irving Can was working two 1308 01:33:33.039 --> 01:33:36.680 days a week with pleasure right up into this one 1309 01:33:36.760 --> 01:33:42.199 hundred and ninth year. A superager is defined as somebody 1310 01:33:42.239 --> 01:33:47.840 who doesn't have cardiovascular disease or cancer, or diabetes or 1311 01:33:47.880 --> 01:33:51.479 cognitive decline by the age of ninety five, which is 1312 01:33:51.479 --> 01:33:55.119 why they don't cost the health service so much. Another example, 1313 01:33:57.119 --> 01:33:58.600 another example. 1314 01:33:59.600 --> 01:34:00.399 Is this lady. 1315 01:34:01.479 --> 01:34:05.079 Her name is Ethel Caterum from Surrey. She actually lives 1316 01:34:05.079 --> 01:34:07.439 about twenty miles from where I do. She's one hundred 1317 01:34:07.439 --> 01:34:09.479 and sixteen years old. 1318 01:34:10.039 --> 01:34:11.239 She is actually now. 1319 01:34:11.119 --> 01:34:14.119 The oldest woman in the world, and she is the 1320 01:34:14.199 --> 01:34:18.039 oldest British person ever. And she might look a little 1321 01:34:18.119 --> 01:34:21.039 bit stiff here, but if you look at the sky 1322 01:34:21.239 --> 01:34:25.359 News video of her talking with King Charles, she's full 1323 01:34:25.399 --> 01:34:28.960 of life and vitality, and she's cheekily talking about well, 1324 01:34:29.000 --> 01:34:32.600 fifty years ago, all the pretty women in Europe wanted 1325 01:34:32.600 --> 01:34:35.720 to marry you, didn't they. And he laughed at that, 1326 01:34:36.119 --> 01:34:38.840 and he needed some light relief because the two previous 1327 01:34:38.920 --> 01:34:42.680 days King Charles had to babysit Donald Trump, which. 1328 01:34:42.520 --> 01:34:44.199 Is a real ordeal for him. 1329 01:34:44.760 --> 01:34:48.319 Now, this woman Edith Caterum, she has no public record 1330 01:34:48.600 --> 01:34:52.680 of any major disease. She was a COVID survivor, but 1331 01:34:53.359 --> 01:34:56.279 despite her great age, she has not cost the health 1332 01:34:56.319 --> 01:35:00.760 service extra money. Another super age that I like a 1333 01:35:00.760 --> 01:35:05.199 lot is this gentleman. His name is Leonard Barnett Baden. 1334 01:35:05.319 --> 01:35:08.680 He was the UK chess champion in nineteen fifty four. 1335 01:35:09.439 --> 01:35:14.600 He is also the chess correspondent for the Guardian newslet paper. 1336 01:35:15.159 --> 01:35:21.159 He has been writing columns every week since September nineteen 1337 01:35:21.199 --> 01:35:24.760 fifty five. He has never missed a deadline. He is 1338 01:35:24.920 --> 01:35:31.159 now ninety six years old and no break and his 1339 01:35:31.439 --> 01:35:36.159 articles are still in high demand by top class chess 1340 01:35:36.199 --> 01:35:41.560 players because they are full of insight and intelligence. Ninety 1341 01:35:41.600 --> 01:35:44.600 six years old. Now you may think these are just 1342 01:35:44.800 --> 01:35:50.199 individual statistical anomalies, but thankfully is some statistics. If you 1343 01:35:50.239 --> 01:35:52.399 go back to the UK and look at how much 1344 01:35:52.479 --> 01:35:55.880 does somebody cost the NHS and the last year of 1345 01:35:55.920 --> 01:35:59.960 their life, if you go beyond eighty, actually it comes 1346 01:36:00.159 --> 01:36:02.880 down so somebody who lives to more than one hundred 1347 01:36:03.079 --> 01:36:06.279 doesn't cost so much in the last year of their life. 1348 01:36:07.039 --> 01:36:11.000 And the figures in Japan are even more striking. Now 1349 01:36:11.039 --> 01:36:12.960 sometimes when you see a graph like this, you might 1350 01:36:13.039 --> 01:36:16.600 wonder has the zero been missed out? But no, this 1351 01:36:16.760 --> 01:36:20.479 is an accurate graph. The people who die over the 1352 01:36:20.520 --> 01:36:24.600 age of one hundred and

five costs only seventy percent. Sorry, 1353 01:36:24.720 --> 01:36:27.359 they cost seventy percent less in that final year of 1354 01:36:27.399 --> 01:36:32.239 their life than people dying between seventy five and seventy nine. 1355 01:36:32.840 --> 01:36:35.680 I've only managed to find figures for two countries, and 1356 01:36:35.720 --> 01:36:38.119 there's a bit of difference there. So if anybody's looking 1357 01:36:38.159 --> 01:36:41.600 for a project for their university studies or as a 1358 01:36:41.640 --> 01:36:44.960 citizen scientist, I invite you to dig out more such 1359 01:36:45.119 --> 01:36:49.680 data and explore it. But this is the longevityate dividend. 1360 01:36:50.399 --> 01:36:53.359 This is the principle that if you remain healthy for 1361 01:36:53.439 --> 01:36:58.159 longer like these superages do, it has major economic benefits. 1362 01:36:58.520 --> 01:37:01.439 What kinds of benefits? Of course, they are less cost 1363 01:37:01.680 --> 01:37:04.479 for the health service. There are less cost for your 1364 01:37:04.520 --> 01:37:07.520 family members. They don't have to take time off work 1365 01:37:07.560 --> 01:37:09.800 and cut into their career to look after you when 1366 01:37:09.880 --> 01:37:11.399 you get old and frail. 1367 01:37:11.720 --> 01:37:12.800 Even more than that. 1368 01:37:12.840 --> 01:37:17.000 They are contributing to the economy as producers like Irvin 1369 01:37:17.159 --> 01:37:21.119 Can doing his investment trading on behalf of his clients 1370 01:37:21.199 --> 01:37:23.640 right up until nearly one hundred and nine years old, 1371 01:37:24.079 --> 01:37:28.279 and as consumers as well. So people talk about their 1372 01:37:28.520 --> 01:37:32.159 silver economy or even their silver tsunami. 1373 01:37:32.279 --> 01:37:35.119 What happened there? Silver tsunami. 1374 01:37:37.039 --> 01:37:39.239 Isn't This isn't the final version of my slides for 1375 01:37:39.279 --> 01:37:43.359 some reason. Sorry, Now can we quantify this in terms 1376 01:37:43.399 --> 01:37:46.239 of how much money could be saved? And this is 1377 01:37:46.399 --> 01:37:52.000 the basic calculation behind The longevity dividend was first done 1378 01:37:52.039 --> 01:37:56.600 by these two economists from the Universe from University of Chicago. 1379 01:37:57.079 --> 01:38:02.000 They calculated that between nineteen seventy and two thousand, the 1380 01:38:02.680 --> 01:38:06.560 increased longevity, the fact that people remained active in contributing 1381 01:38:06.600 --> 01:38:11.119 to the economy at longer older age, contributed ninety five 1382 01:38:11.359 --> 01:38:15.279 trillion dollars over that period. Now, it did cost some 1383 01:38:15.319 --> 01:38:17.880 more money because people who previously would have died in 1384 01:38:17.960 --> 01:38:21.720 middle aged they cost some money in health services to 1385 01:38:21.840 --> 01:38:25.880 keep them alive. And these economists estimated that that costs 1386 01:38:26.159 --> 01:38:28.880 thirty four trillion, in which case there was a massive 1387 01:38:28.960 --> 01:38:33.479 sixty one trillion saving. And other economists such as William 1388 01:38:33.520 --> 01:38:35.680 Nordhouse has and his own calculations. 1389 01:38:35.720 --> 01:38:37.880 He says that maybe. 1390 01:38:37.840 --> 01:38:42.960 Forty percent of the growth in general national product is 1391 01:38:43.039 --> 01:38:45.640 due to people living longer and being active in the 1392 01:38:45.680 --> 01:38:50.039 economy longer. So that all happened without anybody sitting down 1393 01:38:50.079 --> 01:38:52.920 and saying, let's make it happen. That all happened without 1394 01:38:52.920 --> 01:38:55.159 people sitting down and said, hey, this is a good thing, 1395 01:38:55.560 --> 01:38:56.920 let's try and have more of it. 1396 01:38:57.520 --> 01:38:59.640 And the first people to say let's. 1397 01:38:59.439 --> 01:39:02.039 Have more of it, they wrote this article in The 1398 01:39:02.119 --> 01:39:08.479 Scientist in two thousand and six four Distinguished Gerontologists for 1399 01:39:08.800 --> 01:39:14.239 Distinguished Gerontologists Jael Shansky and others, and they basically argued, 1400 01:39:14.680 --> 01:39:19.399 it is economically sensible, that is financially wise, for society 1401 01:39:19.479 --> 01:39:24.920 to prioritize research not just into diseases of aging, not 1402 01:39:25.079 --> 01:39:28.239 just into individual aspects of aging, but aging as a 1403 01:39:28.239 --> 01:39:32.159 common root cause which can be addressed. They didn't use 1404 01:39:32.199 --> 01:39:36.319 the word then, but neuroscience was invented shortly afterwards to 1405 01:39:36.439 --> 01:39:39.880 capture this notion, and they wrote it up in more detailed. 1406 01:39:39.880 --> 01:39:43.119 They said, here's how much money is being spent already. 1407 01:39:43.560 --> 01:39:45.159 It's pitifully small. 1408 01:39:45.840 --> 01:39:48.640 Yes, there is budget going into diseases, but it's almost 1409 01:39:48.680 --> 01:39:52.600 always into trying to cure diseases after they've developed, and 1410 01:39:52.640 --> 01:39:57.159 there's very little going into actual aging like such, very 1411 01:39:57.199 --> 01:40:00.279 little going into what we call neuroscience. They said, please, please, 1412 01:40:00.680 --> 01:40:04.560 members of the US Congress, don't just give us thirty 1413 01:40:05.000 --> 01:40:09.359 five million, give us more like one billion to research 1414 01:40:09.399 --> 01:40:11.840 into this. And if you do this, we expect that 1415 01:40:11.960 --> 01:40:14.920 over a period of time we will delay slow down 1416 01:40:14.960 --> 01:40:18.760 aging by about seven years, so that these costs aren't 1417 01:40:19.000 --> 01:40:20.920 coming soon and we'll have more time. 1418 01:40:21.760 --> 01:40:22.279 So did the. 1419 01:40:22.279 --> 01:40:27.399 US Congress listen did politicians around Europe and the

US say. 1420 01:40:27.279 --> 01:40:33.479 Yeah, great idea. No they did not. Now in some 1421 01:40:33.520 --> 01:40:34.920 countries it's a little bit better. 1422 01:40:35.000 --> 01:40:38.319 Saudi Arabia have put some money into this recently, Singapore 1423 01:40:38.399 --> 01:40:40.079 has put some money into this recently. 1424 01:40:40.560 --> 01:40:41.479 But it's still. 1425 01:40:41.319 --> 01:40:45.319 Only a fraction of what a sensible economic argument would 1426 01:40:45.319 --> 01:40:46.560 say should be done. 1427 01:40:46.680 --> 01:40:49.079 And that is the longevity dividend. 1428 01:40:48.760 --> 01:40:52.520 Paradox that although there's a strong economic argument, and you 1429 01:40:52.600 --> 01:40:56.399 heard it also from Dylan, politicians aren't acting on it. 1430 01:40:56.880 --> 01:41:00.720 And the question is why not? And I'm going to 1431 01:41:00.760 --> 01:41:04.399 offer you four reasons which people tell me when I 1432 01:41:04.439 --> 01:41:07.279 talk to them. I'll put them all on this chart, 1433 01:41:07.560 --> 01:41:10.800 and then I'll spend the rest of my presentations analyzing 1434 01:41:10.840 --> 01:41:13.680 these four answers and what, if necessary, can be done 1435 01:41:13.720 --> 01:41:16.199 about them. The first is some people say, this kind 1436 01:41:16.239 --> 01:41:19.000 of thing isn't what governments should do. You know, it 1437 01:41:19.039 --> 01:41:22.520 should be left to vcs and the marvels of the 1438 01:41:22.560 --> 01:41:24.840 free market. There's no need for government to come along 1439 01:41:25.119 --> 01:41:26.600 and put money into this kind. 1440 01:41:26.479 --> 01:41:30.279 Of preventative measures. Other people say, well, there is a paradox, 1441 01:41:30.359 --> 01:41:32.520 but it's a paradox in human nature. 1442 01:41:33.079 --> 01:41:37.520 We humans don't like doing unpleasant things to prevent diseases. 1443 01:41:37.840 --> 01:41:38.880 We just want to keep on. 1444 01:41:40.399 --> 01:41:43.680 Eating ice cream, keeping them on being lazy, and then 1445 01:41:43.720 --> 01:41:47.279 eventually we will stomp up and pay for the cure. 1446 01:41:48.000 --> 01:41:50.159 And this is tied to the argument we often hear 1447 01:41:50.239 --> 01:41:53.039 that big farmer would make no money out of prevention. 1448 01:41:53.239 --> 01:41:55.359 Big farmer just want to make people sick so they 1449 01:41:55.359 --> 01:41:56.720 can treat them when they're sick. 1450 01:41:57.399 --> 01:41:59.920 That's a second argument. I wonder if you would put 1451 01:42:00.039 --> 01:42:02.039 your money on either of these two arguments. 1452 01:42:02.359 --> 01:42:06.760 Argument three is that there's no consensus, and while the 1453 01:42:06.800 --> 01:42:10.600 money should actually be spent, there's so many different things. 1454 01:42:10.640 --> 01:42:12.600 If you ask ever be in this room what you'd 1455 01:42:12.640 --> 01:42:15.239 like government to spend money on, we might all say, yeah, 1456 01:42:15.279 --> 01:42:18.319 spend money on researching longevity. And they'd say what, and 1457 01:42:18.359 --> 01:42:22.520 we'd give them about sixty different answers. So there's a confusion, 1458 01:42:23.279 --> 01:42:26.279 and the final answer is that people say, well, yeah, 1459 01:42:26.319 --> 01:42:29.600 I like your argument. I would like to take the 1460 01:42:29.640 --> 01:42:33.000 advantage of these trillions, but frankly. 1461 01:42:32.680 --> 01:42:33.520 I don't believe it. 1462 01:42:33.960 --> 01:42:36.159 I don't believe that there would be these benefits, but 1463 01:42:36.199 --> 01:42:38.520 I don't believe that you have any idea how to 1464 01:42:38.720 --> 01:42:42.640 make people live significantly longer and healthier. And we had 1465 01:42:42.680 --> 01:42:46.319 it from angle angles take away from ardds. Yeah, we're 1466 01:42:46.359 --> 01:42:48.800 all still going to die. We had it from the 1467 01:42:48.840 --> 01:42:52.119 Longevity Biotech Fellowship that was meeting recently in Valencia. 1468 01:42:52.760 --> 01:42:54.439 There is no proven solution. 1469 01:42:55.359 --> 01:42:58.920 So people say, yeah, it doesn't matter how many zeros 1470 01:42:59.000 --> 01:43:01.800 go after the go in front of the decimal point. 1471 01:43:01.840 --> 01:43:06.039 Whether it's hundreds of millions, hundreds of billions, or trillions 1472 01:43:06.119 --> 01:43:08.199 or tens of trillions, it doesn't matter. 1473 01:43:08.000 --> 01:43:09.399 Because you don't know how to achieve it. 1474 01:43:10.920 --> 01:43:13.199 So it's of these four arguments, would you think is 1475 01:43:13.239 --> 01:43:14.479 the most significant. 1476 01:43:15.199 --> 01:43:19.000 Let's look at argument one. This is complete nonsense. 1477 01:43:19.159 --> 01:43:25.600 Governments do get involved in actions to prevent ill health, 1478 01:43:26.600 --> 01:43:28.239 to prevent accidents. 1479 01:43:28.600 --> 01:43:30.319 For example, they got. 1480 01:43:30.159 --> 01:43:33.159 Involved and they told the car industry in the middle 1481 01:43:33.199 --> 01:43:36.279 of the last century, you should take safety more seriously. 1482 01:43:36.760 --> 01:43:38.840 And the car industry executive said, we don't like to 1483 01:43:38.880 --> 01:43:42.520 talk about safety because people want to buy into the 1484 01:43:42.880 --> 01:43:46.920 fantasy of speed. And eventually the government put through enough 1485 01:43:47.039 --> 01:43:52.399 laws to mandate safety seat belts and crumple zones and 1486 01:43:52.520 --> 01:43:55.159 cars and to mean that when they did have accidents 1487 01:43:55.560 --> 01:44:00.159 there were much less casualties. Far too many people still 1488 01:44:00.199 --> 01:44:02.760 die from that, but it's much less than used to be, 1489 01:44:03.119 --> 01:44:06.239 and there are plenty other examples. Governments got involved in 1490 01:44:06.840 --> 01:44:09.760 banning lead in petrol, which had a

big impact on 1491 01:44:09.840 --> 01:44:14.359 criminality and also on IQ, reducing criminality boosting IQ. 1492 01:44:14.960 --> 01:44:18.159 There was the anti smoking campaign. Why do people live longer. 1493 01:44:17.880 --> 01:44:22.359 Now in twenty twenty five than in nineteen sixty five. 1494 01:44:22.399 --> 01:44:25.000 A lot of it's due to the campaign against smoking. 1495 01:44:25.319 --> 01:44:27.720 A lot of it earlier in the last century was 1496 01:44:27.760 --> 01:44:31.560 due to sanitizing drinking water, insisting in all drinking water 1497 01:44:31.640 --> 01:44:35.199 needed to be properly cleaned before being sent back into 1498 01:44:35.239 --> 01:44:40.920 the system, promoting vaccinations. Many people said, Ooh, it's so unnatural, ooh, 1499 01:44:40.960 --> 01:44:44.960 it's against God's law, and then they accepted the vaccinations 1500 01:44:45.039 --> 01:44:49.760 and it cut again the illness. And earlier there was 1501 01:44:49.920 --> 01:44:53.560 the ensuring that milk was pasteurized rather than coming straight 1502 01:44:53.560 --> 01:44:56.239 from the cow and causing lots of childhood diseases. 1503 01:44:56.880 --> 01:44:59.039 I guess government also get involved. 1504 01:44:59.159 --> 01:45:03.239 In funding rect search into individual diseases, research which no 1505 01:45:04.199 --> 01:45:07.680 private corporation is going to do because it's too far 1506 01:45:07.720 --> 01:45:11.359 away from any commercial returns. This is called a public 1507 01:45:11.399 --> 01:45:14.520 good in the language of economics. So governments do all that, 1508 01:45:14.640 --> 01:45:19.199 but they don't fund guroscience, accept ad a pittance. 1509 01:45:19.760 --> 01:45:20.840 So that's not the answer. 1510 01:45:21.520 --> 01:45:24.039 So let's come to the second possible solution that we 1511 01:45:24.239 --> 01:45:28.319 humans and industry isn't interested in prevention. 1512 01:45:29.720 --> 01:45:30.920 That's bollocks as well. 1513 01:45:31.600 --> 01:45:35.199 Prevention is big business and it's a common lifestyle choice. 1514 01:45:35.239 --> 01:45:40.279 Think about lipidour I have some in my traveling bag 1515 01:45:40.319 --> 01:45:44.000 with me. It's a stat in which laws cholesterol why 1516 01:45:44.119 --> 01:45:49.319 to prevent heart disease and strokes. It's been incredibly successful 1517 01:45:49.479 --> 01:45:53.760 in boosting longevity. It's also being commercially successful for PISA. 1518 01:45:53.880 --> 01:45:58.600 Phisa's lifetime revenue for this is in the hundreds of billions. 1519 01:46:00.000 --> 01:46:02.960 Would certainly like more preventative to treat drugs like this. 1520 01:46:03.479 --> 01:46:07.039 We could talk about fossomax, which is a preventative drug 1521 01:46:07.159 --> 01:46:10.800 to help people who might otherwise have the brittle bones. 1522 01:46:11.680 --> 01:46:17.159 And there are sorry that one's for migrain and there's 1523 01:46:17.199 --> 01:46:20.720 a one to prevent people having brittle bones. And we 1524 01:46:20.960 --> 01:46:24.479 do spend money on prevention. We spend money to go 1525 01:46:24.560 --> 01:46:27.840 to suffer the indignity of having our teeth hygienically cleaned 1526 01:46:27.840 --> 01:46:30.399 and all being told off that we're not cleaning them properly. 1527 01:46:30.800 --> 01:46:33.720 But we endure that because it does help prevent gum 1528 01:46:33.800 --> 01:46:37.479 disease and brain disease. So that's not the answer either. 1529 01:46:38.479 --> 01:46:41.239 So to come up to date, I say people would 1530 01:46:41.399 --> 01:46:45.680 choose health span extension treatments once they are available, rather 1531 01:46:45.720 --> 01:46:48.640 than just being a nice point on a PowerPoint slide, 1532 01:46:49.000 --> 01:46:54.439 and once they're positive, results are evident. So where have 1533 01:46:54.520 --> 01:46:58.800 we reached. I've ruled out these first two solutions, but 1534 01:46:58.920 --> 01:47:02.720 I do think three and for are completely true and 1535 01:47:02.840 --> 01:47:07.119 completely relevant. There is a huge confusion in the longevity 1536 01:47:07.119 --> 01:47:11.840 community about what we would like government to prioritize. And 1537 01:47:11.880 --> 01:47:15.000 I'm going to borrow here from an analysis by Phil 1538 01:47:15.159 --> 01:47:19.520 Newman of Longevity Technology, who says there are ten levels 1539 01:47:19.760 --> 01:47:23.239 in which people talk about longevity. I added an eleventh. 1540 01:47:22.720 --> 01:47:23.399 At the bottom. 1541 01:47:23.960 --> 01:47:26.640 So sometimes when people say we should support longevity, they're 1542 01:47:26.640 --> 01:47:30.880 talking about changing our attitudes towards the elderly, providing mobility, 1543 01:47:30.960 --> 01:47:34.039 scooters and so on. Sometimes it's what we heard in 1544 01:47:34.079 --> 01:47:37.600 the last talk from Angel, the kind of wisdom of 1545 01:47:37.640 --> 01:47:41.159 the ancients, the wisdom of our grandmothers. More recently, there 1546 01:47:41.199 --> 01:47:45.880 are consumer diagnostics, wearable devices that give us more insight 1547 01:47:46.000 --> 01:47:48.680 and that can be very useful. There are also whole 1548 01:47:48.760 --> 01:47:53.279 kinds of longevity supplements which there's more all the time. 1549 01:47:53.600 --> 01:47:56.680 And then further up the stack. This is increasingly important 1550 01:47:56.720 --> 01:48:00.239 and increasing the big business there is a professionalization of 1551 01:48:00.279 --> 01:48:02.479 longevity clinical services. 1552 01:48:03.239 --> 01:48:04.880 And then higher up the stack again. 1553 01:48:04.680 --> 01:48:07.039 You get to what people like Peter or Atia in 1554 01:48:07.119 --> 01:48:10.319 his book Outlive and Eric Topple in his recent book 1555 01:48:10.439 --> 01:48:14.840 Super Ages both talk about, which is treating individual diseases 1556 01:48:14.880 --> 01:48:19.439 of

aging, early detection and prevention of individual diseases of aging, 1557 01:48:19.800 --> 01:48:24.279 and stopping or reversing aging in specific organs or tissues. 1558 01:48:25.039 --> 01:48:29.319 That's interesting absolutely. Then you get to level eight, which 1559 01:48:29.479 --> 01:48:34.439 is the systemic, systematic reversal of aging throughout the whole body, 1560 01:48:34.760 --> 01:48:38.039 in which people become younger again. And I'm not going 1561 01:48:38.119 --> 01:48:40.720 to talk much here about level nine or level ten. 1562 01:48:40.800 --> 01:48:43.520 That's something for another day. And the reason I stopped 1563 01:48:43.520 --> 01:48:46.720 there is I'm now going to be more controversial. It 1564 01:48:46.800 --> 01:48:48.880 is the most controversial thing. I'm going to say we 1565 01:48:48.920 --> 01:48:53.640 should all be concentrating on level eight. Why because that's 1566 01:48:53.760 --> 01:48:55.840 when we're going to have by far the biggest bang 1567 01:48:55.880 --> 01:49:00.199 for the buck. Trying to solve aging in a lower 1568 01:49:00.279 --> 01:49:03.520 levels is only going to produce modest increments. But if 1569 01:49:03.520 --> 01:49:07.399 we do this, we're going to get beyond dual science, 1570 01:49:07.479 --> 01:49:09.560 which is slowing down aging. We're going to go to 1571 01:49:09.680 --> 01:49:13.399 duroscience plus, which is reversing aging. One might even call 1572 01:49:13.479 --> 01:49:17.640 it young jevity rather than longevity, and I might change 1573 01:49:17.680 --> 01:49:20.479 the title of my talk from the Young Jevity Dividend, 1574 01:49:20.560 --> 01:49:24.439 so from the longevity dividend to the young Jevity dividend. 1575 01:49:26.800 --> 01:49:30.199 But where are we there is now the question of evidence, 1576 01:49:30.760 --> 01:49:34.199 and we have a sad situation of what has sometimes 1577 01:49:34.199 --> 01:49:38.199 been called the vicious cycle of unchanging minds. The people 1578 01:49:38.199 --> 01:49:42.640 who control funding, whether it's inside governments, whether it's large 1579 01:49:42.640 --> 01:49:45.039 philanthropic funds, they say, well, I'm. 1580 01:49:44.920 --> 01:49:48.159 Not sure where I should invest because they're. 1581 01:49:47.960 --> 01:49:51.159 Not getting particular pressure from the public to invest in 1582 01:49:51.279 --> 01:49:55.279 specific areas. The public, in turn, aren't getting pressure from 1583 01:49:55.359 --> 01:49:59.439 their thought leaders. The people who've got huge YouTube following, 1584 01:49:59.640 --> 01:50:02.880 or the people who host very popular talk shows. They're 1585 01:50:02.920 --> 01:50:05.520 not giving specific advice, and there in turn are not 1586 01:50:05.680 --> 01:50:11.039 getting clear advice from the actual longevity scientists. If some 1587 01:50:11.079 --> 01:50:14.560 of these podcast leaders were to attend the Longevity Biotech Fellowship, 1588 01:50:14.920 --> 01:50:17.439 they'll come back and say, well, there's nothing happening here, 1589 01:50:17.479 --> 01:50:19.680 is there. Let's go and spend your money. I don't 1590 01:50:19.720 --> 01:50:23.119 know in the developing new flavors of ice cream, or 1591 01:50:23.159 --> 01:50:27.920 developing new vapes for this big business, or finding cleverer 1592 01:50:27.920 --> 01:50:29.720 ways to make people click on ads. 1593 01:50:30.159 --> 01:50:31.800 That's where there's productivity. 1594 01:50:32.079 --> 01:50:35.000 And why aren't the community us here and why aren't 1595 01:50:35.000 --> 01:50:38.479 we more unified? It's because we haven't yet got clear 1596 01:50:38.520 --> 01:50:41.079 evidence that we can point to. And why isn't the 1597 01:50:41.159 --> 01:50:43.000 clear evidence who we can point to. It's because the 1598 01:50:43.039 --> 01:50:47.199 most promising scientific experiments have been starved of funding. And 1599 01:50:47.239 --> 01:50:51.600 you go round this cycle. But we can drive the 1600 01:50:51.600 --> 01:50:54.960 whole cycle in reverse. We can make it the virtuous 1601 01:50:54.960 --> 01:50:59.359 cycle of mind changing if there is sufficient catalyst funding 1602 01:51:00.039 --> 01:51:03.319 and apply it in a particular area that will produce 1603 01:51:03.520 --> 01:51:07.439 quick results. And basically it has to be mice because 1604 01:51:07.479 --> 01:51:11.399 you can demonstrate not just biomarkers are changing, because the 1605 01:51:11.439 --> 01:51:14.560 public are right to be skeptical about biomarkers, because you 1606 01:51:14.600 --> 01:51:18.039 can measure all kinds of biomarkers and get contradictory answers, 1607 01:51:18.359 --> 01:51:20.560 and you can get people who claim their biomarkers have 1608 01:51:20.600 --> 01:51:24.000 gone down because in some aspects they're becoming younger, but 1609 01:51:24.319 --> 01:51:28.119 yet other aspects they're becoming more frail and prone to death. 1610 01:51:28.520 --> 01:51:31.399 So we've got to demonstrate that you can actually keep 1611 01:51:32.239 --> 01:51:35.680 something like a human, a mammal, a mouse, long and 1612 01:51:35.920 --> 01:51:38.520 alive and healthy for much longer than before. And with 1613 01:51:38.720 --> 01:51:42.039 this happens, more of the rest of the longevity community 1614 01:51:42.279 --> 01:51:44.359 are going to get off their skepticism. They're not going 1615 01:51:44.399 --> 01:51:46.960 to be afraid to say, actually, it's happening, and it 1616 01:51:47.000 --> 01:51:50.279 could happen quickly. That's going to change their minds of 1617 01:51:50.399 --> 01:51:54.760 the strong influencers and society, the people with large YouTube followings. 1618 01:51:55.199 --> 01:51:57.920 That in turn is going to cause members of the 1619 01:51:57.960 --> 01:52:01.239 general public to suddenly say, yeah, we had a war 1620 01:52:01.279 --> 01:52:06.199 against COVID, we need a war against aging. It is 1621 01:52:06.479 --> 01:52:10.920

abominable that my parents, my grandparents are getting old and weak. 1622 01:52:11.560 --> 01:52:13.439 We should be doing more to support them. 1623 01:52:13.479 --> 01:52:15.760 There are things we can do to support them, and 1624 01:52:15.800 --> 01:52:18.680 that's gonna make politicians wake up, and that's gonna drive 1625 01:52:18.800 --> 01:52:23.800 more funds around this cycle. Now, you may say this 1626 01:52:23.840 --> 01:52:26.600 looks a bit simple. You may say this looks a 1627 01:52:26.640 --> 01:52:31.199 bit naive, and I agree. So I have a larger 1628 01:52:31.279 --> 01:52:33.920 version of this chart which would take me twenty minutes 1629 01:52:33.960 --> 01:52:36.520 to explain. But don't worry, I'm not gonna walk you 1630 01:52:36.560 --> 01:52:40.159 through it. But basically, it builds in phases there's a 1631 01:52:40.239 --> 01:52:43.720 kind of a longevity escape velocity aspect to this too. 1632 01:52:43.800 --> 01:52:46.359 You get to a certain velocity and that brings in 1633 01:52:46.399 --> 01:52:50.439 more funding, which builds even higher the points I will 1634 01:52:50.640 --> 01:52:54.960 address at the very bottom there. Robust must rejuvenation two 1635 01:52:55.760 --> 01:52:58.159 is the experiment I think will make the big difference, 1636 01:52:58.359 --> 01:53:01.199 And when we go round that cycle times we will 1637 01:53:01.239 --> 01:53:05.000 get not just mouse rejuvenated, we will get humans rejuvenated, 1638 01:53:05.079 --> 01:53:06.479 robust human rejuvenation. 1639 01:53:07.159 --> 01:53:09.439 We will get the longevity escape velocity. 1640 01:53:09.560 --> 01:53:15.439 We will get aging solved for everybody with a huge 1641 01:53:15.479 --> 01:53:19.920 economic benefit, perhaps by twenty forty or perhaps by twenty 1642 01:53:19.960 --> 01:53:23.079 thirty five. But there still is an Achilles here Hill. 1643 01:53:23.560 --> 01:53:26.960 We need to get this thing started, and until recently 1644 01:53:27.520 --> 01:53:29.840 that would have been the end of my talk, but 1645 01:53:29.960 --> 01:53:31.920 I do need to tell you that in the last 1646 01:53:31.920 --> 01:53:36.000 few months LVF, the Longevity Escape Velocity, has now got 1647 01:53:36.039 --> 01:53:40.840 funding to keep us going due to remarkable actions by 1648 01:53:40.880 --> 01:53:44.239 the decentralized science community. Aubrey de Great talked a bit 1649 01:53:44.239 --> 01:53:46.520 about this this morning, but it's such an important piece 1650 01:53:46.520 --> 01:53:48.680 of news I just want to talk you through it again. 1651 01:53:49.039 --> 01:53:51.800 There's an agent which is called Aubry. 1652 01:53:52.479 --> 01:53:56.159 It's built on AI by a combination of LVF and 1653 01:53:56.239 --> 01:54:00.560 two of the most significant and important organized in the 1654 01:54:00.600 --> 01:54:04.159 decentralized science space, Vita Dow and bio Protocol. 1655 01:54:04.439 --> 01:54:05.840 It's been specially. 1656 01:54:05.399 --> 01:54:11.920 Trained on Aubrey Degrade's insights, his podcast appearances, his YouTube appearances, 1657 01:54:12.279 --> 01:54:16.439 his books and publications, and it is tied very importantly 1658 01:54:16.520 --> 01:54:20.800 to decentralized science funding, such that when people buy or 1659 01:54:20.960 --> 01:54:24.079 sell these tokens. First of all, we've already had half 1660 01:54:24.119 --> 01:54:28.640 a million allocated to us which have got our pilots running, 1661 01:54:28.640 --> 01:54:31.920 and every time there's an exchange there is zero point 1662 01:54:32.000 --> 01:54:35.720 seven percent which is allocated for extensions. Why do people 1663 01:54:35.800 --> 01:54:39.359 buy these tokens in part because it gives them access 1664 01:54:39.560 --> 01:54:42.960 to their agent at a deeper level. It allows them 1665 01:54:42.960 --> 01:54:46.239 to take part in conversations about the future of this project. 1666 01:54:46.560 --> 01:54:50.640 It shows their support for LVF, and it also shows 1667 01:54:50.840 --> 01:54:54.159 that they are want to being involved in creating Young 1668 01:54:54.239 --> 01:54:55.079 Jevity science. 1669 01:54:55.720 --> 01:54:58.199 So that's my talk. It is the. 1670 01:54:58.199 --> 01:55:03.079 Young Jevity dividend is within grasp via support for RMR two. 1671 01:55:03.760 --> 01:55:05.960 And if you're still not convinced, I can point you 1672 01:55:06.000 --> 01:55:08.720 to an article I wrote in the mind Plex magazine 1673 01:55:08.720 --> 01:55:10.600 recently which goes to the. 1674 01:55:10.520 --> 01:55:14.560 Whole lot in more detail. And that article is called 1675 01:55:14.560 --> 01:55:18.520 ten Ways to help Accelerate the End of Aging. Thank 1676 01:55:18.560 --> 01:55:19.159 you very much. 1677 01:55:24.720 --> 01:55:29.800 I forgot to say I like to joke about David 1678 01:55:29.880 --> 01:55:35.199 and you saw this fantastic presentation, really beautiful that he 1679 01:55:35.439 --> 01:55:40.520 studied in Cambridge, England. I studied in Cambridge, Massachusetts. But 1680 01:55:40.720 --> 01:55:43.600 also look at our ties. He has the tie with 1681 01:55:43.640 --> 01:55:45.840 the book in the Spanish and you have the tie 1682 01:55:45.840 --> 01:55:48.840 with the book in English, so we have different ties 1683 01:55:48.880 --> 01:55:52.479 for different audiences. So we are very proud to be 1684 01:55:52.520 --> 01:56:03.119 promoting this internationally.