บทถอดความฉบับเต็มของ Equality Not Sameness w/ Dr. Kathryn Paige Harden

of I'm afraid of giving that genetic information to people who are. Um a lot of times going to just use that too. To justify their their own assumptions that they already make and I'm also not sure like even if a lot of teachers want to do they want to do well with that information and want to support students. We can't just make them privy to it we also have to show them how to use that information and pick it apart, um and understand all the context as Sam said in order to best support students so I think that's a really sticky situation it has me glitching. Sss: [8:19] Yeah right it's like the idea of like giving them raw letting them use RAV raw genetic information just seems so problematic on its face. Rdb: [8:28] Right. Sss: [8:29] You know again yeah I totally agree with you Raven in a way that if we can train teachers if we can show them how if we can you know again communicate to them clearly. How this can be used to support students I would hope that it could maybe work against some of the tendencies that you were talking about assuming that you know because I just am looking at this student I can know. What type of a behavioral person they're going to be you know I think that this could work against it and allow us to get to a point where we say. We can we can we know where these students need support. Nal: [9:07] Right which is I think that support is the key key word there right because as you both mentioned there's a history of using difference, to exclude. And to you know gate keep certain students from Gaining access to gifted classrooms or advanced math programs or you know even, pushing ships you know students because of their demographics into. You know learning disabled labels or a variety of other ways that, what is sort of like a demographic information has been used to exclude if we instead can sort of shift I think there is a shift in education away from equality and towards equity, and thinking about okay like how can we provide affordances how we provide support to students based on their needs. In if it's used in that way then maybe there's there's a way that people could be trained or so our teachers could be given genetic information and it might be somewhat helpful or you know to the school district but again historically. I think we have to be very careful because it has not been used that way and I hate to say this but as a somewhat pessimistic person I think that we have to worry that. [10:27] If it can be used for evil it will be used for evil so I guess they're sort of a follow-up question here which is. About educational research because this is the other the end dr. Hardin was talking about this in her interview that she doesn't see this as useful information for teachers she sees it as useful for Education researchers, so I'm curious to hear your thoughts on whether you think educational researchers should make it standard practice to collect genetic information about the students they're studying. Sss:

[11:01] I mean I we sort of rub on this or touched on this moments ago but you know the big issue to me is whether or not this stuff becomes determinant for students if, if by sharing their genetic information with anyone. Someone tries to box the student in and say well this is the path that you're going to go down now because we know something about you that you don't even know about yourself because we've seen it in your genetic code I mean that feels. [11:32] You know wrong and it feels inhuman in some ways it feels like not something that we would do in a free and open Society where we really want to support students when I think about what we want to do in schools, we really want to provide an opportunity for students to succeed in a way that works for them I think, to think about who they are and give them the support that they need to build the skills that they need to live the lives that they want to live and there are a lot of complicated questions tied up and doing that and maybe educational research can elucidate some of that maybe we can get a clearer picture, of how to support students with this information and I think in a world where technology is advancing quickly, it's almost a moot point to ask the question because we know this is going to happen. And so I would really hope that since it's going to happen since genetic information is going to be in play that we can do it in a an ethical way that we can be careful. About how we do this but I am just as both of you have brought up I'm fearful that the use of genetic information in this way will lead to. That kind of determinism boxing people in justification for, the excluding that we used to do on the basis of just the way that somebody look. Rdb: [12:57] Yeah I agree with Sam 100% actually the way that he described it as such a good way of describing it but. Um I'm a little bit fearful to I do believe that if genetic information is used in an ethical way like he like he said, then maybe it could actually offer us a little more insight on what happens between when a person is born and then, how Society treats them I think that's what I would be more interested in seeing is. Not necessarily anybody make the argument that like you know. These jeans are predisposed to this kind of you know educational success or not but more so. People with with these kind of characteristics. How are they nor how do they normally navigate society and how are they normally treated in society and how are those how do those kind of things maybe come into play with. What they do and how they perform in education I think in that way if you ask all those contextual questions to it could be really useful. But we would have to see I'm kind of a pessimist to. Sss: [14:17] Easy to be one. Nal: [14:20] Especially given the history of genetics in education right I mean. Rdb: [14:23] Right. Nal: [14:24] The the quote that I used at the beginning was from a New York Times review of this of this book which

is, dr. Barnes trying to make an anti Eugenics stance here because genetics is absolutely Taboo in education research in education circles because of the history of eugenics and, her point that she made during our conversation was sort of like look if you read an education study, and it said this math intervention works amazingly well, but we didn't consider the fact that all of our students were from super wealthy all-white neighborhood, right and they never even mentioned the demographic to the students or the you know the socioeconomic status you'd be like wait a minute, like does this intervention work for all students like who is it working for and her point was genetics is another factor that should be considered in that research. But you're both kind of I think touched on that and. I do you know think that we could continue this conversation but we do want to hear from our listeners as well so if you, want to join in on this conversation or you have some thoughts on this debate please feel free to join the conversation online and now we're going to move into hearing the segment of our interview from dr. Hardin. Music Guest: [15:50] We typically study children between the ages of 8 and 18 and if you think about that period of the lifespan. It's kind of amazing how much change happens I mean I think we're a little bit in nerd too, the radicalness of puberty because we see it and because everyone has to go through it but if you think about you know where an 18 year old is in life, versus an eight-year-old is in life and what individual differences have, emerged and catalyzed in that period of time right so by the time someone's 18 there are differences in. When they went through puberty what are their experiences with sex and childbearing what are their experiences with. [16:39] Secondary School are they going on to University have they had contact with the criminal justice system have they started smoking have they started drinking what is their BMI what is their health status that they're bringing into adult life. [16:55] What is their personality how conscientious are neurotic are they what is their level of executive functioning and you can easily imagine that people differ in those those characteristics at age 18, have very different life chances for the rest of adulthood right so you know I think my first order goal is as a scientist, how do we understand what is it about a person's biology that shapes that developmental trajectory in the second decade of life and then what is it about people social environments and this could be you know their relationships with their parents or their peers or this could be like the level of material resources and their neighbor, school that, a buffer people who are maybe biologically at risk from poor outcomes or push people who even have advantages in terms of their psychology towards negative outcomes how are we being, sort of swayed by social Fortune you know even before we're like. Really considered you know fully morally culpable for our choices right we're talking about 13 year olds but we're you know even at that stage of life people are really buffeted by. [18:11] By life so I you know my goal is ultimately and in primarily one of scientific understanding of human development as a second-order goal you know, we're not just interested in observing how middle school and high school. Interviewer: [18:26] Yes and. Guest: [18:27] People like we want to make it better for. Interviewer: [18:29] I think step towards taking. Guest: [18:31] If you are you know if you're a parent of a 14 year old and you are thinking. Interviewer: [18:34] Bye what is been a historically problematic use of genetics right in the form of eugenics. Guest: [18:41] Face or the beginning of a. Interviewer: [18:43] However you separated your work like work. Guest: [18:45] What is the best therapy for that child right or if you are a parent of a nine-year-old who has whose Mass kills have just like. Cratered in the eye during covid because like virtual learning while you were trying to work from home, um for a child who was already struggling with math went really really poorly and now there are two grade levels behind like what is the best thing that their teachers are could do to like put a quote catch that child up I think many people. Outside of the world of Education think that we have like really good ready answers to those questions and you're smiling with your listeners can he see you smiling right now but I think we've you're in education or in Psychology you know that like there isn't actually like amazing answers to those questions and so you're just as kind of, as a basic belief I think helping. Understanding the world helps us intervene to change it and desirable ways and studying humans, he's a really hard scientific problem and any improvements in our knowledge of human development I think ultimately contribute to that ability to. [20:10] So improve people's lives which you know it's kind of our our ultimate calling as social scientists are as Educators even though it's really difficult to do. [20:39] Yeah so we can I think we can think about it now touring in kind of two different ways and the first way that I DNA matters, it's sort of DNA matters for thinking about social equality so I think people are very used to. To looking at how people's life chances differ according to something like family and come right so people from wealthy homes graduate from college at you know this much higher rate than children from low-income homes and. We can look at those kinds of disparities in people's life outcomes according to what kind of family environment they happened to be born into, and we think of that is morally and politically important right like it says something about the way inequality is structured in the US and. You know we might disagree ideologically in America about whether or not that's a problem or how big of a problem it is or

what we should do to fix it but I think most people would agree that it's like a statistic to which we pay attention right like, to what extent do where people end up in life. [22:01] One part of main argument of the book as such ascribed to readers how. Where people end up in life is also related to another measure of where they start in life and that is their DNA their genetic measure, so if we look again to go back to that example of college completion if we look at rates of college completion by DNA variants. [22:26] The disparity between people who have like a low polygenic score and we can get back back to what that is in a second a low polygenic score versus a high polygenic score. That discrepancy in college education is just as big as the income disparity in college education so what I'm inviting readers to do in this book, is to take the genome. As another measure of where people start in life and as another dimension of inequality, that intersects with the other dimensions of inequality that I think were more used to thinking about so you know we can think about inequalities along racial lines we can think about inequalities along. Economic class lines along gender lines along and disability status, and I'm saying those things do matter and also. [23:22] The genome is another dimension of inequality that intersects with these other kind of more visible ones can can we take that, seriously and if we do I think it invites a lot of questions about what you know the nature of fair versus unfair inequality which I think the country is kind of grappling with more broadly right now so that's the first way do you name outers for equality because The genome is is a starting point in life, that is a strongly related to our life chances as many of the other things that were perhaps more used to thinking about like income. The second way that DNA matters for social inequality is back to what we were just talking about which is in what way does research that incorporates The genome or incorporates genetics. [24:12] Better suited to understanding human development and in so doing holds the promise of improving our ability to intervene in people's lives, you know as many of your listeners know often hung what you're doing when you're trying to come up with like an education intervention is you're trying to. Kind of reverse engineer bright spots if I'm going to mix my metaphors here right it's like okay this school or this teacher this parent seems to be doing well. What are they doing how can I scale that how can I broaden it and as Educators also know, that's really difficult to do because you know students don't end up at classrooms at random parents don't end up with their children at random your children's environments are correlated with them in their family and he's really systematic ways, part of the reason that the standardized testing movement one of the many reasons that it faced backlash is because Educators were like. [25:13] You know so much goes into my students test score that's not me right that is their their home environment there it's the you know material disadvantage in their neighborhood it's their lack of clean water like why am I on the hook for. The fact that I have a concentration of students who face certain adversities and that that sent in an intuitive understanding of this problem of, and people can differ in their classroom environments, with in ways that are correlated with the teacher that what the teacher is doing but that aren't caused by what the teacher is doing right, um and so in the same way that you know. It would be kind of almost impossible to do educational research without taking into account, what is the income level of the students that you're that you're studying how does that potentially confound your results or the correlations that you're observing robust to the fact that they're you know that, poor students and affluent students differ in their likelihood of Jones will doing well in school we can take the same sort of lends to thinking about genetic research tools really as a as another tool to bring to bear to the question of. What specific things. [26:34] Our kind of the most kind of potent or effective environmental levers for change if we want to if we want to intervene to improve something, right so but I think that we can't you know we can't, get to a place where we think about using genetics in a way that's really about improving people's environments unless we take seriously the idea that genes matter for people's lives in the first place. Interviewer: [27:06] Yes and that I think step towards taking Jean seriously is somewhat blocked at this point by what is been a historically, problematic use of genetics in the form of eugenics so how have you separated your work like work from that history. Guest: [27:25] Yeah well I mean all genetics work is necessarily. Has to contend with that history because it is such a kind of a you know if we're thinking about who were the people who. We're first using twins to study, human heredity in relation to psychological traits who were the people inventing the statistical tools that we still use in all educational research not just genetic research you know who was the inventor of the correlation coefficient or the variance or the F tester you know these were people who didn't just, kind of invent the field of biostatistics and they didn't just revolutionize the study of human heredity they also very deliberately, M advocated for. [28:22] Four things that we now recognize as atrocities right and in the u.s. that was kind of most notorious listen to Taurus Lee came to a head in terms of involuntary sterilization, of women who were deemed to be quote unquote feeble-minded so this was the buck V Bell Supreme Court case. [28:45] And you know when we're thinking about some of the Nazis laws they were modeled directly on us eugenic oh loss right they took the text of what American

eugenicists how to craft it and we're like oh that that's what we should do right and then you know if we look at America, they were complaining you know the Germans are beating us at our own game in quote I mean this was this was not it subtle sort of parallels between Nazi Germany and the particularly the American South. So in my book I mean this is a big part of the book which is saying. [29:24] We can see that there are genetic differences between people how do we understand and genetic difference without justifying, hierarchy between humans and without it and trenching, inequalities between people and their freedoms whether that be their reproductive freedoms or their welfare their resources I think separating genetics from Eugenics is extremely important and we and we've done it in some ways right like there are you know if you look out anything. Related to sort of D stigmatization efforts in American regarding American mental illness right the idea that depression or schizophrenia or are influenced by the genetics, that people inherit and. [30:17] We have to take that seriously if we want to understand this conditions and intervene on them in ways that are helpful to people and also, you know the ways in which the biology has been embraced by people trying to combat Sigma and blame like this is not a deficiency of character or will this is you know this is a genetic difference that you know is related to some socially valued traits but also makes your risk of experiencing these symptoms higher but not around intelligence and education right and I you know part of that is like How Deeply entrenched this idea of meritocracy or education as Worth or a striving whereas even the word achievement has made it really hard to separate genetic difference from genetic superiority inferiority, so I think it's really important to do that and that's part of the case that I'm building in my book when people. You know if you ask or you know Les americains non-scientists like how much do you think jeans make a difference for something like intelligence they almost never say 90 right like most Americans already think that genes make a difference for people's lives including how well they do in school and I think Scholars have done a really poor job of giving people. [31:41] And kind of a framework for making sense of that intuition in a way that's consonant with, egalitarians ISM with with this idea of you know all people are created equal. All people are not born the same right and how is it quality not the same as sameness is is I think a really important idea throughout the book. Music Rdb: [32:17] If you're enjoying today's episode we'd love to hear from you feel free to send us an email or reach out on social media also don't forget to subscribe to our podcast on Apple Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts. Nal: [32:33] Now it's time for our newest segment data town. Music Nal: [32:43] On today's data Town we're going to be talking about a

body of research that has been looking at associations with educational. [32:54] And educational attainment is defined basically as how far a person goes in the education system does a person, not finish High School do they finish high school did they end up you know going all the way through to getting a PhD or getting a you know a j.d. becoming a lawyer and you know you can sort of look at, how far people go through the education system as a pretty good marker of, lifetime earnings How likely they are to end up in the upper middle class or the upper class of society you know education in a lot of ways is this, gatekeeping device that that, basically dictates where you're going to end up in you know a capitalist hierarchy so according to considerable amounts of research, there are many factors that are significantly correlated with educational. And I want to read a few of these factors to you and see if you find any of them surprising or if this may be changes your opinion on the topics we've been discussing today, so the first thing the first Factor correlated with educational attainment was Middle School grades. Previous performance is one of the best predictors of future performance in school. Second factor is socioeconomic status right do you grow up in a poor neighborhood Europe in a wealthy neighborhood that is a significant factor. [34:17] Gender has also been correlated significantly with educational attainment also height whether you live in an urban versus rural environment. [34:27] Your parents professions and then as dr. Hardin has shown in her research your DNA so. Understanding that these correlations have been established how do you both feel about this does it provide a more Rich description of social factors at play when trying to understand educational inequality or inequity and arrogance how do you react to hearing these these data points. Rdb: [34:56] First one I was looking at this list I thought it like for instance with height I was like what but then I thought about it. In terms of like how I view people of different heights and everything and then the kind of. Ways that they participate in society and participate in school and everything and I thought wait that actually makes a lot of sense especially when you consider gender or socioeconomic status and so. For instance like if you're a poor black kid. Who is male but happens to be really tall like you might not you might be interested in art but when you get to school everybody might be like oh you should play basketball right. But if you are a rich white girl who's very tall then people might say oh you should go for modeling you know like they're so I think that for me. The. The rich description of the social factors at play as you said really get spotlighted for me when I think of how all of these different things intersect and I think that alludes to what I was. Saying a little bit earlier about factoring in DNA when considering a person's educational attainment

I. [36:17] Looking at any of these things on their own and then making a conclusion based off of that, can be pretty superficial but when you consider how all of them interact in a person's life and everything I think they really can tell a full story about where people go in education. But what do you think Sam. Sss: [36:39] Yeah I mean I was gonna I was gonna say something along those lines about the Confluence of these factors write that you can definitely get a lot of information about a person and if your aim was to support. [36:53] If you had a truly altruistic aim to help that person or assist that student this information would help you in doing that the other thing that occurred to me Raven as you were sort of you know describing the way that we. You know perceive people of different you know Heights and genders and the sort of combination of factors we already have stereotypes for if you fit in these different boxes you know you're a tall white lady a tall black man, how those people end up being perceived in society and what I considered what I thought about was. A lot of these things are not so different than the problem in genetics which is that any of these things or even a group of these things can be misused to stereotype people or put them in a box again determinism again to sort of write their story before they've had a chance, to you know live it for themselves to make decisions for themselves to be, you know the driving force in their own education and and their own lives and so. I do really worried about genetics being misused and because genetics has a layer of complexity, that a lot of these other factors don't not that you know socioeconomic status or whatever that there's not a lot of complexity there but you know height for example. It's not the same as when we talk about DNA when we talk about genes and the genome we get outside of a lot of folks comfort zone. [38:20] And there is a sense of. You're telling me something that I can't see or touch or feel or understand and that's the thing that's going to do the determinism and so I think that's scarier than some of these other factors for that reason it's newer it's more frightening, but in a lot of ways it's not so much different than any of them you know we take information and again this is information that we have now whether we like it or not. Genetic information is going to become more readily available and accessible so knowing that knowing that that's the context that we're in it strikes me that, any of these things could be misused I'm going to really comes down to our good policies safe laws you know. Good training for teachers and best practices that support teachers administrators schools the whole system to use this information for the good. But you know there's me The Optimist and. I'm looms large in this conversation. Nal: [39:25] Well I the one thing I definitely agree with Sam is that this is coming, the genetic data is upon us we're getting more and more information about it and you know it's going to be a question of not whether it's there but but how we react to it. Music Sss: [39:45] For those out there don't forget to join Reddit or Twitter or Instagram to share your opinion respond to our debate question for the week we'd love to hear from. Rdb: [39:55] And to learn more about this week's guests and to find out how to support this podcast visit learning machine. Nal: [40:03] Thank you to all those who teach listen and learn see you next time.