TRANSCRIPT 🔗
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Stuart Gary: This is space Time Series 29, episode
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134 for broadcast on the 9th of November
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2026. Coming up on Space Time,
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are, uh, volcanoes still active on the red
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planet Mars, NASA's Swift space
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telescope destroyed, and China
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to put a man on the moon before 2030.
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All that and more coming up on, um, Space
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Time.
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Stuart Gary: Welcome to Space Time with Stuart
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Gar.
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Stuart Gary: Could the Red planet Mars still be
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volcanically active? The European Space
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Agency's Exomars uh, Trace Gas Orbiter
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has detected signs of what looks like
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volcanic activity on the Martian surface.
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The findings, reported in the journal Science
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Advances, are uh, based on evidence of gas
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seeping up from Martian volcanic rifts.
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Fresh fissures along the Alba Mons region
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hint at active spots under the surface where
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gases from inside the planet appear to be
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making their way up into the atmosphere. The
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study's lead author, uh, Alexander
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Trakomovsky from the Space Research
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Institute, says the discovery suggests
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Mars isn't geologically dead deep inside, but
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but merely sleeping. Tchomovsky and
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colleagues think the release of hydrogen
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chloride comes from hot magma beneath the
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surface. And the readings aren't new.
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Trace Gas Orbiter first detected hydrogen
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chloride gas in the Martian atmosphere back
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in 2021. On Earth, this
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gas is commonly found escaping from magmatic
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vents, leading researchers to wonder whether
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the same thing is happening on Mars. At the
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very least, these findings suggest Mars has
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retained enough internal heat to support
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volcanic activity until recently and
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possibly still does. It was early
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summer in the northern Martian hemisphere
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when the authors noticed spikes of hydrogen
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chloride where it shouldn't have been and
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during an odd season. This gas varies
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seasonally on Mars, uh, usually reaching its
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maximum extent in the Northern Hemisphere
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winter, then mostly disappearing during the
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summer. Most of this variability is thought
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to be linked to Martian dust and water
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cycles. Yet there was one exception to this
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pattern. Always in the same season and at the
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same place above volcanic F on the flanks
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of the Albemonts volcano in the early summer.
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Mars has the largest volcanoes in the solar
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system, but it's not known how active these
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are likely to be. Orbital imagery shows some
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volcanoes appear to have been active within
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the last few million years, and seismometers
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have detected Marsquakes. Both of these
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facts point to the possibility, at least, of
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Mars being volcanically active. However,
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no new lava flows, or eruptions for that
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matter, have ever been observed. The
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new findings are based on a combination of
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atmospheric and geological analysis.
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First came the detection of hydrogen chloride
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by infrared spectrometers aboard Trace Gas
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Orbiter by its atmospheric chemistry suite,
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which was Strongly localised and at a time
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just after the frosts of winter sublimate.
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Then a closer look of the albumons region
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using trace gas orbiter's camera showed what
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looked like fresh and narrow fissures, in
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some cases hundreds of metres long and
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associated with colour changes on the
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surface. Put together, the evidence
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suggests that magmatic gases may have been
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rising through these fissures, just like
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fumaroles in volcanic regions on Earth,
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blocked by the ice. During winter's frozen
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Load full transcript
temperatures on Mars, where it gets down to
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minus 120 degrees Celsius, the fissures would
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channel and release the chloride gas. As the
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ice sublimates in early summer. The
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discoloration detected around the fissures
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could be caused by deposits left behind as
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gases escape from below the surface. The
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authors suggest that the seepage is connected
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with a dormant magma chamber under the
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Martian surface. If these
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hydrothermal systems are active, they could
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contain the ingredients and the energy needed
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for microorganisms to develop, as well as a
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shield for microorganisms from the hostile
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and changing environment above the surface.
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It's a fascinating idea.
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This is space time still to come.
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NASA Swift Space telescope destroyed
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and China to put a man on the moon before
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2030. All that and more still to come
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on, uh, space time.
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NASA's Swift gamma ray Space Telescope has re
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entered Earth's atmosphere in a fiery
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uncontrolled descent, burning up in the skies
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above the Pacific Ocean. The United States
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Space force says the 1,450
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kilogramme spacecraft hit the upper
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atmosphere over Indonesia's northern Sumatra.
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No ground damage or injuries have been
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reported. Any surviving fragments would have
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hit the surface somewhere between 20.6
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degrees south latitude and 20.6 degrees
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north. Swift was launched on a
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two year primary mission in 2004 to
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explore gamma ray bursts, the most powerful
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explosions in the universe. Because of the
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mission's planned short duration, the
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spacecraft wasn't equipped with its own
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booster rockets. However, it kept operating
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successfully for almost 22 years. But
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the minibus sized observatory has been
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experiencing increasing orbital decay in
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recent years due to growing space weather
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activity. And as the atmospheric drag
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increased, NASA organised a last ditch rescue
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mission to try and boost the spacecraft back
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up to its original 600 kilometre high orbit.
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The agency contracted Catalyst Space to
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launch its three armed robotic spacecraft to
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intercept and latch onto Swift and then boost
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it up to its original orbital altitude. But
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the rescue craft itself experienced problems
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shortly after release from its Pegasus launch
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vehicle in July and by the time it
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stabilised itself, it no longer had enough
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fuel to carry out its primary mission and it
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wound up crashing back to Earth in September.
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The demise of Swift takes nothing away from
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the spectacular success of the mission, which
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is explained in this report by NASA
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tv.
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NASA TV narrator: They occur approximately once per day.
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Brief, intense, powerful explosions of
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gamma ray radiation of, uh, the likes not
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seen since the Big Bang. They're called
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gamma ray bursts and scientists are
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somewhat mystified as to their cause.
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Do they signal the birth of a black hole in a
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massive stellar explosion? Are they the
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product of two colliding neutron stars?
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Or is there something else that
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prompts this intriguing phenomenon? With its
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launch into low Earth orbit in November
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2004, scientists have a dedicated
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tool with which to probe the gamma ray burst
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mystery
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Elaine Harris: before Swift launch. To give you an example,
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the satellite that actually, um, saw the
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long burst, it took them eight hours
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to go and look at that burst.
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Swift can do this in less than a minute.
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NASA TV narrator: Named after the bird able to quickly snatch
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insects as it flies, the Swift
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observatory is agile, quickly pointing its
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instruments at gamma ray bursts and relaying
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burst locations to the ground within seconds.
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Elaine Harris: Zwift can see usually, I mean, on
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average, hundred bursts per year. The number
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of bursts that actually exist in the universe
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that we think are actually happening in the
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universe is of course much higher. We think
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we actually see only maybe like one in a
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thousand.
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NASA TV narrator: This quick response is achieved by a
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complement of three onboard instruments. The
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largest, the Burst Alert telescope or
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bat, can view approximately a
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sixth of the entire sky at one time.
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The X ray and the ultraviolet optical
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telescopes enable high precision X ray and
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optical positions and spectra to be
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determined. Swift burst alerts
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allow both space based and ground based
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telescopes around the world to observe a, uh,
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burst's afterglow immediately after its
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detection.
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Elaine Harris: Swift doesn't just look at gamma ray
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bursts and that's all they do. They study a
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very large area of science which has come as
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uh, an added bonus really to the mission.
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They've basically, for example, they detected
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the first X ray flash coming from
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a star that was just about to explode.
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Stuart Gary: And in that report from NASA tv, we heard
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from Swift programme scientist Elaina Harris.
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This is space time still to come.
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China releases details of its first manned
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moon programme, confirming that it expects to
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have taikonauts walking on the lunar surface
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before 2030. And later in the science
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report, a new study shows that patients with
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female doctors
do better in hospitals. All
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that and more still to come on space time.
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Foreign.
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Has released details of its planned man moon
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programme, confirming that it expects to have
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takanauts walking on the lunar surface before
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2030. Beijing says its
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plan calls for two rocket launchers, both
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using the nation's new Long March 10A rocket.
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One launcher will carry a Menzhou crew
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module, the other a Lanyu lunar lander.
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The two vehicles will then rendezvous and
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dock in lunar orbit where two targetnauts
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will transfer to the lander from the Menzhu
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capsule and descend down to the lunar surface
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near the South Pole. Once on the ground, the
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crew will plant the Chinese flag and
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undertake scientific operations before
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ascending back to orbit, transferring back to
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the Menzhu capsule for the return journey to
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earth. The Long March 10th is
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a 93 metre tall three stage super heavy
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lift rocket comprising a core stage and two
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boosters. All three use the same common
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design with a 5 metre wide fuselage equipped
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with 7 kerosene and liquid oxygen burning
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YF100K engines. The
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stack can lift 70 tonnes into low earth orbit
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and 27 tonnes into a translunar injection
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orbit. The 14 ton
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Manju or Dream vessel in Mandarin is
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designed to be used for both low Earth orbit
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missions carrying up to seven tychonauts and
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for deep space missions to the moon with that
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version. Carrying four tychonauts and
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equipped with increased radiation protection
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and an improved heat shield capacity needed
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for the faster atmospheric re entry speeds on
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lunar return missions. The Mengju spacecraft
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itself comprises a crew module and an
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expendable service module which is equipped
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with propulsion, solar power and life support
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systems. The 26 tonne
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Lianyu lunar lander, Lianyu, being mandarin
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for embracing the moon, will transfer the two
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taikonauts from the menu in lunar orbit and
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take them down to the surface and back up to
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orbit again. It consists of a propulsion
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stage and a landing and ascent stage. Unlike
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the Apollo lunar module, Lanyu will jettison
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its propulsion stage prior to landing.
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Beijing says development is progressing
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across all three major systems along March
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10, the menu and the Lianyu Key
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tests on the escape system, lunar lander
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demonstrations and rocket validation tests
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have already been completed. The maiden
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flight of the long March 10th carrying an
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unmanned Menju spacecraft will be loaded with
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cargo on a resupply mission to China's
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Tiangong Space Station sometime next year.
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That'll provide final validation for the new
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vehicles. Then in 2028, a uh
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beefed up version of the Long March 10th
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carrying an unmanned land new lunar lander
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will perform a lunar descent and ascent test
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checking out the lander's propulsion and
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guidance systems. Finally, in early
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2029, a full scale unmanned dress
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rehearsal mission complete with dual long
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March 10 launch vehicles and both the Menu
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and Lianyu vehicles will be undertaken,
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including DEMONST rendezvous and docking in
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lunar orbit. And that will be followed by
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the highly historic manned mission.
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This is space, time.
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And time. Now to take a brief look at some of
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the other stories making news in Science this
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week with a Science report. A new study
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has shown that both death and re
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hospitalisation rates among hospitalised
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00:12:56.710
patients are lower when those patients have a
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female rather than a male doctor. A
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report in the Journal of the American Medical
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association looked at outcomes for nearly a
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million adult inpatients in Toronto, Canada,
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finding people treated by female doctors were
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less likely to die within 30 days and less
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likely to end up back in hospital compared to
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those treated by male doctors. Now the
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differences were modest, but the pattern held
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up under um, statistical testing. For
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patients with a female doctor, 12.3%
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died within 30 days compared to
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13.7% for those with a male doctor.
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And 18.6% of patients with a female
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doctor ended up back in hospital compared to
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18.9% of those with a male doctor.
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Now, the reasons for the differences are uh,
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still unexplained and the study's authors are
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now suggesting further work should be carried
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out to look into this. The
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newest climate model from the World
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Meteorological Organisation predicts the
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current El Nino climate pattern driving hot
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weather will strengthen to unprecedented
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levels over the next three months. The
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WMO says they declare an El Nino event when
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sea surface temperatures in the tropical
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Pacific reach 0.5 degrees Celsius
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above average. And during the current
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November January period they say these
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temperatures could reach 3.8 degrees Celsius
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above average, a level the WMO says
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is literally off the monitoring charts.
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A new study warns that the brains of children
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who eat more ultra processed foods may be
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responding to food differently, ultimately
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putting them at higher risk of gaining
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weight. The findings reported in the Journal
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of the American Medical association are uh,
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based on research involving 46 children with
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a healthy weight aged between 7 and 10.
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The authors recorded data on their diet and
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body fat. A month later they performed an
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experiment monitoring how a section of the
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kids brains linked to reward processing
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responded to different images of food.
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They found that the kids who regularly ate
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more ultra processed foods were likely to
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have stronger responses to food in that brain
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region. And after a year these kids were also
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more likely to have an increased body mass
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index and more body fat. Ultra
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processed foods include sodas, energy drinks
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and artificially sweetened juices as well as
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potato chips, packaged cookies, candy, ice
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cream, frozen dinners, instant noodles, hot
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dogs, sausages and Luncheon meats.
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Palaeontologists have uncovered unequivocal
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evidence of fossilised red blood cells and
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amino acids of collagen from dinosaurs.
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The discovery reported in the Journal of the
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Proceedings of the National Academy of
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Sciences.
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PNAS fundamentally reshapes our understanding
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of fossil preservation and molecular
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longevity in deep time. The
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mineralized red blood cells and intact heme
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biomolecules were discovered in limb bones of
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a 115 million year old theropod dinosaur
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uncovered from a dig site in northwestern
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Brazil. The world
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is finally starting to wake up to the fact
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that homoeopathy doesn't work. And it's just
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a pseudo science whose livelihood is
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dependent on people's gullibility. In recent
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years, many countries that once financed
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homoeopathy have now ceased, mostly thanks to
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better education, evidence based science and
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campaigns by the sceptical movement, the
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sceptics. Tim Mendham says those pushing
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these magic cure alls are now being forced to
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find new ways to sell their products by
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rebranding them and marketing them as dietary
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supplements.
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Tim Mendham: Homoeopathy, as you know, is the treatment of
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everything under the sun with a like for like
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solution of something. And the whole process
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is extremely shonky. The evidence is
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extremely shonky. If totally shonky, it's
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generally regarded as 100% ineffective. Not
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going to harm you necessarily, but it's
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certainly not going to help you. And you're
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paying for expensive water in the long run.
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In some cases, governments have been
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underwriting treatments with this sort of
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stuff. Homoeopathy, I think in the, uh, uk.
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France, France was quite strong actually for
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a while, but they're now sort of withdrawing
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that financial support. And therefore anyone
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who wants to take homoeopathic, uh,
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treatments has to pay for it themselves,
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which is okay. Germany has been an outlier a
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bit because this system was developed in
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Germany. So they had a certain nationalism
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about the treatment, but they are actually
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working as well. Spain has dropped it. I know
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in Australia it's not supported by any sort
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of, uh,
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Stuart Gary: the medical insurance that doctors take out
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doesn't cover it. So that must say something.
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Tim Mendham: Medical insurance that doctors take out
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covers none of these things, not even
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chiropractic. Other things do, but they don't
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cover homoeopathy really because it basically
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has been tested and retested. There was a
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famous report that came out from the
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Australian National Health and Medical
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Research Council which looked at every other
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study available and it came out with a
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finding that there's nothing there. Doesn't
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stop people trying to sell home. Yeah, your
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local health food Store will sell
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homoeopathic treatments. Pharmacies will
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sell homoeopathic treatments as well. I must
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admit, I went into one and having a look at
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it, the farmer said, don't bother, it doesn't
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work. I think, well, why are you selling it
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anyway? Makes money, I suppose. So. Therefore
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there's been a big drop off in the sale of
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homoeopathic treatments. It's a multi billion
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dollar industry. Multi, multi billion dollar
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industries. But the sales have been going
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down quite dramatically, in some cases like
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20% a year. So naturally, to try and retain
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their income, their cash flow, they're now
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rebranding some of this stuff as dietary
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supplements. And now dietary supplements are
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not like medicines, they fall under the food
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regulations, ra the medical
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regulations. So a lot more wiggle room in the
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food thing than in a, um, medicine. But
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pitching it as a dietary thing means you're
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looking at a more wellness market. It's a
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shifting of the market into areas which have
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a warmer and fuzzier feeling than sickness
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does. And that's the wellness industry. One
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of the cleverest words ever used for
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marketing.
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Stuart Gary: I remember when the ABC began divesting
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itself of scientific programmes and
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documentaries, they replaced them with
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wellness programmes, which sort of fits in
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very nicely with what you've just said.
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Tim Mendham: Yeah, I know. The wellness industry is bigger
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than the medical industry. It's huge. When
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you say big pharma, someone should talk about
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big wellness, big dietary, big supplement
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industry. That's huge. It's bigger than the
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pharmaceutical industry.
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Stuart Gary: That's the sceptics. Timms Mendham. And this
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is Space Time.
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And that's the show for now. Space Time is
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available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday
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Space Times also broadcast through the
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Radio and on both iHeartradio and
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Stuart Gary: You've been listening to Space Time with
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Stuart Gary. This has been another quality
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00:20:00.210 --> 00:20:02.570
podcast production from bytes.com.