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Welcome to Rooted and Wild Chop.
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The conversation you keep replaying, the decision you've examined from every possible angle, the reassurance that settles your mind for a moment until another question takes its place.
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We can spend an extraordinary amount of energy trying to feel certain.
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We prepare, anticipate, and imagine what might happen, hoping that if we think carefully enough, we'll finally be able to relax.
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And sometimes thinking helps us find our way.
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But sometimes we find ourselves circling the same questions while the conversation remains unspoken, the decision remains unmade, and the life we want waits for us to participate.
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How do we recognize when our efforts to feel secure have become part of what keeps us anxious?
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And where might we direct that energy if certainty is something we can't always have?
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Joining me today is Dr.
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Diana Hill, a clinical psychologist whose work draws on acceptance and commitment therapy, an approach that explores how we relate to difficult thoughts and feelings while taking action toward what matters to us.
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Through her work with Wise Effort, Diana invites us to consider where our energy is going, what the effort is costing us, and how we might use it with greater awareness and intention.
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Today we're exploring the anxiety trap, moving from overthinking to wise effort.
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Diana, welcome to Rooted and Wild.
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Thank you.
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What a beautiful introduction.
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I mean, that's exactly it, right?
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We're all caught up in our heads trying to get to the answer, and then we're just running in circles.
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It's like a big roundabout and they're going nowhere, sometimes digging ourselves deeper into it.
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Anxiety is uh vicious like that.
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The way that we try and get out of it is often the way that keeps us in it.
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Oh, you're absolutely right.
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And it's a vicious cycle, like the hamster wheel that just keeps going and going and going.
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You know, it's interesting.
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This topic is very timely with all that's going on around the world right now.
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And there's so much uncertainty right now, whether you look at politically, economically, artificial intelligence, and many factors of life, people are feeling very uncertain.
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And so I think this is a really opportune topic to have this week specifically.
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Absolutely.
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And what do we do to seek out certainty when we feel uncertain?
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Often it's like we go to our phone to check something, we go to reassurance from another person.
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And all of this, you know, isn't bad necessarily, but sometimes it sort of is like scratching poison oak.
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I don't know if you have poison oak, but we have poison oak here in Santa Barbara when you go hiking.
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And the number one rule of thumb is if you get it, do not scratch it because it spreads the oils all over you and you and you end up getting itchier over time.
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So the the basis of a lot of anxiety, what can turn into an anxiety disorder, is we naturally want certainty.
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We want to know, are we going to be okay?
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Are our kids gonna be okay?
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These big picture questions that things like AI and uh political division really evoke in us.
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But the way in which we try and solve that uncertainty is like scratching poison oak because we go onto our phones and we look something up, which just creates more uncertainty, and then we go in there more, and then you know, it's off to the races.
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You can feel your whole nervous system getting more and more anxious the more you're trying to reduce your anxiety.
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It is, it is like it's scratching the itch, and it just makes it worse.
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And, you know, I'm someone who throughout my life, generally speaking, didn't have a lot of anxiety.
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You know, I was mostly fine.
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And then all of a sudden, there was a chapter in my life where there were several things that happened and domino effect, you know, that happened in my life to where I started to go, oh, what if when's the next shoe gonna drop?
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You know, and I interestingly enough, it all happened right around 2020 with the pandemic, because the whole world suddenly shifted and changed all at the same time.
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And with it, many other things shifted in life.
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And so what do you do to not itch?
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Because when you have that itch and you want to scratch, like you want to scratch.
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Like, how do you have, do you need more self-control?
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Like, what do you do?
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Yeah, yeah, yeah.
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So um, there's actually a term that comes from Alan Marlat, who was a smoking researcher.
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He's since passed.
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And I remember learning about his work when I was in
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graduate school, because he um had this practice with smoking, which is very similar to anxiety, and I'll explain why.
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But the practice was something called urge surfing.
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And basically, an itch or uh an anxiety, you know, symptom, like, oh no, I'm gonna have what if this goes wrong?
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I just need to go check it out, or I need to, you know, text that that terrible like text that person one more time, and then it it usually goes bad, you know.
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Like I've sought reassurance, I've gotten nothing back, and I'm texting them again and again and again.
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What happens with that itch or that urge or anxiety is that it's much like a wave.
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Sort of like a craving is like a wave.
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And the wave increases and increases and increases and increases.
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And at some point, we get into this spot where we're like, I can't handle this.
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It's we have this like we imagine that's just gonna go off into the universe and it's actually going to harm us in some way.
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Like this anxiety is gonna, it feels unbearable.
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I can't handle it, is what I hear in my practice.
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It's it's uh unbearable.
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I can't stand it.
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And so we give in and we do the, we do the thing, whether it's if you struggle with people who struggle with, you know, like germophobia, they go and they wash their hands one more time or a little bit more, or reassurance seeking, or whatever your flavor of choice is in terms of that safety behavior.
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But when you do that, it ends up being that the next time you get on that wave, you get off a little sooner and you get off a little sooner, and you actually decrease your capacity to surf it.
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So, what is urge surfing, or what it, I mean, I'm from California, so a surfing metaphor works for me, but maybe you a snowboarding metaphor or somebody else's skateboarding or whatever.
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Um, what biking?
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But when we're surfing an urge, what you what we do is first just notice it.
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Like I'm noticing anxiety in my body right now.
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And I'm noticing my mind is telling the story that my mind tells me.
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And can I loosen my grip around it, be with it, ride it out a little bit, and notice that it changes.
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It gets to a point where it rises and then it comes back down again.
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And once you've surfed anxiety, which is not an easy task to do, but staying with it, staying present in this moment, then you get better at surfing and you get stronger at it over time.
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And the waves may actually may or may not change.
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Like you may still have a wave of anxiety before walking into a social event or, you know, the holidays are coming up, all sorts of anxieties show up for people socially and with families, and it's it's a knot in your stomach, it's fluttering in your heart, it's all the things.
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And you develop more capacity to write it.
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So urge surfing is one thing.
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And that when we're talking, when I'm talking about that, I'm talking about specific skill sets, being mindful to be, you know, to be present in the here and now.
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You can handle anything in the here and now.
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You can't handle what's gonna happen an hour from now, but you can handle now.
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Um, notice your own mind and not let your mind run the show.
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Your mind's gonna tell you all sorts of things about big scary waves when you're on the wave, and it's like, okay, thank you, mind.
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I'm gonna stay, I'm gonna stick with this.
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Um, and then also like it's a little bit of um loosening your grip because anxiety is so much gripping, so much controlling, so much tightening.
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And that's where we see a lot of the physiological symptoms associated with anxiety.
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But can I can I loosen my belly a little bit?
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Can I drop my shoulders?
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Can I exhale a little longer?
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Not to get rid of this anxiety, but just to be with it.
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Just to be with it.
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It's so interesting.
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You brought up the analogy of surfing.
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You know, I grew up in Panama and I got to surf on occasion.
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Not that I'm a big time surfer by no means, but I surfed, I paddled a bit.
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Uh, paddling was more, more, more common for me, but you can't be like rough and like you have to flow with the you and the surfboard or the paddle board have to be one.
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And you have to adapt and you have to bend your body with the waves and and because if you try to resist it, it's not gonna work.
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And and so like it that whole component of not holding on to the tension, you know, but really just all right, I'm in the moment and I'm gonna flow and I'm gonna ride the wave.
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I I like that analogy because I've actually experienced it while doing that.
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And it and and there's an important part of that is like why?
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Like why would we be
willing to?
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We were just talking about travel, and that's a really, you know, travel is a place where people have a lot of anxiety.
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They have anxiety, I have anxiety on airplanes.
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Um, maybe you have anxiety being around crowds, or maybe you have an anxiety around like, oh my gosh, I'm traveling to go visit my in-laws, and that feels like, uh, you know, whatever that is, like the anxiety around germs, it's all the things that happen in travel.
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It's just like a nice uh petri dish for anxiety.
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And so the question becomes okay, if we're asking you to surf this, why?
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Why does it matter to you to travel?
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Like, is there, even if it's like visiting your in-laws and that makes you anxious, there's probably a reason why you're doing it.
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Maybe it's because you want your kids to have a relationship with their in-laws.
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Maybe it's because you care about your partner.
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Uh, maybe you're traveling because, at least for me, I travel a lot for work.
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And every time I'm on the plane, I'm like, take me now, we're going down.
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But I, but I care so much about, I care so much about what I do.
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I mean, I train therapists all over the world.
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It brings me so much vitality to be in a space with 400 therapists that are just doing the hard work of being mental health professionals and to give them practices and ideas like we're talking about here.
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So I bring that up close into mind of like, why am I doing this?
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What is this?
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What am I, why am I willing to experience this wave of anxiety so that my life opens up more?
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And when you have that in mind, it's like the surfer, like, why would a surfer subject themselves?
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If you don't care about it, don't surf.
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And and I, and I think that's a little bit of a, you know, like I don't believe in pursuing making yourself anxious just for the sake of it.
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So older CBT kind of exposure therapy would do that.
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It like it's like very kind of structured.
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We're just gonna like, you know, do expose you to your fears.
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But the type of work that I do that's act-based is like, you know what?
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Those I don't have to expose you to those fears because if you are living a full life, the things that you care about will evoke your fears for you.
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And I want to know what you care about and then what
fear you're willing to have in order to pursue that care.
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Like I'm willing to get on an airplane and like I'm like watching the flight attendant the whole time.
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I'm like, okay, you're like my I'm like co-regulating with the flight attendant.
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If you're calm, I'm calm, lady, you know?
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And so I'm watching her the whole time.
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Sometimes I'm holding my seatmate next to me.
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I'm like, can I hold your hand?
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Sometimes I'm holding their hand.
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Why am I willing to do all that?
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Because I can go into a room with born to therapists and do what I'm here to do on this planet.
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I know what my karmic assignment is.
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So it is a little bit of that work that feels really important to me that's been left out of anxiety treatment because we get so like, you know, medical and we're all doing exposure and yada yada.
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But it's more about the values underneath it.
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That's what I'm interested in.
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And then you learn how to surf because you value something in there.
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Well, I love that.
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You know, keeping your eyes really focused on why you're doing what you're doing, you know, I uh that's so important.
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You know, I I am someone who has to travel a lot for work as well, regularly.
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You know, that can be a lot sometimes, but then it's like, oh, but I get to do this.
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I get to be able to meet people in both these states.
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I get to be able to have um opportunities all over the country, all over the world, and meet people like yourself for this podcast, for example.
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And and so sometimes we can get lost in the system of going and then lose sight of like the why.
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And I think that why can be so clarifying.
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Yeah, you're also doing something there.
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So in ACT, we have these sort of six core psychological processes that we're working with people on.
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And we're working with them to be more flexible in each of them.
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Together, it's called your psychological flexibility, your capacity to be with discomfort, stay present, engage with what matters to you, even when life is uncomfortable.
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That's psychological flexibility.
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And it turns out your capacity to be psychological flexible influences all sorts of things.
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You perform better, you're a better parent, you have less anxiety and depression, you they use it with athletes, all sorts of things.
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But there's six of them.
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And one of them that you were talking about there when you were saying, like, well, I have this opportunity, I can travel right now, is also what I would consider attentional flexibility.
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Because when we're anxious, our attention gets really, really, really narrowed.
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It focuses on the negative.
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Anyone that has social anxiety knows this.
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Like, all you can do when you're socially anxious is focus on like how awkward you look or the ums that you're saying, or the weird spaces between your words.
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Even me just saying this now makes me a little socially anxious because I'm paying way too much attention to the way I'm talking, right?
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So our attention narrows and it gets it gets narrowed on the negative.
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It gets narrowed how things makes, you know, the hypervigilance because your threat system is activated and that's what your threat system is designed to do.
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Keep you safe, look for things that are dangerous, right?
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But what you were doing in that example is you're you were shifting your attention to gratitude.
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You're shifting your attention to what um another really important skill in psychology is savoring.
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I'm not always gonna have a body that can travel.
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I might not always have the finances or a job.
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This changes over time.
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We don't know.
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Ooh, scary, unpredictable.
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Yeah, we don't know.
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We may not, you know, like the pandemic, we did not know the night before the pandemic hit that we were not gonna have a whole lot of things the next day.
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Yeah.
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Right.
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Uh maybe some people that were paying attention did know, but I didn't.
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I was like, school's closed.
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Oh my gosh, all the things that I thought I had, I don't have anymore, like childcare.
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The ability to have attentional flexibility is that at any point in time, there's always things that are scary you can pay attention to.
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There's things that are beautiful you can pay attention to, there's things that are joyous, there's things that bring us grief, and there's things that offer us gratitude, that we have gratitude around.
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And you get to be the chooser of where you're placing your
attention.
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That's what I was saying, like on the on the flight.
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Like I'm I'm tuning in to the flight attendant.
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Yeah, who does this every day?
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Who does this every day?
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I'm not tuning in to the up and down, up and down, up and down of the turbulence because I know, or I'm not sure in some situations things like anxiety, the worst place to tune in is into your body because you're over-tuned to the sensations of anxiety in your body.
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You need to get some eyes out on what's happening around you.
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The worst place to pay attention to is your head.
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Maybe we need to, you know, let our head do its thing and pay attention to the person who's talking instead of your head that's having all this commentary about what you're saying.
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So attentional flexibility is a really important part of the psychological flexibility processes.
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It's one of five.
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We can start to train up flexibility in all sorts of forms.
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And if you think about anxiety, the opposite of anxiety is to be flexible.
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Because anxiety is quite inflexible.
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That's so interesting.
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I've never thought about it that way, actually.
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You know, that's very, very interesting.
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Because anxiety to in my in my mind, right, has always been like, well, you're kind of all over the map.
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You're like water and air.
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You're just messy, you know, you're just kind of everywhere.
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And you're like, I don't know what to do.
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But really, what you're trying to do is you're trying to hold on.
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You're trying to hold on, like the you know, like when you're in the car and you know, you you're not the one driving, you're the passenger, and you're kind of like feeling insecure about the person driving, and you're trying to like hit the brake, or you're holding on to the the handles, and you're like, you can't, you don't know what to do.
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And so you're you're really tense and gripping rather than just being like, and this driver knows what they're doing, probably, and they are fine and I'll be okay.
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And just and even if they don't know what they're doing, me gripping onto the handle above my window is not gonna really do anything.
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In fact, what we know about you know, car crashes is that the more tense you are in a car crash, the more uh injury you have of a result of the car crash.
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I used to treat anxiety quite quite a bit.
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And I remember I had this um one client who had fear of driving.
00:16:59.679 --> 00:17:03.200
And so our treatment was to go out on the freeway.
00:17:03.279 --> 00:17:08.640
He would drive and I'd sit in the passenger treat seat, and he was terrified of having a panic attack on the freeway.
00:17:08.880 --> 00:17:11.519
Now, okay, you want to feel anxious?
00:17:11.759 --> 00:17:16.480
Be in the car with somebody who has fear of having a panic attack on the freeway.
00:17:16.640 --> 00:17:19.839
I mean, I was like, oh my gosh, am I safe in this in this situation?
00:17:20.000 --> 00:17:21.519
I'm like seat belted in.
00:17:21.680 --> 00:17:24.799
And so all these things of like, what why am I doing this?
00:17:24.960 --> 00:17:25.920
What's important to me?
00:17:26.000 --> 00:17:30.079
I actually really care about he was a younger, you know, 19-year-old, 20-year-old kid.
00:17:30.160 --> 00:17:31.039
I'm like, care about this kid.
00:17:31.119 --> 00:17:32.960
I want him to be able to drive.
00:17:33.200 --> 00:17:38.400
Like, this is like a this is gonna open his life up if he's not having his mom drive him everywhere, right?
00:17:38.559 --> 00:17:39.519
I want him to be able to drive.
00:17:39.599 --> 00:17:40.559
So I'm gonna care about that.
00:17:40.720 --> 00:17:48.400
And then also I knew that his anxiety, his panic would not cause him to crash.
00:17:48.559 --> 00:17:53.279
Actually, in fact, when you're when you're more anxious, you're he's more hyper-vigilant.
00:17:53.359 --> 00:17:55.839
He's noticing all the cars that are that are coming at him.
00:17:56.000 --> 00:17:56.799
He's fine.
00:17:57.039 --> 00:18:03.440
And me gripping onto the the little thing on the side is not gonna make us any safer.
00:18:03.599 --> 00:18:07.759
So I had to do a lot of practice of like, you've got this kid, letting go.
00:18:07.839 --> 00:18:20.079
And as I did that, as I was more just sort of like willing to be with this is hard, this is uncomfortable, we're doing something that's hard together, the more that he was willing to do it and the better driver he became.
00:18:20.319 --> 00:18:22.079
So I mean, we want to dose ourselves.
00:18:22.160 --> 00:18:26.960
Like you don't need to like throw if you're afraid of having a panic attack on the freeway, you don't like get on the freeway day one.
00:18:27.119 --> 00:18:29.920
We're like, let's do some, you know, let's do some side streets.
00:18:30.160 --> 00:18:39.519
And um, and when we build that up of doing some side streets, if you think about that anxiety in a relationship or whatever, you got to do the side streets first and then you work your way up to it.
00:18:39.680 --> 00:18:43.200
But the most important thing is that you get in the car.
00:18:43.440 --> 00:18:50.319
Because if you don't, you will, your life will get more and more narrow and you will get more and more anxious.
00:18:50.480 -->
00:19:02.480
This happened to a lot of people during COVID, not by our fault, but just a lot of difficult things happened and we lost our capacity to be around each other, to do things that we were doing before COVID.
00:19:02.640 --> 00:19:04.480
We got really scared, understandably.
00:19:04.640 --> 00:19:06.960
And the only way out of that fear is through it.
00:19:07.200 --> 00:19:09.759
It's very uh moving towards it.
00:19:10.160 --> 00:19:11.680
Yeah, you're so right.
00:19:11.920 --> 00:19:26.160
And I think people who do end up in anxiety, and in a couple of times in my life when I've had anxiety attacks, it's you the more you resist the anxiety, you know, the it having that moment, the more longer it goes.
00:19:26.319 --> 00:19:30.960
Whereas if you just go with it, it actually tends to dissipate faster.
00:19:31.200 --> 00:19:37.599
I do like theta healing with with uh my clients, you know, and I help people with theta brainwave techniques to deal with trauma.
00:19:37.759 --> 00:19:41.839
And for the most part, I was like, oh, I'm re relatively regulated and I'm doing good.
00:19:41.920 --> 00:19:44.960
And but then certain triggers will come in in in in life.
00:19:45.039 --> 00:19:48.960
And I've had a couple occasions in my life where I had an anxiety attack and I didn't know what they were at the time.
00:19:49.039 --> 00:19:50.079
This was some years ago.
00:19:50.240 --> 00:20:00.559
And I'm like, I don't know why I'm shaking uncontrollably, I don't know why I feel like I'm hyperventilating, and it was like I would resist it and it got worse and worse and worse.
00:20:00.720 --> 00:20:08.480
And then some, you know, and then I was just like, the times when I learned to just get limp and just flow, like I think that's exactly what you were saying.
00:20:08.640 --> 00:20:14.480
Now it's like clarifying, it was a lot easier, you know, than me trying to, I don't know, just be so tenslotted.
00:20:14.880 --> 00:20:20.960
Well, there's a reason why the first thing they teach kids when they're learning or adults when you're learning how to swim.
00:20:21.200 --> 00:20:23.440
I have two two uh teenage boys.
00:20:23.519 --> 00:20:28.799
The first thing they taught both of these two two dudes was lie on your back and float.
00:20:29.599 --> 00:20:30.640
Be a starfish.
00:20:30.880 --> 00:20:47.039
And the reason why they teach you that first when you're swimming is because people's instinct when they get into the, if they were to fall into a pool or you know, and they don't know how to swim, is to, you know, scramble, put a lot of effort into this, try and like get yourself ahead of a head above.
00:20:47.279 --> 00:20:53.359
And you can just imagine like the, you know, the kid that's trying to get their head above water and they exhaust themselves and then they end up drowning.
00:20:53.839 --> 00:21:05.359
And and that's the experience of anxiety, is like we our nervous system gets so scared, and then we start doing all these things to try and scramble to save our life because we feel like it's gonna kill us.
00:21:05.680 --> 00:21:11.599
And the the irony is that no one ever, ever, ever has ever died of anxiety.
00:21:12.000 --> 00:21:14.400
I've never met anyone dying of anxiety.
00:21:14.559 --> 00:21:20.640
I have, even though people say I feel like I'm gonna die of anxiety, no one's ever died of anxiety.
00:21:20.799 --> 00:21:25.680
But a lot of people have died in their attempts to not feel anxious.
00:21:26.400 --> 00:21:38.079
And we see this with, you know, overdoses, we see this with, you know, all sorts of avoidance behaviors, substances, ways in which we are trying to get rid of this thing.
00:21:38.480 --> 00:21:45.680
But if we can learn to be with it and float, it doesn't necessarily make that deep end, like it's you're still in the deep end.
00:21:45.839 --> 00:21:47.119
Like it still is hard.
00:21:47.200 --> 00:21:49.440
Like there's a lot of deep ends in our life.
00:21:49.920 --> 00:21:51.759
Just being human is a deep end.
00:21:52.400 --> 00:21:59.680
Really, if I if I were to go back to when I was like 10 years old and like whisper, if you think about this, like go back to when you were 10.
00:22:00.160 --> 00:22:05.920
And then whisper to your 10-year-old little self all the bad things that are going to happen to you.
00:22:07.039 --> 00:22:17.359
You know, the people and the pets that are going to die, the breakups that you're going to have, the failures, the jobs you're going to lose, the lonely times.
00:22:17.599 --> 00:22:22.559
Like if you were to whisper that into a 10-year-old's ear, they would not want to take another step.
00:22:22.720 --> 00:22:29.200
I mean, life is full of really hard things, like really hard things.
00:22:29.440 --> 00:22:38.240
And all of those things, if you look back to your 10-year-old self and you navigating through all that, all of those hard things also developed you as a human.
00:22:38.400 --> 00:22:48.640
You have more compassion, you have more skills, you have an understanding about the world, you have more wisdom, you have, you know more about what's important to you because you've been through this hardship.
00:22:48.880 --> 00:22:52.799
So with anxiety, it's like we're trying to prevent anything bad ever happening.
00:22:52.960 --> 00:22:59.680
And what we don't realize is that we actually can develop a skill set to be with the bad things happening, to be with the uncertainty.
00:22:59.839 --> 00:23:09.920
And it's the folks that that have that capacity that know how to float in the deep end and then eventually know how to swim in the deep end, are the folks that are really like can like navigate stuff.
00:23:10.079 --> 00:23:17.359
Like it's it's gonna sorry, but like now the next 10, 20 years of your life, I'd hate to tell you what's gonna happen to you.
00:23:18.640 --> 00:23:23.039
There's a lot of hard stuff, but but and that's part of just being human.
00:23:23.119 --> 00:23:24.400
No one gets out of
this alive.
00:23:24.640 --> 00:23:46.960
And I really see, I mean, from my practice of working with thousands and thousands of people at this point in time, the the resilience and beauty of the of the human experience to to be able to go through something like losing a partner to cancer or having your own experience of cancer.
00:23:47.119 --> 00:23:54.480
And let me tell you, if you've had cancer every number of years or months, you have to revisit that uncertainty.
00:23:55.279 --> 00:23:57.039
And it is hard.
00:23:57.599 --> 00:23:58.799
That's hard stuff.
00:23:59.359 --> 00:24:06.400
But it's also because you've had cancer and you're revisiting uncertainty that you have an understanding of how precious today is.
00:24:07.200 --> 00:24:08.160
Today's a gift.
00:24:08.880 --> 00:24:13.839
So I really believe that anxiety can sometimes be our teacher.
00:24:14.000 --> 00:24:24.559
We're anxious about things that we care about, and it's really our job to learn how to surf it and to be with it and float in it, and uh, you know, not to get rid of it necessarily.
00:24:24.799 --> 00:24:26.480
It may go down, but not to it.
00:24:26.960 --> 00:24:29.039
It's so good, you know, and thank you for saying that.
00:24:29.119 --> 00:24:30.640
I'm uh I've had cancer twice.
00:24:30.880 --> 00:24:31.759
So there you go.
00:24:31.920 --> 00:24:34.720
You know, it's the first time I was 14, the second time I was 30.
00:24:34.960 --> 00:24:39.039
It is true that you kind of go, what if it happens again?
00:24:39.200 --> 00:24:39.599
Right.
00:24:39.839 --> 00:24:45.200
But at the same time, I'm like, but I want to live my life, you know, like I'm still here twice.
00:24:45.519 --> 00:24:47.200
I've made it through it twice.
00:24:47.440 --> 00:24:51.440
And to live that life, I love what you said earlier when you talked about the pandemic.
00:24:51.599 --> 00:24:54.160
You said something like, I didn't know the pandemic was coming.
00:24:54.319 --> 00:24:56.480
I was just living my life, and then it came.
00:24:56.799 --> 00:25:02.480
And and the idea there of we don't know what, like you said earlier, we don't know what's coming.
00:25:02.720 --> 00:25:12.480
So rather than dwelling on all of the stuff we don't know or that could happen, live today because you can't do it, like knowing the pandemic was coming, would you have done anything different?
00:25:12.640 --> 00:25:18.640
I mean, it would have messed up the couple weeks, months beforehand, and you wouldn't have had that time before that.
00:25:18.720 --> 00:25:19.839
It didn't change anything.
00:25:20.160 --> 00:25:20.319
Yeah.
00:25:20.559 --> 00:25:25.920
I was just talking, we would just talk with my kids about pandemic and pandemic trick-or-treating.
00:25:26.400 --> 00:25:27.279
Do you remember pandemic?
00:25:27.519 --> 00:25:42.160
I don't know if you did this, but like people did so many good, they had they create all these like shoots in their front yards where they would like put candy down and then they would like put, they put lollipops in their lawns and they hung things from the trees because we couldn't walk up to people's doors.
00:25:42.799 --> 00:25:51.839
And it was it was because of this disruption and because of this kind of horrible thing that we had to figure out really creative ways.
00:25:52.160 --> 00:26:03.839
And humans are so creative, like just as really creative ways of keeping what mattered to us, which was connecting and kids having a uh, you know, a fun time on this like ridiculous holiday that's just fun.
00:26:04.079 --> 00:26:25.440
And and and so what is interesting about worry and anxiety when they've done research on um worries, there's this really classic study where they basically had people tell you all the things they're worried about and then track them for 10 days, and then 10 days later ask ask them how many of the things that you worry about came true.
00:26:26.240 --> 00:26:39.839
And in that study, the median, so in statistics, median is like if you line up all the numbers and you find the one in the middle, the median number of times that somebody's worry actually came true was zero.
00:26:42.160 --> 00:26:44.880
The most frequent number in all of that was zero.
00:26:45.039 --> 00:26:48.799
Now, for a few of those folks, their worry did come true.
00:26:49.039 --> 00:26:51.039
I yeah, sometimes it does.
00:26:51.200 --> 00:26:54.480
But I often will tell my clients, it's not the thing that you're worried about that's gonna come true.
00:26:54.559 --> 00:26:58.960
Because if you ask me what I was worried about the night before everything closed, it was not about everything closing.
00:26:59.039 --> 00:27:02.960
It was about like, oh my gosh, I'm worried about all, I think it was like the holidays when this was happening.
00:27:03.039 --> 00:27:09.200
Or, you know, I kind of remember that like I, or it was it was related to all the things on my plate that I was worried about.
00:27:09.519 --> 00:27:11.920
So something else is gonna happen.
00:27:12.160 --> 00:27:35.039
But your capacity to be flexible with what's happening in the here and now is your greatest resource so that you learn, like, I can handle what comes at me here and now instead of doing this thing in my head, which is trying to prepare for the thing that's gonna happen that's gonna be negative in the future, which I'm actually really inaccurate about.
00:27:35.200 --> 00:27:38.880
We're bad predictors of what the bad things are gonna happen.
00:27:38.960 --> 00:27:43.920
And we usually predict that we're gonna do a worse job at handling it than we actually do.
00:27:44.319 --> 00:27:46.000
You surprise yourself.
00:27:46.240 --> 00:27:55.119
Um, so yeah, I think that worry is such a worry is definitely one of those unwise efforts where it requires it uses up a lot of energy, it's a lot of mental energy.
00:27:55.279 --> 00:27:58.480
It usually disconnects you from things that you care about.
00:27:58.640 --> 00:28:08.720
So
when you're worrying about something, you're not really present with your friend or your dog or your work, you're in your head, which is an unpleasant place for most people to be.
00:28:08.960 --> 00:28:12.640
And when you're worrying about something, you're really just not solving anything.
00:28:12.960 --> 00:28:14.880
You're using up a lot of energy.
00:28:15.119 --> 00:28:16.240
So it's like worry.
00:28:16.319 --> 00:28:20.559
I see worry as like, okay, if I'm worrying about something, it's because it's something that I care about.
00:28:20.640 --> 00:28:22.799
I've never worried about anything that I don't care about.
00:28:23.039 --> 00:28:29.599
If I wake up in the night and I'm worried about X, Y, and Z, it X, Y, and Z are the top things that I care about.
00:28:30.000 --> 00:28:32.319
My kids, my work, my parents.
00:28:32.559 --> 00:28:42.000
So then how can I act on that care for my kids, my work, my parents, right here and right now, instead of being in the loop-de-loop of worry.
00:28:42.799 --> 00:28:43.279
So good.
00:28:43.440 --> 00:28:44.160
That's really good.
00:28:44.400 --> 00:28:46.640
You know, I I love that you mentioned unwise effort.
00:28:46.799 --> 00:28:53.119
I know that you talk a lot about wise effort and some of the things that you brought up today, I'm assuming are wise effort, like being flexible.
00:28:53.440 --> 00:29:00.000
Because it no matter what, there's going to be effort in whatever you put your attention towards and what you live your life doing, but there's a way of living it wisely.
00:29:00.240 --> 00:29:04.640
I'm assuming that's what that comes from, but maybe shed some light on the wise effort method.
00:29:05.279 --> 00:29:05.599
Sure.
00:29:05.759 --> 00:29:09.039
Well, so the actual term wise effort comes from Buddhism.
00:29:09.200 --> 00:29:12.720
It's one of the um steps on the eightfold path of Buddhism.
00:29:12.799 --> 00:29:14.319
In Buddhism, there's all these like numbers.
00:29:14.400 --> 00:29:18.559
It's like the four noble truths, and then the fourth noble truth is the eightfold path.
00:29:18.640 --> 00:29:28.240
And on that eightfold path um are things like wise effort, wise livelihood, wise speech, wise concentration, wise mindfulness.
00:29:28.480 --> 00:29:33.440
So wise effort comes like that actual terminology comes from Buddhism.
00:29:33.599 --> 00:29:40.000
I practice a lot of and lean into a lot of the contemplative teachings, not from a religious perspective.
00:29:40.160 --> 00:29:47.440
I grew up, I went to Catholic school, I had like Christian influences, my dad was like super Buddhist, and I was always confused about all of it.
00:29:47.599 --> 00:30:00.400
But I did like some of, and especially as I've become more of a scientist practitioner, some of these strategies and ideas that have thousands and thousands of years of lineage between them keep on showing up over and over again.
00:30:00.720 --> 00:30:04.559
One of which is what are you doing with your effort
and your energy?
00:30:04.799 --> 00:30:06.000
What is wise effort?
00:30:06.079 --> 00:30:07.359
What is unwise effort?
00:30:07.519 --> 00:30:20.079
So wise effort is about the way that I define it, is about pointing your energy, your most precious resource, in the direction of things that matter to you.
00:30:20.400 --> 00:30:28.720
And when you point that energy in the direction of things that matter to you, what ends up happening is that it becomes a renewable resource.
00:30:28.960 --> 00:30:31.759
So unwise effort depletes you over time.
00:30:32.160 --> 00:30:41.039
The more and more and more you're trying to change somebody or, you know, I've been in my marriage for my relationship for over 20 years, right?
00:30:41.200 --> 00:30:50.319
There are so many unwise efforts that like potholes of dynamics between the two of us that I'm just like, it is so not worth it for us to even go there anymore.
00:30:50.480 --> 00:30:58.079
Like I fully just need to accept this as it is, and I put my efforts into the things that actually have agency in our relationship that make a difference.
00:30:58.400 --> 00:31:12.160
So figuring out what your values are, who you want to be, how you want to show up in this in this world, figuring out what your talents are, what your gifts are, because if you're doing something that you are talented and gifted at, it's going to be low effort.
00:31:12.319 --> 00:31:14.319
For me, obviously, I'm a talker.
00:31:14.480 --> 00:31:16.720
So uh I do it for a living.
00:31:16.880 --> 00:31:18.960
I'm on podcasts, I give speeches.
00:31:19.119 --> 00:31:21.519
It is so low effort for me to do this.
00:31:21.839 --> 00:31:27.599
And it's and it's rewarding to me because it's aligned with my values of talking about things like mental health.
00:31:27.839 --> 00:31:30.880
So this is a wise effort move of being on your podcast.
00:31:30.960 --> 00:31:33.279
When you reached out to me, said, Hey, do you want to come on the podcast?
00:31:33.440 --> 00:31:35.519
I write about what you were talking about.
00:31:35.680 --> 00:31:37.039
I like what you're about.
00:31:37.279 --> 00:31:40.400
It's going to be rewarding to me at the end of this hour together.
00:31:40.559 --> 00:31:42.000
I'm going to feel energized.
00:31:42.160 --> 00:31:44.240
I'm not going to feel depleted and burned out.
00:31:44.400 --> 00:31:46.160
So that's a wise effort move.
00:31:46.319 --> 00:31:59.039
Now I've been in other situations where I've had that inner sense of like whole body no, or this isn't really, this isn't really what I'm about, but I'll do it because I feel like I kind of should, or this is a prestigious position to be in.
00:31:59.119 --> 00:32:01.279
So I'll pursue that because it looks good on paper.
00:32:01.440 --> 00:32:04.319
And at the end of that hour, I feel depleted.
00:32:04.400 --> 00:32:05.839
I feel like I abandoned myself.
00:32:06.079 --> 00:32:08.240
It's an unwise effort move.
00:32:08.400 --> 00:32:16.799
So some of it is inner work of getting to know yourself, but it's really about getting to know your values, getting to know what your talents are and pointing your energy towards that.
00:32:16.960 --> 00:32:21.039
And then life becomes more sustainable, more, you know.
00:32:21.119 --> 00:32:25.759
I believe in life cycles and ecosystems and I believe in regenerative energy.
00:32:25.920 --> 00:32:31.119
And I believe that's the case for us as well, many, especially for folks that are feeling pretty depleted.
00:32:32.480 --> 00:32:33.039
So good.
00:32:33.200 --> 00:32:33.920
That was so good.
00:32:34.000 --> 00:32:34.400
I love that.
00:32:34.559 --> 00:32:35.359
You're absolutely right.
00:32:35.519 --> 00:32:40.559
When you are in flow with who you are and what you enjoy doing, it isn't a lot of effort because it's natural.
00:32:40.720 --> 00:32:42.160
Uh, I'm the same way as you.
00:32:42.319 --> 00:32:47.200
I love talking and listening and being in podcast and speaking on stage is not doesn't give me anxiety.
00:32:47.359 --> 00:32:53.920
I am very much like, yeah, but put me in like a, I don't know, an accounting role, and I would probably hate my life.
00:32:54.079 --> 00:32:54.559
You know what I mean?
00:32:54.640 --> 00:32:56.240
Like it would just would not be my thing.
00:32:56.400 --> 00:33:00.640
Whereas for some people, that's like their favorite little place is to be at the desk and working on numbers.
00:33:00.720 --> 00:33:06.640
And for me, I'm like, give me people, give me conversation, stimulate my mind, let me learn something, let me share what I'm learning.
00:33:06.720 --> 00:33:09.839
And and so it I always get energized from it as well.
00:33:09.920 --> 00:33:18.240
And I think if we applied that method in life and we go, hey, you know, I think I heard something at one point is like if 80% of what you do is depleting you, it's not a good thing, right?
00:33:18.400 --> 00:33:31.039
And you know, because oftentimes that 80-20 rule of like, you know, anything that's like 80% of the time is just like, ugh, probably shift around so you can have, you know, life does have difficulty, it does have problems, it does have stress.
00:33:31.279 --> 00:33:37.920
If you're mostly doing 80% of life's good, you know, we're focusing on the things that are positive, we're focusing on growth and the opportunities.
00:33:38.079 --> 00:33:43.599
And yeah, there's that 20% of life that requires things we don't want to do, like taking out the trash as an example.
00:33:43.759 --> 00:33:51.039
But, you know, if you're predominantly doing the things that you don't, then you're gonna live a life that's gonna be more stressful, not very enjoyable.
00:33:51.440 --> 00:33:51.920
Yeah.
00:33:52.240 --> 00:34:00.319
And and and you can play with it though as well, because sometimes we are in situations where we are doing stuff that we don't want to do.
00:34:00.480 --> 00:34:06.960
But if we can connect it to our values, then it can shift our our flexibility
around it.
00:34:07.119 --> 00:34:10.960
So for example, um, I'm thinking about many clients that have aging parents.
00:34:11.119 --> 00:34:23.360
And when they talk about going to visit their aging parents, like in a um if they're in a facility, it is like the smells, the sounds, the everything about that experience is like, ugh, like it is hard.
00:34:23.599 --> 00:34:24.239
It is hard.
00:34:24.320 --> 00:34:33.519
You know, working with a you know, a parent that has dementia or a parent that has physical um changes happening, and they're like looking at their parent and like this isn't who I grew up with anymore, right?
00:34:33.760 --> 00:34:38.079
Now, in that category, we'd say, like, ooh, that's an ick thing.
00:34:38.159 --> 00:34:41.360
It doesn't really bring you vitality or energy, so just don't do it, right?
00:34:41.440 --> 00:35:03.360
But everything in your being, and if they have like a relationship and they care about this human, it's how can you dig into your values here and use those as the energy source to then walk into that facility, like like a like an inner source of heart, wholeheartedness, a sense of this is what I care about, this is who I want to be.
00:35:03.519 --> 00:35:04.320
I'm gonna walk in.
00:35:04.400 --> 00:35:05.840
And then I'm also gonna titrate it.
00:35:05.920 --> 00:35:07.360
Like I don't need to stay for an hour and a half.
00:35:07.440 --> 00:35:11.280
You know, an eight-minute visit is plenty if you're like, this is as much as you can do.
00:35:11.440 --> 00:35:13.199
And that's also wise effort.
00:35:13.360 --> 00:35:16.719
I have an energy audit on my my website that people can go through.
00:35:16.800 --> 00:35:26.400
And then I on my Instagram, I have this energy matrix where on the X axis, and you could just do this on a piece of paper, but on X-axis is your values.
00:35:26.480 --> 00:35:30.800
And at any point in time, you're moving towards your values or toward away from your values.
00:35:31.039 --> 00:35:38.480
So getting clued in on that, like if going to visit your parent and in the rest home is towards your values, or is it away from your values?
00:35:38.559 --> 00:35:43.920
Because it just feels like obligation and and it's not really, you know, you're having to give up something else in your life that's really important to you.
00:35:44.000 --> 00:35:46.079
So know your towards and away moves.
00:35:46.320 --> 00:35:51.679
And then the y-axis, which is the vertical one for those of us who haven't been in math for a while.
00:35:51.760 --> 00:35:54.239
Uh, the y-axis is your effort.
00:35:54.480 --> 00:36:00.800
So at any point in time, you're putting high effort into things or you're putting low effort into things.
00:36:00.960 --> 00:36:04.239
And the idea isn't just to put low effort into life.
00:36:04.480 --> 00:36:07.039
There's going to be moments where you're going to need to put high effort in.
00:36:07.199 --> 00:36:11.039
But when you create this little quadrant, you get
four things, you get four areas.
00:36:11.199 --> 00:36:15.760
And this is the part that I like for people to look at and even think about with anxiety.
00:36:15.920 --> 00:36:25.519
So we have one area, which is if you think about this little quadrant, visualize it, the bottom left corner, which is you're moving away from your values and it's low effort.
00:36:25.760 --> 00:36:31.199
This is like when you come home from work and you're so exhausted and you just lie on the couch and you scroll.
00:36:31.760 --> 00:36:32.079
Yeah.
00:36:32.239 --> 00:36:37.199
You know, or you know, that the anxiety thing comes up and you're like, oh, I don't want to feel it.
00:36:37.280 --> 00:36:41.840
So I'm going to go grab the potato chips from the cupboard, because that just kind of makes it go away quicker.
00:36:42.079 --> 00:36:45.360
Or my cigarette or whatever it is that we grab, or my glass of wine, or whatever.
00:36:45.440 --> 00:36:48.719
It's like low effort, but it kind of is away from your values.
00:36:48.800 --> 00:36:54.719
And what I consider that to be is sort of like junk food rest, junk food relief.
00:36:55.199 --> 00:36:57.039
It's not really giving you the relief.
00:36:57.199 --> 00:37:03.440
And then you have on the top left corner, which is away from your values, but high effort, that's an interesting one.
00:37:03.679 --> 00:37:09.679
That's when you're doing things that require a lot of energy, but don't line up with how you want to be in the world.
00:37:09.920 --> 00:37:14.880
So that top left one will be things like, I'm like people pleasing.
00:37:15.360 --> 00:37:24.719
I'm going to the event that I don't really, don't, really want to be at or even care about, but I feel like I should go to, but it like takes everything in my whole body and being to go.
00:37:24.960 --> 00:37:34.480
And I'm showing up and gritting it and, you know, and clenching my stomach the whole time, or work that you're doing that is away from your values, but you're just doing it because you feel like you should or have to.
00:37:34.639 --> 00:37:36.320
So that corner is burnout.
00:37:36.480 --> 00:37:40.159
That side of the equation I consider to be unwise efforts.
00:37:40.320 --> 00:37:49.280
But then on the right side is where things get interesting because you're going to need to balance this top right corner, which is towards your values and high effort.
00:37:49.679 --> 00:37:51.519
You're going to do stuff like that in life.
00:37:51.679 --> 00:37:53.119
You're going to apply for that job.
00:37:53.280 --> 00:38:02.079
You're going to go, you know, if you're dating, you know, you're going to need to like go on that date and feel awkward.
00:38:02.320 --> 00:38:05.280
If you have kids, you're going to need to set boundaries.
00:38:05.519 --> 00:38:08.559
If you have a dog, you're going to need to go pick up its poop.
00:38:08.719 --> 00:38:14.239
Like that, that's sort of like, you know, the things, the things of life that that you're doing.
00:38:14.559 --> 00:38:18.880
Or if you have a dog, you're going to figure out when is the time to put your dog down.
00:38:19.840 --> 00:38:20.800
High effort.
00:38:20.960 --> 00:38:23.119
It takes a lot of effort to do that.
00:38:23.360 --> 00:38:27.599
And, or your cat or your lizard or whatever it is you care about in your family.
00:38:27.760 --> 00:38:30.079
So high effort, but towards values.
00:38:30.239 --> 00:38:33.360
And I would consider those to be worth it, wise effort moves.
00:38:33.519 --> 00:38:39.599
And then you need to balance that with the bottom right, which is high is low effort towards values.
00:38:39.920 --> 00:38:41.920
This is different than scrolling on the couch.
00:38:42.079 --> 00:38:50.639
This is like low effort towards values for me is going and just walking down on my chicken coop and like saying hi to the girls and being like, hey, how's it going down here?
00:38:50.719 --> 00:38:52.320
Can I get you some sour grass?
00:38:52.559 --> 00:39:09.119
You know, or low effort towards values is like my neighbor stops by and I'm like too busy, but I just decide to talk to her and like ask her about her day because like I kind of like her as a person and I like that she's my neighbor and I, you know, so low effort towards values fill your tank.
00:39:09.280 --> 00:39:12.800
High effort towards values make you feel like you're doing your work in this world.
00:39:12.960 --> 00:39:14.559
And all of that is wise effort.
00:39:14.639 --> 00:39:16.800
So that's a nice little grid that people could do.
00:39:16.960 --> 00:39:24.480
I'm talking for way too long, but um it's a nice little grid that people can do around wise effort if you can visualize it and get out your paper.
00:39:24.800 --> 00:39:25.679
No, it's really good.
00:39:25.840 --> 00:39:29.039
This is this has been so insightful, like truly.
00:39:29.119 --> 00:39:32.639
Like I I I have really enjoyed hearing your perspectives.
00:39:32.800 --> 00:39:39.519
And and I think that today I'm going through some thoughts in my own head today about some decisions I have to make.
00:39:39.599 --> 00:39:42.639
And I actually have a flight tonight that I'm heading out on.
00:39:42.800 --> 00:39:46.880
And and I was on the fence about whether I should even do the trip, honestly.
00:39:47.039 --> 00:39:50.960
And after hearing you, I'm like, yeah, I'm gonna take that trip.
00:39:51.119 --> 00:39:52.880
I'm gonna look at that flight attendant.
00:39:53.119 --> 00:39:53.679
You know what I mean?
00:39:53.760 --> 00:39:57.840
Like, I'm gonna just go do the thing and save her this day, save her this week.
00:39:58.000 --> 00:40:05.920
You know, we don't have control over tomorrow in terms of external circumstances around us, but we do have control of how we want to live our lives today in this moment.
00:40:06.239 --> 00:40:13.199
And you just gave me some answers because I was literally before the podcast actually intuitively going, what am I supposed to do?
00:40:13.440
--> 00:40:14.079
Right?
00:40:14.480 --> 00:40:18.239
And so so much of what you said was actually just like the universe saying, Here you go.
00:40:18.400 --> 00:40:20.639
So thank you so much, truly.
00:40:21.119 --> 00:40:28.079
Yeah, well, it sounds like it's a hard move to make that trip for you that you're having to come up against some inner barriers there.
00:40:28.880 --> 00:40:43.199
Yeah, well, you know, that there's responsibilities in both places, you know, one's work and one's, you know, my kids, you know, and and just with uncertainty in the world right now and some stuff that's going on in the news, you go, hmm, it's just a good time to be traveling for work, you know?
00:40:43.440 --> 00:40:46.400
And yet I have to work and do my job, you know.
00:40:46.559 --> 00:40:48.639
So it's it's like, what do you do?
00:40:48.800 --> 00:40:51.280
But at the same time, like they're fine.
00:40:51.599 --> 00:40:54.400
They're they're taken care of, you know, they're gonna be okay.
00:40:54.639 --> 00:40:58.480
You know, so it's there's some really good insights here for me.
00:40:58.559 --> 00:41:06.960
So on a personal level, and I think for those listening too, I just want to point this out to you who if you're listening to this right now, is you have a choice to just do that.
00:41:07.119 --> 00:41:13.519
Like that that whole quadrant, the wise effort or the unwise effort, what's gonna be low effort or high effort.
00:41:14.400 --> 00:41:16.159
It's good, it's a good perspective.
00:41:16.559 --> 00:41:18.000
Yeah, you know, it's interesting.
00:41:18.079 --> 00:41:32.239
I think with kids, I think we're there's a lot of uncertainty if you're a parent right now in terms of what our kids are facing and stuff that we just have no clue about um that they're gonna have to face in their in their lifetime.
00:41:32.559 --> 00:41:54.559
And and for me, always the best job that I could ever do as a parent was not trying to control the outcomes for them, but but to show them how to be in this, you know, like these kids have gone through pandemics, they've got my kids have gone through multiple fires, losses of people in their life.
00:41:54.719 --> 00:42:07.039
And I I I don't know, we want to bubble wrap them and prevent it these things from happening, but it's the the bigger gift we can give them is showing them how we how we can do it, you know, how we can in the face of uncertainty make a choice.
00:42:07.119 --> 00:42:09.840
And and then what is the process that we're going through and making that choice?
00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:13.440
You said I have to work, but I also think you want to work, you care about working.
00:42:14.480 --> 00:42:16.719
And um, and then you express that to your kids.
00:42:16.880 --> 00:42:21.039
Like, I'm I'm doing this because I because I care about something that I feel drawn to.
00:42:21.119 --> 00:42:28.079
And I hope that you can can walk through unstable times because you're driven by a care.
00:42:28.239 --> 00:42:34.800
And if they have that, then that's like a protective factor, like a huge protective factor to have a caring heart.
00:42:35.039 --> 00:42:36.960
Um so it it's hard.
00:42:37.039 --> 00:42:43.599
I mean, it this is a this is a hard, it's a hard time, and it's and our ancestors have been through hard times.
00:42:43.760 --> 00:42:46.159
This is humans are it's just hard to be human.
00:42:46.239 --> 00:42:47.760
This is the first noble truth, actually.
00:42:49.119 --> 00:42:50.719
Life is uncomfortable.
00:42:51.360 --> 00:42:53.039
It's true, it's true.
00:42:53.119 --> 00:42:54.239
It's so interesting.
00:42:54.400 --> 00:42:56.880
It's from the moment you're born, you cry, right?
00:42:56.960 --> 00:43:04.719
Like it's like the first thing you do is go, ah, I'm not in my womb, the womb anymore, the place I was accustomed to, the first thing you're exposed to is uncertainty.
00:43:04.880 --> 00:43:05.679
You know what I mean?
00:43:05.920 --> 00:43:10.320
And so, and then life just keeps moving forward, and and from that standpoint.
00:43:10.639 --> 00:43:11.199
Well, Dr.
00:43:11.280 --> 00:43:14.480
Diana, I have appreciated you and this conversation so very much.
00:43:14.639 --> 00:43:20.000
And for those listening, we include all of the links to her website and socials within the description box.
00:43:20.079 --> 00:43:29.760
I invite you to to check out uh her website and reach out, and and she's on many other podcasts that are not only this one, and so be sure to to take a take a listen.
00:43:29.920 --> 00:43:30.320
Uh Dr.
00:43:30.559 --> 00:43:32.639
Diana, thank you so much for joining us today.
00:43:33.360 --> 00:43:33.760
Thank you.
00:43:35.360 --> 00:43:36.960
Thank you, and for all those who are with us.
00:43:37.119 --> 00:43:39.119
Stay rooted and stay wild.