Full Transcript for Chapter 1

--> 00:04:47.040 circle was performed in the evening in a little over 67 00:04:47.120 --> 00:04:50.920 three hours. As on the six gating morning, I found 68 00:04:50.959 --> 00:04:53.759 that the shoot revolved in two hours forty five minutes. 69 00:04:54.000 --> 00:04:57.319 It must have made during the night four revolutions, each 70 00:04:57.439 --> 00:05:00.439 at the average rate of a little over three hours. 71 00:05:00.800 --> 00:05:03.560 I should add that the temperature of a room varied 72 00:05:03.600 --> 00:05:06.839 only a little. The choote had now grown three and 73 00:05:06.959 --> 00:05:10.759 one half inches in length and carried at its extremity 74 00:05:10.839 --> 00:05:14.519 a young internode one inch in length, which showed slight 75 00:05:14.600 --> 00:05:19.199 changes in its curvature. The next or ninth revolution was 76 00:05:19.240 --> 00:05:23.240 effected in two hours thirty minutes. From this time forward, 77 00:05:23.240 --> 00:05:28.279 the revolutions were easily observed. The thirty sixth revolution was 78 00:05:28.319 --> 00:05:31.360 performed at the usual rate, so was the last or 79 00:05:31.399 --> 00:05:35.439 thirty seventh, but it was not completed, for the internode 80 00:05:35.519 --> 00:05:40.480 suddenly became upright, and, after moving to the center, remained motionless. 81 00:05:41.199 --> 00:05:43.480 I tied a weight to its upper end so as 82 00:05:43.519 --> 00:05:47.399 to bow it slightly and thus detect any movement, but 83 00:05:47.519 --> 00:05:51.360 there was none. Some time before the last revolution was 84 00:05:51.480 --> 00:05:55.560 half performed, the lower part of the internode ceased to move. 85 00:05:56.720 --> 00:05:59.160 A few more remarks will complete all that need to 86 00:05:59.199 --> 00:06:03.399 be said about this internode. It moved during five days, 87 00:06:03.480 --> 00:06:07.079 but the more rapid movements after the performance of the 88 00:06:07.120 --> 00:06:12.480 third Revolution lasted during three days and twenty hours. The 89 00:06:12.560 --> 00:06:16.879 regular revolutions from the ninth to thirty sixth inclusive were 90 00:06:16.879 --> 00:06:20.480 effected at the average rate of two hours thirty one minutes, 91 00:06:20.920 --> 00:06:23.839 but the weather was cold, and this affected the temperature 92 00:06:23.839 --> 00:06:27.720 of the room, especially during the night, and consequently retarded 93 00:06:27.759 --> 00:06:31.279 the rate of movement a little. There was only one 94 00:06:31.360 --> 00:06:35.879 irregular movement which consisted in the stem, rapidly, making after 95 00:06:35.920 --> 00:06:39.560 an unusually slow revolution, only the segment of a circle. 96 00:06:40.319 --> 00:06:44.079 After the seventeenth revolution, the internode had grown from one 97 00:06:44.160 --> 00:06:48.199 to three fourths to six inches in length and carried 98 00:06:48.240 --> 00:06:52.399 an internode one and seven eighth inch long which was 99 00:06:52.600 --> 00:06:57.720 just perceptibly moving, and this carried a very minute ultimate internode. 100 00:06:58.759 --> 00:07:02.680 After the twenty first roun, the penultimate internode was two 101 00:07:02.759 --> 00:07:06.079 and one half inches long and probably revolved in a 102 00:07:06.079 --> 00:07:10.160 period of about three hours. At the twenty seventh revolution, 103 00:07:10.600 --> 00:07:13.959 the lower and still moving internode was eight and three 104 00:07:14.079 --> 00:07:18.480 eighths inch, the penultimate three and one half inch, and 105 00:07:18.519 --> 00:07:22.000 the ultimate two and one half inches in length, and 106 00:07:22.040 --> 00:07:25.000 the inclination of the whole shoot was such that a 107 00:07:25.040 --> 00:07:28.480 circle of nineteen inches in diameter was swept by it. 108 00:07:29.319 --> 00:07:33.120 When the movement ceased, the lower internode was nine inches 109 00:07:33.399 --> 00:07:37.040 and the penultimate six inches in length, so that from 110 00:07:37.120 --> 00:07:42.240 the twenty seventh to thirty seventh revolutions inclusive, three internodes 111 00:07:42.279 --> 00:07:47.079 were at the same time revolving. The lower internode, when 112 00:07:47.079 --> 00:07:50.800 it ceased revolving, became upright and rigid, but as the 113 00:07:50.839 --> 00:07:54.360 whole shoot was left to grow unsupported, it became after 114 00:07:54.439 --> 00:07:58.920 a time bent into a nearly horizontal position. The uppermost 115 00:07:59.000 --> 00:08:02.800 and growing internet roads still revolving at the extremity, but 116 00:08:02.920 --> 00:08:05.720 of course no longer round the old central point of 117 00:08:05.800 --> 00:08:09.680 the supporting stick from the changed position of the center 118 00:08:09.759 --> 00:08:13.160 of gravity of the extremity as it revolved. A slight 119 00:08:13.279 --> 00:08:17.279 and slow swaying movement was given to the long, horizontally 120 00:08:17.319 --> 00:08:21.360 projecting shoot, and this movement I at first thought was 121 00:08:21.399 --> 00:08:25.480 a spontaneous one. As the shute grew, it hung down 122 00:08:25.560 --> 00:08:29.800 more and more whilst the growing and revolving extremity turned 123 00:08:29.839 --> 00:08:33.240 itself up more and more. With the hop we have 124 00:08:33.399 --> 00:08:37.360 seen that three internodes were at the same time revolving, 125 00:08:37.799 --> 00:08:40.120 and this was the case with most of the plants 126 00:08:40.159 --> 00:08:44.720 observed by me. With all if in full health, two 127 00:08:44.840 --> 00:08:48.519 internodes revolved, so that by the time the lower one 128 00:08:48.600 --> 00:08:52.000 ceased to revolve, the one above was in full action, 129 00:08:52.480 --> 00:08:57.720 with a terminal internode just commencing to move. With Hoya Carnosa, 130 00:08:58.080 --> 00:09:02.720 on the other hand, a dependent shoot without any developed leaves, 131 00:09:03.039 --> 00:09:06.799 thirty two

inches in length and consisting of seven internodes 132 00:09:07.159 --> 00:09:12.200 a minute terminal one an engine length being counted continually 133 00:09:12.240 --> 00:09:15.879 but slowly swayed from side to side in a semi 134 00:09:15.879 --> 00:09:21.879 circular course, with the extreme internodes making complete revolutions. This 135 00:09:22.039 --> 00:09:25.519 swaying movement was certainly due to the movement of the 136 00:09:25.559 --> 00:09:30.000 lower internodes, which however, had not force sufficient to swing 137 00:09:30.080 --> 00:09:34.759 the whole shoot round the central supporting stick. The case 138 00:09:34.799 --> 00:09:42.840 of another esclepidaceous plant viz. Seropagia gardinierai is worth briefly giving. 139 00:09:43.200 --> 00:09:46.320 I allowed the top to grow out almost horizontally, to 140 00:09:46.360 --> 00:09:49.960 the length of thirty to one inches. This now consisted 141 00:09:50.039 --> 00:09:54.279 of three long internodes terminated by two short ones. The 142 00:09:54.320 --> 00:09:57.639 whole revolved in a course opposed to the sun, the 143 00:09:57.759 --> 00:10:01.360 reverse that of the hop at ra, between five hours 144 00:10:01.360 --> 00:10:05.360 fifteen minutes and six hours forty five minutes for each revolution. 145 00:10:06.440 --> 00:10:09.639 The extreme tip thus made a circle of about five 146 00:10:09.720 --> 00:10:13.480 feet or sixty two inches in diameter and sixteen feet 147 00:10:13.519 --> 00:10:17.120 in circumference, traveling at the rate of thirty two or 148 00:10:17.159 --> 00:10:20.879 thirty three inches per hour. The weather being hot, the 149 00:10:20.919 --> 00:10:23.840 plant was allowed to stand on my study table, and 150 00:10:23.960 --> 00:10:27.120 it was an interesting spectacle to watch the long shoot 151 00:10:27.480 --> 00:10:31.440 sweeping this grand circle night and day, in search of 152 00:10:31.480 --> 00:10:35.720 some object round which to twine. If we take hold 153 00:10:35.799 --> 00:10:38.799 of a growing sapling, we can, of course bend it 154 00:10:39.120 --> 00:10:41.879 to all sides in succession, so as to make the 155 00:10:41.919 --> 00:10:45.480 tip describe a circle like that performed by the summit 156 00:10:45.559 --> 00:10:49.879 of a spontaneously revolving plant. By this movement, the sapling 157 00:10:50.000 --> 00:10:53.000 is not in the least twisted round its own axis. 158 00:10:53.440 --> 00:10:57.039 I mention this because if a black point be painted 159 00:10:57.039 --> 00:10:59.679 on the bark on the side which is uppermost, when 160 00:10:59.679 --> 00:11:03.279 the sapling is bent towards the holder's body as the 161 00:11:03.320 --> 00:11:06.960 circle is described, the black point gradually turns round and 162 00:11:07.120 --> 00:11:10.399 sinks to the lower side, and comes up again when 163 00:11:10.399 --> 00:11:14.200 the circle is completed. And this gives the false appearance 164 00:11:14.240 --> 00:11:18.879 of twisting, which, in the case of spontaneously revolving plants, 165 00:11:18.919 --> 00:11:22.720 deceived me for a time. The appearance is the more 166 00:11:22.720 --> 00:11:26.679 deceitful because the axes of nearly all twiny plants are 167 00:11:26.919 --> 00:11:29.919 rarely twisted, and they are twisted in the same direction 168 00:11:30.320 --> 00:11:34.960 with the spontaneous revolving movement. To give an instance, the 169 00:11:35.000 --> 00:11:37.679 inter node of the hop of which the history has 170 00:11:37.720 --> 00:11:41.039 been recorded, was at first, as could be seen by 171 00:11:41.080 --> 00:11:44.200 the ridges on its surface, not in the least twisted. 172 00:11:44.679 --> 00:11:48.600 But when after these thirty seventh revolution it had grown 173 00:11:48.759 --> 00:11:52.960 nine inches long and its revolving movement had ceased, it 174 00:11:53.039 --> 00:11:57.440 had become twisted three times round its own axis in 175 00:11:57.480 --> 00:12:00.639 the line of the course of the sun. On the 176 00:12:00.720 --> 00:12:05.240 other hand, the common convolvulus, which revolves in an opposite 177 00:12:05.399 --> 00:12:10.679 course to the hop, becomes twisted in an opposite direction. Hence, 178 00:12:10.759 --> 00:12:14.559 it is not surprising that Hugo von Muel page one, O, five, 179 00:12:14.759 --> 00:12:18.159 one O eight, et cetera, thought that the twisting of 180 00:12:18.200 --> 00:12:21.960 the axis caused the revolving movement. But it is not 181 00:12:22.120 --> 00:12:24.840 possible that the twisting of the axis of the hop 182 00:12:25.000 --> 00:12:30.759 three times should have caused thirty seven revolutions. Moreover, the 183 00:12:30.799 --> 00:12:34.919 revolving movement commenced in the young internode before any twisting 184 00:12:35.000 --> 00:12:38.799 of its axis could be detected. The internodes of a 185 00:12:38.840 --> 00:12:44.360 young Siphomeris and Lecntia revolved during several days, but became 186 00:12:44.440 --> 00:12:49.519 twisted only once round their own axes. The best evidence, however, 187 00:12:49.600 --> 00:12:52.799 that the twisting does not cause the revolving movement is 188 00:12:52.840 --> 00:12:57.080 afforded by many leaf climbing and tendril bearing plants, such 189 00:12:57.679 --> 00:13:05.559 as Pissum sativum, en Chinocytis lobata, Bignonia capriolata, a Chremocarpus 190 00:13:05.600 --> 00:13:11.720 scaber and with the leaf climbers Solanum, jasminoids, and various 191 00:13:11.720 --> 00:13:16.320 species of Clematis, of which the internodes are not twisted, 192 00:13:16.639 --> 00:13:21.080 but which, as we shall hereafter see regularly perform revolving 193 00:13:21.159 --> 00:13:26.679 movements like those of true twining plants. Moreover, according to 194 00:13:26.759 --> 00:13:31.559 Palm page thirty ninety five and Rule page one forty 195 00:13:31.679 --> 00:13:37.039 nine and Leon, internodes may occasionally, and even not very rarely, 196 00:13:37.399

--> 00:13:40.639 be found which are twisted in an opposite direction to 197 00:13:40.720 --> 00:13:44.000 the other internodes on the same plant and to the 198 00:13:44.039 --> 00:13:48.360 course of their revolutions. And this, according to Leon page 199 00:13:48.440 --> 00:13:52.120 three fifty six, is the case with all the internodes 200 00:13:52.120 --> 00:13:57.440 of a certain variety of Phasiolus multiflorus. Internodes which have 201 00:13:57.519 --> 00:14:01.200 become twisted round their own axis, if they have not 202 00:14:01.320 --> 00:14:05.080 ceased to revolve, are still capable of twining round support, 203 00:14:05.440 --> 00:14:10.159 as I have several times observed. Mal has remarked page 204 00:14:10.200 --> 00:14:13.559 one eleventh that when a stemmer twines round a smooth 205 00:14:13.600 --> 00:14:18.720 cylindrical stick, it does not become twisted. Accordingly, I allowed 206 00:14:18.799 --> 00:14:22.600 kidney beans to run up stretched string and of smooth 207 00:14:22.799 --> 00:14:25.759 rods of iron and glass one third of an inch 208 00:14:25.799 --> 00:14:29.559 in diameter, and they became twisted only in that degree, 209 00:14:29.639 --> 00:14:33.799 which follows as a mechanical necessity from the spiral winding. 210 00:14:34.840 --> 00:14:38.159 The stems, on the other hand, which had ascended ordinary 211 00:14:38.279 --> 00:14:42.480 rough sticks, were all more or less and generally much twisted. 212 00:14:43.120 --> 00:14:46.120 The influence of the roughness of the support in causing 213 00:14:46.200 --> 00:14:49.720 axial twisting was well seen in the stems which had 214 00:14:49.759 --> 00:14:53.720 twined up the glass rods. For these rods were fixed 215 00:14:53.759 --> 00:14:57.960 into split sticks below and were secured above to cross sticks, 216 00:14:58.320 --> 00:15:02.440 and the stems in passing the these places became much twisted. 217 00:15:03.200 --> 00:15:05.480 As soon as the stems which had ascended the iron 218 00:15:05.600 --> 00:15:09.720 rods reached the summit and became free, they also became twisted, 219 00:15:10.120 --> 00:15:13.840 and this apparently occurred more quickly during windy than during 220 00:15:13.879 --> 00:15:18.440 calm weather. Several other facts could be given showing that 221 00:15:18.519 --> 00:15:22.440 the axial twisting stands in some relation to inequalities in 222 00:15:22.480 --> 00:15:26.200 the support, and likewise to the shoot revolving freely without 223 00:15:26.320 --> 00:15:31.120 any support. Many plants which are not twiners become in 224 00:15:31.159 --> 00:15:35.039 some degree twisted round their own axis. But this occurs 225 00:15:35.120 --> 00:15:38.320 so much more generally and strongly with twining plants than 226 00:15:38.360 --> 00:15:42.200 with other plants, that there must be some connection between 227 00:15:42.320 --> 00:15:47.159 the capacity for twining and axial twisting. The stem probably 228 00:15:47.200 --> 00:15:50.720 gains

rigidity by being twisted on the same principle that 229 00:15:50.759 --> 00:15:54.320 a much twisted rope is stiffer than a slightly twisted one, 230 00:15:54.759 --> 00:15:58.639 and is thus indirectly benefited so as to be enabled 231 00:15:58.679 --> 00:16:01.840 to pass over in a quality in its spiral ascent, 232 00:16:02.279 --> 00:16:05.720 and to carry its own weight when allowed to revolve freely. 233 00:16:07.279 --> 00:16:10.759 I have alluded to the twisting which necessarily follows on 234 00:16:10.960 --> 00:16:15.120 mechanical principles from the spiral ascent of a stem, namely 235 00:16:15.200 --> 00:16:19.320 one twist for each spire completed. This was well shown 236 00:16:19.440 --> 00:16:22.960 by painting straight lines on living stems and then allowing 237 00:16:23.000 --> 00:16:25.919 them to twine. But as I shall have to recur 238 00:16:26.080 --> 00:16:29.799 to this subject under tendrils, it may be here passed over. 239 00:16:30.919 --> 00:16:34.080 The revolving movement of a twining plant has been compared 240 00:16:34.159 --> 00:16:36.840 with that of the tip of a sapling moved round 241 00:16:36.919 --> 00:16:39.960 and round by the hand held some way down the stem. 242 00:16:40.399 --> 00:16:44.200 But there is one important difference. The upper part of 243 00:16:44.240 --> 00:16:48.960 the sapling, when thus moved, remains straight, But with twining plants, 244 00:16:49.000 --> 00:16:51.960 every part of the revolving shoot has its own separate 245 00:16:52.039 --> 00:16:56.840 and independent movement. This is easily proved for when the 246 00:16:56.960 --> 00:16:59.960 lower half or two thirds of a long revolving shoe 247 00:17:00.240 --> 00:17:03.720 is tied to a stick, the upper free part continues 248 00:17:03.840 --> 00:17:07.880 steadily revolving, even if the whole shute except an inch 249 00:17:08.039 --> 00:17:11.559 or two of the extremity be tied up. This part, 250 00:17:11.799 --> 00:17:15.720 as I have seen in the case of the hop ceropagia, 251 00:17:16.039 --> 00:17:21.039 convolvulus et cetera, goes on revolving, but much more slowly. 252 00:17:21.440 --> 00:17:24.480 For the internodes, until they have grown to some little length, 253 00:17:24.880 --> 00:17:29.279 always move slowly. If we look to the one, two, 254 00:17:29.400 --> 00:17:32.720 or several internodes of a revolving chute, they will be 255 00:17:32.880 --> 00:17:35.839 all seen to be more or less a bowed, either 256 00:17:35.960 --> 00:17:40.440 during the whole or during a large part of each revolution. Now, 257 00:17:40.480 --> 00:17:43.319 if a colored streak be painted this was done with 258 00:17:43.440 --> 00:17:46.839 a large number of twining plants along we will say 259 00:17:47.119 --> 00:17:51.279 the convex surface, the streak will, after a time, depending 260 00:17:51.319 --> 00:17:54.359 on the rate of revolution, be found to be running 261 00:17:54.480 --> 00:17:58.039 laterally along one side of the bow, then along

the 262 00:17:58.119 --> 00:18:02.680 concave side, then latter on the opposite side, and lastly 263 00:18:02.759 --> 00:18:08.160 again on the originally convex surface. This clearly proves that 264 00:18:08.240 --> 00:18:12.880 during the revolving movement the internodes become bowed in every direction. 265 00:18:13.839 --> 00:18:17.640 The movement is in fact a continuous self bowing of 266 00:18:17.720 --> 00:18:22.160 the whole shoot, successively directed to all points of the compass, 267 00:18:22.480 --> 00:18:27.480 and has been well designated by Sacks as a revolving nutuation. 268 00:18:28.799 --> 00:18:32.279 As this movement is rather difficult to understand, it will 269 00:18:32.319 --> 00:18:36.039 be well to give an illustration. Take a sapling and 270 00:18:36.119 --> 00:18:38.559 bend it to the south, and paint a black line 271 00:18:38.599 --> 00:18:42.960 on the convex surface. Let the sapler spring up and 272 00:18:43.039 --> 00:18:45.799 bend it to the east, and the black line will 273 00:18:45.839 --> 00:18:49.119 be seen to run along the lateral face fronting the north. 274 00:18:49.839 --> 00:18:52.119 Bend it to the north, the black line will be 275 00:18:52.160 --> 00:18:55.680 on the concave surface. Bend it to the west, the 276 00:18:55.720 --> 00:18:59.240 line will again be on the lateral face, and when 277 00:18:59.319 --> 00:19:02.000 again and to the south, the line will be on 278 00:19:02.079 --> 00:19:07.000 the original convex surface. Now, instead of bending the sapling, 279 00:19:07.359 --> 00:19:10.519 let us suppose that the cells along its northern surface 280 00:19:10.799 --> 00:19:13.079 from the base to the tip were to grow much 281 00:19:13.119 --> 00:19:17.000 more rapidly than on the other three sides. The whole 282 00:19:17.079 --> 00:19:20.759 chute would then necessarily be bowed to the south and 283 00:19:20.880 --> 00:19:25.160 let the longitudinal growing surface creep round the chute, deserting 284 00:19:25.440 --> 00:19:28.519 by slow degrees of the northern side and encroaching on 285 00:19:28.559 --> 00:19:32.599 the west side, and so round by the south, by 286 00:19:32.720 --> 00:19:36.359 the east again to the north. In this case, the 287 00:19:36.480 --> 00:19:40.240 chute would remain always bowed, with the painted line appearing 288 00:19:40.319 --> 00:19:44.359 on the several above specified surfaces, and with the point 289 00:19:44.400 --> 00:19:47.960 of the chute successively directed to each point of the confass. 290 00:19:48.799 --> 00:19:52.000 In fact, we should have the exact kind of movement 291 00:19:52.079 --> 00:19:56.680 performed by the revolving chutes of twining plants. It must 292 00:19:56.759 --> 00:19:59.920 not be supposed that the revolving movement is as redu 293 00:20:00.359 --> 00:20:04.160 as that given in the above illustration. In many cases 294 00:20:04.279 --> 00:20:07.920 the tip describes an ellipse, even a very narrow ellipse. 295 00:20:08.480 --> 00:20:12.039 To recur once again to our illustration. If we suppose 296 00:20:12.119 --> 00:20:15.880 only the northern and southern surfaces of the sapling alternatively 297 00:20:16.240 --> 00:20:20.599 to grow, the summit would describe a simple arc. If 298 00:20:20.680 --> 00:20:23.960 the growth first traveled a very little to the western face, 299 00:20:24.279 --> 00:20:27.279 and during the return of very little to the eastern face, 300 00:20:27.720 --> 00:20:31.160 a narrow ellipse would be described, and the sapling would 301 00:20:31.200 --> 00:20:34.200 be straight as it passed to and fro through the 302 00:20:34.279 --> 00:20:38.400 intermediate space. And a complete straightening of the chute may 303 00:20:38.440 --> 00:20:43.279 often be observed. In revolving plants, the movement is frequently 304 00:20:43.359 --> 00:20:46.240 such that three sides of the chute may seem to 305 00:20:46.279 --> 00:20:50.079 be growing in due order more rapidly than the remaining side, 306 00:20:50.279 --> 00:20:53.480 so that a semi circle instead of a circle is described, 307 00:20:53.880 --> 00:20:57.480 the shute becoming straight and upright during half of its course. 308 00:20:58.759 --> 00:21:03.160 When a revolving shoot consists of several internodes, the lower 309 00:21:03.200 --> 00:21:06.559 ones bend together at the same rate, but one or 310 00:21:06.640 --> 00:21:10.880 two of the terminal ones bend at a slower rate. Hence, 311 00:21:11.160 --> 00:21:14.559 though at times all the internodes are in the same direction, 312 00:21:15.160 --> 00:21:20.000 other times the shute is rendered slightly serpentine. The rate 313 00:21:20.079 --> 00:21:22.880 of revolution of the whole shoot, if judged by the 314 00:21:22.920 --> 00:21:26.839 movement of the extreme tip, is thus at times accelerated 315 00:21:27.000 --> 00:21:31.960 or retarded. One other point must be noticed. Authors have 316 00:21:32.039 --> 00:21:35.160 observed that the end of the shoote in many twining 317 00:21:35.200 --> 00:21:39.599 plants is completely hooked. This is very general. For instance, 318 00:21:39.839 --> 00:21:44.720 with the Asclepidacia. The hooked tip in all the cases 319 00:21:44.799 --> 00:21:53.559 observed by me viz. The Ceropagia spherostema, chlodendron, Wisteria, Stephania, Acabia, 320 00:21:53.880 --> 00:21:57.799 and Siphomerus has exactly the same kind of movement as 321 00:21:57.839 --> 00:22:01.160 the other internodes. For a line painted on the convex 322 00:22:01.279 --> 00:22:05.799 surface first becomes lateral and then concave. But owing to 323 00:22:05.839 --> 00:22:09.039 the youth of these terminal internodes, the reversal of the 324 00:22:09.079 --> 00:22:12.799 hook is a slower process than that of the revolving movement. 325 00:22:13.799 --> 00:22:17.559 This strongly marked tendency in the young terminal and flexible 326 00:22:17.599 --> 00:22:21.079 internodes to bend in a greater degree or more abruptly 327 00:22:21.119 -->

00:22:24.279 than the other internodes is of service to the plant, 328 00:22:24.640 --> 00:22:27.720 for not only does the hook thus formed sometimes serve 329 00:22:27.839 --> 00:22:31.359 to catch a support, but and this seems to be 330 00:22:31.440 --> 00:22:34.839 much more important, it causes the extremity of the shoots 331 00:22:34.920 --> 00:22:38.359 to embrace the support much more closely than it could 332 00:22:38.480 --> 00:22:41.920 otherwise have done. And this aids in preventing the stem 333 00:22:41.960 --> 00:22:45.319 from being blown away during windy weather. As I have 334 00:22:45.599 --> 00:22:52.119 many times observed in Lorniseia brachipoda, the hook only straightens 335 00:22:52.119 --> 00:22:56.920 itself periodically and never becomes reversed. I will not assert 336 00:22:57.000 --> 00:23:00.400 that the tips of all twining plants, when hooked, reverse 337 00:23:00.480 --> 00:23:04.440 themselves or become periodically straight in the manner just described, 338 00:23:04.880 --> 00:23:07.799 for the hooked form may in some cases be permanent 339 00:23:08.119 --> 00:23:10.960 and be due to the manner of growth of the species, 340 00:23:11.279 --> 00:23:14.279 as with the tips of the shoots of the common vine, 341 00:23:14.519 --> 00:23:18.960 and more plainly with those of Sissa's discolor plants, which 342 00:23:19.000 --> 00:23:23.920 are not spiral twiners. The first purpose of the spontaneous 343 00:23:24.000 --> 00:23:29.000 revolving movement, or more strictly speaking of the continuous boeing movement, 344 00:23:29.160 --> 00:23:32.759 directed successfully to all points of the compass is as 345 00:23:32.880 --> 00:23:36.720 molar has remarked to favor the shoe finding a support. 346 00:23:37.160 --> 00:23:41.079 This is admirably affected by the revolutions carried on night 347 00:23:41.160 --> 00:23:44.480 and day, a wider and wider circle being swept as 348 00:23:44.480 --> 00:23:48.839 the shute increases in length. This movement likewise explains how 349 00:23:48.839 --> 00:23:51.960 the plants twine. For when a revolving chute meets with 350 00:23:52.000 --> 00:23:55.680 a support, its motion is necessarily arrested at the point 351 00:23:55.759 --> 00:23:59.599 of contact, but the free projecting part goes on revolving. 352 00:24:00.400 --> 00:24:03.480 As this continues, higher and higher points are brought into 353 00:24:03.480 --> 00:24:07.160 contact with the support and are arrested, and so onwards 354 00:24:07.200 --> 00:24:11.119 to the extremity, and thus the chute winds round its support. 355 00:24:11.920 --> 00:24:14.640 When the chute follows the sun in its revolving course, 356 00:24:14.680 --> 00:24:17.759 it winds round the support from right to left, the 357 00:24:17.799 --> 00:24:20.799 support being supposed to stand in front of the beholder. 358 00:24:21.799 --> 00:24:25.160 When the chute revolves in an opposite direction, the line 359 00:24:25.200 --> 00:24:29.839 of winding is reversed. As each internode loses from age 360 00:24:29.920 --> 00:24:33.759 its power of revolving, it likewise loses its power of 361 00:24:33.839 --> 00:24:37.559 spirally twining. If a man swings a rope round his 362 00:24:37.680 --> 00:24:41.039 head and end hits a stick, it will coil round 363 00:24:41.119 --> 00:24:43.880 the stick according to the direction of the swinging movement. 364 00:24:44.519 --> 00:24:47.400 So it is with a twining plant, a line of 365 00:24:47.440 --> 00:24:51.119 growth traveling round the free part of the chute, causing 366 00:24:51.119 --> 00:24:54.599 it to bend towards the opposite side, and this replaces 367 00:24:54.640 --> 00:24:58.839 the momentum of the free end of the rope. All 368 00:24:58.880 --> 00:25:02.440 the authors, except Palm and Moule, who have discussed the 369 00:25:02.480 --> 00:25:06.119 spral twining of plants, maintain that such plants have a 370 00:25:06.240 --> 00:25:11.000 natural tendency to grow spirally. Mole believes page one twelve 371 00:25:11.480 --> 00:25:15.319 that twining plants have a dull kind of irritability, so 372 00:25:15.359 --> 00:25:18.640 that they bend towards any object which they touch, but 373 00:25:18.759 --> 00:25:23.920 this is denied by Palm. Even before reading Mull's interesting Treaties, 374 00:25:24.200 --> 00:25:27.359 this view seemed to me so probable that I tested 375 00:25:27.400 --> 00:25:30.240 it in every way that I could, but always with 376 00:25:30.400 --> 00:25:34.519 a negative result. I rubbed many shoots much harder than 377 00:25:34.640 --> 00:25:37.839 is necessary to excite movement in any tendril or in 378 00:25:38.039 --> 00:25:41.960 the footstock of any leaf climber, but without any effect. 379 00:25:42.640 --> 00:25:45.759 I then tied a light forked twig to a shoot 380 00:25:45.799 --> 00:25:50.839 of a hop A Seropagia, spherostema and ad hatota, so 381 00:25:51.160 --> 00:25:53.839 that the fork pressed on one side alone of the 382 00:25:53.880 --> 00:25:58.319 shoot and revolved with it. I purposely selected some very 383 00:25:58.359 --> 00:26:02.279 slow revolvers, as its seemed most likely that these would 384 00:26:02.279 --> 00:26:06.559 profit most from possessing irritability, But in no case was 385 00:26:06.640 --> 00:26:11.720 any effect produced. Moreover, when a shoot winds round a support, 386 00:26:12.039 --> 00:26:16.240 the winding movement is always slower, as we shall immediately see, 387 00:26:16.599 --> 00:26:21.039 than whilst it revolves freely and touches nothing. Hence, I 388 00:26:21.079 --> 00:26:25.279 conclude that twining stems are not irritable, and indeed it 389 00:26:25.359 --> 00:26:28.480 is not probable that they should be so, as nature 390 00:26:28.519 --> 00:26:34.440 always economizes her means, and irritability would have been superfluous. Nevertheless, 391 00:26:34.480 --> 00:26:37.680 I do not wish to assert that they are never irritable, 392 00:26:38.200 --> 00:26:40.880 For the

growing axis of the leaf climbing but not 393 00:26:40.960 --> 00:26:46.720 spirally dwining the phospermum scandas is certainly irritable. But this 394 00:26:46.799 --> 00:26:50.839 case gives me confidence that ordinary twiners do not possess 395 00:26:50.920 --> 00:26:53.960 any such quality. For directly after putting a stick to 396 00:26:54.000 --> 00:26:58.319 the Lofopermum, I saw that it behaved differently from a 397 00:26:58.359 --> 00:27:02.519 true twiner or any other leaf climber. The belief that 398 00:27:02.640 --> 00:27:06.559 twiners have a natural tendency to grow spirally probably arose 399 00:27:06.640 --> 00:27:09.720 from their assuming a spiral form when round round a 400 00:27:09.799 --> 00:27:14.880 support and from the extremity, even whilst remaining free. Sometimes 401 00:27:14.960 --> 00:27:20.160 assuming this form. The free internodes of vigorously growing plants, 402 00:27:20.240 --> 00:27:23.759 when they cease to evolve, become straight and show no 403 00:27:23.920 --> 00:27:28.240 tendency to spiral. But when a shoot has nearly ceased 404 00:27:28.279 --> 00:27:31.920 to grow, or when the plant is unhealthy, the extremity 405 00:27:32.039 --> 00:27:36.079 does occasionally become spiral. I have seen this in a 406 00:27:36.200 --> 00:27:39.160 remarkable manner with the ends of the shoots of the 407 00:27:39.279 --> 00:27:43.960 Stantonia and of the allied Acaba, which became wound up 408 00:27:44.119 --> 00:27:48.240 into a close spire, just like a tendril, and this 409 00:27:48.440 --> 00:27:51.960 was apt to occur after some small, ill formed leaves 410 00:27:51.960 --> 00:27:56.000 had perished. The explanation I believe is that in such 411 00:27:56.079 --> 00:27:59.599 cases the lower part of the terminal internodes vary gradually 412 00:27:59.680 --> 00:28:03.200 and so accessibly lose their power of movement, whilst the 413 00:28:03.240 --> 00:28:07.759 portions just above move onwards and in their turn become motionless, 414 00:28:08.200 --> 00:28:12.680 and this ends in forming an irregular spire. When a 415 00:28:12.720 --> 00:28:16.480 revolving shoot strikes a stick, it winds round it rather 416 00:28:16.519 --> 00:28:20.039 more slowly than it revolves. For instance, a shoot of 417 00:28:20.079 --> 00:28:24.680 the Ceropegia revolved in six hours, but took nine hours 418 00:28:24.799 --> 00:28:28.319 thirty minutes to make one complete spire round A stick 419 00:28:29.240 --> 00:28:34.160 Astrolochia gigyas revolved in about five hours, but took nine 420 00:28:34.200 --> 00:28:38.319 hours fifteen minutes to complete its fire. This, I presume 421 00:28:38.519 --> 00:28:41.680 is due to the continued disturbance of the impelling force 422 00:28:41.799 --> 00:28:45.720 by the arrestment of the movement at successive points. And 423 00:28:45.759 --> 00:28:49.599 we shall hereafter see that even shaking a plant retards 424 00:28:49.720 --> 00:28:53.920 the revolving movement. The terminal internodes of a

long, much 425 00:28:53.960 --> 00:28:58.359 inclined revolving shoot of the ceropagia, after they had wound 426 00:28:58.559 --> 00:29:02.240 round a stick, always slipped up it so as to 427 00:29:02.279 --> 00:29:05.400 render the spire more open than it was at first, 428 00:29:05.799 --> 00:29:08.559 and this was probably in part due to the force 429 00:29:08.599 --> 00:29:12.640 which caused the revolutions, being now almost freed from the 430 00:29:12.640 --> 00:29:17.359 constraint of gravity and allowed to act freely with the wisteria. 431 00:29:17.480 --> 00:29:21.119 On the other hand, a long horizontal shoote wound itself 432 00:29:21.160 --> 00:29:25.400 at first into a very close spire which remained unchanged, 433 00:29:25.759 --> 00:29:30.000 but subsequently, as the chute twined spirally up its support, 434 00:29:30.400 --> 00:29:34.119 it made a much more open spire with all the 435 00:29:34.200 --> 00:29:37.559 many plants which were allowed freely to assent a support. 436 00:29:37.880 --> 00:29:41.680 The terminal internodes made at first a close spire, and 437 00:29:41.799 --> 00:29:44.799 this during windy weather, served to keep the shootes in 438 00:29:44.880 --> 00:29:49.119 close contact with their support. But as the penultimate internodes 439 00:29:49.160 --> 00:29:52.720 grew in length, they pushed themselves up for a considerable 440 00:29:52.799 --> 00:29:56.680 space ascertained by colored marks on the chute and on 441 00:29:56.720 --> 00:30:00.880 the support round the stick, and the spire became more open. 442 00:30:02.039 --> 00:30:05.599 It follows from this latter fact that the position occupied 443 00:30:05.599 --> 00:30:08.960 by each leaf with respect to its support depends on 444 00:30:09.039 --> 00:30:12.000 the growth of the internodes after they have become spirally 445 00:30:12.200 --> 00:30:16.000 wound round it. I mention this on account of an 446 00:30:16.039 --> 00:30:20.039 observation by Palm page thirty four, who states that the 447 00:30:20.079 --> 00:30:22.920 opposite leaves of the hop always stand in a row 448 00:30:23.079 --> 00:30:26.519 exactly over one another on the same side of the 449 00:30:26.559 --> 00:30:31.519 supporting stick, whatever its thickness may be. My sons visited 450 00:30:31.559 --> 00:30:34.319 a hop field for me and reported that though they 451 00:30:34.400 --> 00:30:38.039 generally found the points of insertion of the leaves standing 452 00:30:38.079 --> 00:30:40.759 over each other for a space of two or three 453 00:30:40.799 --> 00:30:44.279 feet in height, yet this never occurred up the whole 454 00:30:44.480 --> 00:30:48.119 length of the pole, the points of insertion forming as 455 00:30:48.240 --> 00:30:53.000 might have been expected on irregular spire. Any irregularity in 456 00:30:53.039 --> 00:30:56.960 the pole entirely destroyed the regularity of position of the 457 00:30:57.079 --> 00:31:00.640 leaves From casual inspection, it appeared to me that the 458 00:31:00.680 --> 00:31:05.400 opposite leaves of Thunbergia alatta were arranged in lines up 459 00:31:05.440 --> 00:31:09.039 the sticks round which they had twined. Accordingly, I raised 460 00:31:09.079 --> 00:31:12.079 a dozen plants and gave them sticks of various thicknesses, 461 00:31:12.160 --> 00:31:16.160 as well as string to twine round. And in this case, 462 00:31:16.480 --> 00:31:19.559 one alone out of the dozen had its leaves arranged 463 00:31:19.559 --> 00:31:24.319 in a perpendicular line. I conclude therefore, Polln's statement is 464 00:31:24.480 --> 00:31:28.960 not quite accurate. The leaves of different twining plants are 465 00:31:29.039 --> 00:31:33.839 arranged on the stem before it has twined, alternately or oppositely, 466 00:31:34.200 --> 00:31:37.680 or in aspire. In the latter case, the line of 467 00:31:37.759 --> 00:31:42.240 insertion of the leaves and the course of the revolutions coincide. 468 00:31:42.400 --> 00:31:46.240 This fact has been well shown by Dutrochi, who found 469 00:31:46.400 --> 00:31:52.000 different individuals of Solanum dolcamara twining in opposite directions, and 470 00:31:52.079 --> 00:31:55.440 these had their leaves in each case spirally arranged in 471 00:31:55.519 --> 00:31:59.599 the same direction. A dense whirl of many leaves would 472 00:31:59.599 --> 00:32:04.079 apparently be incommodious for a twining plant, and some authors 473 00:32:04.119 --> 00:32:08.039 assert that none have their leaves thus arranged. But a 474 00:32:08.079 --> 00:32:12.799 twining ciphomeris has whirls of three leaves. If a stick 475 00:32:13.079 --> 00:32:17.119 which has arrested a revolving chute, but has not as 476 00:32:17.200 --> 00:32:21.599 yet been encircled, be suddenly taken away. The chute generally 477 00:32:21.640 --> 00:32:25.599 springs forward, showing that it was pressed with some force 478 00:32:25.759 --> 00:32:30.200 against the stick. After a chute has wound round a stick, 479 00:32:30.559 --> 00:32:33.039 if this be withdrawn, it retains for a time its 480 00:32:33.079 --> 00:32:37.559 spiral form. It then straightens itself and again commences to revolve. 481 00:32:38.480 --> 00:32:42.720 The long, much inclined shoot of the ceropegia previously alluded 482 00:32:42.759 --> 00:32:48.319 to offered some curious peculiarities. The lower and older internodes, 483 00:32:48.359 --> 00:32:52.440 which continued to revolve, were incapable on repeated trials of 484 00:32:52.559 --> 00:32:56.039 twining round a thin stick, showing that although the power 485 00:32:56.079 --> 00:32:59.359 of movement was retained, this was not sufficient to enable 486 00:32:59.359 --> 00:33:02.839 the plant to I then moved the stick to a 487 00:33:02.880 --> 00:33:05.839 greater distance, so that it was struck by a point 488 00:33:05.960 --> 00:33:08.359 two and one half inches from the extremity of the 489 00:33:08.400 --> 00:33:12.599 penultimate internode, and it was then neatly encircled by this

490 00:33:12.720 --> 00:33:17.319 part of the penultimate and by the ultimate internode. After 491 00:33:17.440 --> 00:33:20.839 leaving the spirally wound shoote for eleven hours, I quietly 492 00:33:20.920 --> 00:33:23.599 withdrew the stick, and in the course of the day 493 00:33:23.720 --> 00:33:27.920 the curled portion straightened itself and recommenced revolving, But the 494 00:33:27.960 --> 00:33:31.359 lower and not curled portion of the penultimate internode did 495 00:33:31.400 --> 00:33:34.799 not move, a sort of hinge separating the moving and 496 00:33:34.880 --> 00:33:39.119 motionless part of the same internode. After a few days, however, 497 00:33:39.400 --> 00:33:42.480 I found that this lower part had likewise recovered its 498 00:33:42.559 --> 00:33:46.839 revolving power. These several facts show that the power of 499 00:33:47.000 --> 00:33:50.240 movement is not immediately lost in the arrested portion of 500 00:33:50.279 --> 00:33:54.519 a revolving shoot, and that after being temporarily lost, it 501 00:33:54.640 --> 00:33:58.000 can be recovered. When a shoot has remained for a 502 00:33:58.039 --> 00:34:02.759 considerable time round a support, it permanently retains its spiral form, 503 00:34:03.160 --> 00:34:06.720 even when the support is removed. When a tall stick 504 00:34:06.839 --> 00:34:09.440 was placed so as to arrest the lower and rigid 505 00:34:09.480 --> 00:34:13.000 internodes of the serapagia at the distance at first of 506 00:34:13.039 --> 00:34:16.440 fifteen and then of twenty one inches from the center 507 00:34:16.480 --> 00:34:20.800 of revolution, the straight chute slowly and gradually slid up 508 00:34:20.840 --> 00:34:24.480 the stick so as to become more and more highly inclined, 509 00:34:24.840 --> 00:34:28.440 but it did not pass over the summit. Then, after 510 00:34:28.480 --> 00:34:32.280 an interval sufficient to have allowed a semi rotation, the 511 00:34:32.360 --> 00:34:36.360 chute suddenly bounded from the stick and fell over to 512 00:34:36.400 --> 00:34:40.159 the opposite side or point of the compass and reassumed 513 00:34:40.199 --> 00:34:45.559 its previous slight inclination. It now recommenced revolving in its 514 00:34:45.679 --> 00:34:49.360 usual course, so that after a semi revolution, it again 515 00:34:49.519 --> 00:34:52.960 came into contact with the stick, again slid up it, 516 00:34:53.199 --> 00:34:56.280 and again bounded from it and fell over to the 517 00:34:56.320 --> 00:34:59.840 opposite side. This movement of the chute had a very 518 00:35:00.239 --> 00:35:03.360 appearance as if it were disgusted with its failure, but 519 00:35:03.519 --> 00:35:07.440 was resolved to try again. We shall, I think, understand 520 00:35:07.480 --> 00:35:10.639 this movement by considering the former illustration of the sapling, 521 00:35:10.960 --> 00:35:13.519 in which the growing surface was supposed to creep ground 522 00:35:13.519 --> 00:35:16.880 from the northern by the western to the southern face, 523 00:35:17.199 --> 00:35:20.199 and thence back again by the eastern to the northern face, 524 00:35:20.559 --> 00:35:25.280 successfully bowing the sapling in all directions. Now with serapegia, 525 00:35:25.719 --> 00:35:28.400 the stick being placed to the south of the chute 526 00:35:28.559 --> 00:35:31.760 and in contact with it. As soon as the circulatory 527 00:35:31.840 --> 00:35:35.679 growth reached the western surface, no effect would be produced 528 00:35:36.039 --> 00:35:39.239 except that the chute would be pressed firmly against the stick. 529 00:35:40.079 --> 00:35:43.039 But as soon as growth on the southern surface began, 530 00:35:43.440 --> 00:35:46.920 the chute would be slowly dragged with sliding movement up 531 00:35:46.960 --> 00:35:50.800 the stick, And then as soon as the eastern growth commenced, 532 00:35:50.920 --> 00:35:53.199 the chute would be drawn from the stick, and its weight, 533 00:35:53.320 --> 00:35:56.840 coinciding with the effects of the changed surface of growth, 534 00:35:57.039 --> 00:36:00.039 would cause it to suddenly fall to the opposite side, 535 00:36:00.239 --> 00:36:05.239 reassuming its previous slight inclination, and the ordinary revolving movement 536 00:36:05.559 --> 00:36:08.760 would then go on as before. I have described this 537 00:36:08.920 --> 00:36:12.199 curious case with some care, because it first led me 538 00:36:12.320 --> 00:36:16.199 to understand the order in which, as I then thought, 539 00:36:16.519 --> 00:36:20.039 the surfaces contracted, but in which, as we now know 540 00:36:20.159 --> 00:36:23.559 from Sacks and two de vries, they grow for a 541 00:36:23.599 --> 00:36:27.400 time rapidly, thus causing the chute to bow towards the 542 00:36:27.480 --> 00:36:32.440 opposite side. The view just given further explains, as I 543 00:36:32.559 --> 00:36:36.480 believe a fact observed by Mole page one thirty five, 544 00:36:37.039 --> 00:36:40.360 namely that a revolving chute, though it will twine round 545 00:36:40.400 --> 00:36:43.280 an object as thin as a thread, cannot do so 546 00:36:43.480 --> 00:36:47.599 round a thick support. I placed some long revolving shoots 547 00:36:47.599 --> 00:36:50.679 of a westeria close to a post between five and 548 00:36:50.800 --> 00:36:54.360 six inches in diameter, but though aided by me in 549 00:36:54.440 --> 00:36:58.400 many ways, they could not wind round it. This apparently 550 00:36:58.559 --> 00:37:01.800 was due to the flexure of shute whilst winding round 551 00:37:01.880 --> 00:37:05.719 an object so gently curved as this post. Not being 552 00:37:05.719 --> 00:37:08.519 sufficient to hold the chute to its place, when the 553 00:37:08.519 --> 00:37:12.000 growing surface crept round to the opposite surface of the chute, 554 00:37:12.320 --> 00:37:16.440 so that it was withdrawn at each revolution from its support. 555 00:37:17.880 --> 00:37:21.000 When a free shoot has grown far

beyond its support, 556 00:37:21.360 --> 00:37:24.800 it sinks downwards from its weight, as already explained in 557 00:37:24.840 --> 00:37:29.360 the case of the hop with the revolving extremity turned upwards. 558 00:37:30.079 --> 00:37:33.000 If the support be not lofty, the chute falls to 559 00:37:33.039 --> 00:37:37.119 the ground, and, resting there the extremity rises up. Sometimes 560 00:37:37.159 --> 00:37:41.000 several shoots, when flexible, twined together into a cable and 561 00:37:41.039 --> 00:37:45.480 thus support one another. Single thin, depending chutes, such as 562 00:37:45.519 --> 00:37:49.719 those of the Solia dromondai, will turn abruptly backwards and 563 00:37:49.880 --> 00:37:54.880 wind up on themselves. The greater number of the depending chutes, however, 564 00:37:55.199 --> 00:37:59.800 of one twining plant, the Hibertia dentata, showed but little 565 00:38:00.559 --> 00:38:05.159 to turn upwards. In other cases, as with the Cryptostagia 566 00:38:05.199 --> 00:38:10.159 grande flora, several internodes which were at first flexible and revolved, 567 00:38:10.320 --> 00:38:13.159 if they did not succeed in twining round to support, 568 00:38:13.519 --> 00:38:18.480 become quite rigid and supporting themselves upright, carried on their summits. 569 00:38:18.599 --> 00:38:23.000 The younger revolving internodes here will be a convenient place 570 00:38:23.039 --> 00:38:26.119 to give a table showing the direction and rate of 571 00:38:26.239 --> 00:38:30.480 movement of several twining plants, with a few appended remarks. 572 00:38:31.119 --> 00:38:35.159 These plants are arranged according to Lindley's Vegetable Kingdom of 573 00:38:35.239 --> 00:38:38.480 eighteen fifty three, and they have been selected from all 574 00:38:38.559 --> 00:38:41.320 parts of the series so as to show that all 575 00:38:41.440 --> 00:38:45.199 kinds behave in a nearly uniform manner. The rate of 576 00:38:45.360 --> 00:38:54.280 revolution of the various twining plants. Acrotylodons, Negodium scandas Palapodipia 577 00:38:54.679 --> 00:38:59.480 moves against the sun. June eighteenth, first circle was made 578 00:38:59.639 --> 00:39:05.000 in six hours zero minutes. Eighteenth second circle six hours 579 00:39:05.079 --> 00:39:10.679 fifteen minutes, late in the evening. Nineteenth third cycle five 580 00:39:10.840 --> 00:39:16.320 hours thirty two minutes, very hot day, nineteenth fourth circle 581 00:39:16.840 --> 00:39:23.239 five hours zero minutes, very hot day. Twenty fifth circle 582 00:39:23.599 --> 00:39:29.480 six hours zero minutes. The Dodium articulatum moves against the sun. 583 00:39:30.199 --> 00:39:35.159 July nineteenth. First circle was made in sixteen hours thirty 584 00:39:35.199 --> 00:39:41.360 minutes shoot very young. July twentieth, second circle fifteen hours 585 00:39:41.480 --> 00:39:47.000 zero minutes. July twenty first third circle eight hours zero minutes. 586 00:39:47.679 --> 00:39:54.239 July twenty second fourth circle ten hours thirty minutes monocotoldons 587 00:39:55.079 --> 00:40:00.639 Ruscus androgynus. The leacia, placed in the hot house, moves 588 00:40:00.800 --> 00:40:05.320 against the sun. May twenty fourth, first circle was made 589 00:40:05.440 --> 00:40:10.360 in six hours fourteen minutes. Shoot very young. May twenty fifth. 590 00:40:10.440 --> 00:40:15.039 Second circle two hours twenty one minutes. May twenty fifth, 591 00:40:15.079 --> 00:40:19.920 third circle three hours thirty seven minutes. May twenty fifth, 592 00:40:20.039 --> 00:40:24.760 fourth circle three hours twenty two minutes. May twenty sixth, 593 00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:30.039 fifth circle two hours fifty minutes. May twenty seventh. Sixth 594 00:40:30.079 --> 00:40:34.920 circle three hours fifty two minutes. May twenty seventh, seventh 595 00:40:34.960 --> 00:40:40.920 circle four hours eleven minutes. Asparagus unnamed species from q 596 00:40:41.639 --> 00:40:47.000 Leasia moves against the sun, placed in hot house. December 597 00:40:47.000 --> 00:40:50.880 twenty sixth. First circle was made in five hour zero minutes. 598 00:40:51.320 --> 00:40:56.840 December twenty seventh, second circle five hours forty minutes. Temas 599 00:40:56.840 --> 00:41:02.480 communists dioscore ci, a young shoot from a tuber in 600 00:41:02.559 --> 00:41:07.559 a pot placed in the greenhouse, follows the sun. July seventh. 601 00:41:07.639 --> 00:41:11.920 First circle was made in three hours ten minutes. July seventh. 602 00:41:12.039 --> 00:41:16.639 Second circle two hours thirty eight minutes. July eighth, third 603 00:41:16.760 --> 00:41:22.159 circle three hours five minutes. July eighth, fourth circle two 604 00:41:22.239 --> 00:41:26.920 hours for fifty six minutes. July eighth fifth circle two 605 00:41:27.000 --> 00:41:32.079 hours thirty minutes. July eighth, sixth circle two hours thirty minutes. 606 00:41:33.280 --> 00:41:39.159 Lapageria rosea. The le ciersai in greenhouse follows the sun. 607 00:41:40.000 --> 00:41:44.800 March ninth. First circle was made in twenty six hours 608 00:41:44.840 --> 00:41:51.000 fifteen minutes. Shoot Young March tenth. Semicircle eight hours fifteen minutes, 609 00:41:51.639 --> 00:41:57.280 March eleventh, second circle eleven hours zero minutes, March twelfth, 610 00:41:57.320 --> 00:42:02.679 third circle fifteen hours thirty minutes. March thirteenth, fourth circle 611 00:42:02.840 --> 00:42:08.639 fourteen hours fifteen minutes. March sixteenth, fifth circle eight hours 612 00:42:08.760 --> 00:42:11.800 forty minutes when placed in the hot house, but the 613 00:42:11.840 --> 00:42:18.000 next day the chuote remained stationary. Roxburghia vire deflora roxburg 614 00:42:18.079 --> 00:42:22.639 Acia moves against the sun. It completed a circle in 615 00:42:22.679 --> 00:42:30.880 about twenty four hours. Dicotylodons Homolus upulus urtipasia follows the sun. 616 00:42:31.559 --> 00:42:34.400 The plant was kept in a room

during warm weather. 617 00:42:35.360 --> 00:42:39.039 April ninth. Two circles were made in four hours sixteen minutes. 618 00:42:39.199 --> 00:42:45.639 August thirteenth. Third circle was two hours zero minutes. August fourteenth, 619 00:42:45.800 --> 00:42:51.159 fourth circle two hours twenty minutes. August fourteenth, fifth circle 620 00:42:51.239 --> 00:42:56.679 two hours sixteen minutes. August fourteenth. Sixth circle two hours 621 00:42:56.719 --> 00:43:01.840 two minutes. August fourteenth, seventh circle two hours zero minutes. 622 00:43:02.400 --> 00:43:07.679 August fourteenth, eighth circle two hours four minutes. With the 623 00:43:07.760 --> 00:43:10.920 hop a semi circle was performed in traveling from the 624 00:43:11.039 --> 00:43:14.719 light in one hour thirty three minutes, in traveling to 625 00:43:14.840 --> 00:43:18.280 the light in one hour thirteen minutes. Difference of rate 626 00:43:18.519 --> 00:43:26.280 twenty minutes. Akebia Quinata Lardza Belesia placed in hothouse moves 627 00:43:26.360 --> 00:43:30.760 against the sun. March seventeenth. First circle was made in 628 00:43:30.880 --> 00:43:35.800 four hours zero minutes. Shoot Young March eighteenth. Second circle 629 00:43:36.199 --> 00:43:40.320 one hour forty minutes, March eighteenth, third circle one hour 630 00:43:40.440 --> 00:43:45.920 thirty minutes, March nineteenth, fourth circle one hour forty five minutes. 631 00:43:47.000 --> 00:43:54.280 Stontonia Latifolia Lardze Ballesia, placed in hot house moves against 632 00:43:54.280 --> 00:43:58.039 the sun. March twenty eighth. First circle was made in 633 00:43:58.199 --> 00:44:02.840 three hours thirty minutes. March twenty ninth, second circle three 634 00:44:02.880 --> 00:44:11.599 hours forty five minutes. Spero Stemma marratum Shazendresier follows the sun. 635 00:44:12.800 --> 00:44:16.280 August fifth first circle was made in about twenty four 636 00:44:16.320 --> 00:44:20.360 hour zero minutes. August fifth second circle was made in 637 00:44:20.440 --> 00:44:27.159 eighteen hours thirty minutes. Stefania Rotunda Menace Permecier moves against 638 00:44:27.239 --> 00:44:31.280 the sun. May twenty seventh. First circle was made in 639 00:44:31.599 --> 00:44:36.840 five hours five minutes. May thirty, second circle seven hours 640 00:44:37.039 --> 00:44:41.800 six minutes, June second, third circle was made in five 641 00:44:41.880 --> 00:44:46.639 hours fifteen minutes, and June third fourth circle six hours 642 00:44:46.679 --> 00:44:53.639 twenty eight minutes. Trales brakistakes Malpigasia moves against the sun. 643 00:44:54.119 --> 00:44:56.920 One shoot made a circle in twelve hours and another 644 00:44:57.079 --> 00:45:00.280 in ten hours thirty minutes, but the next day, which 645 00:45:00.400 --> 00:45:03.400 was much colder, the first shoot took ten hours to 646 00:45:03.440 --> 00:45:09.880 perform only a semi circle. Gibertia dentata Dillameasia, placed in 647 00:45:09.960 --> 00:45:13.159 the hot house, followed the sun and made May eighteenth 648 00:45:13.480 --> 00:45:16.920 a circle in seven hours twenty minutes. On the nineteenth, 649 00:45:17.039 --> 00:45:20.480 reversed its course and moved against the sun and made 650 00:45:20.519 --> 00:45:24.400 a circle in seven hours. On the twentyth, moved against 651 00:45:24.440 --> 00:45:27.400 the sun one third of a circle, then stood still. 652 00:45:28.119 --> 00:45:31.000 On the twenty sixth, followed the sun for two thirds 653 00:45:31.039 --> 00:45:33.760 of a cycle, and then returned to its starting point, 654 00:45:34.199 --> 00:45:37.760 taking for this double course eleven hours forty six minutes. 655 00:45:39.079 --> 00:45:45.280 Solia rumandi pittosporesia moves against the sun. Kept in greenhouse. 656 00:45:45.960 --> 00:45:49.639 April fourth first circle was made in four hours twenty 657 00:45:49.639 --> 00:45:54.800 five minutes. April fifth, second circle eight hours zero minutes, 658 00:45:55.199 --> 00:46:00.519 very cold day, April sixth, third circle six hours twenty 659 00:46:00.559 --> 00:46:05.239 five minutes. April seventh, fourth circle seven hours five minutes. 660 00:46:06.079 --> 00:46:13.159 Polygonium jumietorum polygonacea. This case is taken from Dutoche, page 661 00:46:13.159 --> 00:46:17.679 two ninety nine. As I observed no allied plant follows 662 00:46:17.719 --> 00:46:21.039 the sun. Three shoots cut off a plant and placed 663 00:46:21.079 --> 00:46:24.679 in water, made circles in three hours ten minutes, five 664 00:46:24.719 --> 00:46:29.320 hours twenty minutes, and seven hours fifteen minutes with Sterea 665 00:46:29.480 --> 00:46:36.360 chenenisi lugomenose. In Greenhouse Moves against the Sun. May thirteenth, 666 00:46:36.440 --> 00:46:40.639 first circle was made in three hours five minutes. May thirteenth, 667 00:46:40.800 --> 00:46:45.840 second circle three hours twenty minutes. May sixteenth, third circle 668 00:46:46.000 --> 00:46:50.360 two hours five minutes. May twenty fourth, fourth circle three 669 00:46:50.400 --> 00:46:54.360 hours twenty one minutes. May twenty fifth, fifth circle two 670 00:46:54.360 --> 00:46:58.599 hours twenty seven minutes. May twenty fifth, sixth circle two 671 00:46:58.679 --> 00:47:05.039 hours thirty five minutes. Phasiolus vulgaris lugaminose a. In greenhouse 672 00:47:05.159 --> 00:47:09.440 Moves against the Sun, May, first circle was made in 673 00:47:09.719 --> 00:47:13.599 two hours zero minutes. May first second circle was made 674 00:47:13.679 --> 00:47:17.320 in one hour fifty five minutes. May first third circle 675 00:47:17.679 --> 00:47:22.880 was made in one hour fifty five minutes. Depladinae Europhylia 676 00:47:23.360 --> 00:47:29.119 applesinacea moves against the sun. April eighteenth. First circle was 677 00:47:29.159 --> 00:47:33.800 made in eight hours zero minutes. April nineteenth, second circle 678 00:47:33.920 --> 00:47:38.599 nine hours fifteen minutes.

April thirtieth, third circle nine hours 679 00:47:38.679 --> 00:47:46.039 forty minutes. The Platina crascinodia moves against the sun. May sixteenth. 680 00:47:46.119 --> 00:47:50.519 First circle was made in nine hours five minutes. July twentieth, 681 00:47:50.639 --> 00:47:55.480 second circle eight hours zero minutes. July twenty first third 682 00:47:55.519 --> 00:48:02.199 circle eight hours five minutes. Sirpegia gardineri a sclepidatia moves 683 00:48:02.239 --> 00:48:06.239 against the sun. Shoot very young two inches in length. 684 00:48:06.400 --> 00:48:09.960 First circle was performed in seven hours fifty five minutes. 685 00:48:10.519 --> 00:48:15.639 Shoot still young. Second circle seven hours zero minutes long shoot, 686 00:48:15.800 --> 00:48:20.800 third circle six hours thirty three minutes long shoot, fourth 687 00:48:20.840 --> 00:48:25.559 circle five hours fifteen minutes long shoot fifth circle six 688 00:48:25.639 --> 00:48:33.039 hours forty five minutes. Stephanotis Floribundai esclipidasia moves against the 689 00:48:33.079 --> 00:48:36.000 sun and made a circle in six hours forty minutes 690 00:48:36.320 --> 00:48:41.960 a second circle in about nine hours. Hoya Carnosa Esclipidasia 691 00:48:42.519 --> 00:48:46.239 made several circles in from sixteen hours to twenty two 692 00:48:46.280 --> 00:48:54.159 hours or twenty four hours. Apotmoyea perpore convolvolasia moves against 693 00:48:54.239 --> 00:48:58.840 the sun plant placed in room with lateral light. First 694 00:48:58.840 --> 00:49:03.360 circle was made into hours forty two minutes. Semicircle from 695 00:49:03.400 --> 00:49:06.719 the light in one hour fourteen minutes to the light 696 00:49:06.920 --> 00:49:11.360 one hour twenty eight minutes. Difference fourteen minutes. Second circle 697 00:49:11.480 --> 00:49:15.679 was made in two hours forty seven minutes. Semicircle from 698 00:49:15.719 --> 00:49:18.880 the light in one hour seventeen minutes to the light 699 00:49:19.000 --> 00:49:25.320 in one hour thirty minutes, difference thirteen minutes. Epomoyer ducundar 700 00:49:25.800 --> 00:49:30.719 convolvalasi moves against the sun. Placed in my study with 701 00:49:30.840 --> 00:49:35.519 windows facing the northeast weather hot. First circle was made 702 00:49:35.599 --> 00:49:39.079 in five hours thirty minutes. Semicircle from the light in 703 00:49:39.239 --> 00:49:41.960 four hours thirty minutes to the light in one hour 704 00:49:42.159 --> 00:49:46.920 zero minutes. Difference three hours thirty minutes. Second circle was 705 00:49:47.000 --> 00:49:50.360 made in five hours twenty minutes. Late in the afternoon, 706 00:49:50.599 --> 00:49:55.320 circle completed at six forty pm. Semicircle from the light 707 00:49:55.480 --> 00:49:58.079 in three hours fifty minutes to the light in one 708 00:49:58.159 --> 00:50:03.039 hour thirty minutes, different two hours twenty minutes. We have 709 00:50:03.239 --> 00:50:05.920 here a remarkable instance of the power of light in 710 00:50:06.039 --> 00:50:11.920 retarding and hastening to evolving movement. See Errata errata on 711 00:50:12.159 --> 00:50:16.880 pages twenty eight thirty two forty fifty three. Statements are 712 00:50:17.000 --> 00:50:20.360 made with reference to the supposed acceleration of the revolving 713 00:50:20.480 --> 00:50:24.719 movement toward alive. It appears from the observations given in 714 00:50:25.199 --> 00:50:28.239 the Power of Movement in Plants, page four fifty one 715 00:50:28.719 --> 00:50:34.000 that these conclusions were drawn from insufficient observations and are erroneous. 716 00:50:35.239 --> 00:50:42.039 Convolvous sepum large flowered cultivated variation moves against the sun. 717 00:50:42.880 --> 00:50:46.440 Two circles were made, each in one hour forty two minutes. 718 00:50:46.840 --> 00:50:50.599 Difference in semicircle from and to the light fourteen minutes. 719 00:50:51.360 --> 00:50:57.400 Riverea tilefolia convolvo racia moves against the sun. Made four 720 00:50:57.519 --> 00:51:01.199 revolutions in nine hours, so that on average each was 721 00:51:01.280 --> 00:51:07.960 performed in two hours fifteen minutes. Plumbago roseau genesia follows 722 00:51:08.039 --> 00:51:10.920 the sun. The shute did not begin to evolve until 723 00:51:11.000 --> 00:51:13.719 nearly a yard in the height. It then made a 724 00:51:13.800 --> 00:51:17.639 fine circle in ten hours forty five minutes. During the 725 00:51:17.719 --> 00:51:21.480 next few days it continued to move, but irregularly, and 726 00:51:21.639 --> 00:51:24.960 August fifteenth, the shoot followed during a period of ten 727 00:51:25.039 --> 00:51:29.679 hours forty minutes a long and deeply zigzagged course, and 728 00:51:29.840 --> 00:51:35.519 then made a broad ellipse. The figure apparently represented three ellipses, 729 00:51:35.639 --> 00:51:38.599 each of which averaged three hours thirty eight minutes for 730 00:51:38.760 --> 00:51:46.719 its completion. Jasminum Posiplorum Bentham Jasminecia moves against the Sun. 731 00:51:47.360 --> 00:51:50.199 A circle was made in seven hours fifteen minutes, and 732 00:51:50.280 --> 00:51:57.239 a second rather more quickly Plodendrum tomsonae Verbenacia follows the Sun. 733 00:51:57.920 --> 00:52:03.519 April twelfth. First circle was made in five hours forty 734 00:52:03.599 --> 00:52:07.760 five minutes. Shoot very young April fourteenth. Second circle three 735 00:52:07.840 --> 00:52:12.119 hours thirty minutes. April eighteenth, a semi circle five hour 736 00:52:12.320 --> 00:52:16.280 zero minutes directly after the plant was shaken on being moved. 737 00:52:16.960 --> 00:52:22.280 April nineteenth. Third circle three hours zero minutes. April twentieth, 738 00:52:22.400 --> 00:52:28.320 fourth circle four hours twenty minutes. Tacoma jasmina days bignier 739 00:52:28.559 --> 00:52:33.320 Za moves against the Sun. March seventeenth. First circle was 740 00:52:33.400 -->

00:52:37.480 made in six hours thirty minutes. March nineteenth. Second circle 741 00:52:37.599 --> 00:52:41.599 seven hours zero minutes. March twenty second third circle eight 742 00:52:41.719 --> 00:52:46.079 hours thirty minutes, very cold day, March twenty fourth fourth 743 00:52:46.199 --> 00:52:52.440 circle six hours forty five minutes from Bergia Alata Atanta 744 00:52:53.039 --> 00:52:57.480 moves against Sun April fourteenth. The first circle was made 745 00:52:57.559 --> 00:53:01.960 in three hours twenty minutes April eighteenth. Second circle two 746 00:53:02.039 --> 00:53:06.480 hours fifty minutes April eighteenth, third circle two hours fifty 747 00:53:06.519 --> 00:53:11.039 five minutes April eighteenth, fourth circle three hours fifty five minutes. 748 00:53:11.239 --> 00:53:18.159 Late in afternoon, at Hadota Psidernafolia, a cante ca follows 749 00:53:18.239 --> 00:53:21.679 the sun, a young shoot made a semicircle in twenty 750 00:53:21.719 --> 00:53:25.239 four hours. Subsequently, it made a circle in between forty 751 00:53:25.320 --> 00:53:28.559 hours and forty eight hours. Another shoot, however, made a 752 00:53:28.639 --> 00:53:33.199 circle in twenty six hours thirty minutes. The CanYa Scanden's 753 00:53:33.480 --> 00:53:38.719 Composita moves against the Sun March fourteenth. First circle was 754 00:53:38.880 --> 00:53:43.119 three hours ten minutes March fifteenth. Second circle three hours 755 00:53:43.199 --> 00:53:47.280 zero minutes March sixteenth. Third circle three hours zero minutes 756 00:53:47.840 --> 00:53:52.679 March seventeenth. Fourth circle three hours thirty three minutes April seventh. 757 00:53:52.960 --> 00:53:58.119 Fifth circle two hours fifty minutes April seventh. Sixth circle 758 00:53:58.440 --> 00:54:01.679 two hours forty minutes. The circle was made after a 759 00:54:01.800 --> 00:54:05.360 copious watering with cold water at forty seven degrees of 760 00:54:05.440 --> 00:54:12.639 fahrenheit combretum argentinum combretasia moves against the sun kept in 761 00:54:12.760 --> 00:54:16.920 hot house. January twenty fourth. First circle was made in 762 00:54:17.039 --> 00:54:20.039 two hours fifty five minutes, early in the morning, when 763 00:54:20.119 --> 00:54:24.440 the temperature of the house had fallen a little. January 764 00:54:24.559 --> 00:54:28.079 twenty fourth. Two circles each at an average of two 765 00:54:28.239 --> 00:54:32.440 hours twenty minutes. January twenty fifth, fourth circle two hours 766 00:54:32.480 --> 00:54:38.000 twenty five minutes. Cumbretum purpureum revolves not quite so quickly 767 00:54:38.119 --> 00:54:45.960 as see Argentineum lasa aratika los cia. Revolutions variable in 768 00:54:46.079 --> 00:54:50.599 their course. A plant which moved against the sun June twentieth. 769 00:54:50.719 --> 00:54:53.440 First circle was made in two hours thirty seven minutes. 770 00:54:53.599 --> 00:54:57.880 June twentieth. Second circle two hours thirteen minutes. June twentieth, 771 00:54:58.000 --> 00:55:01.880 third circle four hour zero minut June twenty first fourth 772 00:55:02.000 --> 00:55:05.800 circle two hours thirty five minutes. June twenty second fifth 773 00:55:05.880 --> 00:55:10.239 circle three hours twenty six minutes, June twenty third sixth 774 00:55:10.360 --> 00:55:15.239 circle three hours five minutes. Another plant which followed the 775 00:55:15.280 --> 00:55:20.079 sun in its revolutions July eleventh. First circle was made 776 00:55:20.159 --> 00:55:24.360 in one hour fifty one minutes very hot day, July eleventh. 777 00:55:24.480 --> 00:55:28.880 Second circle one hour forty six minutes. July eleventh, third 778 00:55:28.960 --> 00:55:33.840 circle one hour forty one minutes July eleventh, fourth circle 779 00:55:33.920 --> 00:55:37.920 one hour forty eight minutes, July twelfth, fifth circle two 780 00:55:38.000 --> 00:55:43.880 hours thirty five minutes. Cavanthos Elegance loay Cia follows the Sun. 781 00:55:44.800 --> 00:55:49.360 June thirteenth. First circle was made in one hour forty 782 00:55:49.440 --> 00:55:54.320 five minutes. June thirteenth, second circle one hour seventeen minutes, 783 00:55:54.760 --> 00:55:59.000 June fourteenth, third circle one hour thirty six minutes. June 784 00:55:59.119 --> 00:56:04.159 fourteenth circle one hour fifty nine minutes. June fourteenth, fifth 785 00:56:04.280 --> 00:56:11.079 circle two hours three minutes. Cyphomeris or lecontea unnamed species. 786 00:56:11.559 --> 00:56:17.480 Jinconesia follows the Sun. May twenty fifth. May twenty fifth 787 00:56:17.559 --> 00:56:21.239 semicircle was made in ten hours twenty seven minutes. Shoot 788 00:56:21.360 --> 00:56:26.360 extremely young. May twenty sixth first circle ten hours fifteen minutes, 789 00:56:26.400 --> 00:56:31.159 Shoot still young. May thirtieth, second circle eight hours fifty 790 00:56:31.199 --> 00:56:35.239 five minutes. June second third circle eight hours eleven minutes. 791 00:56:35.760 --> 00:56:40.079 June sixth, fourth circle six hours eight minutes. June eighth, 792 00:56:40.280 --> 00:56:43.920 fifth circle seven hours twenty minutes. Taken from the hothouse 793 00:56:44.000 --> 00:56:48.440 and replaced in a room in my house. June ninth, 794 00:56:48.599 --> 00:56:54.719 sixth circle eight hours thirty sixth minutes. Menetia by color chintrenasia. 795 00:56:55.400 --> 00:56:59.840 Young plant follows the sun. July seventh. Firth circle was 796 00:57:00.039 --> 00:57:04.119 made in six hours eighteen minutes. July eighth, second circle 797 00:57:04.280 --> 00:57:07.960 six hours fifty three minutes. July ninth, third circle six 798 00:57:08.079 --> 00:57:15.119 hours thirty minutes. Venosa brachipoda cepropoliaca follows the sun. Kept 799 00:57:15.159 --> 00:57:18.199 in a warm room in my house. April first first 800 00:57:18.360 --> 00:57:24.199 circle was made in nine hours ten minutes. About April second, 801 00:57:24.360 --> 00:57:28.719

second circle made in one hour twenty minutes. A distinct 802 00:57:28.800 --> 00:57:33.079 shoot very young on the same plant. April third, third 803 00:57:33.760 --> 00:57:39.119 shoot seven hours thirty minutes, April fourth, fourth circuit eight 804 00:57:39.239 --> 00:57:44.719 hours zero minutes. In this latter circle, the semicircle from 805 00:57:44.800 --> 00:57:48.079 the light took five hours twenty three minutes and the 806 00:57:48.199 --> 00:57:56.199 light two hours thirty seven minutes. Aristolochia gigas Aristolochias moves 807 00:57:56.280 --> 00:58:00.480 against the sun. July twenty second first circle was made 808 00:58:00.519 --> 00:58:04.519 in eight hour zero minutes, rather young shoot. July twenty 809 00:58:04.599 --> 00:58:08.280 second second circle was made in seven hours fifteen minutes. 810 00:58:08.880 --> 00:58:12.480 July twenty four to third circle five hours zero minutes. 811 00:58:12.679 --> 00:58:17.719 About In the foregoing table, which includes twining plants belonging 812 00:58:17.760 --> 00:58:20.840 to widely different orders, we see that the rate at 813 00:58:20.920 --> 00:58:24.119 which growth travels or circulates around the axis on which 814 00:58:24.239 --> 00:58:28.280 the revolving movement depends differs much as long as a 815 00:58:28.320 --> 00:58:31.840 plant remains under the same conditions. The rate is often 816 00:58:31.960 --> 00:58:37.119 remarkably uniform, as with the hop the Cania, phaseolas et cetera. 817 00:58:38.039 --> 00:58:41.760 The scapanthus made one revolution in one hour seventeen minutes, 818 00:58:42.119 --> 00:58:45.159 and this is the fistest rate observed by me. But 819 00:58:45.360 --> 00:58:50.039 we shall hereafter see a tendril bearing passiflora revolving more rapidly. 820 00:58:50.639 --> 00:58:54.280 A shoot of the Accidia quinata made a revolution in 821 00:58:54.400 --> 00:58:57.800 one hour thirty minutes and three revolutions at the average 822 00:58:57.880 --> 00:59:02.039 rate of one hour thirty eight minutes. A convolvolus made 823 00:59:02.159 --> 00:59:05.679 two revolutions at the average of one hour forty two minutes, 824 00:59:06.000 --> 00:59:09.960 and a Physiolus bulgaris three at the average of one 825 00:59:10.039 --> 00:59:13.719 hour fifty seven minutes. On the other hand, some plants 826 00:59:13.800 --> 00:59:16.559 take twenty four hours for a single revolution, and the 827 00:59:16.639 --> 00:59:21.559 ad hoda sometimes required forty eight hours. Yet this latter 828 00:59:21.679 --> 00:59:25.960 plant is unefficient. Twiner species of the same genus move 829 00:59:26.079 --> 00:59:29.280 at different rates. The rate does not seem governed by 830 00:59:29.440 --> 00:59:32.159 the thickness of the shootes. Those of the Sola are 831 00:59:32.239 --> 00:59:35.719 as thin and flexible as string, but move more slowly 832 00:59:36.079 --> 00:59:39.039 than the thick and fleshy roots of the ruscus, which 833 00:59:39.079 --> 00:59:43.280 seem little fitted for movement of any kind. The shoots 834 00:59:43.320 --> 00:59:46.639 of the Wistaria, which become woody, move faster than those 835 00:59:46.719 --> 00:59:52.079 of the hervaceous Ipomoea or thumburg air. We know that 836 00:59:52.280 --> 00:59:55.840 the internodes, whilst still very young, do not acquire their 837 00:59:55.960 --> 00:59:59.599 proper rate of movement. Hence these several shoots on the 838 00:59:59.639 --> 01:00:03.480 same plant may sometimes be seen revolving at different rates. 839 01:00:04.079 --> 01:00:07.079 The two or three or even more into nodes which 840 01:00:07.119 --> 01:00:11.000 are first formed above the cotylodon or above the rootstock 841 01:00:11.119 --> 01:00:15.079 of a perennial plant, do not move. They can support themselves, 842 01:00:15.159 --> 01:00:19.159 and nothing superfluous is granted. A greater number of twiners 843 01:00:19.239 --> 01:00:21.840 revolved in a course opposed to that of the sun 844 01:00:22.280 --> 01:00:24.039 or to the hands of a watch, than in the 845 01:00:24.159 --> 01:00:28.119 reversed course, and consequently the majority, as is well known, 846 01:00:28.440 --> 01:00:32.440 ascend for supports from left to right. Occasionally, though rarely, 847 01:00:32.800 --> 01:00:36.079 plants of the same order twine in opposite directions, of 848 01:00:36.199 --> 01:00:39.239 which more. Page one twenty five gives a case in 849 01:00:39.320 --> 01:00:42.840 the Leguminosae, and we have in the table another in 850 01:00:43.280 --> 01:00:47.760 a Canthasia. I have seen no instance of two species 851 01:00:47.880 --> 01:00:51.199 of the same genus t ining in opposite directions, and 852 01:00:51.360 --> 01:00:56.239 such cases must be rare. But Fitzmerla states that although 853 01:00:56.440 --> 01:01:00.599 Mecania scandens twins as I have described from left to write, 854 01:01:01.119 --> 01:01:05.280 another species in South Brazil twines in an opposite direction, 855 01:01:06.280 --> 01:01:09.760 it would have been an anomalous circumstance if no such 856 01:01:09.880 --> 01:01:13.599 cases had occurred for different individuals of the same species, 857 01:01:14.039 --> 01:01:19.360 namely of Solanum dol Camara de troche tone nineteen, page 858 01:01:19.440 --> 01:01:24.679 two ninety nine revolve and twine in two directions. This plant, however, 859 01:01:24.880 --> 01:01:30.119 is a most feeble twiner. Lasa Aurantacia leon page three 860 01:01:30.239 --> 01:01:34.360 fifty one offers a much more curious case. I raised 861 01:01:34.440 --> 01:01:38.440 seventeen plants. Of these eight revolved in opposition to the 862 01:01:38.559 --> 01:01:42.119 sun and ascended from left to right. Five followed the 863 01:01:42.239 --> 01:01:45.119 sun and ascended from right to left to end. Four 864 01:01:45.239 --> 01:01:48.679 revolved and twined first in one direction, and then reversed 865 01:01:48.719 --> 01:01:52.159 their course the petioles of the opposite leaves,

affording a 866 01:01:52.519 --> 01:01:56.880 pont d'apoe for the reversal of the spire. One of 867 01:01:56.960 --> 01:02:00.599 these four plants made seventh spiral turns from the right 868 01:02:00.760 --> 01:02:04.239 to left and five turns from left to right. Another 869 01:02:04.400 --> 01:02:08.960 plant in the same family, the scipanthus Elegance, habitually twines 870 01:02:09.079 --> 01:02:12.159 in this same manner. I raised many plants of it, 871 01:02:12.320 --> 01:02:15.719 and the stems of all took one turn or occasionally 872 01:02:15.800 --> 01:02:19.000 two or even three turns in one direction, and then, 873 01:02:19.119 --> 01:02:22.880 ascending for a short space straight reversed their course and 874 01:02:23.000 --> 01:02:26.519 took one or two turns in an opposite direction. The 875 01:02:26.639 --> 01:02:30.199 reversal of the carpature occurred at any point in the stem, 876 01:02:30.639 --> 01:02:33.920 even in the middle of an internode. Had I not 877 01:02:34.119 --> 01:02:37.960 seen this case, I should have thought its occurrence most improbable. 878 01:02:38.599 --> 01:02:42.320 It would be hardly possible with any plant which ascended 879 01:02:42.360 --> 01:02:44.920 above a few feet in height, or which lived in 880 01:02:44.960 --> 01:02:48.559 a un exposed situation. The stem could be pulled away 881 01:02:48.800 --> 01:02:53.239 easily from its support with but little unwinding, nor could 882 01:02:53.320 --> 01:02:56.719 it have adhered at all had not the internodes soon 883 01:02:56.920 --> 01:03:01.559 become moderately rigid with leaf pope, as we shall soon see, 884 01:03:01.960 --> 01:03:06.800 Analogous cases frequently occur, but these present no difficulty, as 885 01:03:06.880 --> 01:03:11.719 the stem is secured by the clasping tsuoles. In the 886 01:03:11.840 --> 01:03:15.239 many other revolving and twining plants observed by me, I 887 01:03:15.480 --> 01:03:19.480 never but twice saw the movement reversed once and only 888 01:03:19.599 --> 01:03:23.920 for a short space in Apomoya jakunda, but frequently in 889 01:03:24.039 --> 01:03:28.679 Hibertia dentata. This plant at first perplexed me much, for 890 01:03:28.840 --> 01:03:32.920 I continually observed its long and flexible shoots, evidently well 891 01:03:32.960 --> 01:03:36.360 fitted for twining, making a whole or half or quarter 892 01:03:36.519 --> 01:03:41.159 circle in one direction and then in an opposite direction. Consequently, 893 01:03:41.480 --> 01:03:44.440 when I placed the shootes near thin or thick sticks 894 01:03:44.800 --> 01:03:49.320 or perpendicularly stretched string, they seemed as if constantly trying 895 01:03:49.360 --> 01:03:53.440 to ascend, but always fail. I then surrounded the plant 896 01:03:53.519 --> 01:03:57.000 with a mass of branched quids. The shoots ascended and 897 01:03:57.159 --> 01:04:00.679 passed through them, but several came out laterally, and their 898 01:04:00.760 --> 01:04:07.400 dependent extremities seldom turned upwards, as if usual with twining planets. Finally, 899 01:04:07.840 --> 01:04:11.159 I surrounded a second plant with many thin upright sticks 900 01:04:11.519 --> 01:04:14.440 and placed it near the first one with twigs. Now 901 01:04:14.559 --> 01:04:17.320 both had got what they liked, for they twined up 902 01:04:17.360 --> 01:04:21.840 the parallel sticks, sometimes winding round one and sometimes round several, 903 01:04:22.280 --> 01:04:25.679 and the shutes traveled laterally from one to the other pot. 904 01:04:26.360 --> 01:04:28.920 But as the plants grew older, some of the shutes 905 01:04:28.960 --> 01:04:34.400 twined regularly up thin upright sticks. Though the revolving movement 906 01:04:34.800 --> 01:04:37.400 was sometimes in one direction and sometimes in the other, 907 01:04:37.800 --> 01:04:41.559 the twining was invariably from left to right, so that 908 01:04:41.920 --> 01:04:45.480 the more potent or persistent movement of the revolution must 909 01:04:45.519 --> 01:04:48.199 have been in opposition to the course of the sun. 910 01:04:49.159 --> 01:04:51.840 It would appear that this hibertia is adapted both to 911 01:04:51.920 --> 01:04:55.960 ascend by twining and to ramble literally through the thick 912 01:04:56.079 --> 01:05:01.159 Australian squall. I have described the above t in some detail, 913 01:05:01.519 --> 01:05:04.079 because as far as I have seen, it is rare 914 01:05:04.199 --> 01:05:08.079 to find any special adaptations with twining plants, in which 915 01:05:08.119 --> 01:05:12.199 respect they differ much from the more highly organized ten bobearers. 916 01:05:12.920 --> 01:05:17.079 The Solanum documara, as we shall presently see, can twine 917 01:05:17.239 --> 01:05:21.119 only round stems, which are both thin and flexible. Most 918 01:05:21.199 --> 01:05:24.679 twining plants are adapted to ascend supports of moderate though 919 01:05:24.800 --> 01:05:28.800 of different thicknesses. Our English twiners, as far as I 920 01:05:28.960 --> 01:05:33.360 have seen, never twine round trees, excepting the honeysuckle the 921 01:05:33.599 --> 01:05:37.440 Lonicera periclimenum, which I have observed twining up a young 922 01:05:37.559 --> 01:05:40.880 beech tree nearly four and one half inches in diameter. 923 01:05:41.960 --> 01:05:46.079 More page one thirty four found that Phaseolus multifloras and 924 01:05:46.280 --> 01:05:50.159 Epomoea herporea could not, when placed in a room with 925 01:05:50.239 --> 01:05:53.800 the light entering on one side, twine round sticks between 926 01:05:53.840 --> 01:05:57.480 three and four inches in diameter. For this interfered in 927 01:05:57.559 --> 01:06:01.960 a manner presently to be explained with the movement in 928 01:06:02.079 --> 01:06:05.760 the open air. However, the Phasiolus climbed around a support 929 01:06:05.880 --> 01:06:08.920 of the above thickness, but failed in twining round one 930 01:06:09.199 --> 01:06:13.840 nine

inches in diameter. Nevertheless, some twiners of the warmer 931 01:06:13.960 --> 01:06:17.880 temperate regions can manage this latter degree of thickness. For 932 01:06:18.039 --> 01:06:21.280 I hear from doctor Hooker that at Q the Ruscus 933 01:06:21.360 --> 01:06:26.199 androgenus has ascended a column nine inches in diameter. And 934 01:06:26.360 --> 01:06:29.000 although a wester Aia grown by me in a small 935 01:06:29.119 --> 01:06:32.000 pot tried in Vain for weeks to give round a 936 01:06:32.119 --> 01:06:35.519 post between five and six inches in diameter, yet at 937 01:06:35.639 --> 01:06:39.760 Q a plant ascended a trunk above six inches in diameter. 938 01:06:40.800 --> 01:06:44.519 The tropical twiners, on the other hand, can ascend thicker truths. 939 01:06:45.119 --> 01:06:48.199 I hear from doctors Thompson and Hooker that this is 940 01:06:48.400 --> 01:06:52.920 the case with the Rutea harviflora, one of the menace 941 01:06:53.079 --> 01:06:57.880 from Romeca, and with some Dalbergius and other luguminose. This 942 01:06:58.079 --> 01:07:01.199 power would be necessary for any species which had to 943 01:07:01.280 --> 01:07:04.639 ascend by twining the large trees of the a tropical forests, 944 01:07:05.119 --> 01:07:07.920 otherwise they would hardly ever be able to reach the light. 945 01:07:08.639 --> 01:07:11.480 In our temperate countries. It would be interious to the 946 01:07:11.559 --> 01:07:14.719 twining plants which die down every year if they are 947 01:07:14.880 --> 01:07:18.320 enabled to twine round trunks of trees, for they could 948 01:07:18.400 --> 01:07:21.280 not grow tall enough in a single season to reach 949 01:07:21.360 --> 01:07:25.360 the summit and gain the light. By what means, certain 950 01:07:25.440 --> 01:07:29.480 twining plants are adapted to ascend only thick stems, whilst 951 01:07:29.599 --> 01:07:32.559 others can twine round thicker ones, I do not know. 952 01:07:33.400 --> 01:07:36.360 It appeared to be probable that twining plants with very 953 01:07:36.440 --> 01:07:41.480 long revolving shoots would be able to ascend thicker support. Accordingly, 954 01:07:41.639 --> 01:07:46.960 I placed Serapegia gardinerie near a post six inches in diameter, 955 01:07:47.519 --> 01:07:50.559 but the shoots entirely failed to wind round it. Their 956 01:07:50.599 --> 01:07:53.599 great length and power of movement merely aid them in 957 01:07:53.679 --> 01:07:58.840 finding a distant stem round which to twine. Sperostema marmoratum 958 01:07:59.440 --> 01:08:02.400 is a big tropical twina, and it is a very 959 01:08:02.480 --> 01:08:06.199 slow revolver. I thought that this latter circumstance might help 960 01:08:06.239 --> 01:08:09.559 it in ascending a thick support. But though it was 961 01:08:09.679 --> 01:08:12.559 able to wind round a six in post, it could 962 01:08:12.599 --> 01:08:15.280 do this only on the same level or plane, and 963 01:08:15.440 --> 01:08:19.479 did not form a spire. And thus, as sand as 964 01:08:19.600 --> 01:08:23.680 ferns differ so much in structure from the fenerogamic plants, 965 01:08:24.079 --> 01:08:27.000 it may be worthwhile here to show that twining ferns 966 01:08:27.079 --> 01:08:30.159 do not differ in their habits from other twining plants. 967 01:08:30.960 --> 01:08:35.600 In Lagodium articulatum, the two internodes of the stem properly 968 01:08:35.680 --> 01:08:39.640 tod barachies, which are first formed above the rootstock, do 969 01:08:39.800 --> 01:08:43.520 not move. The third from the ground revolves, but at 970 01:08:43.640 --> 01:08:49.000 first very slowly. This species is a slow revolver, but L. 971 01:08:49.119 --> 01:08:53.520 Scandons made five revolutions each at the average rate of 972 01:08:53.640 --> 01:08:57.359 five hours forty five minutes, and this represents fairly well 973 01:08:57.520 --> 01:09:03.119 the usual brate taken quick and slow movers amongst phenerorganic plants. 974 01:09:04.000 --> 01:09:08.239 The rate was accelerated by increasing temperature at each stage 975 01:09:08.239 --> 01:09:12.359 of growth. Only the two upper internodes revolve. A line 976 01:09:12.479 --> 01:09:16.239 painted along the convex surface of a revolving internode becomes 977 01:09:16.319 --> 01:09:21.000 first lateral, then concave, then laterally and ultimately again convex. 978 01:09:21.640 --> 01:09:25.079 Neither the internodes nor the petioles are irritable When rummed. 979 01:09:26.079 --> 01:09:29.600 The movement is in the usual direction, namely in opposition 980 01:09:29.760 --> 01:09:32.119 to the course of the sun, and when the stem 981 01:09:32.199 --> 01:09:35.640 twinds around taking stick, it becomes twisted on its own 982 01:09:35.760 --> 01:09:39.520 axis in the same direction. After the young internetes have 983 01:09:39.680 --> 01:09:42.560 twined round the stick, their continued growth causes them to 984 01:09:42.720 --> 01:09:46.560 slip a little upwards. If the stick be soon removed, 985 01:09:46.680 --> 01:09:51.000 they straighten themselves and recommence revolving. The extremities of the 986 01:09:51.079 --> 01:09:55.600 depending shoots turn upwards and twine on themselves. In all 987 01:09:55.680 --> 01:09:59.720 these respects we have complete identity with twining fen organic 988 01:09:59.760 --> 01:10:03.039 play plants, and the above enumeration may serve as a 989 01:10:03.079 --> 01:10:07.760 summary of the leading characteristics of all twenty plants. The 990 01:10:07.920 --> 01:10:11.039 power of revolving depends on the general health and vigor 991 01:10:11.159 --> 01:10:14.479 of the plant, as has been lavoiously shown by palm, 992 01:10:15.479 --> 01:10:19.680 But the movement of each separate internode is so independent 993 01:10:19.840 --> 01:10:22.720 of the others that cutting off an upper one does 994 01:10:22.840 --> 01:10:26.720 not affect the revolutions of a lower one. When, however, 995 01:10:27.079 --> 01:10:30.239 the trochet

cut off two whole shoots of the heart 996 01:10:30.640 --> 01:10:34.119 and placed them in water, the movement was greatly retarded. 997 01:10:34.680 --> 01:10:37.279 For one revolved in twenty hours and the other in 998 01:10:37.399 --> 01:10:40.439 twenty three hours, whereas they ought to have revolved in 999 01:10:40.520 --> 01:10:44.079 between two hours and two hours thirty minutes. Shoots of 1000 01:10:44.199 --> 01:10:46.880 the kidney being cut off and placed in water were 1001 01:10:46.960 --> 01:10:50.760 similarly retarded, but in a less degree. I have repeatedly 1002 01:10:50.840 --> 01:10:53.760 observed the carrying a plant from the greenhouse to my room, 1003 01:10:54.159 --> 01:10:57.319 or from one part to another of the greenhouse, always 1004 01:10:57.359 --> 01:11:01.119 stopped the movement for a time. Hence I conclude that 1005 01:11:01.239 --> 01:11:03.239 the plant in a state of nature and growing in 1006 01:11:03.359 --> 01:11:07.319 exposed conditions, would not make their revolutions during stwami weather. 1007 01:11:08.239 --> 01:11:12.359 A decrease in temperature always caused a considerable retardation in 1008 01:11:12.439 --> 01:11:17.960 the rage of revolution. But Dutroche tomb seventeen, page nine 1009 01:11:18.119 --> 01:11:22.720 ninety four, nine ninety six has given such precise observations 1010 01:11:22.800 --> 01:11:25.520 on this head with respect to the common key, that 1011 01:11:25.680 --> 01:11:29.479 I need say no more. When twining plants are placed 1012 01:11:29.560 --> 01:11:31.560 near a window in a room, the light in some 1013 01:11:31.800 --> 01:11:35.359 cases has a remarkable power, as was LifeWise observed by 1014 01:11:35.520 --> 01:11:38.960 Utroche page nine ninety eight with the pa on the 1015 01:11:39.039 --> 01:11:43.359 revolving movement. But this differs in degree with different plants. Thus, 1016 01:11:43.479 --> 01:11:48.079 Ipomoya chacunda makes a complete circle in five hours thirty minutes, 1017 01:11:48.439 --> 01:11:51.439 the semicircle from the light taking four hours eighty minutes, 1018 01:11:51.520 --> 01:11:56.399 and that towards life only one hour. Lonitsera, Brakpota revolved 1019 01:11:56.560 --> 01:11:59.880 in a reverse direction to the Appomoya in eight hours, 1020 01:12:00.359 --> 01:12:03.720 the semicircle from the light taking five hours twenty three minutes, 1021 01:12:04.000 --> 01:12:06.600 and to the light only two hours thirty seven minutes. 1022 01:12:07.279 --> 01:12:10.079 From the rate of revolution in all the plants observed 1023 01:12:10.119 --> 01:12:12.880 by me being nearly the same during the night and 1024 01:12:13.119 --> 01:12:15.520 the day, I infer that the action of the light 1025 01:12:15.680 --> 01:12:19.079 is confined to retarding one semicircle and accelerating the other, 1026 01:12:19.520 --> 01:12:22.000 so as not to modify greatly the rate of the 1027 01:12:22.079 --> 01:12:26.399 whole revolution. This action of the light is remarkable where 1028 01:12:26.439 --> 01:12:29.319 we can reflect how little the leaves are developed on 1029 01:12:29.439 --> 01:12:33.239 the young and thin revolving internote. It is all the 1030 01:12:33.359 --> 01:12:38.399 more remarkable as botmisbelieve Mole page one nineteen, that to 1031 01:12:38.520 --> 01:12:41.680 twining plants are but little sensitive to the action of 1032 01:12:41.720 --> 01:12:45.960 the light. I will conclude my account of twining plants 1033 01:12:46.000 --> 01:12:50.000 by giving a few miscellaneous and curious cases. With most 1034 01:12:50.159 --> 01:12:53.920 twining plants, all the branches, however many there may be, 1035 01:12:54.439 --> 01:12:58.560 go on revolving together. But according to mole, page four. 1036 01:12:59.000 --> 01:13:03.720 Only the lateral branches of Tanus elephant types twine and 1037 01:13:03.880 --> 01:13:06.560 not with the stem. On the other hand, with a 1038 01:13:06.640 --> 01:13:10.880 climbing species of asparagus, the leading chute alone and not 1039 01:13:11.119 --> 01:13:14.000 the branches revolved and timed. But it should be stated 1040 01:13:14.039 --> 01:13:19.760 that the plant was not growing vigorously. My plants of Combrentum, Argentaum, 1041 01:13:20.159 --> 01:13:24.680 and sea purporium made numerous short, healthy shoots, but they 1042 01:13:24.720 --> 01:13:27.920 showed no signs of revolving, and I could not conceive 1043 01:13:28.039 --> 01:13:31.439 how these plants could be climates. But at last, see 1044 01:13:31.640 --> 01:13:34.640 Argentineum put forth from the lower part of one of 1045 01:13:34.720 --> 01:13:38.239 its main branches a thin shoot five or six feet 1046 01:13:38.319 --> 01:13:41.720 in length, differing greatly in appearance from the previous shoots, 1047 01:13:42.079 --> 01:13:44.960 owing to its leaves being a little developed. And this 1048 01:13:45.079 --> 01:13:49.760 shute revolved vigorously and twined, so that this plant produces 1049 01:13:49.960 --> 01:13:55.920 shoots of two kind. With Paraploca Gracier palm, page forty three, 1050 01:13:56.520 --> 01:14:02.560 the uppermost shoots alone twined Polygonum convolvolus twins only during 1051 01:14:02.760 --> 01:14:06.359 the middle of the summer palm, page forty three, ninety four, 1052 01:14:06.960 --> 01:14:10.560 and plants growing vigorously in the autumn show no inclination 1053 01:14:10.720 --> 01:14:16.039 to climb. The majority of the escalopadiasay are twiners, but 1054 01:14:16.159 --> 01:14:23.439 the Esclypeius nigra only in Pertilliori solo incipit scandera subvolubly 1055 01:14:23.640 --> 01:14:27.560 powles world are now quoted and confirmed by Palm page 1056 01:14:27.800 --> 01:14:34.800 forty one Asclepias vinceitoxicum does not regularly twine, but occasionally 1057 01:14:34.880 --> 01:14:39.279 does Palm page forty two, more page one twelve when 1058 01:14:39.359 --> 01:14:43.239 growing under certain conditions. So it is with two species 1059 01:14:43.319

--> 01:14:47.479 of Ceropaggia as I hear from Professor Harvey to these 1060 01:14:47.560 --> 01:14:51.079 plants in their native dry South African palm generally grow 1061 01:14:51.159 --> 01:14:54.520 erect from six inches to two feet in height. A 1062 01:14:54.720 --> 01:14:58.560 very few tallest specimens showing some inclination to curve, but 1063 01:14:58.680 --> 01:15:02.760 when cultivated near duble, they regularly twined up sticks five 1064 01:15:02.920 --> 01:15:08.079 or six feet in height. Most Convolvelasia are excellent twiners, 1065 01:15:08.520 --> 01:15:13.079 but in South Africa, Hypomeia argueroie almost always grow erect 1066 01:15:13.159 --> 01:15:16.359 and compact, from about twelve to eighteen inches in height, 1067 01:15:17.039 --> 01:15:21.039 one specimen alone in Professor Harvey's collection showing an evident 1068 01:15:21.119 --> 01:15:25.199 disposition to twine. On the other hand, seedlings raised near 1069 01:15:25.279 --> 01:15:29.520 Dublin twined upsticks above eight feet in height. These facts 1070 01:15:29.560 --> 01:15:32.359 are remarkable, for there can hardly be a doubt that 1071 01:15:32.520 --> 01:15:35.920 in the drier provinces of South Africa, these plants have 1072 01:15:36.039 --> 01:15:39.760 propagated themselves for thousands of generations in an erect condition, 1073 01:15:40.399 --> 01:15:43.239 and yet they have retained during this whole period the 1074 01:15:43.319 --> 01:15:48.039 innate power of spontaneously revolving and twining whenever their shoots 1075 01:15:48.079 --> 01:15:52.560 become elongated under proper conditions of life. Most of the 1076 01:15:52.640 --> 01:15:56.680 species of Phaseolus are twiners, but certain varieties of the 1077 01:15:56.760 --> 01:16:01.640 p Multiplorus produce leon page six eight one two kinds 1078 01:16:01.680 --> 01:16:05.319 of shoots, some upright and thick, and others thin and twining. 1079 01:16:05.680 --> 01:16:09.000 I have seen striking instances of this stroious case of 1080 01:16:09.119 --> 01:16:14.560 variability in Foma's dwarf forcing beam, which occasionally produced a 1081 01:16:14.680 --> 01:16:19.960 single long twining shoot. Solanum dolcamara is one of the 1082 01:16:20.000 --> 01:16:23.600 feeblest and poorest of twiners. It may often be seen 1083 01:16:23.800 --> 01:16:26.840 growing as an upright bush, and when growing in the 1084 01:16:26.960 --> 01:16:30.319 midst of a thicket, merely scrambles up between the branches 1085 01:16:30.359 --> 01:16:35.119 without twining. But when according to the Crochet Totome nineteen, 1086 01:16:35.359 --> 01:16:39.800 page ninety nine, it grows near a thin and flexible support, 1087 01:16:39.960 --> 01:16:42.960 such as the stem of a nettle. It twines round it. 1088 01:16:44.119 --> 01:16:47.920 I placed sticks around several plants and vertically stretched strings 1089 01:16:48.000 --> 01:16:52.119 close to others, and the strings alone were ascended by twining. 1090 01:16:52.760 --> 01:16:57.000 The stem twines indifferently to the right or left. Some 1091 01:16:57.239 --> 01:17:01.960 other species of Solanum and of another gene viz habrofeminos, 1092 01:17:02.479 --> 01:17:06.239 belonging to the same family, are described in horticultural works 1093 01:17:06.279 --> 01:17:09.439 as twining plants, but they seem to possess this faculty 1094 01:17:09.600 --> 01:17:12.920 to a very feeble degree. We may suspect that the 1095 01:17:12.960 --> 01:17:16.119 species of these two genera have as yet only partially 1096 01:17:16.199 --> 01:17:19.439 acquired the habit of climbing. On the other hand, with 1097 01:17:19.640 --> 01:17:23.720 Tacoma radicans, a member of a family abounded with twiners 1098 01:17:23.800 --> 01:17:27.079 and tendril bearers, but which climbs like the ivy by 1099 01:17:27.159 --> 01:17:30.439 the aid of rootlets, we may suspect that a former 1100 01:17:30.520 --> 01:17:33.680 habit of twining has been lost. For the stem exhibited 1101 01:17:33.760 --> 01:17:37.720 slight irregular movements which could hardly be accounted for by 1102 01:17:37.880 --> 01:17:41.119 changes in the action of the light. There is no 1103 01:17:41.279 --> 01:17:45.600 difficulty in understanding how a spirally twining plant could graduate 1104 01:17:45.760 --> 01:17:49.039 into a simple root climber. For the young internodes of 1105 01:17:49.119 --> 01:17:54.399 Begonia tridiana and of Hoya carnosa revolve and twine, but 1106 01:17:54.680 --> 01:17:58.560 likewise inmit rootlets which adhere to any hitting surface, so 1107 01:17:58.720 --> 01:18:01.760 that the loss of twining would be no great disadvantage, 1108 01:18:02.039 --> 01:18:05.119 and in some respects an advantage to this species, as 1109 01:18:05.199 --> 01:18:08.359 they would then ascend their supports in a more direct line. 1110 01:18:09.000 --> 01:18:10.520 End of Chapter one