התמלול המלא של Kate Flood, aka Compostable Kate

it, I would write from four till about seven um most mornings, and then I was able to organise some nannies and some extra help as well for certain days of the week where I'd have full days of writing as well. 00:05:04.639 --> 00:05:30.560 Oh, that's um, yes, but it was it was definitely it was a it was a challenge for me writing a book because I knew all of the things that I wanted to say, but working out, I think because I'm a teacher, I really wanted to have a clear structure and you know that sort of storytelling aspect into something that that people don't really expect to have, you know, that storytelling um uh nature being compost and regenerative gardening. 00:05:30.639 --> 00:05:33.759 You know, I wanted to find a link from one concept to the next. 00:05:33.839 --> 00:05:46.959 So it took me the writing process was hard initially while I was working out the structure, but once I had established the structure of how I wanted the chapters to go, then it actually was was great and easy and liberating and so nice. 00:05:47.040 --> 00:06:11.519 But the thing that I really enjoyed about the the book writing process was the fact that I had more words to write because I'd started as an influencer and call myself uh someone that um you know uses Instagram to influence people to compost, and I would always be battling against the caption length on Instagram, you know, I've got so much to say about these things, and you know, you can only write a certain number of words. 00:06:11.680 --> 00:06:27.920 So the fact that I had a manuscript that I could write as many words as I wanted was amazing, and actually I think because of that my publisher was quite surprised because I they I think they had envisioned the book to be about 40,000 words, and my unedited manuscript was 90,000 words. 00:06:28.079 --> 00:06:38.240 Oh wow, and then the book itself was edited down to 70,000 words, so they and Jane, my publisher, was just like I didn't know there was so much to talk about. 00:06:40.160 --> 00:06:58.319 Well, I I did I did note like it's um it's beautiful, like the book is very aesthetically pleasing, but I did notice like there's a lot of information, which is awesome because I actually I get a bit you know sick of some of the books that are a bit light on, you know. 00:06:58.480 --> 00:07:06.720 Like if I'm gonna be especially about these kind of topics, like about compost, I want to know as much as possible and and have a really good reference book. 00:07:06.800 --> 00:07:18.879 And and I did find it was very like I was surprised by how much um content was in there in a really good way because I thought, wow, like there's a lot of knowledge that you've put into this book. 00:07:19.120 --> 00:07:27.680 Yes, I had to do a lot of research and you know, a lot of personal experience and my my knowledge and also reaching out to gardening experts as well. 00:07:27.759 --> 00:07:33.040 I wanted to not just have my take on the science of it, but I wanted to have other people's opinions as well. 00:07:33.199 --> 00:07:39.279 Um, but I yeah, that was something that I definitely wanted to um explore. 00:07:39.360 --> 00:07:48.000 I find that there's lots of great gardening books, but then when it comes to compost, there there's maybe a page, but usually not even a page, it's just this secondary thing. 00:07:48.079 --> 00:07:56.240 And I just think for being a successful regenerative gardener, you have to start with soil health and you have to start with this foundation of knowledge. 00:07:56.319 --> 00:08:02.959 There is a bit of science that you need to know to make good compost, but you know, the concepts thankfully are quite easy once you break them down. 00:08:03.120 --> 00:08:11.839 Um, and I wanted to really hold the reader's hand and give them everything that they needed to know, and I wanted it to be a reference book. 00:08:11.920 --> 00:08:16.319 You know, it's really surprised me when people have told me recently, I read your book in three days, and I was like, what? 00:08:16.399 --> 00:08:17.680 You read it cover to cover. 00:08:17.839 --> 00:08:22.000 You know, I hadn't really envisioned it as as a book that would be used in that way. 00:08:22.079 --> 00:08:29.839 I sort of thought people would pick it up and read the worm farming chapter and then they'll read the section on all of the different Korean natural farming techniques. 00:08:30.000 --> 00:08:37.279 Um, but I wanted to make sure that there was no um no area that that I didn't really unpack. 00:08:37.360 --> 00:08:41.519 Um, because I think coming from that teaching background, I didn't want to skim over stuff. 00:08:41.679 --> 00:08:46.559 You know, I I didn't want to have assumed knowledge that the reader, oh yeah, people know how to do this. 00:08:46.799 --> 00:08:52.559 Um and then I wanted to back all of those those facts up with beautiful images. 00:08:52.720 --> 00:09:06.399 So I've made a really gorgeous lifelong friend who's a local mum down where I live in the Beaker Valley, um, Honey Atkinson, who took all the photos from my book, and and that was something that I really I wanted it to be a highly visual book. 00:09:06.480 --> 00:09:07.679 I'm a visual learner. 00:09:07.840 --> 00:09:18.080 Um, and also I just think making compost is beautiful, and and I wanted to reframe trash into treasure so people could see the beauty of that transformation. 00:09:18.159 --> 00:09:22.320 Um, and so that was I did want it to be a visual book because it is it it's fun, you know. 00:09:22.399 --> 00:09:25.759 I've written it in a way that's approachable, but there is quite a lot of science in it. 00:09:25.919 --> 00:09:31.840 So I wanted to capture people with the beautiful photos and then make them stay because of the concepts that I was unpacking. 00:09:32.080 --> 00:09:34.159 Yeah, and I think you've done an awesome job. 00:09:34.240 --> 00:09:40.080 Like I think it's it's yes, really great book, both yeah, beautiful and full of good

knowledge. 00:09:40.320 --> 00:09:45.600 And so I I know you've mentioned like that you um you were a teacher or you are a teacher. 00:09:45.679 --> 00:09:46.720 Have you stopped teaching now? 00:09:47.200 --> 00:09:55.600 I had well, I still am a teacher officially, but I haven't I haven't taught since I had my second baby, and I've had three kids now. 00:09:55.679 --> 00:10:18.960 Um, and that was partly because I had Woody, um, took extended maternity leave, and then during that time I got pregnant again, and then COVID hit, and that's kind of what kicked off this compost education career for me was because you know we're all stuck at home, and I was living in Sydney at that point, and we had a really great potted street patch. 00:10:19.039 --> 00:10:31.440 So I kept on finding pots from cleanup campaigns that people were chucking away, and I'd put them on our sidewalk, and it became this really wonderful network of um community building where we lived, and during COVID, so many people would use it. 00:10:31.679 --> 00:10:42.080 Um, and then I, you know, we were all stuck at home, and I was thinking, how what else can I do to feel like I'm actually making a difference while while we're in lockdown? 00:10:42.240 --> 00:11:03.919 Um, and that led me to signing up to Instagram, um, which was a left-of-field moment for me because I'd been a high school teacher, I'd been uh really involved in working in pastoral care, that's like year coordinating for year seven and eight girls, and they so often so many of the issues that happen with young teenagers is because of social media. 00:11:04.000 --> 00:11:13.600 Um, so I'd never had Instagram myself, and uh I've got a Facebook page which you know I haven't logged into for years and years, but like I'm not an active social media user. 00:11:13.919 --> 00:11:21.039 Um, and I had read this interesting article written by one of my favourite garden writers, um Alice Fowler. 00:11:21.200 --> 00:11:33.759 She's writes for the um UK Guardian magazine, and she had done an article about her favourite um Instagram accounts that were all focused on gardening. 00:11:33.840 --> 00:11:37.279 Um, and I had no idea that people used Instagram in that way. 00:11:37.360 --> 00:11:42.080 Like I just thought it was for selfies, and you know, like I only knew how teenagers were using it. 00:11:42.159 --> 00:11:49.440 And then I went and checked out some of these pages and thought, gosh, this is like people are actually using this platform to teach people skills. 00:11:49.679 --> 00:11:54.639 Um, and so then that's how that was the inspiration for me to sign up. 00:11:54.799 --> 00:12:07.679 Um, and then everything went from there, using it as a platform for entertainment and also education around compost and around other regenerative gardening practices, and that's where I put my book deal as well. 00:12:07.759 --> 00:12:16.080 So it all is quite surprising coming from being a food tech teacher, um, who I've always been really passionate about composting. 00:12:16.240 --> 00:12:22.399 Um, but it's it's sort of got this own life force now, what I've been doing online and in person. 00:12:22.879 --> 00:12:31.600 Yeah, and so you know, for somebody coming in and looking at what you've done, they would be like, Kate's main focus is compost. 00:12:31.919 --> 00:12:43.919 But I really get the sense that there is like a much deeper concern there and a much deeper message that you're actually trying to educate people and and create change around. 00:12:44.399 --> 00:13:01.519 And I was just wondering when did the when did it enter into your consciousness that perhaps things weren't quite right, like in society, how we're existing right now, and that in fact change needs to happen and and happen quite urgently. 00:13:01.679 --> 00:13:05.759 What when did that happen and how did that happen for you? 00:13:06.480 --> 00:13:09.840 Well, I think I had always grown up in a house that had composted. 00:13:09.919 --> 00:13:22.080 My mum is the original compost queen, and they had you know, we lived in um inner city, Sydney, so we had a tiny little backyard, but it was just something that was always normal. 00:13:22.320 --> 00:13:32.879 Um, and when I had kids, I wanted to have that normalcy around these climate actions, and you know, I've I've always composted when I moved out of home, it was something that I did. 00:13:33.120 --> 00:13:46.159 Um, and so I think in terms of the education, I wanted some I think compost is so powerful because it's a tangible climate action that we can all do, and even irrespective of where we live, even if you don't have a garden. 00:13:46.320 --> 00:13:51.360 So it felt like this purposeful thing that's um totally attainable, you know. 00:13:51.519 --> 00:13:59.039 I being a mother of three small people, time is a very precious commodity, but you can make time to do this. 00:13:59.200 --> 00:14:12.399 Um, and it in terms of my uh real drive for this, it absolutely is because there's there's this urgency that we need to be doing something, not tomorrow, now. 00:14:12.639 --> 00:14:22.720 You know, we and it it has to be there's you know big picture changes that that have to happen, but these big picture changes are very slow to mobilize. 00:14:22.960 --> 00:14:31.200 Whereas not putting food scraps in the bin is something at an individual level we can do and is hugely significant to our climate story. 00:14:31.360 --> 00:14:35.440 Uh, food waste when it heads to landfill uh but doesn't break down. 00:14:35.600 --> 00:14:44.559 So it's it's there's a fellow that I mentioned briefly in my book with this amazing career who's a um landfill archaeologist, basically. 00:14:44.639 --> 00:14:56.320 So he digs through through landfills and does lots of testing, and he's pulled out basically pristine heads of lettuce that are from the book seeing how old they are, about 25 years old. 00:14:56.480 --> 00:14:58.480 Um, and yeah, huge. 00:14:58.559 -->

00:15:06.799 Like, you know, you put a piece of lettuce outside, and within two days it's it's being consumed by bugs and insects and the life in the soil. 00:15:06.879 --> 00:15:32.799 Um, whereas in landfill, food waste uh very slowly mummifies, and the real danger of that is as it's slowly mummifying, it produces copious amounts of methane, which is a really dangerous greenhouse gas, um, that's 28 to 32 times more potent at storing heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide, which is released when we burn fossil fuels. 00:15:32.960 --> 00:15:43.120 So, you know, food waste that we're or food that we're all handling every single day is turns into climate poison when when it goes to landfill. 00:15:43.440 --> 00:15:53.840 Were you always from a child aware of the climate crisis or was that something that came like did compost come first or did your or did the climate awareness and compost as a solution? 00:15:54.399 --> 00:15:56.000 Yeah, compost came first. 00:15:56.159 --> 00:16:13.120 Um, and it's my parents has have never kept my head in the sand, but it was interesting how I remember I've got a real memory of being maybe like an 18-year-old, sort of starting to hear about climate change, you know, I'm 37 now, and hearing about it more and more and just thinking, oh, I don't want to hear about this. 00:16:13.200 --> 00:16:14.240 This is this is horrible. 00:16:14.480 --> 00:16:17.440 You know, I definitely didn't have an awareness of it as a young child. 00:16:17.600 --> 00:16:44.879 Um and even though, you know, my my dad did lots of was involved in lots of um eco rallies and was really involved in the nuclear disarmament party, and you know, like he's a real long-term hippie, but I just I think that that maybe my parents did sort of protect my sister and I from some of the realities of what we're going through, um, whilst also being personally active as a as a family and uh teaching us these these climate action skills. 00:16:45.039 --> 00:16:57.200 Um, but yeah, I just remember in my late teens, early adulthood, just hearing about it more and more and thinking, oh, this this sounds dreadful, you know, like not really realizing the enormity of it. 00:16:57.279 --> 00:17:01.200 And you know, now I think we we realise the real crisis that we're in. 00:17:01.360 --> 00:17:08.160 Um and and I think that for me, I always come back to, well, what can I do about it? 00:17:08.240 --> 00:17:19.680 You know, I'm I'm a mother of three children, um, and I need to be doing something every day that is really helping protect the planet for for myself but for my kids. 00:17:19.839 --> 00:17:34.640 Um so it's it's in terms of that, it has always started with action rather than um, you know, I've got a deep awareness of of climate change now as an adult and the implications for our future. 00:17:34.960 --> 00:17:40.640 But for most of my life growing up, it was more about the stuff that we just did day-to-day. 00:17:40.799 --> 00:17:45.599 Um and, you know,

even listening to like, I don't know, if you're a child of Peter Coombs. 00:17:45.759 --> 00:18:01.440 Um, like there's there's these sort of background narrative of like childhood memories of juicy, juicy green grass, and you know, like the song about um newspaper baba, like chopping down trees and like having those conversations with my parents. 00:18:01.680 --> 00:18:02.160 What does that mean? 00:18:02.240 --> 00:18:03.920 Like, you know, you read a newspaper every day. 00:18:04.000 --> 00:18:16.799 Like, so I think that there's there's ways to um I think that that fear, if you if you know too much at a young age, you can just feel totally defeated and you can feel like you can't make an impact. 00:18:16.960 --> 00:18:25.839 So I I think the empowering thing is teaching our children what they can do first and foremost, and then opening them up to the reality of the situation. 00:18:26.000 --> 00:18:30.559 Um, because I think as adults, you know, we can feel totally polarised by fear. 00:18:30.799 --> 00:18:36.160 Um, and so I always go back to when I feel like that, thinking, well, what can I do today? 00:18:36.240 --> 00:18:38.400 And what can I do to educate others? 00:18:38.480 --> 00:19:14.559 And using my platform of Instagram, it's been it's been really fantastic having conversations with um women in America who it's you know similar to me, middle American housewives who have never been exposed to the concept of composting and who have said to me, You've made compost so cool! I've gone out to a you know big box store and I've started doing it and I'm telling my neighbors about it, and um, and you know, that that is hugely rewarding, um, and also just something that we, you know, it's it's we absolutely urgently all need to be doing this. 00:19:14.720 --> 00:19:24.720 And we also, you know, it we can't put all of the the onus on individuals because the bigger picture is is corporations and capitalism. 00:19:24.880 --> 00:19:34.720 Um and you know, I think the power of writing letters and the power of attending rallies is can't be um diminished as well. 00:19:35.359 --> 00:19:47.599 I think it's so good that your parents sort of you grew up in that environment um you know where they were engaging in resistance, um, but you weren't also overwhelmed by the anomaly. 00:19:47.680 --> 00:19:50.799 Like that's a really good um comment, I think. 00:19:50.960 --> 00:20:00.720 Because I do, yeah, it is hard with the children and and I don't want to create you know a huge sense of anxiety for them. 00:20:00.880 --> 00:20:03.039 Um I want them to still have a childhood. 00:20:03.119 --> 00:20:14.880 And so yeah, but I'm constantly thinking about, yeah, just how to yeah, how to go through and educate them as as life goes on about what's happening in a way that will prepare them. 00:20:15.359 --> 00:20:23.440 Um but I think so many of the things you know that we can do that are tangible are just super practical, like composting, like you say. 00:20:23.519 --> 00:20:26.799 Um so you've identified that we have problems. 00:20:27.119 --> 00:20:29.519 Climate is one aspect of the problem. 00:20:30.079 --> 00:20:41.839 And um you've identified that we have a systemic issue which is waste and the way that we manage waste, the way that we conceptualize and even uh exist in relation to believing that waste can go away. 00:20:42.559 --> 00:20:47.279 So you've kind of chosen to opt out of that waste system. 00:20:48.480 --> 00:20:58.480 Are there any other systems that in your life you try to resist, like resist against, or you're trying to build resilience by opting out of certain things? 00:20:58.559 --> 00:21:05.359 Like how are you cultivating resilience aside from just composting in your own family? 00:21:05.920 --> 00:21:12.319 I look, I think community networks are a huge part of being climate resilient. 00:21:12.640 --> 00:21:19.440 And for us, a big change that happened during COVID as well was moving from Sydney to the far south coast of New South Wales. 00:21:19.519 --> 00:21:27.920 Uh, so an area that has been really badly affected by bushfires, but equally has a really strong community focus. 00:21:28.319 --> 00:21:34.079 And we wanted to move here because we wanted to send our kids to the local Steiner School. 00:21:34.160 --> 00:21:47.839 Um, and we we wanted to move here to have more space that we can actually grow our own food and protect the soil with the the place that we're living now. 00:21:47.920 --> 00:21:55.119 You know, we're custodians here and we um really want to be working on our little patch, but also teaching these skills to the community. 00:21:55.279 --> 00:21:59.759 Um, and and I think for me, you know, that narrative does come back. 00:22:00.319 --> 00:22:07.920 To food, and I think food is such a um such an important part of family life and also community life. 00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:31.200 So we buy a lot of our vegetables from our neighbour who just lives down the road and we grow a lot of our own as well, and trying to be opting out of shopping at um big conglomerates as much as possible and shopping with local farmers' markets, you know, because that has that has huge ripple effects. 00:22:31.279 --> 00:22:46.720 So it's not just the fact that you're buying local, but there's not fossil fuels being burnt to transport your food to where you live, and you're also when you can buy directly from from growers, um, and that's available to people living in the city as well. 00:22:46.799 --> 00:22:51.680 You know, if you shop at a local farmer's market, then you're not having all of that packaging as well. 00:22:51.759 --> 00:23:01.039 You know, when the thing that I just find so ironic is when if you want to be buying organic food from woolies or coals, most of the time it's the most packaged stuff. 00:23:01.119 --> 00:23:11.519 You know, you're buying organic tomatoes or or you know, whatever everything just is comes in so much plastic, and you think, well,

yeah, you know, there's just so many things wrong with that, you know. 00:23:11.599 --> 00:23:17.759 So I think being able to have this strong community network is is a really, really significant thing. 00:23:17.839 --> 00:23:27.839 And you know, knowing what all of our bushfire plans are and working together on um tree planting on properties once once fires have come through. 00:23:28.079 --> 00:23:32.480 Um, I think all of that is is really significant. 00:23:32.720 --> 00:23:42.480 Um, but it it it is these huge big picture questions, and it's there's always more that we can do, you know. 00:23:42.559 --> 00:24:00.559 But that's why when when in terms of the thing that I think I'm best at is education, because I can only do so much as an individual, but the power of of educating people so that they can do it themselves is something that I feel is my sort of biggest role and and biggest purpose. 00:24:00.720 --> 00:24:04.559 Um, and it's nice being able to use that union degree in a different way. 00:24:04.640 --> 00:24:17.119 You know, I haven't been teaching high school kids for for the last few years, but now I'm teaching um young adults and and and you know, all different walks of life, different people um how to do these skills in their own backyard. 00:24:17.200 --> 00:24:20.319 And that's something that I think is is so significant. 00:24:20.880 --> 00:24:36.799 Something that um I really liked um because I guess a lot of people sort of think like composting, oh that's probably just great because we're not using the rubbish dump so much, but it's not actually there's like this whole other benefit side of it that I got from your book. 00:24:37.200 --> 00:24:53.839 Um, because I've been a sort of like I've composted for the last few years, but I'm probably not like a high intensity composter, I'm just like a slow, somewhat somewhat dodgy, like cold composter trying on the on the improve, like trying to improve. 00:24:54.079 --> 00:25:08.480 But um, what I did gather, because like I love growing food from what you were saying, and like so many of the soils, you know, across our country are like depleted or imbalanced and needing organic matter, like needing nutrients added. 00:25:08.799 --> 00:25:47.039 Um, that for example, when you use this combination of like the Bakashi system and hot composting and you compost for your street, you can produce like mammoth amounts of beautiful compost quite quickly that can then be incorporated into the gardens to make it more productive, which is completely cutting out reliance on bought-in composts, bought-in you know, additives for your soil, which you know I have, you know, in the past bought in compost, and the idea of that being something that I can cut out and become more resilient in is really appealing to me. 00:25:47.279 --> 00:25:48.160 Yes, yeah. 00:25:48.400 --> 00:25:52.720 I I talk about in my book the concept of shopping your own garden. 00:25:52.799 --> 00:25:55.119 Um, so you shop your

garden for resources. 00:25:55.279 --> 00:26:16.559 So instead of having a green waste bin where you're putting your grass clippings and your hedge prunings, um, and now with FOGO being rolled out around the country, people can put their food waste in the sump, depending on your council area, but in your green waste bin, thinking about all of those as precious resources that you can return to your soil. 00:26:16.799 --> 00:26:23.839 Um because uh a big issue with commercial compost is the the fact that it's quite unregulated. 00:26:24.000 --> 00:26:36.000 So even when you're buying organic inadverted commerce compost, it is really challenging to be testing the whole waste stream that comes into these commercial facilities. 00:26:36.240 --> 00:27:02.400 Um, what can happen is that there was widespread um contamination of compost in Melbourne during COVID, which I found so disheartening because you know, people who had started gardening for the first time, you know, they were stuck at home and then they started looking at their little patch of lawn and thinking, you know, dreaming about what it could be, and and so many people um developed a green thumb and an ongoing green thumb during COVID. 00:27:02.640 --> 00:27:23.200 But unfortunately, lots of gardeners' gardens were contaminated with um amino pyrolith uh herbicide, which is like a broadleaf herbicide, um, that eventually can be worked out of the soil, but for the short term, for up to two years, it basically stops almost anything from growing. 00:27:23.440 --> 00:27:28.400 Um, and as a new gardener, you can think, oh, I'm really shit at growing tomatoes. 00:27:28.480 --> 00:27:29.440 Why is this not happening? 00:27:29.519 --> 00:27:32.160 And actually, it's because of the commercial compost that you brought in. 00:27:32.400 --> 00:27:42.400 Um, and that that isn't that's one particular um toxic herbicide that's that's used, but you know, PFAS is another huge issue. 00:27:42.559 --> 00:27:48.559 Um, and so much of FOGO waste, unfortunately, is contaminated with with PFAS. 00:27:48.880 --> 00:28:11.440 So I think really the safest thing in so many ways is what your the inverted comma waste that you're producing in your own garden, if you can find ways to cycle that back into your soil, it's safer, it saves you money, and you know, you end up with really thriving soil which allows you to grow beautifully nutrient-rich food. 00:28:11.599 --> 00:28:15.839 Um, and closing the loop on your waste, you know, just is so satisfying. 00:28:15.920 --> 00:28:21.279 And so, you know, what once you see the world through compost coloured glasses, nothing is waste anymore. 00:28:21.359 --> 00:28:35.519 You know, you in autumn you've got all of these deciduous leaves falling down, and you go, Oh, that's for my leaf mould and my carbon for the year, and um, you know, in summer when you're madly mowing the lawn, then you think, well, this is a nitrogen-rich input that will help heat up my compost. 00:28:35.839

--> 00:28:42.559 Um, so it's a good way to see the world, you know, it really helps reframe waste as a real resource. 00:28:42.880 --> 00:28:59.119 Yeah, so I was just hoping, yeah, to talk about PFAS, what what is it, what kind of impacts can it have on the human, on human and environmental health, like to the best of your like sort of knowledge, and how can we identify and avoid the presence of PFAS? 00:28:59.680 --> 00:29:06.079 Yes, uh, so one of the major issues with commercial compost is is contamination of PFAS. 00:29:06.400 --> 00:29:26.559 And that can happen from um the composting of commercial paper products, so it could be things like those sugarcane um boxes used for takeaway food, um, paper plates from parties, uh lined cups for coffee. 00:29:26.720 --> 00:29:42.880 Um, and what I sort of think is is ironic, but really uh one of the major issues with single-use products is there's always going to be an environmental impact, even if so many companies are moving towards compostable packaging. 00:29:43.200 --> 00:29:50.799 But now there's a real awareness that so many of these compostable forms of paper packaging are coated with PFAS. 00:29:50.960 --> 00:29:56.240 So PFAS is a chemical that is used to on lots of different things. 00:29:56.319 --> 00:30:09.599 So it's used on carpets, new furniture, cars, uh, but it's also used on paper products to stop water, oil, grease from soaking into the paper. 00:30:09.680 --> 00:30:12.079 Um so it's like a stabilizing agent. 00:30:12.319 --> 00:30:26.240 And um it has huge environmental and uh impacts, but also impacts on human health because it's what's classified as a forever chemical, it's highly mobile, so it moves up through the food chain. 00:30:26.319 --> 00:30:30.480 And we as humans sit basically at the top of the food chain. 00:30:30.720 --> 00:30:37.200 Um, and so the the PFAS that's created doesn't just stay in one area. 00:30:37.279 --> 00:30:49.920 You know, you might be um it's a highly mobile chemical, so they're describing it as a new modern-day asbestos, but the reality is it's not a modern chemical, it's been around since the 50s. 00:30:50.079 --> 00:31:00.240 There's there's these big uh companies know about the the implications on human health, so it's um it's highly carcinogenic. 00:31:00.319 --> 00:31:07.519 Um and it's something, thankfully, as a home gardener, we can test for. 00:31:07.680 --> 00:31:25.759 Um, so so many of these chemicals are you you don't know, you know, when you get in commercial compost or if you if you get in um a particular form of gardening amendment, you don't know if it's in there, but if you're making your own, you can test for it on paper products before you decide to use those in your garden. 00:31:26.000 --> 00:31:38.559 So a simple test, um, this was designed by a mob of Danish um researchers and that it came from a report they produced called Forever Chemicals in Supermarket Are. 00:31:38.720 --> 00:31:41.839 I'm pretty sure that's the name, but I've got a reference to it in my book. 00:31:42.000 --> 00:31:48.480 Um, you need to use a non-polar oil, which in simple language is olive oil is the best type of oil to use. 00:31:48.640 --> 00:32:01.039 Um, and if you have that um sugar cane uh takeaway container, find an area that doesn't have any grease or food waste on it, and do a little drop of the olive oil. 00:32:01.119 --> 00:32:06.400 And what you need to look for is what the oil does on the surface of that material. 00:32:06.559 --> 00:32:20.960 So if the oil um forms a very distinct bead, and it's really distinct, you know, it's sort of it you can't misinterpret it, that's clear that PFAS have been used as a coating on that paper product. 00:32:21.200 --> 00:32:26.000 If the oil fully sinks in, there's no coating at all. 00:32:26.160 --> 00:32:27.920 So that would be safe to compost. 00:32:28.240 --> 00:32:38.160 Um if the oil spreads, sinks in a little bit, but not completely, then there's that's a sign that there is a coating, but it's not PFAS. 00:32:38.559 --> 00:32:41.839 Um that's a test that we can do. 00:32:42.000 --> 00:33:04.240 But you also need to realise that because PFAS is really mobile, um any paper product that you decide to use in your compost, but really the reality, any sort of commercial um uh piece of organic matter that you're deciding to use may have some some contamination of PFAS now because it's it's everywhere. 00:33:04.400 --> 00:33:09.920 Um, but you can at least be in control of what you're adding in. 00:33:10.079 --> 00:33:34.640 So for me as a home gardener, I really go hard on during autumn collecting as many deciduous fallen leaves that I can use because that's full of carbon, which paper products are, and compost microbes need a balance of nitrogen, which comes from food waste and manure and coffee grounds and seaweed and bacchi, that's all nitrogen rich, but you need to have carbon as well. 00:33:34.720 --> 00:33:42.480 So using brown leaves and aged wood chips are by far the safest sources of carbon that you can use. 00:33:42.559 --> 00:33:57.039 And when I lived in the city, so we had basically had no backyard in Sydney, um, I would be the crazy lady during autumn going to areas where there's lots of deciduous leaves, and I'd rake up the leaves as soon as they drop down and store them in bags for my compost. 00:33:57.119 --> 00:34:03.119 So it is doable even if you don't have lots of space where there's leaves trees growing in your own backyard. 00:34:03.440 --> 00:34:14.800 Yeah, and so like when your kids come back from daycare with like copious amounts of artwork, um, which mine do, I was thinking like, oh great, I can use this in my compost. 00:34:14.960 --> 00:34:17.360 Do you do you use any of that paper or would you have to do that? 00:34:17.519 --> 00:34:20.639 Yeah, I do I do compost some paper products. 00:34:20.800 --> 00:34:32.800 So um office paper used to be, there used to be real problems with um dioxins, um, which once

again is another really carcinogenic chemical, um, that's produced during the bleaching process. 00:34:32.880 --> 00:34:37.840 So when paper in the past used to be bleached with chlorine, it would produce dioxins. 00:34:38.000 --> 00:34:42.639 Nowadays that that process has been replaced by chlorine-free processes. 00:34:42.800 --> 00:34:50.000 Um and so paper nowadays, when you buy it here in Australia, is generally safer in terms of that. 00:34:50.320 --> 00:34:54.800 But um, there are any of these manufactured products do contain chemicals. 00:34:55.039 --> 00:35:03.360 The great thing is that compost microbes are really this clever little bunch of critters that can remediate a lot of chemicals. 00:35:03.519 --> 00:35:12.400 So um compost has been used to actually fully remediate soil in um in areas where there has been nuclear runoff. 00:35:12.880 --> 00:35:22.559 So it's they're they're amazingly smart and they're amazingly powerful, these tiny little um bacteria and fungi that we can't see. 00:35:22.719 --> 00:35:29.360 Um I do compost some paper products, but for the most part, my primary sources of carbon are natural ones. 00:35:29.599 --> 00:35:34.800 Um and I think that's it depends on your tolerance to these sort of things. 00:35:34.960 --> 00:35:53.599 Like if you're bringing in potting mixes, compost, uh, bagged manure, bagged mulchers, you're not gardening organically, even if you're buying those products with the listing organic, it's there's no way that that these can be fully organic products. 00:35:53.920 --> 00:36:02.000 So if you are prepared to bring those sort of things in, then really I think you need to be not so zealous about what you're adding to your compost. 00:36:02.079 --> 00:36:03.440 You need to be sensible. 00:36:03.679 --> 00:36:18.079 But um, I think if you can take control of as much of your waste that you produce and return it to the soil, maybe you decide that um if you've got a paper-heavy load of compost that won't be used on your veggie patch, maybe you'll put that around your ornamental plants. 00:36:18.320 --> 00:36:24.639 Um, but you know, it's the it's the world that we live in and we are surrounded by chemicals, but we can't be afraid of them. 00:36:24.719 --> 00:36:33.519 You know, we we need to be sensible, we need to be educated, but I think it's it's so that's what what what I really wanted to educate with my book. 00:36:33.760 --> 00:36:40.639 I think also there needs to be that shift of um, sure, I'm using this compostable packaging, but I'm only using it once. 00:36:40.719 --> 00:36:44.880 You know, is that is that really worthwhile for my convenience of being able to take it out? 00:36:44.960 --> 00:36:47.039 You know, I think we need to all slow down a bit. 00:36:47.199 --> 00:36:54.960 Sit in the coffee shop, be like battalions, you know, have your little shot of coffee at the at the counter if you if you need to be quick. 00:36:55.119 --> 00:37:01.840 You know, like it's the this culture of

convenience has so many environmental um impacts. 00:37:02.000 --> 00:37:21.119 So slowing down and you know, being organized to bring a um toughware container to the butcher so you can have that instead of them wrapping it up in plastic and paper and um you know having it keep cups are great, but you have to use them like I think you have to use keep cups and metal water bottles up to 500 times before it negates the environmental impact. 00:37:21.199 --> 00:37:24.239 So you actually have to be organized about using these things. 00:37:24.480 --> 00:37:29.119 Um, but anything that's single use has a has a massive environmental impact. 00:37:29.360 --> 00:37:35.360 So trying to reduce um the amount of single-use products that that we use as a family is is significant. 00:37:36.159 --> 00:37:42.159 It's funny how the um you would think, oh wow, cool, this is great. 00:37:42.239 --> 00:37:48.079 Like it's a compostable single-use bowl that my food is coming from from this shop. 00:37:48.239 --> 00:37:48.800 That's great. 00:37:48.880 --> 00:37:53.280 It's compostable, and then it's like the one of the biggest sources of PF or PFAS or whatever. 00:37:53.840 --> 00:38:00.639 And um, just jumping back, because something I'm interested to start experimenting with is Bakashi. 00:38:00.880 --> 00:38:01.119 Yes. 00:38:01.519 --> 00:38:02.159 Composting. 00:38:02.880 --> 00:38:10.159 Um could you just give the listeners like a just a brief sort of like overview of like what what is Bakashi? 00:38:10.320 --> 00:38:14.559 And I was also interested, like, where do I source the um EM? 00:38:14.639 --> 00:38:16.239 Is it essential microorganisms? 00:38:16.559 --> 00:38:17.039 Yes, very good. 00:38:18.400 --> 00:38:28.719 Because I I want to start doing that because I just like I got the vibe that a key thing for your very successful composting is using Bakashi first. 00:38:29.039 --> 00:38:37.039 Yes, yeah, and look, Bikachi has been something that I've done for years since I was probably when did I move out of home when I was 20? 00:38:37.280 --> 00:38:43.199 Um because it's so convenient if you live somewhere without a backyard. 00:38:43.440 --> 00:39:12.239 So basically it's it's a form of um pre-composting that originated in Japan in the 80s, and it's it's really different to traditional compost making because traditional compost piles need nitrogen, carbon, which we've been talking a lot about, oxygen and water, whereas the microbes in the Bakashi mix, which come in the commercial inoculant called EM, are anaerobic, which means oxygen-free bacteria. 00:39:12.480 --> 00:39:20.079 So it it total it's a totally different way to manage waste, and it's really great because you can make it in these sealed buckets. 00:39:20.159 --> 00:39:33.119 So if you live in an apartment or if you live somewhere in a townhouse with a really small backyard, being able to store your food waste inside if you need to is Bakashi's the way to go. 00:39:33.280 --> 00:39:40.639 Um so

the the process of it is you have to get EM, which is effective microorganisms. 00:39:40.800 --> 00:39:48.880 They're basically lactic acid-producing bacteria and yeasts that are inoculated onto a wheat bran material. 00:39:49.199 --> 00:39:58.159 And that is when you know when you're making bread and you use a packet of yeast, it's stable, it's just shelf stable until you add moisture, and that's the same with the EM. 00:39:58.239 --> 00:40:04.800 So this wheat bran is stable, the microbes are dormant until they're added onto the moist food waste. 00:40:04.960 --> 00:40:11.840 So, in a sealed bucket, Pikachu buckets always have um a false floor which has drainage holes on it. 00:40:12.000 --> 00:40:20.159 Um, and you add when you're starting a new bucket, you add a little sprinkle of the EM, you pour in your food waste, do another little sprinkle of the EM. 00:40:20.239 --> 00:40:29.119 I use an old potato masher to squeeze out all of the air, and it might take you, depending on how much food waste you produce as a family, it might take several weeks to fill up a Bakashi bucket. 00:40:29.280 --> 00:40:32.960 Um, and which you so that's fine, you can slowly fill it up. 00:40:33.119 --> 00:40:35.679 Um, and then you close the lid. 00:40:35.840 --> 00:40:40.480 Well, each time you close the lid, but once it's fully full, full, you leave it for a minimum of two weeks. 00:40:40.639 --> 00:40:44.320 And what happens is that the EM ferments your food waste. 00:40:44.400 --> 00:40:47.519 So it's kind of like making sauerkraut with your scraps. 00:40:47.679 --> 00:40:56.480 Um, so after that period, when you open it up, you'll see if it's been a strong ferment, there might be beneficial white mould that's developed on top, which is a great sign. 00:40:56.719 --> 00:41:01.760 It may also, your the Bakashi scraps may look kind of similar, but there'll be a distinctive smell. 00:41:01.920 --> 00:41:05.039 They'll smell really sour and fermented and pickled. 00:41:05.199 --> 00:41:15.760 Um, and what that does is that allows all of the nitrogen and the nutrients in your food waste to be readily available, either to the life in your soil. 00:41:15.840 --> 00:41:22.719 So once you've fermented it, you can dig a hole and bury it directly in your soil, and it breaks down really quickly, especially in spring and summer. 00:41:22.960 --> 00:41:34.639 Um, and for people that do have access to a compost bin, if you don't live somewhere where you've got the space, you can bring your backy bucket to a community composting area and add it in and mix it with carbon. 00:41:34.800 --> 00:41:37.039 The food waste breaks down so fast. 00:41:37.519 --> 00:41:52.559 And if you're wanting to have a go of hot compost, Sophie, so if you're wanting to go cold ad hoc pile, hot compost is a sorry, bakachi is a really great input because the nitrogen's so available because it's fermented, the bacteria are ready to go. 00:41:52.800 --> 00:41:57.519 Um, and for my I make hot compost in 400 litre enclosed bins. 00:41:57.840 --> 00:42:05.039 I usually use about four bakhi bins for four fully fermented bakashi bins as I'm building that hot compost. 00:42:05.119 --> 00:42:07.199 So ideally, you do it all at once. 00:42:07.360 --> 00:42:17.440 Um, but it's just super convenient because you know you're making them in small-scale buckets, you're um fermenting them, um, which means you can keep them indoors. 00:42:17.519 --> 00:42:19.519 When the lid's closed, it doesn't smell. 00:42:19.679 --> 00:42:32.880 Also, it produces a really great byproduct, bakachi tea, um, which you can with commercial buckets, they come with a little tap, so you can drain that off and you can use it uh as a really active soil conditioner. 00:42:33.039 --> 00:42:34.239 You have to dilute a lot. 00:42:34.400 --> 00:42:40.480 I find when I use it on my seedlings, dilute it appropriately, I can really see an impact on plant growth. 00:42:40.559 --> 00:42:42.559 Um is that the leap, the leachate? 00:42:42.719 --> 00:42:43.360 Is that what you make? 00:42:43.599 --> 00:42:46.239 Yeah, I was going to ask, like, what is can you use that for anything? 00:42:46.320 --> 00:42:46.719 That's cool. 00:42:46.800 --> 00:42:55.199 So you can use it on your plants, you can use it on your soil, but also if you can't be bothered doing anything with it, you can at night pour it down your sink. 00:42:55.360 --> 00:43:02.719 And what the um effective microbes do is they eat through a buildup of hair and oil in your pipe. 00:43:02.800 --> 00:43:15.840 So instead of using something which is, you know, a chemical drain, you can use uh bakashi juice instead, and it's septic safe, so we live in an area where we've got a septic system, and um, yeah, it's a great thing to be able to use. 00:43:16.079 --> 00:43:20.320 Um, so bikati, yeah, is it's I really love it. 00:43:20.400 --> 00:43:23.440 I've been using it for years, I've been talking to people about it for years. 00:43:23.599 --> 00:43:24.880 It's scalable as well. 00:43:24.960 --> 00:43:31.440 So I show in my book how to make your own bakhi bucket, and I share in my book how to make your own um EM as well. 00:43:31.599 --> 00:43:36.239 Um, so you know, these are commercial products that you can go out and buy, but you can also make them yourself. 00:43:36.400 --> 00:43:38.639 Um yeah, you can in my book. 00:43:38.880 --> 00:43:40.960 I'm not sure of the page number, but you've got to copy now. 00:43:41.119 --> 00:43:42.239 You can you can look. 00:43:42.960 --> 00:43:43.519 Oh, I missed it. 00:43:43.599 --> 00:43:44.079 I didn't see that. 00:43:44.400 --> 00:43:45.599 It does I didn't see that. 00:43:46.320 --> 00:43:48.960 Because otherwise, that's where you have commercial input of buying it. 00:43:49.199 --> 00:43:56.480 If you are wanting to play around and buy it, um, I have tried all of the different commercial brands of AM. 00:43:56.960 --> 00:43:59.760 Um, some of them are really inferior and have produced.

00:44:00.639 --> 00:44:05.280 Really revolting fermented food waste that's putrefied rather than fermented. 00:44:06.000 --> 00:44:13.920 I find and I'm not sponsored by this mob, but um Bakati One is the brand that I buy. 00:44:14.159 --> 00:44:18.960 Um, and that's EM, they produce EM, they also make Bakashi buckets. 00:44:19.119 --> 00:44:22.800 Um, and their EM I've never had a problem with. 00:44:23.199 --> 00:44:31.360 To make the the EM yourself, you do still need to buy the commercial inoculant of the right bacteria. 00:44:31.679 --> 00:44:42.960 So, unlike making sourdough, you know how you can capture wild yeast, you can't capture the bakashi bacteria um natively wildly from you know from the air or from other food sources. 00:44:43.119 --> 00:44:53.760 So you do need to buy well, you bought I have bought a reasonably like big liquid form of EM that you can then that would last you for years because you don't need much of it. 00:44:54.000 --> 00:44:54.639 Yeah. 00:44:55.039 --> 00:44:57.519 Um yeah, but give it a go. 00:44:57.599 --> 00:45:02.320 I think bakhi as a for a mum as well, you're gonna be a mum of three soon. 00:45:02.400 --> 00:45:05.199 It's really, really great because it's really hands-off. 00:45:05.280 --> 00:45:09.920 You know, you just pour your um caddy of scraps in, give it a squash, and then leave it. 00:45:10.000 --> 00:45:11.440 And then the next time, you know, pour it in. 00:45:11.519 --> 00:45:20.960 And when you you can keep the the food waste in your bakashi system um for for much longer than two weeks, it can ferment for longer as long as you're draining it regularly. 00:45:21.199 --> 00:45:31.519 Um, and when you're ready, then you can process it in a compost bin, bury it in the garden, or if you live in an apartment, you can process it in what's called a soil factory. 00:45:31.760 --> 00:45:38.320 So you have a large garden pot um or an enclosed plastic tub and you get some garden soil from a mate. 00:45:38.400 --> 00:45:53.440 If you don't have a garden, pour your bakashi into that, put a bit more soil on top, and it will break down, and then that becomes really nitrogen-rich potting soil, basically, that you can use on your indoor plants or um give to a friend that has a veggie patch as well. 00:45:55.840 --> 00:45:58.400 Have you can you this is just a really random question? 00:45:58.559 --> 00:46:00.159 Have you ever added bakashi? 00:46:00.639 --> 00:46:08.480 It's not a random question, and yes, when I I I have um done lots of trialling and testing with all of these things, and I have. 00:46:08.639 --> 00:46:10.880 So I've got some big worm farms. 00:46:10.960 --> 00:46:19.840 It works better adding bakashi waste into larger worm farms because the fermentation process produces acids, and worms don't like acids. 00:46:19.920 --> 00:46:22.400 They they like operating in a neutral pH. 00:46:22.880 --> 00:46:32.079 Um, and if you had a had a small urban worm farm, adding bakhi to that will quickly make

the conditions unfavourable to worms. 00:46:32.320 --> 00:46:51.199 Whereas with my large um uh I've got a continuous flow hungry bin, I've poured not a whole bakashi, but I've added small amounts to that, and I've found the good thing with the the bakhi waste, once it is added to soil or added into compost or a worm farm, it returns to neutral um over a period of time. 00:46:51.360 --> 00:47:12.159 And I find that the worms do not touch it for a couple of days up to you know a couple of weeks, and then once it's neutralised because of the other activity of microbes in the mix, then the worms love it because worms don't have teeth, um, so they have to suck up the food scraps into their mouth, they like draw the food scraps in. 00:47:12.239 --> 00:47:19.519 And because bacchi has been um colonized by bacteria, it's softened, so it's kind of perfect for worms to consume. 00:47:19.679 --> 00:47:27.199 Uh, what worms don't like though is in bacchi you can add citrus and meat and oily scraps and chili scraps, all of it. 00:47:27.360 --> 00:47:37.119 Worms don't like citrus because there's an enzyme in um in citrus called limonin, which is if worms eat a lot of it, then it kills them. 00:47:37.280 --> 00:47:41.280 Um, so if you've got a really citrus-heavy bacchi mix, don't add that. 00:47:41.440 --> 00:47:45.440 But yeah, definitely experiment with it because I've found that they end up loving it. 00:47:45.679 --> 00:48:01.760 There is something to be aware of when you're changing the microbes from being anaerobic, oxygen-free in the backship bucket, to becoming aerobic in a worm farm or a compost bin, there it's reasonably smelly depending on what you've added in for a couple of days. 00:48:01.920 --> 00:48:06.480 And I found it was smellier in the worm farm because the worms didn't go for it straight away. 00:48:06.719 --> 00:48:22.960 So that's why I ideally like adding it into a compost bin because I pour the bakashi in, I mix it with an equal volume of carbon, and then I actually bury it with more carbon on top, so wood chips or um or shredded leaves, um, and leave it for about four to five days. 00:48:23.119 --> 00:48:29.920 And after that time, then I aerate it and the smells generally have dissipated for the most part, depending on what you've added into the mix. 00:48:30.559 --> 00:48:31.280 Yeah, cool. 00:48:31.440 --> 00:48:44.639 Okay, no, I'm definitely I we're sort of in this like in-between phase because we've just moved into a house and like half an acre, and we're like halfway through setting the gardens up, we're halfway through building the chicken coop. 00:48:44.719 --> 00:48:46.960 So everything feels really smelly right now. 00:48:47.039 --> 00:48:51.440 There's like chickens, there's chickens running around under the house pooing everywhere. 00:48:51.519 --> 00:49:03.920 Then I think there's like mice getting into the grain because the chickens aren't contained, and then the worm farm, like my we're still learning about the worm

farm, and the worm farm got a bit smelly, and then I found like some um maggots in the worm farm the other day. 00:49:04.000 --> 00:49:04.880 Is that what's the go? 00:49:05.119 --> 00:49:05.760 Is that terrible? 00:49:06.320 --> 00:49:09.440 I reck I reckon you they're probably you're you're in Queensland, aren't you? 00:49:09.679 --> 00:49:10.960 It's so hot, so humid. 00:49:11.199 --> 00:49:17.679 Yeah, I I reckon it they may not be maggots, they might be black soldier fly larvae, which look them up in my book. 00:49:17.760 --> 00:49:19.039 They're they're great, Sophie. 00:49:19.119 --> 00:49:22.639 So we do have we do have black soldier fly larvae in one. 00:49:22.800 --> 00:49:28.480 Do they start off looking white and wiggly and then turn because I know those black shells, we've got those. 00:49:28.639 --> 00:49:29.039 Those black. 00:49:29.760 --> 00:49:32.719 I've been giving those to the chickens, but yeah, sorry, go on, go on. 00:49:32.960 --> 00:49:37.599 Yeah, no, they they don't start, they don't start really small, soft bodies. 00:49:37.679 --> 00:49:46.880 Like if they're small, um, really soft looking rigglers, they're they're probably vinegar fly or blowfly larvae, so maggots. 00:49:47.280 --> 00:49:52.079 Um, but if they're they black soldier fly larvae do start being smaller and whiter. 00:49:52.320 --> 00:49:57.039 Yeah, but there's always the distinct ridges on their um on their body. 00:49:57.199 --> 00:50:01.360 Um and they also have these little pinprick black heads, even when they're white coloured. 00:50:01.519 --> 00:50:01.840 Okay. 00:50:02.079 --> 00:50:05.440 Um but so if there's black soldier fly larvae, they're great. 00:50:05.519 --> 00:50:19.519 They're ferocious eaters, they'll power through your waist quicker than worms, yeah, and they produce really nutrient-rich poo called frass, which is kind of sloppier than worm castings, but um, they're it's jam-packed with nutrients for your garden and and chickens can eat them. 00:50:19.599 --> 00:50:23.360 So, you know, people actually farm black soldier flies just as chicken food. 00:50:23.599 --> 00:50:30.239 Um, if they're blowfly larvae, they're they're not going to be causing a problem in your compost. 00:50:30.320 --> 00:50:33.519 It's one of the many microorganisms and critters eating your waste. 00:50:33.679 --> 00:50:34.639 It's more of a nuisance. 00:50:34.719 --> 00:50:38.159 You don't want to open up your worm farm or compost bin and have a face full of flies. 00:50:38.480 --> 00:50:45.679 So making sure there's no food scraps exposed, so always covering it with plenty of carbon is the main thing. 00:50:45.840 --> 00:50:53.199 I've I have got, I think there's seven or eight massive worm farms that I've set up at my kids' local school. 00:50:53.599 --> 00:51:05.760 Um, and when I there was only one going, and I've been slowly, but you know, doing more in the mix when the first time I attended there and saw this worm farm, I opened it up and got this huge face of vinegar flies. 00:51:05.920 --> 00:51:06.559 It was horrible. 00:51:07.119 --> 00:51:07.599 Horrible. 00:51:07.840 --> 00:51:10.480 And that was just because they never covered their food waste and carbon. 00:51:10.800 --> 00:51:16.000 So, you know, my I joke with my publisher that my the name of my book could have just been add carbon. 00:51:16.320 --> 00:51:32.719 Because adding dry material, making sure food waste is covered is so crucial to the composting process because carbon provides um energy to compost microbes, and without it your food scraps become anaerobic, which encourages the proliferation of things like maggots. 00:51:32.960 --> 00:51:33.519 Yeah, okay. 00:51:33.679 --> 00:51:35.360 Well, this weekend is a big weekend. 00:51:35.440 --> 00:51:42.079 We're gonna we're gonna seal the chicken coops, the chickens get moved to the back, we're going to build some like cold compost bays. 00:51:42.159 --> 00:52:00.800 I would also like to um yeah, to get into the hot composting space, but I feel as though I need to get more people on board because from what I was gathering from your book, you need to kind of have all elements ready to do your big big pile like in one pile at once. 00:52:01.039 --> 00:52:02.079 Yes, yes, yeah. 00:52:02.320 --> 00:52:17.039 Ideally, you can make hot compost by adding uh amounts in in increments, but it's hard to sustain the temperatures because you want to get the activity of stermophilic bacteria and they like operating with a lot of mass. 00:52:17.280 --> 00:52:27.679 Um, so if in cold compost you can add to, you know, randomly add a bucket in here and you know, a few days later add something else, but hot compost you ought to build the pile at once, ideally. 00:52:27.840 --> 00:52:44.719 Um, but also don't feel ashamed of your cold compost pile because cold compost um actually is higher in fungi and higher in nitrogen as well, because a lot of the nitrogen isn't stable, so the nitrogen is off-gassed in a hot compost pile. 00:52:44.880 --> 00:52:51.440 Um, and whereas slow compost has a much higher, it retains the nitrogen much better. 00:52:51.679 --> 00:53:00.000 And having fungi-rich compost as well is so good for our soil because plants need the activity of fungi to actually access those nutrients. 00:53:00.239 --> 00:53:05.280 So I think even if you did get into hot composting, you should always have a cold compost system on the go as well. 00:53:05.519 --> 00:53:08.159 Yes, I will, I'm conscious of the time, so I don't want to take it turn. 00:53:08.320 --> 00:53:09.760 I just had one more thing very quickly. 00:53:09.920 --> 00:53:25.119 I went to a course recently and they were talking about you can purchase something that is like a fungi kind of concentrate or whatever that you can add into your soil to assist to build those fungal networks in your backyard. 00:53:25.280 --> 00:53:25.360 Yes. 00:53:26.000 --> 00:53:26.239 What is that? 00:53:26.400 --> 00:53:26.639 Yes. 00:53:26.960 -->

00:53:27.360 What's that? 00:53:27.760 --> 00:53:46.079 Well, there's lots of different ones you can buy, and but it would be some sort of form of mycelium, I'm assuming, because I know people often use that um uh uh mycelium inoculant for seed starting and for root as a root, as a not instead of the commercial rooting hormone, you can use mycelium for that. 00:53:46.239 --> 00:53:51.599 Um, but also you can buy different inoculants of all different types of fungi. 00:53:51.840 --> 00:53:57.519 So we've got some local compost makers here on the south coast um called Ocean to Earth. 00:53:57.760 --> 00:54:02.159 And they're if if you ever want to buy good quality compost, they're amazing. 00:54:02.320 --> 00:54:04.159 I've gone out and seen them make it all. 00:54:04.400 --> 00:54:13.039 They're they have they have to they're so rigorous with their testing because they're the only commercial compost makers that actually process fish waste in all of Australia. 00:54:13.119 --> 00:54:25.280 So the EPA, the Environmental Protection Agency, has been really rigorous with making sure they test their piles all the time for all different chemicals as well as um pathogens and viruses and bacteria. 00:54:25.360 --> 00:54:32.159 Um, and they have especially selected patent form of microbes that they put into the mix. 00:54:32.320 --> 00:54:34.239 And I really want to know what their secret is. 00:54:34.480 --> 00:54:35.360 Oh, that's so cool. 00:54:35.519 --> 00:54:43.679 Yeah, I just had heard people in this course were talking about how they I think the um mycelial inoculant might be the right what they were saying. 00:54:43.840 --> 00:55:07.119 Um they were just saying the benefits were just so noticeable in how all the plants started to to, I don't know, communicate and grow to just everything was healthy and yeah, so um that's something that I I would like to maybe look into getting to add to my my sort of very bare basics garden that's starting at the moment. 00:55:07.360 --> 00:55:14.719 But also you're you you're doing that naturally in your in your compost composting, especially if you're so fungi love carbon. 00:55:14.880 --> 00:55:25.519 So if you're adding in aged wood chips or brown leaves um into the mix and and leaving some of those a bit chunkier, they're going to be broken down by fungi as opposed to bacteria. 00:55:25.679 --> 00:55:31.039 Um, and having a leaf mold pile, so that's a most simple form of compost that anyone can make. 00:55:31.199 --> 00:55:34.000 So collecting um, which is harder in Brisbane. 00:55:34.079 --> 00:55:39.679 I've got friends in Brisbane who are always like, you're always talking about deciduous trees, and we're like, everything's evergreen up here. 00:55:39.920 --> 00:55:40.639 Yeah, yeah. 00:55:41.119 --> 00:56:05.760 Um, but finding that that that fallen leaf material that's brown and aged, and collecting it up and putting it in a chicken wire tube or even in um in reused plastic bags um and keeping it moist,

keeping a few holes in the plastic bags if that's how you're making it, um, and leaving it up to a year, that turns into leaf mould, which is a carbon-rich, fungi-rich compost, and it's beautiful for your garden. 00:56:05.840 --> 00:56:07.679 It's hugely moisture retentive. 00:56:07.840 --> 00:56:10.400 Um, it really makes plants thrive. 00:56:10.480 --> 00:56:13.039 It's great in seed starting mixes as well. 00:56:13.280 --> 00:56:17.360 Um, so that could be another thing that you experiment with, and it's free to make. 00:56:17.679 --> 00:56:17.920 Awesome. 00:56:18.000 --> 00:56:22.320 Yes, leaf mould was something very new to me that you talk about in the book that I would like to experiment with. 00:56:22.400 --> 00:56:29.440 We do have some sort of more introduced deciduous varieties of trees that I can in them more like in the town in town. 00:56:29.519 --> 00:56:32.320 So I'll be with that weird person who's in there just like you. 00:56:33.119 --> 00:56:34.960 You said you were wrecking leaves up in town. 00:56:35.199 --> 00:56:37.280 Oh, I was always probably it was such a good copy. 00:56:37.360 --> 00:56:38.079 It was a great one. 00:56:38.239 --> 00:56:46.480 I'll be going to I would always be quickly going because where I lived in Sydney, the council would come and leaf blow them all and collect them all away. 00:56:46.559 --> 00:56:49.519 And it's my understanding that all of those were heading to landfill. 00:56:49.599 --> 00:56:51.360 Maybe now in the inner west they're they're not. 00:56:51.519 --> 00:56:56.719 But I was just like, I'd be going to all of the streets where there's like all of these trees doing it. 00:56:56.800 --> 00:56:59.679 And and so many people would ask me, you know, and that comes back to education. 00:56:59.840 --> 00:57:01.280 People would say, What are you doing? 00:57:01.519 --> 00:57:04.320 Like, well, you know, leaves are full of nutrients. 00:57:04.400 --> 00:57:10.320 There's so many great things you can do with them, and you know, I'd be giving these people these little seminars about leaf mold and everything. 00:57:10.400 --> 00:57:27.519 And um, and I think doing stuff out of the norm is is is another climate action because you know, you can be the crazy lady that rakes up leaves in Brisbane and and people will see you and be interested in what you're doing, and then having those conversations can lead to positive change in in other people's practices. 00:57:27.760 --> 00:57:28.239 Oh, definitely. 00:57:28.400 --> 00:57:30.079 Don't worry, I'm embracing the weirdness. 00:57:30.159 --> 00:57:32.480 I'm getting weirder and weirder as the years go on. 00:57:32.719 --> 00:57:33.679 That's okay. 00:57:40.159 --> 00:57:42.079 Thanks so much for listening in, everyone. 00:57:42.159 --> 00:57:44.079 I hope you enjoyed our conversation. 00:57:44.320 --> 00:57:48.320 So the next episode will be coming out in a couple of weeks. 00:57:48.400 --> 00:57:58.079 I'm not going to be releasing every week, it'll just have to slot in around my fairly busy life with little kids, but I'm aiming for every couple of weeks. 00:57:58.320 --> 00:58:07.039 So the next uh guest will be Anna Matilda, who you might know as the Urban Nana, and she has a wonderful book called Everyday Permaculture. 00:58:07.440 --> 00:58:20.880 And something you might also be interested in is as part of this fourth season of the podcast, I'm going to be including some episodes which are in a book club format because I just love reading. 00:58:21.119 --> 00:58:26.079 I love discussing books with other people who love reading who've read the same book. 00:58:26.320 --> 00:58:36.320 So the book I'm reading at the moment is I Eat the Stars by Sarah Wilson, and I'm going to be sitting down with Beck Shan from Think Big Live Simply. 00:58:36.559 --> 00:58:39.039 That's her handle on Instagram if you want to check her out. 00:58:39.280 --> 00:58:40.639 And that will be in early July. 00:58:40.800 --> 00:59:03.679 So if you want to um sort of join in with that process of reading the book and um maybe even sending in feedback if you want to um contribute to the discussion, feel free to send me an email at Sophie at big thingslithings.com.au or find me on Instagram at big thingslithings. 00:59:04.000 --> 00:59:05.199 All right, have a great day. 00:59:05.280 --> 00:59:06.159 We'll see you soon. 00:59:06.400 --> 00:59:07.039 Bye