رونوشت کامل What is a facial expression?

this proved there are six basic facial expressions shared by all humans everywhere. 00:04:41.199 --> 00:04:50.079 Those six basic emotions are happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise. 00:04:50.399 --> 00:04:54.480 So those six emotions are just built into our brains from birth. 00:04:54.720 --> 00:04:57.759 Like a factory setting on a tablet or a computer. 00:04:58.000 --> 00:05:00.160 That's exactly what Ekman thought. 00:05:00.399 --> 00:05:06.319 He called them basic emotions, and he believed they were hardwired into our biology. 00:05:06.560 --> 00:05:14.560 He thought that no matter where you were born, your brain automatically fires off those exact faces when you feel those feelings. 00:05:14.879 --> 00:05:17.360 Wait, but is it really that simple? 00:05:17.600 --> 00:05:18.720 Let me think. 00:05:19.199 --> 00:05:24.959 Sometimes when I'm super happy, like when we got our puppy last year, I actually cried. 00:05:25.120 --> 00:05:27.199 I didn't smile at all at first. 00:05:27.519 --> 00:05:34.160 Finn, that is a brilliant point! You are thinking exactly like a philosopher and a scientist. 00:05:34.319 --> 00:05:42.079 And that is exactly what a later researcher, a psychologist and neuroscientist, named Lisa Feldman-Barrett brought up. 00:05:42.399 --> 00:05:47.120 Oh cool! So she disagreed with Ekman's idea about the six basic faces? 00:05:47.439 --> 00:05:48.160 She did. 00:05:48.399 --> 00:05:56.480 She looked at all the research and she did her own studies, and she argued that faces are much less universal than Ekman thought. 00:05:56.720 --> 00:06:02.560 She pointed out that people don't always match those exact six faces in real-life situations. 00:06:02.879 --> 00:06:11.759 Yeah, like you can be really, really mad at someone, but you might just have a totally blank face, or you might even laugh because you're so frustrated. 00:06:12.079 --> 00:06:20.480 Exactly! Barrett says that emotions aren't just pre-programmed buttons in our brain that automatically trigger a specific face. 00:06:20.959 --> 00:06:32.240 She argues that our brains actually build or construct our emotions in the moment, using our past experiences, our body's physical state, and our culture. 00:06:32.560 --> 00:06:36.240 So my brain is actively building the feeling right then and there. 00:06:36.560 --> 00:06:37.199 Yes. 00:06:37.519 --> 00:06:45.600 And Barrett says that if you just show people a zoomed-in photo of a face with no context, they might guess it totally wrong. 00:06:45.839 --> 00:06:50.240 Someone crying could be sad, or they could be laughing really hard. 00:06:50.480 --> 00:06:56.160 A wide open mouth could be fear, or it could be screaming in victory at a soccer game. 00:06:56.399 --> 00:06:59.199 You need to know the situation to know the feeling. 00:06:59.519 --> 00:07:01.600 So, who is actually right? 00:07:01.839 --> 00:07:04.000 Are faces universal or not? 00:07:04.160 --> 00:07:06.800 I feel like they both make really good points. 00:07:07.120 --> 00:07:11.199 Well, scientists are actually still arguing about it today. 00:07:11.519 --> 00:07:19.040 Ekman showed that across the world, people can often recognise certain basic expressions when given a clear choice. 00:07:19.279 --> 00:07:27.920 But Barrett showed that real, lived human feelings are much more complicated and messy than a multiple choice photo test. 00:07:28.319 --> 00:07:31.439 And it's okay that we don't have a perfect answer yet. 00:07:31.600 --> 00:07:36.319 And this debate really matters for how we actually live our lives right now. 00:07:36.959 --> 00:07:38.879 Imagine you are on the playground. 00:07:39.199 --> 00:07:45.920 Have you ever looked at someone, decided they were definitely mad at you because of their face, and gotten upset? 00:07:46.240 --> 00:07:48.480 And then I completely avoided them. 00:07:48.639 --> 00:07:54.079 But later I found out they were just tired, or they were just thinking really hard about a math problem. 00:07:54.480 --> 00:07:56.879 Yeah, that has definitely happened to me. 00:07:57.199 --> 00:07:59.120 It happens to all of us. 00:07:59.439 --> 00:08:06.639 So next time you think you know exactly how someone is feeling, just by looking at their face, remember this debate. 00:08:06.879 --> 00:08:14.160 You might be seeing an angry face, but you don't know the story behind it until you actually talk to them and ask. 00:08:14.480 --> 00:08:16.160 That's actually really helpful. 00:08:16.319 --> 00:08:20.560 It means I have to ask questions, not just guess and assume I know everything. 00:08:20.879 --> 00:08:21.759 Exactly. 00:08:22.000 --> 00:08:24.560 We have to be curious about each other. 00:08:25.040 --> 00:08:28.720 Okay, are you ready for some mind-bending fun facts? 00:08:29.040 --> 00:08:29.920 Always. 00:08:30.160 --> 00:08:37.120 Did you know that Paul Ekman spent years cataloguing more than 10,000 different human facial expressions? 00:08:37.919 --> 00:08:38.799 10,000? 00:08:39.279 --> 00:08:42.000 I don't even think my face can do that many things. 00:08:42.159 --> 00:08:43.919 My face would get tired. 00:08:44.799 --> 00:08:53.440 He actually trained himself to control every single one of his 43 facial muscles individually, so he could understand them perfectly. 00:08:53.679 --> 00:08:56.480 He can even wiggle his ears one at a time. 00:08:56.799 --> 00:08:59.039 Whoa, I'm going to try that. 00:08:59.360 --> 00:09:00.000 Ugh. 00:09:00.240 --> 00:09:00.879 Nope. 00:09:01.039 --> 00:09:03.120 My ears are definitely not wiggling. 00:09:03.279 --> 00:09:05.120 I can only raise one eyebrow. 00:09:06.080 --> 00:09:08.159 It takes a lot of practice. 00:09:08.399 --> 00:09:10.399 And here's one more cool fact. 00:09:10.720 --> 00:09:16.000 Lisa Feldman-Barrett says your brain is basically a giant prediction machine. 00:09:16.240 --> 00:09:20.399 It tries to guess what's going to happen next, so it can save energy. 00:09:20.559 --> 00:09:25.200 Which is why the context of a situation totally changes how we see a face. 00:09:25.679 --> 00:09:29.759 Your brain predicts what the face means based on what's happening around it. 00:09:30.080 --> 00:09:35.039 That is so cool! Our brains are doing so much work we don't even notice. 00:09:35.279 --> 00:09:36.559 Are we ready for the quiz? 00:09:36.799 --> 00:09:39.919 Alright Finn, time for the quiz! Are you ready? 00:09:40.159 --> 00:09:41.600 Okay, I'm ready. 00:09:41.919 --> 00:09:43.200 First question. 00:09:43.519 --> 00:09:49.759 What was the name of the American psychologist who travelled to Papua New Guinea in 1967? 00:09:53.679 --> 00:09:54.639 Next one. 00:09:54.960 --> 00:09:58.080 What was the name of the isolated people he visited? 00:10:02.080 --> 00:10:03.360 Question three. 00:10:03.679 --> 00:10:07.840 How many basic emotions did he claim were shared by all humans? 00:10:11.679 --> 00:10:13.120 Here's number four. 00:10:13.440 --> 00:10:20.000 Which later researcher argued that facial expressions are much less universal than he thought? 00:10:23.519 --> 00:10:24.799 Last question. 00:10:25.120 --> 00:10:30.799 What method did the 1967 researcher use to test the people he visited? 00:10:34.000 --> 00:10:36.720 Great job! Let's see how you did. 00:10:37.200 --> 00:10:40.000 The first answer is Paul Ekman. 00:10:40.559 --> 00:10:43.440 For question two, it was the four people. 00:10:44.159 --> 00:10:48.559 The answer to question three is six basic emotions. 00:10:49.120 --> 00:10:52.879 For number four, that was Lisa Feldman Barrett. 00:10:53.440 --> 00:10:59.840 And the last answer is he told them a short story and had them pick a matching face from photos. 00:11:00.159 --> 00:11:03.919 You know, I'm going to look way closer at people's faces now. 00:11:04.080 --> 00:11:07.759 But I'm also going to remember to actually ask how they feel. 00:11:08.080 --> 00:11:10.240 That is a perfect takeaway, Finn. 00:11:10.799 --> 00:11:14.879 Faces give us clues, but talking gives us the whole story. 00:11:15.200 --> 00:11:19.919 If you liked figuring out faces with us today, please leave us a five-star review. 00:11:20.080 --> 00:11:22.159 Just scroll down and tap the stars. 00:11:22.399 --> 00:11:26.000 And if you haven't already, tap follow wherever you're listening. 00:11:26.240 --> 00:11:28.559 Oh, and we have sister shows too. 00:11:28.799 --> 00:11:32.240 History and science is not boring, and maths is not boring. 00:11:32.399 --> 00:11:34.639 Go give those a listen and a follow as well. 00:11:34.960 --> 00:11:36.320 Want your name on the show? 00:11:36.480 --> 00:11:39.840 Send us an email at hello at kidopoly.com. 00:11:40.080 --> 00:11:43.519 See you next time on Philosophy is not boring. 00:11:43.759 --> 00:11:45.039 Bye everyone.